crimes in burma

8/14/2019 Crimes in Burma

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Cims in Buma

A Report By


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Table of Contents

Pac iii

Excuiv Summa 1

Mhdlg 5

I. His Buma 7

A. Eal His and Indndnc in 1948 7B. Milia Rul: 1962-1988 9C. T 1988 Pula Uising and Dmcaic

Elcins in 1990 11D. Milia Rul Sinc 1988 12

II. Innainal Ciminal Law Famwk 21

A. Cims Agains Humani: Chaau Cmmn Elmns 24

B. Wa Cims: Chaau CmmnElmns 27

C. Enumad Phibid Acs 30

III. Human Righs Vilains in Buma 37

A. Fcd Dislacmn 39B. Sxual Vilnc 51C. Exajudicial Killings and u 64D. Lgal Evaluain 74


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IV. Pcdns Acin 77

A. T Scui Cuncils Cha VIIPws 78

B. T Fm Yugslavia 80C. Rwanda 82D. Dau 84E. Buma 86

Cnclusin 91

Andix 93

Acknwldgmns 103

ii Preace


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Preface

F , B .T Nb P Pz L D AS S K p p 1988 p pp . T B k S R 007 b B .

B k j pp b B p : p b 1990, , p , jk , p p. O b , : ,p, ,000

p , b . T pb b b D.1

Y, , b. M, j, G T S, j b.T q b .

W C p pp b I H R C H L S (C). E b , p q . W b p b , b q b b j.

1 See U.S. S Dp, H I U, U V D- I Rpb, Nb 1, 007, available atp://../.?=pb.p&=1-18-b-89-787-81 ( Ob 007 b ,71

D ).


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T p b b p,p C UN . W b k b U N (UN) b , p b pp p. O , UN Sp Rpp pk b b b p . TUN S C, , p Y D. I ,

pb, UN S C b C Iq . W B, b p b ( UN ) p .

B p , UN S C b C Iq p B. T pp B. T B I C C b p b B. Mb S U N b pp pp . Tpp B .

Jusic Richad J. Gldsn (Suh Aica)Retired member o the Constitutional Court o South Arica, and was the

rst prosecutor at both the International Criminal ribunals or the FormerYugoslavia and or Rwanda

Paicia M. Wald (Unid Sas)Retired Judge on the U.S. Court o Appeals (D.C. Circuit), and ormer Judgeat the International Criminal ribunal or the ormer Yugoslavia

Si Gf Nic QC (Unid Kingdm)Deputy prosecutor o the International Criminal ribunal or the ormerYugoslavia and the principal prosecution trial attorney in the case againstSlobodan Milosevic in the Hague.

iv Preace


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Judg Pd Nikkn (Vnzula)Former President o the Inter-American Court o Human Rights, and

Member o the Executive Committee o the International Commission oJurists (Geneva)

Hn. Ganzig Gmbsun (Mnglia)Former judge at the Supreme Court o Mongolia

M 009

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vi Preace


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Executive Summary

T b p p b b - -k b p , p pb.

- United Nations Special Rapporteur on thesituation o human rights in Myanmar,Rajsoomer Lallah, 1998

A b Sp Rpp pp, b- b p ,

p b - -k, b p b bk b .

- United Nations Special Rapporteur on thesituation o human rights in Myanmar,Paulo Srgio Pinheiro, 2006

B b .M U N p p

T Sp Rpp M, Report othe Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theGeneral Assembly, U.N. D. A//, 9 (Sp. 10, 1998). M. L SpRpp 199-000. T Sp Rpp M, Report othe Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theGeneral Assembly, U.N. D. A/1/9, (Sp. 1, 00) ( MRpp 00 I). M. P Sp Rpp 000-008.


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k p .

I p ,000 ( b D), p UN p B. Sp, p UN k p b . T p UN b

k b , p b p, , p p. T UN . I p, p b UN , , S C b j. I UN

b b B, S C C Iq b .

T p B b RS, p b . P I p p b B. PII z ppb R S. P III UN

B 00. I p p, p p, , j k, , p UN . T p b R S. PIV p UN p

Y, R, D. PV p p .

Findings

I p p p B UN ,

2 Executive Summary


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prima acie UN S C b C Iq b .

Mp UN / b , G Ab, C H R, H R C, Sp Rpp S HR M, I Lb Oz

(ILO), C E D W (CEDAW C).

I p p, UN z p b. T f

, . T p p, p ( ), jk, p .

T B

p b b p pp b B .

T UN pz p pb B j b pp p ,

z k .

T p C Iq.T p UN S C Y, R, D p. T UN S C

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p C, k .

T p p S C C Iq. T C b k p q B.

Rcmmndains

I prima acie B , pb , S C :

D B p C Iq B. S C pp . W p B, C b .S, p p

, UN p b b R S .

T , p b U N, k SC .

F, S C b pp p b C, p I C C, p b b , , .

4 Executive Summary


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Methodology

A - b b B . S b, p b p p, Nb P Pz L D A S S K, . T p UN k p b B pp . T p z b p b UN . b UN , p, , p, p, b .

T p UN. I NGO p .T p UN , , p, UN G Ab H R C

, p b Sp Rpp. p p UN , p p p bj, p, p .

Subjc Ma

T R S I C C p .T R S p jpp , pb b . I

S , p- b . G p p

p ( p-00), , R S b - . C b p- p-00. W b b R S , b p p.T p p b , , P II. I p k b prima acie -. A , R S -


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pz p: p, , j k, . T b -b p p b B.

mal Fcus

T UN 199, p p 00. T, p p

aer UN k b . T - p-- UN . F, R S p, p j J 1, 00.

Ggahical Fcus

T p p B. T b p p p p b .A, E B p , p b. I , 00, b , jp b B ,

p p p b p p .

.

6 Methodology


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I. History of Burma

M B b k b , p , f. S19, B p p pp b p p p p. H b b b f -f z b p, k p ,p pp, . T b pp p , p b, b pb k p j. V b, j k, , pp, p b p b p. T UN

k - 1990, - p b z B .

A. Eal His and Indndnc in 1948

P , B b p, T B pp p b , j p Ak, C, K, K, K, M, S, p

B M J.1989. See A S, Burmas Armed Forces, Power Without Glory (00). B B. See

C Fk, Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule (001). C- . T Ep U, p, B/M. See, e.g.,Ep CC P 008/9/CFSP 9 Ap. 008 B/M, L 11/7. F p, S, supra , 7; J S, Burma,Military Rule And he Politics O Stagnation - (1977) ( S- I).


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b .7 H, p b . M k pp , , , p .8

I 18, B p B, b Kb D .9T , B z 188.10 T B B B I, b B p 197.11 I B pp, B p .1

D W W II, Jp k B p Jp- B Ip A, b p G A S.1 H, p b p .1 T A-F Pp FL (AFPFL), b Jp p B.1 T B AFPFL G A S b B Jp 19.1

A , B p B B.17 T B b j G A S p B B.18 A , 197 A S B p ( ) b P A.T pp q b B

7 F p, M S, Burma, he Politics O Ethnicity9-0 (1991).8 S I, supra , -.9 S I, supra , 5-6.10 Id.11 Id. ; see also BBC N, imeline: Burma, A Chronology o Key Events, J. 0,008, available p://.bb..k///-p/_p/10008.1 S, supra 7, .1 Fk, supra , 1.1 Id.1 Id.1 , supra 11.17 Fk, supra , 1.18 Id. 1-.

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k p .19 O J 19, 197,G A S k B p .0 Dp p , p b .1 A Spb , 197, p z 198 p . S , . H,

p p GA S, P A, .

B. Milia Rul: 1962-1988

Dp - , B . F, b b . S, p b R . F, C W p b C P B (CPB) b G B 198. M , b k p . F p, S pp

b k p . S ,

19 J S, Burmese Politics And he Dilemma O National Unity,108 (1980) ( S II).0 S I, supra , 0.1 S II, supra 19, 1.

TSp Rpp C H R M, Report o the Special Rapporteur o the Commissionon Human Rights on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, , U.N. D. E/CN./199/7 (Fb. 1, 199). Id. S II, supra 19, 1. Sp Rpp, supra . Fk, supra , 7.

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p Pp Ab b N W .1 R-b p N W . A p, KN U (KNU), K Ip O (KIO), N M S P (NMSP), N DF (NDF) pp , , . C b NDF CPB p B .

B b, , b p z N W. F p, 190, B p p , b b 1988 p z. U p, .

C. T 1988 Pula Uising and DmcaicElcins 1990

B 1987, , B p, p pp .7 I p pp p 19,8 - , j p p

A 1988.9 H .0 T p , k

1 Fk, supra , -. S, supra 7, 9. Id. 7.

Sp Rpp, supra , . S, supra 7, 10. Sp Rpp, supra , .7 B L, Outrage: Burmas Struggle For Democracy, 19 (1990) (- L II).8 Sp Rpp, supra , .9 Id. 8.0 L I, supra 0, .

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, .1C ,000 pp

k A 1988 . I p, p -z k p S L O RC (SLORC). T .

Dp k 1988 , M 1990, -p . T pp b p p , . B

D A S S K, G A S, N L D (NLD), j pp p. H p 80% p 1990 .7 H, SLORC p.8 I, SLORC - NC 9 ppp- , b p.0D A S S K, p, b p ,1 p .

D. Milia Rul Sinc 1988

T N W pp pp,

1 Id. Sp Rpp, supra , 8. Id. Id. Id. 9 Id. 8-9.7 Id. 9.8 Id.9

C F R, Burma, ime For Change, 8 (00) ( C).0 Id.1 T E, A S S K, atp://..//.p?=k&=p1. See, e.g., A I, M, Ip S(ASA 1/009/1997), available atp://p../b/I/ENGASA10091997?p&=ENG-MMR.

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k , 1990 000. T , , G T S j 199. I 1997, S P Dp C(SPDC), B A SA N (ASEAN), b b .

W C W NbPz D A S S K 1991, , b . I 1991, UN GAb p B,7 199, UN

C H R p b ,8 p p 9 M B.70I 199, Sp Rpp M p .71T p , , [] p , , , , pp b b b M .7 Sbq

Sp Rpp, supra , 11. I 199, G T S pG S M SLORC C, P M, D M.See, e.g.,M L, Dictionary o the Modern Politics o South-EastAsia 2-2 (3 .) (2). ime For Change, supra 9, 9-10.Aung San Suu Kyi Biography, Nb P Pz F, atp://bpz./b_pz/p//1991/.. See, e.g.,T Sp Rpp C H R - M, Report on the situation o human rights in Myan-mar, in accordance with Commission resolution 1992/58, U.N. D. E/CN./199/7(Fb. 17, 199).7 Situation in Myanmar, G.A. R. /1, U.N. D. A/RES//1 (D. 17, 1991)

(Noting with concern b b M).8 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, C H R R. 199/8,U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/8, (M. , 199).9 Id.70 Id. pb 9.71 Sp Rpp, supra .7 Id. 8.

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p .7I 1988 p ,

B f B j, j .7 A f 1990 B k b .7 T k ,7 p -1990.77

D 1990, p p ,

pb b . I 199, p, kp, 0,000 M B ( R)f B.78 I 199, , z KNU q Mp, f j b T.79 I - 1990, j k S , f , T.80T Sp Rpp p , b .81 B 1990, 100,000 p

7 See C C, Human Rights Violations Listed by Reports o the Special Rapporteur

on the situation o human rights in Myanmar.7 Fk, supra , .7 T B B C, P Rp, J. Db 008,App F, 10-1 ( P Rp.)7 Id.77 & F Gp, Euroa World Year Boo 2, 01 (45 .) (00).78 Sp Rpp, supra , 10.79 B Ep O, A P, J. 0, 199.80

TSp Rpp C H R M, InterimReport o the Special Rapporteur o the Com-mission on Human Rights on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, U.N. D.A//, , (Sp. 10, 1998).81 See, e.g., T Sp Rpp C H R M, Report on the situation o human rights in

Myanmar, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution1994/85,U.N. D.E/CN./199/, 10, (J. 1, 199).

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T,8 p p B .8

F b p pp 1990. T I Lb Oz (ILO), UN , C Iq 1997 1998 p p b :

T b b C p b p pp M b

p, , p, k pp , k , p pjk b , p p , , b, k k, p A() C.8

T C Iq [] , pp p pp b M b G, pb .8 Y, b

b p, p b ,8 ILO

8 P Rp, supra 7 , 10-1.8 Id.8 G B, I Lb Oz, Forced Labor in Myanmar(Burma): Report o the Commission o Inquiry appointed under article 26 o the Con-stitution o the International Labour Organization to examine the observance by Myan-mar o the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), 2 Jul., 1998, P V, C

R, 1 () C O Sb C, 8,available atp://../pb////b//b7/-.#1.%0C%0%0 ( ).8 Id. 1 () C b, .8 I Lb O, G B, Developments concerning the ques-tion o the observance by the Government o Myanmar o the Forced Labour Conven-tion, 1930 (No. 29), Legal aspects arising out o the 95th Session o the InternationalLabour Conerence, GB.97/8/, (N. 00), at p://../pb/

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b .87 I 009, ILO b , p p p.88

B 1990, SPDC ; , p . T SPDC p D A S S K p.89 H p p b .90A 1988, b p p p b b p. A p 199

p, p.91 A p , 1990, p p. F p, M00, D A S S K b p z NLD b R, pp k pp,

///b//b97/p/b-8-.p p b, p b , ILO b - p p b P IC C).87 Id. (T p b , b C Iq, -, b p , b , pp M. T - k q p b M C Iq, p - p b, p p , p , .) ( ).88 I Lb O, G B, Developments concerning the ques-tion o the observance by the Government o Myanmar o the Forced Labour Conven-tion, 190 (N. 9), GB.0//1 (R.) (M. 009), atp://../p/p/pb/---_/---///_101.p.89

A I,Myanmar: wenty Years On, More Tan 2,000 Politi-cal Prisoners (A. , 008), available atp://...//-/197/.90 Id.91 T Sp Rpp C H R M, Report on the situation o human rights in Myanmar,submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1996/80, U.N.D. E/CN./1997/, - (Fb. , 1997).

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j .9 T b k DpM.9

A b A Spb 007, p p b . F p, B k 007 ,9 bk S R ( kb).9 T b A007 p , 1988 , b

k.9 T Spb 007, p B k p .97 T p k, ,b , b pb .98T UN Sp Rpp p .99T UN S C p b -PS B p p, p p, . . . p p.100

9 Sp Rpp C H R - M, Report on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, U.N.D. E/CN./00/, 1-1 (J. , 00).9 A L R C P R, S M: M

Dp b C H R, available atp://../p/p/p--0-00.p.9 See, e.g,A Bb P Pp, B: I S R-, he Indeendent World (Sp. 7, 007), atp://.p..k////b-----0..9 See, e.g., U.S. S C F R, B S R- (O. , 007), available atp://..//007/07100p..9

See T Sp Rpp M , Reporto the Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, mandated byresolution S-51 adopted by the Human Rights Council at its h Special Session, U.N.D. A/HRC//1, 1-18(D. 7, 007).97 Id. 0, .98 Id. 0-.99 Id. 0-8, 1-, .100 UN S C, Statement by the President o the Security Council, U.N. D.

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T UN S C, UN p p . I, p . I M 008, k CN B 1,000 ,101 SPDC , z p .10 T , UN, p k pp ( ).10F p, C z p b p.10 T

p pp b b J 007 Nb 008, b b p p ,100.10

Cnclusin

B p . T B . T UN G Ab H R C ( H R C) p p B b 1990 199, p. UNSp E UN Sp Rpp B 0 z , , b . A

G Ab H R C p p, UN S C p B p

S/PRS/007/7 (O. 11, 007).101 IRIN H N A, pj UN O C- H A, M: C p ,(Ap. 1, 009), atp://../p.p?RpI=789.10

Y G, T 008 M C: A A; T Sp- Rpp M, Report o the SpecialRapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, on the implementation oCouncil resolutions S-5/1 and 6/33, U.N. D. A/HRC/8/1, 9-9 (J. , 008). .10 See, e.g., id. 18.10 Id. at .10 A I C, H R M: O, atp://..//_.pp.

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00. T - p b B p bk z 00 p.

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2 History o Burma


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II. International Criminal

Law Framework

I b , p. T b k b R S. T R S IC C, p J 1998

J 00, pp .10 W B b p b b R S,107 p k p z B.

10 W R S f p

pp b , p k p. T R S I C C, opened or signature 17 J. 1998, UN D. A/CONF.18/9 (1998), 187 U.N..S. 90 (R S).107 B bj b f. F p, A 199, B b p G C 199, . See D Fk, he Handoo o International

Humanitarian law 8 (

) (008). T, , B b p f b A G C. C (I) A C W Sk A F F, . , A. 1, 199, 7 U.N..S. 1(F G C); C (II) A C W, Sk Spk Mb A F S, ., A. 1, 199, 7 U.N..S. 8, (S G C); C-

(III) P W, . , A. 1, 199, 7

U.N..S. 1 ( T G C); C (IV) P C P W, . , A. 1, 199. 7 U.N..S. 87( F G C). I B q, . F , B p pb, b . I , p, b p p b pp j.


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A ,108 R S b p b p , , , .109T b p IC C (ICC) b j p:110

T S q S P S;111

T S P S;11

A S p j ICC p q;11

T UN S C, Cp VII p, ICC.11

W B, UN

108

T ICC p, Nb I M b, W W II AH I C b Y R 1990. F ICC, , .., Rb- C, Hk F, D Rb Eb W, An Introduc-tion to International Criminal Law and Procedure, P C (007).109 T j ICC, b b j S P b p b

j. R S, supra 10, . ().110 T j R S.F, ICC p j p . R P E( RPE), 9 Sp. 00, (), ICC-ASP/1/. S, p

j q p ICC j - b ICC S J. 1, 00. RS, supra 10, . 11(1).111

R S, supra 10, . 1(). J b S - P S. Id.11 Id. . 1(b).11 Id. . 1().11 Id. . 1(b). I b S C C

j S p S .

22 International Criminal Law Framewor


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p j b B p S. H, ICC j p j .11 T, ICCpp pp j, pk pp p A 17 R S.11 T ICC b b j p .117H, ICC j S 118 b119 p.10 A b j ICC j.11

b , p . F, b pb ( ) . S, pb k p p , b p . Fp, pb , b . I, , k p

11 C, ., supra 108, 17.11 R S, supra 10, . 17; see also C, ., supra 100, 17.117 See, e.g., R S, supra 10, . 17(1)(). A ICC p- p b .118 Id. . 17() (p p q : , p k pp b pb j ICC; , b jb p p - b j; , p k b p p, b b p j).119 Id. . 17() (p b

p b -p b j , S b b b p.).10 Id. . 17(1)() (b); 17()-(); see also C, ., supra 108, 18( b b ICC j).11 Id. . 17(1)().

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and p b . b

b , p pb . F, p pb, p B .T f ICC b UN SC A 1(b) R S .1 T p

p p. F, p b prima acie .T, ( p k p f) p . O ( k p pp) pb. E

pb b p, C Iq ICC p .W p b prima acie .

A. Cims agains Humani: Chaau Cmmn

Elmns

A 7(1) ICC S p b pb p p k pp, k k. C b pb , p b

pp. T p : (1) b k;1 () k

1 Id. . 1(b).1 See, e.g., I C C, E C, U.N. D. ICC-ASP/1/(p II-B), adopted9 Sp. 00 ( E) ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()).



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b 1 pp;1 () k b p ;1 () pp

b p k;17

() pp k , , p k.18 E () () pp, p, b b b p p. T, p p. Ip p pp p :19

1 See, e.g., id. 8 ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()). Jp p - : I k b b , Cb , inter alia, k, , b, k, , k

b p p p p q- . P . K, K Vk., ICY C N.I-9- & I-9-/1-, App Cb J, 91 (J. 1, 00).1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, 8 ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()). T pp : I , p b , b p p . Inter-national Committee o the Red Cross, Commentary on the Additional

Protocols o Jun. to the Geneva Conventions o 2 August 4 6 ().1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, 8 ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()).17 See, e.g., id. 8 ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()); see also P . N M-.; ICYC N. I-98--, Cb J, (M. 1, 00)(T b b p k. T , b q, bj b p k.).

18 See, e.g., E, supra 1, 8 ( A 7(1)()() p A 7(1)()-1()); see also P .K Rz,ICR C N. ICR-9-1-, Cb J, 1 (M 1, 1999), ([P] () ; b b pb . ).19 Seesupra p p-

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1. Tere must be an attack.

A k p pb .10 A k q , pp.11

2. Te attack must be directed against a civilianpopulation.

A pp b .1

3. Te attack must be widespread or systematic.

T k b p or; b b p and. Wp - k ,1 z1 p p.1 Tq pp k. T q p p . A

.10 R S, supra 10, . 7()().11 See, e.g., E, supra 1, (I C A H-); see also P . K, K Vk, ICY C N. I-9- &I-9-/1-, Cb J, 1 (Fb. , 001) (A k bb .).1 C, ., supra 108, 19.1 See, e.g., P . K, K Vk, supra 11, 7-8(T k b p , b . T j p -

k b .) (F ).1 Id. 9 (Fb. , 001) (T j pbb . P- p b p .) (F).1 P . , ICY C . I-9-1-, Cb J, 8(M 7, 1997).



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b p p b k.1

B. Wa Cims: Chaau Cmmn Elmns

A (IHL), , pb .17 IHL k f.18 O R S p B A 8()() 8()(),

f - ( ).19 A b f ppb . T B . f, b p k p .10 A pp b pb , p , . T p : (1) b f;11

1 See, e.g.,P . K kz.,ICY C N. I-9-1/-A., App.Cb J, 9 (D. 17, 00) (T App Cb b p k, b- , b p q , b b .).17 See, e.g.,B D P, he rosecution o International Crimes,A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States(00); see also C, ., supra 108.18 C, ., supra 108, .19 See R S, supra 10, . 8()() 8()(). A 8()() S p ppb f , b -k . Id.10

T b p hors de combatb k, , . See RS, supra 10,, . 8()().11 See, e.g., E, supra 1, ( A 8()()()-1()); id. 9 ( p A 8()()()-1-1()); see also P . K, K Vk, ICY C N. I-9- I-9-/1 ICY, App. Cb J, , (J. 1, 00) (A f b S

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() f b 1 ; () f b b;1 () , , (bj) p ;1 () f;1 () pp b f.1 T q p pp b b k, p p.

Ip p p p :17

p b p b p S.).1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, ( A 8()()()-1()); id. 9 ( p A 8()()

()-1-1()). A f p p. C A GC 199 p C pp f b H C P, z b . See, e.g., D Fk, he Handoo o International HumanitarianLaw, (008).1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, ( A 8()()()-1()); id. 9 ( p A 8()()()-1-1()).1 See, e.g., id. ( A 8()()()-1()p () hors de combat, , p, p k p .).1 See, e.g., id. ( A 8()()()-() q k p f); see also P . ICY App. C-b D, C N. I-9-1, 9 (O. , 199) (T q

p b f p b, p- b.).1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, ( A 8()()()-()); id. 10 ( p A 8()()()-1()). T , , q b f . See id. 9.17 See p p .



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1. Tere must be an internal armed confict(chapeau elements (1)-(3)).

T f bj ; p .18 A8()() - ( ) f f k p S p f b z p b p.19 H, b z f, q

z b .10

2. Te specic criteria dening the victim or object othe crime.

A b b , f, p k p .11 H, p p , p pp.1

18 See, e.g., P . Ak, ICR Cb J, C N.ICR-9-, (Sp. , 1998) ( pp AP II b pp bj, p bj p f.).19 R S, supra 10, . 8()(); see also P . M, ICR Cb j, C N. ICR-9-1-, 7-8 (J. 7, 000) ([N]- f bk b z p S.).10 See R S, supra 10, . 8()() () ( A 8()() () pp b , , p .); seealso P . K Rz, supra 18, 171 (C p f, b , b

A 1() P II - f, , b , , p .).11 R S, supra 10, . 8()().1 See, e.g.,P . K Rz, supra 18, 0-08(T A P II p p,p b f, , k pk p, p,

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3. Tere must be a nexus between the crime andthe armed confict.

T q k pb b f: k p b q pzp f; q f.1

I b , R S

q ICC . A 8(1) R S p ICC j p p p p p p .1 T ICC j.1 I b .1 H, q. 17 T ICC b p p p. 18 T - p p b , p p.19

C. Enumad Phibid Acs

C , , pb p q

pp .).1 See, e.g., E, supra 1, ( A 8()()()-() q k p

f); see also P ., supra 1, 9.1 R S, supra 10, . 8(1).1 C, ., supra 108, 1.1 Id.17 Id.18 Id.19 Id.



40/114

b . T p , b. O k f, f. I , q p , p, p b . T q p b p .O z pb ( ) . F, p

pb prima acie .T, b pp q mens rea p.

T p p : (1) p; () ; () jk, () . T pb R S p : (1) pp; () p ;() , () . T pb p pb R S B. O , UN p b pb R S .10 T pb p :

1) Forced ranser o Population:U A 7(1)()11 R S p b pp p p b p p. T p b p p

10 See e.g., C D, Human Rights Abuses Committed by Burmas Military Regime,Already Documented by the United Nations and Prohibited by the Rome Statute. Op b , b -k p.11 R S, supra 10, . 7(1)() .

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pp.1 T p A 8()()() R S1 q pp p pp, j b b .1

2) Rape and Sexual Violence: T R S pb p p A 7(1)(),1 A 8()()().1 Rp b

pp b p, , p pp b .17 A, pp p

1 See E, supra 1, 7 (A 7(1)()(1)-()); see also P

. Bk, ICY C N. I-9-1, Cb J, (M. , 000)(T p b [ p-] p p b p p, p .).T p [] pp- b p. E, supra 1, 7 (A 7(1)()()).1 R S, supra 10, . 8()()().1 See E, supra 1, 1 (A 8()()()(1)-()). T p [] pp p p b . Id. 1 (A 8()()()()); see also P .N M, p 17, 19-1 (Fb p . I [] Cb b [] A () S[ b p], p q: ) q A S . . . ; ) , b pp p , []

p p p ; ) pp p. T P p p ( p) , p p .).1 R S, supra 10, . 7(1)().1 See id. . 8()()().17 See E, supra 1, 8 (A 7(1)()-1(1)); id. 9 (A 8()()()-1(1)).



42/114

b bj p b.18S , b q [] pp p p p .19B . T q pb p, p, z.170 T k

b p k , q b , b .E k : ,, , p pp, b p p b pp k , pb .171

3) Murder: T pb RS A 7(1)() ,17 A 8()()()17 f p.E pb (

b ) k p.17

18 See id.19 See id. 10 (A 7(1)()-(1)); id. 1 (A 8()()()-(1)).170 See id.171

See id. 8 (A 7(1)()-1()); id. 9 (A 8()()()-1()); id. 10 (A- 7(1)()-(1); id. 1 (A 8()()()-(1)).17 R S, supra 10, . 7(1)().17 Id. . 8()()().17 See E, supra 1, (A 7(1)()(1)) .7 (T k b . T pp p.); id. (A 8()()()-1(1)); see alsoP . Ak, supra 18, 89(T Cb

Crimes in Burma 33


43/114

4) orture: pb A 7(1)()17 f A8()() R S.17 f p p .177 F b pp, p b .178

pp f p pp , p, b , p, , b

, k b.).17 R S, supra 10, . 7(1)().17 Id. . 8()()().177 See E, supra 1, 8 (A 7(1)()(1) ()); id. (A8()()()-(1)). T p [] p p pp-. Id. 8 (A 7(1)()()). T p f [] pp f p pp : b , p, b k. Id. (A 8()()()-()); see also P . Ak, supra 18, 9-9 81(T b p . . . U N C A O C, I D P. T Cb : () T pp f p p p pp: () b p; (b) p p p b b ; () pp

p; () b k.); P . K, K Vk, p 11, 1 (T : () T f-, b , p , p . .. () T b , p, p, -, , p.).178 See E, supra 1, 8 (A 7(1)()() ()).



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k.179 U R S, pp b pb p p.180

179 See id. (A 8()()()-()).180 See, e.g.,P . Sz, ICR Cb J, C N. ICR-97-0-, -, (M 1, 00) (IAkayesu, Cb

. . . C A . . . . T ICYApp Cb p C A f . . . , . [] ICY Ap-p Cb , k C A, pb q q - pb . T, Cb j pb q.).

Crimes in Burma 35


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46/114

III. Human Rights

Violations in Burma

T UN 00 p, ,j k, p B.T p b p B. T p p

.T, UN p prima acie , j b UNS C C Iq .

Repeated and Long-erm UN Condemnation o Serious Human Rights

Violations in Burma

A b UN p B . S 199 MRpp, G Ab, C H R p . See C A (HR V L b G Ab R), B (H

R V L b C H R HR C R), C (H R V Lb Rp Sp Rpp M). T - b p B, UN .

V UN G Ab b

199 008 B , p, , j k, . See C A. Fp, 199, G Ab p b b:

[] M,


47/114

p b Sp Rpp, p b , . . . , b . . . p pp p [.]181

M G Ab , , UN 008. See C A. I 007 R1/, G Ab p b

M, :

[D] b pb M, j k, p p b b ; . . . p p; (b) T k b K S S M, p pp[.]18

T G Ab [] 00,18 [] p 0018 [] p

0018 B k p p p . T UN C H R p 00. F p, 00 C p

181 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. 9/197, U.N. D. A/RES/9/197(D. , 199).18

Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. 1/, U.N. D. A/RES/1/(M. 1, 007).18 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. 8/7, U.N. D. A/RES/8/7, (M. 11, 00).18 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. 9/, U.N. D, A/RES/9/, (M. 17, 00).18 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. 0/, U.N. D. A/RES/0/, (M. , 00).

3 Human Rights Violations in Burma


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49/114

B pp b b bp B 199.188 p B b p p .189 T , , p.190 T k p K, M, S, KS.191 B b p , MRpp p ,077 p

, , b Bb 199 00.19 D , pp p.19 F, [] Nb 00, b p p (IDP) b b b b 00,000.19 I 007, , b z IDP b UN .19

1. Te Scale o Forced Displacement

UN p p B bq f p p. I ,

UN p . T p M Rpp 00 . H

188 T Sp Rpp M, Imple-mentation o General Assembly Resolution 60/251 o 15 March 2006 Entitled HumanRights Council: Report o the Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in

Myanmar,delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. D. A/HRC//1, (Fb. 1,

007) ( M Rpp 007).189 Id. .190 Id.191 Id. ( p Ak S B).19 Id.19 Id.19 Id.19 Id.



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00:

[] ,000 p p M , M, K, [K],S S [] E[P] . T Sp Rpp b p ,000 pp p b p; 8,000 p p , b b

; 77,000 b bG p. I b 1 pp p .19

T M Rpp b 00 00.197 T b f b -S p.198 T M Rpp [] pp b p (b 199 00). A Nb00, b p p (IDP) b b b b b 00,000.199 T M Rpp p p

,000 pp b T b 00 b p K S.00 H p

19 T Sp Rpp M, Interimreport o the Special Rapporteur o the Commission on Human Rights on the situationo human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. D. A/0/1, 8 (A. 1, 00) ( M Rpp 00).197

T Sp Rpp M, Question othe Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part o the World:Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N. Econ. & Soc. Council[ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights, U.N. D. E/CN./00/, 10 (Fb. 7,00) ( M Rpp 00 II).198 Id. 99.199 M Rpp 007, supra 188, .00 M Rpp 00 I, supra , .

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0,000 p p B b pp .01O p M Rpp K S Nb 00.0 H p 900 pp f T, k b , b .0 A Rpp, b 00, 900 , , q .0 T M Rpp b f

D P D.0 H b , b b p , p 00 .0 H q b p, b , , p 00.07

I 00, Sp Rpp j, b , ( E Rpp) p p p B K P D.08 A E Rpp ,

01 Id.0 Sp Rpp, supra 197, 10.0 Id.0 Id.0 P R, O H C H R [OHRCHR],UN H R p G M z b (Fb. , 007)( P R 007).0 Id.07

Id.08 T Sp Rpp j, b , Imple-mentation o General Assembly Resolution 60/251 o 15 March 2006 Entitled HumanRights Council: Report o the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbi-trary executions: Addendum: Summary o cases transmitted to Government and repliesreceived, U.N. D. A/HRC//0/A.1, - (M. 1, 007) ( M 1, 00 Sp Rpp M) ( E Rpp 007).



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k k p.09 F k, p f k T.10 I p K S, B p k .11 T E Rpp [] b p - p B p Ap 00 k KNU p b

. 1UN p 00 b p

p . A p UNRpp p j M 001 b p p K P .1T p b p .1 Tp p p p T Ppp K Kk S p P D.1 F, b p p.17

09 Id. .10 Id.11 Id.1 Id.1 P R, UN H R Ep C M E C-I Op C N K S EP D (M 1, 00) ( P R 00). T p :M Rpp, Ip Ep , Sp Rpp- , p,

Sp Rpp q , Sp Rpp Sp Rpp j b p . Id.; see also Sp Rpp,supra , .1 P R 00, supra 1.1 Id.1 Id.17 Id.

Crimes in Burma 43


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F p 00 007, M Rpp p KS, p b .18 H p 0,000 b p K S p .19 F, :

Wp 007 ,

Nb Pp D [P]D. F b b, 199-1997 p.0

I Ob 007, b p p B 0,000.1 T 9,000 pp z, 99,000 j 109,000 B, .I b M Rpp . A 008,UN b p . T M Rpp p p b T Ap008. T p b b

18 T Sp Rpp M, HumanRights Situations that Require the Councils Attention: Report o the Special Rappor-teur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the General Assembly,Human Rights Council, U.N. D. A/HRC/7/18, 80 (M. 7, 008) (M Rpp 008 I).19 Id. 77.0

Id. 80.1 Id. 9. Id. Id. 7. T Sp Rpp M, Report othe Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theGeneral Assembly, U.N. D. A//1, 7 (Sp. , 008) ( MRpp 008 II).



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b f T .O, 00, UN p

p b p 00. I p , M Rpp :

I Ob 00, 87,000pp b . A 00, b 0,000 ppp M ,

b f b b p.

F, p - p B; M Rpp p b ,000 199.7

2. Te Reasons or Forced Displacement

I p p B M Rpp p . H k p f .8 A, UN

pb p p p p p bk b pp p pp.9 Sp, M Rpp p b bb - p, k F C P, p .0

Id. M Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 101.7 Sp Rpp, supra 188, .8 See, e.g., M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 7.9 See, e.g., E Rpp 007, supra 08, .0 See, e.g., T Sp Rpp C H R - M, I p Sp Rpp

Crimes in Burma 45


55/114

I 008, M Rpp b p B.1

T M Rpp p , pp b , p p.F p b k :

A -- ,

M b T b; p G b j.

I M Rpp p 00 B. Rp b M Rpp Db 007 187 b K S, , 10 10 b.

3. Te Method o Forced Displacement

T M Rpp b p. Mb pp, , p . V b pk ,

C H R M, -

G Ab, U.N. D. A/7/90, 17 (A. 9, 00) (M Rpp 00; M Rpp,00 II p 197, 10.1 M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 7. Id. Id. Id. 77. M Rpp 00, supra 0, 17.



56/114

p . Pb p p , b .7I 00, E Rpp p p b b , b -- p p .8

T B p p p . T M Rpp :

I f, pp b G - F C P. . . . Tpp p p - , , pp, p b .9

T M Rpp b p b p, b p p b .0S, IDP q k , . I p p.1

4. UN Actors Conclusions and RecommendationsRegarding Forced Displacement

I 00, M Rpp B, p . M, M Rpp b p

Id.7 Id.8 See, e.g., E Rpp 007, supra 08, 9 SM Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 10.0 M Rpp 00, supra 19, 8.1 Id. M Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 8-8.

Crimes in Burma 4


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, b p p p b . H [] p p b pb . T M Rpp p p K S, p . F, 00, UN k p,p p

f K P b B .7

5. Analysis o Forced Displacement

T UN p p B p prima acie p k p, UN S C C Iq k . T b pp pb p B pb b A 7(1)() pb b A 8()()() R S. F, UN p p b b . Sp,

q p p b.

Common Elements

T q b k pp b : UN b p

M Rpp 00 I, supra , 7. M Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 10. M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 80. P R 00, supra 1.7 H R C, supra 187.



58/114

, b p p b .8

F, p b p k pp. T M Rpp b p p9 p b .0 T b p p k .F, F C P

M Rpp b p p b p .1 I, p p b p and, b p or. T UN p 00,000 pp b p p B, p pb .

R UN f B, p q f. T b b p, f , p -.T f,

z UN b p b b . TUN pp . T , -b, b IHL.

A k b, R

8

See, e.g., Myanmar Rapporteur 2006 II, supra note 197, at 106.9 M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 7.0 M Rpp 00 I, supra 7 (p b p , b p- B, p p b .).1 Id. M Rpp 007, supra 188, . See, e.g., M Rpp 00, supra 19, 8.

Crimes in Burma 4


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S j . T R S p p p p - pb p .T , b , p . T, b p p p .

Elements o the Prohibited Act: Force and Coercion

F b pp .A q q p . T pp p pp, j b pp b .T p p p UN . Tb p p . T p p, f , b , , b

p p pp.7 T M Rpp , p, b b b b p pp k p bb .8

M Rpp 007, supra 188, . M Rpp 00, supra 0, 17. M Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 10.7 M Rpp 007, supra 188, .8 Id.



60/114


61/114

, p p b T-B b.1

E p 00, UN p . T - B b M Rpp, GAb, C H R p B 199. SeeC A, B, C. F p, M Rpp

b 199 001, p p S S. T Rpp b b. O pp p b p bj . T p 00 00 p 188 p S S. T p SS b B.

UN p 00. T M Rpp S, K, K, M b p b .7 Fp, M Rpp p p A 00 p ,

, ( S, Ak, P, K ).8 E k p

1 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0. Id. Rpp 00, supra 0, 1. Id. at1-.

M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0. Id. (p 7 0 M b 199 00).7 See, e.g., M Rpp 00, supra 19, 7.8 T Sp Rpp C H R M, Interim report o the Special Rapporteur o the Commis-sion on Human Rights on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theGeneral Assembly, U.N. D. A/8/19, 8 (A. , 00) ( M



62/114

00.9 I , S b .70 A p p A 00 p b b .71

I j B Ob 00, Sp Rpp ( WRpp), E Rpp, Sp Rpp , p( Rpp, b p p k k p.7 T p

199 . T p 00 . T p b :

N M L A, 1, M C W, 18, p -p 11 Fb 00 MT K Kk p, K S, b p IB N. 10 LID N. 88. T p k , p p. N p k.

O J 00, T N (P ID N. 1799) IB , b

Rpp 00).9 Id. ( , , , , pp b p

).70 Id.71 Id. (I , k pp, b. I , k pp b.I b , k, b p

p ).7 T Sp Rpp , q,Integration o the Human Rights o Women and the Gender Perspective: Violence

Against Women: Report o the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, itscauses and consequences, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rightsresolution 2002/52, delivered to the Human Rights Commission, General Assembly,U.N. D. E/CN./00/7/A. (J. 1, 00) ( W Rpp00).

Crimes in Burma 53


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Tbz p k M Tbz p, M S, M, p 1-- M E-S.T p k p D A SS K M S. Up G-P , , N K , p p M E S. N K pk p p . H p b . I p M E S

b .

M L M, 17- K , pp A 00 b p M L SPDC LIB 0 b 1 p.., D , D M S p, [K] S.A p, p p pb p , Mj M S, b p.7

F p b 00 00, E Rpp p B p b p k.7T p :

A Sp Rpp V W Sp Rpp ,1 Spb 00. O 17 Spb 00, Z Y, 0 N H , KL , [S S] b b

7

Id. 18, 1-.7 T Sp Rpp j, b , Civiland Political Rights, Including the Question o Disappearances and Summary Execu-tions: Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Report o the Special Rappor-teur: Addendum: Summary o cases transmitted to Governments and replies rece,delivered to the U,N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights ,U.N. D. E/CN./00//A.1 (M. 7, 00) ( E Rpp- 00).



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K L 1997, k b p b bS P D C (SPDC) .H , p pp 0 SPDCp I B (IB) , N K, 0,b b b. W b b b k , b S .S p b, kk -p. S

. A p , . A , f T . S p 9 M 00 C p p, T. A Sp Rpp b , b b k.7

M. N K, , , M. NL, 19, p p b p SPDCp L-K-b L I B(LIB) 1 1 Ob 00, p W Z [ SS]. T p . A,

k b p. T b b p .7

M. N S, 0, b, M. Z L, , b Zz K W T , b L-K p[ S S] 1997, pp b b 0 SPDC p C. IB Nb 00. Z L p p N S -p b p.

7 Id. 71.7 Id. 7.

Crimes in Burma 55


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S k . Z L b IB q b b b. T ,N S b .77

I 00, M Rpp p 1 p K S p. 78 R 00, MRpp b 0 p C B.79 UN H R p j

00 b p p p K S P D.80T b p b k, , p, b.81

T 008 p C E D W (CEDAW C) k p 00.T p p b -fz.8

77 Id. 7. see also id. 7 (M. P O, 0- - b, K N b b b Mk L b z b SPDC p LIB1 00 p b . S p .); id. 77(M. N Z, 18-- bb M-S [ S S] b k b Ap. 00 b b 1 S P Dp C (SPDC) . S -p bb b .).78 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0.79 Id.80 P R 00, supra 1.81 Id.8 U.N. C. E D W [CEDAW],

Concluding observations o the Committee on the Elimination o Discriminationagainst Women: Myanmar, U.N. D. CEDAW/C/MMR/CO/, (N. 7, 008)( CEDAW C 008) ([] C p p , p

, p. . . . T C p p N [Ak] S b C N p b z.).



66/114

W f, p b B p:

[T CEDAW C] p p p , p, pp b b , ,inter alia, S, M, K, P, C.T C ppp pp ,

b p, p , p .T C k b b pp j.8

O, UN B j , p b p k b b b b.

2. Purpose and Method

UN pp pp pp p. T

Rpp, p, :

W bj b ,p , p pp p. T b , , inter alia, z bj pp,p S .8

T M Rpp p

8 Id. .8 Rpp 00 , supra 0, 1.

Crimes in Burma 5


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p p A 00 p b b .8 T M Rpp b b p b p b .8 T Rpp p p p.87 F, MRpp b , b p b p B k .88 I , b , , k b; , b p

.89 I p , bp b.90 I , b k b , , b , , b k.91 T E Rpp p b, p k.9

3. Culture o Impunity

UN , p M Rpp, p ppb .9 I p, M Rpp b p p b b

b .9 H b B k b

8 M Rpp 00, supra 8, 8.8 Id.87 Rpp 00, supra 0, 1; see also E Rpp00, supra 7, 77.88 M Rpp 00, supra 8, 9.89 Id.90 Id.91 Id.9 E Rpp 00, supra 7, 71, 7.9 See, e.g., M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0; M Rpp00 II, supra 197, 78-79.9 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0.



68/114

pp b j.9 I p p 00, Rpp p 8% p b , p; 1% p p. 9 I pp p b .97

I 008, CEDAW C b:

T C

pp b z p b p, p p . I , , p p , p k , q k , p pp.98

T M Rpp p, p 00 , p p pb p b pp M.99 I007, M Rpp

p p B b b b 00.00

UN k k, b . T MRpp pb p , b

9 Id.9 Rpp 00, supra 0, 1.97 Id.98 CEDAW C 008, supra 8, .99 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0.00 M Rpp 007, supra 188, 1.

Crimes in Burma 5


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k p.01 T Rpp p b p p p, bbj .0 H p p B p p .0 I Ob 00, p S M Rpp, S p k p .0 T pp p

ICRC S S 00.0 M pk ICRC b b b p.0 T pp A B J 00.07

T B p p b E Rpp, b, p p.08 I p, b b .09 T p , , / pp. 10 I p, E Rpp :

T Sp Rpp p . H, SR p

G M b , p pp bG . T SR p G

01 M Rpp 00 II, supra 197, 79.0 Rpp 00, supra 0, 1.0 Id. 1.0 Id.0 Id.0 Id.07 Id.08 E Rpp 00, supra 7, 10.09 Id.10 Id. 10-1.



70/114

.11

T Sp Rpp p B b . I p, M Rpp j k p .I Ob 00, pp p . TM Rpp pb p p B p

S , k p.1 I p, M Rpp p B p p .1

4. UN Actors Conclusions and RecommendationsRegarding Sexual Violence

T M Rpp b p b p k b .1 M p , M Rpp p b .1 H, p p, UN b p p.1 T

M Rpp p p

11 Id. 19.1 T Sp Rpp C H R M, Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Funda-mental Freedoms in Any Part o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar:Report o the Special Rapporteur, delivered to the U.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECO-

SOC], Commn on Human Rights, U.N. D. E/CN./00/, (D. , 00)( M Rpp 00).1 See, e.g., id.1 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0; Rpp 00,supra 0, 1-.1 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 01 See CEDAW C 008, supra 8, , ; M Rpp008, supra 18, , 8.

Crimes in Burma 6


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72/114

.1 I , p pp p p z

bj pp, p S B. F, p b p pb , pp.

I UN f

b b . T p b UN p b b B . I b k b b, b p b , , k, . M, UN b b pp p

pp p, p z bj pp. T p B b p kp f. I p, b CEDAW C f -f f.

A , R S j q pb ( p) p p p - . A , p pp pp j .

1 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 0; Rpp 00,supra 0, 1-1. M Rpp 00, supra 8, 8-9. Rpp 00, supra 0, 1. CEDAW C 008, supra 8, , .

Crimes in Burma 63


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Elements o the Prohibited Act: Consent

O k b p p .T UN p p, pb , p ( pbq p ). A p p q b p .

Impunity

A, UN pz p p b . Seeb C Ip. T p pb, UN p z p pb. I , UN p prima acie .

C. Exajudicial Killings and u

A p , UN

j k prima acie j UN . UN b p , p b , - p pp 00. O p p . T UN p pp p. I , UN p j k .



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1. Levels o Violence

UN jk B: p, M Rpp,G Ab, C H R B 199.See C A, B, C. T M Rpp b j k b 00.T j p IDP b b . T M Rpp

p p k p S K S.7 T p b pp p .8 I p , b pp p.9 T M Rpp p p M 00p b 0-- K Kkk p K S.0 T p K b b KNU . 1 V b p ( , b p ) p . F b k p . T p b .

I 00, E Rpp B b b , , b p . T E

M Rpp 00, supra 8, 7. Id.7

Id.8 Id. .9 Id.0 Id.1 Id. Id. Id. T Sp Rpp j, b , Civil

Crimes in Burma 65


75/114

Rpp 00 b p, , pp S. T p b , p b k . T E Rpp p 00 00, :

N S N L, 17--

S M q -K-Lk [ S S], pp b p SPDC p -K-Lk A 00. T kk b b p. T b k p. N S . A p SPDC -K-Lk

p . A Sp Rpp b , b k .7

S Z-N, -- P S, b p SPDC p D P S , L L , N-Z p [ S S], A 00,

bk N . O A 00, SPDC

and Political Rights, Including the Question o Disappearances and Summary Execu-tions: Extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions:Report o the Special Rapporteur,delivered to the U.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECO-SOC], Commn on Human Rights pursuant to Resolution 2002/36, U.N. D. E/CN./00/, (J. 1, 00) ( E Rpp 00 I).

T Sp Rpp j, b , Civiland Political Rights, Including the Question o Disappearances and Summary Execu-tions: Extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions:Report o the Special Rapporteur,delivered to the U.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECO-SOC], Commn on Human Rights, U.N. D. E/CN./00/7, 1 (D. , 00)( E Rpp 00 II). Id.7 E Rpp 00, supra 7, 7.



76/114


77/114

b M .0A, p b p z p b p k .1 UN H R p j p 00 p b p p p T Pp p K S Kk S p P D. T . Rp b k,

, p, b.T E Rpp B

b b 00 00 p - p K N U (KNU) pp p. T p b K (K) k [P] D, M. Rp , b -j k. T p p p.7

T M Rpp b K S 00 007, b j k k b B .8 T p p

007 , b b 199-1997 p.9

0 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 8; M Rpp 007,supra 188, 8.1 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 7; M Rpp 007,supra 188, 7. P R 00, supra 1. Id. E Rpp 007, supra 08, . Id. Id.7 Id.8 See, e.g., M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 80.9 Id.



78/114

T M Rpp p k pp p, S A S k .0 I , UN j k B p 00.

2. Purpose and Policy

I 00, M Rpp p

b p k z .1 Op j k, E Rpp M Rpp b p k p .

3. Culture o Impunity

T UN p j k b B b p. I 00, p, ERpp p B p , p, p p. I 008, M Rpp , j k , b

pb b p. T p b p .R p p p , MRpp 008 b p b - -

0 See, e.g., id, 1.1 M Rpp 00 I, supra 7. . E Rpp 007, supra 08, ; M Rpp 00,supra 0, 17. E Rpp 00 I, supra , . M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 8. Id.

Crimes in Burma 6


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k . R p bk b .7

A , ERpp p , k, 00 00 .8 H p q.9 I p, ERpp k f, p p b . 0 T b

UN pp p IHL , j k .

T p p p . I 00 p p B, E Rpp pp p pp, p, U N Pp E P I E-, Ab S E.1 T Sp Rpp q :

1. A p b ?. P p , b

, , , j q k M.. A pb b b , p p p b k, p, p

Id. 9.7 Id.8 S supra 7-77 p .9 E Rpp 00, supra 7, 19, M Rpp 00,supra 0, 17.0 E Rpp 00, supra 7, 19.1 E Rpp 007, supra 08, .

Human Rights Violations in Burma


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p .. P p bp .

T E Rpp B p UN .T p p b p pb j k B.

4. UN Actors Conclusions and RecommendationsRegarding Extrajudicial Killings and orture

T k z b b p b b . I 008, M Rpp p b b k p p b. T p pp UN ,p, p pb p . Fp, M Rpp p p b p 00 007 p B.7

I 00, E Rpp p

B -- p p -b pp.8 H pb p p UN B Pp U F F b L

Id.

Id. . See, e.g., M Rpp 00 I, supra , .7; M Rpp007, supra 188, . M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 8. See, e.g., E Rpp 007, p 08, ; I PpRpp 00, supra 9, 0.7 See, e.g., M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 80.8 E Rpp 007, supra 08, .

Crimes in Burma


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E O.9 T b pb pp - b , b b p .70 A C C L E O, p b UN G Ab 1979, p.71

5. Analysis o Extrajudicial Killings and orture

T UN p j k B p prima acie b .T b UN pp pb j k B pbb A 7(1)() pb b A 8()()() R S. A k b B, p j C Iq p .

Common Elements

T UN pj k B p k pp, b . A b p p pb j k q . M, UN . A p p b MRpp [] b M

9 Id.70 Id.71 Id.



82/114

.7Eb q k

p . T M Rpp b

k b p .7

T p p p b. F, UN b p p b b p.7 S p: B, UN b F C P z pp. I p, j k b b -- p p B.7 T b b prima acie bk p B.

T UN : f B, p q

f. R p UN p B b pp IHL pp . M, p -b, IHL p.

T p j q R S j k p p p - p .T b . T p pp pp p b -. A, p , p q

p .

7 M Rpp 00 I, supra , 8; M Rpp 007,supra 188, 8.7 M Rpp 008 I, supra 18, 8.7 P R 00, supra 1.7 E Rpp 007, supra 08, .

Crimes in Burma 3


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Elements o the Prohibited Act: Unlawulness and the Intention to InfictSevere Pain

Ej k , . T k f p p. T UN k p , p b j k -- p. T

b f p. F, p b UN b p . A b b p,b UN pb b prima acie b .

Impunity

F, UN pz p p pb p. See b C Ip. , j k UN b prima acie

pb .

D. Lgal Evaluain

T p, p, , j k

p primaacie pb . T p UN S C C Iq . H, z p b p . T pp b M



84/114


85/114

G Ab8 H R C8 p p. T p b p, p b G Ab009 .87 T p b b, p j .

I , UN . I p p

. I p.T, UN S C C Iq B, b p p b j.

F, B p , C p b. S C A, B, C( UN 1990). R UN B . T, b . M, pp p bp b, b p . S,

p p, , jk p C Iq b p b UN B. I, C pb b R S.

8

G Ab R. 1/, supra 18; Situation o human rights inMyanmar, G.A. R. /, U.N. D. A/RES// (Fb. 8, 008).8 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, H. R. C.R. S-/1, U.N. D. A/HRC/RES/S-/1 (O. , 007); Follow-up to the report o the Special Rapporteur onthe situation o human rights in Myanmar, H. R. C.R. /, U.N. D. A/HRC/RES// (D. 1, 007).87 Situation o human rights in Myanmar, G.A. R. /, U.N. D. A/RES//(J. , 009).



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iv. Precedents for Action

T B, b UN,p k p p. T UN S C, , k . T S C pp p.88 Sp p p b SC b b p Y R. A p D ICC. T b p B - S C.

T k p Y,

R, D S C CpVII p . I , S Ck pp: (1) U N k , z p, () S C b C Iq k , () S Cb j , ICC , .

T S C k k pp b p IHL . T p B UN k B p b

S C . T SC k B, k p b p , C Iq.

88 U.N. C, . 9.


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A. T Scui Cuncils Cha VII Pws

T UN S C p Cp VII UN C k p p, b p, .89 A 1 C S C k .90 A A C, C , p, pp p

.91 A C SC p, Cp VII p , f p b b.9

P 1990, S C CpVII p C W .9 I p 19 p b R.9 T .9 T S C 1977 p p S A.9

W C W, S C b Cp VII p q. F p, 1991, SC R 88 K Iq p Iq pp . . .

p .97 A, S C

89 Id.90 Id. . 1. A S C k . U.N. C, . .91 Id. . .9 Cp J. L M & R S. , Security Council Action in the Name

o Human Rights: From Rhodesia to the Congo, U.C. Davis J. Intl L. Poly ,09 (00) ( S C A).9 Id.9 S.C. R. 1, U.N. D. S/RES/1 (N. 1, 19);S.C. R 17, U.N. D. S/RES/17 (N. 0, 19).9 S.C. R. , U.N. D. S/RES/ (D. 1, 19).9 S.C. R. 18, U.N. D. S/RES/18 (N. , 1977).97 S.C. R. 88, U.N. D. S/RES/88 (Ap. , 1991).

Precedents or Action


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b b , p , pp CpVII .98 F p, R 79 S C z p, b, S.99 T , b f S, b b b b b , p .00 T -b p pb S

, .01 T S C k S L,A, H, Y, Lb, Cb, Y, R, S, .0 T S C , Cp VII, p q p p b.0 , p p S C p .H, p Treat to the Peace, SC p k p: (1) - ; () f b p; () p

/ ; () b f ; () -b pb ( , k).0

I Y, R, D, p

98 S C A, supra 9, 1.99 S.C. R.79, U.N. D. S/RES/79, pb, 1, (D. , 199).00

Id. pb, .01 S C A, supra 9, 1-17 ( U.N. D /PV.1(199)).0 DLA Pp, Treat to the Peace: A Call or the UN Security Council to Act in Bur-ma, Spb 0, 00, available at p://.bp..k/p/Bp.p ( Treat to the Peace).0 Id. (E S).0 Id.

Crimes in Burma


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, S C k b IHL . Up z , p p p p , S C C Iq.0 T pp C z f - pbb .Up p C Iq p, C ; , C j

ppp .0

B. T Fm Yugslavia

I 199, S C p p IHL Y, p p bp p , p, b , b k -b,p b, p pp pp, pp.07 I R 771, T S C Cp VII B Hz, b zb , p p,

p .08 T SC q z b . . . , b G C,b Y k

0

W Y R f, b C- Ep. W D f, b C- Iq. T C q.0 S.C. R. 87, U.N. D. S/RES/87 (M , 199) (b ICY); S.C.R. 9, U.N. D. S/RES/9 (N. 8, 199) (b ICR); S.C. R. 19,U.N. D. S/RES/19 (M. 1, 00) ( D ICC).07 S.C. R. 771, U.N. D. S/RES/771 (A. 1, 199).08 Id. -.



90/114

b C.09 B p Y pb p bqb b UN, f b , k b S C Y C p k .10

T S C , R 780 b C Ep b GC

f Y.11 T C p p k p .1 T C , -p k pp, p , , .1 A , Cp S C b b GC , p , , p b p pp b p p.1 I , C , , k , p b, pp, .1 I p C Ep Rp,

S C bq I Cb Y (ICY) R 87.1

09 Id. .10 L D M 199 S-G P S C, A:F Rp C Ep b p S C-

R 780, (199) 0 U.N. D. S/199/7 (M 7, 199) (C Ep R 780 Rp).11 S.C. R. 780, U.N. D. S/RES/780, (O. , 199).1 Id.1 C Ep R 780 Rp, supra 10, .1 Id. 11-1.1 See generally id.1 T S I C b F Y, S.C.

Crimes in Burma


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T S C p pp Y p . TS C , p k ,p p . S , C p C Ep z f . F, C Ep p , S C k b j .17

C. Rwanda

T bq b I Cb R (ICR) SC Cp VII p . T ICR k ICY. A R P UN Rp p , M199 S C p R 81, p R, b [] [] R q p .18 I J 199, S C p p , p f . . . [] b R.19

I R 9, pp b b pb q S-G b C Ep p R,

R. 87, U.N. D. S/RES/87 (M , 199).17 I Y, Treat to thePeace p: () f b p; () p / ;() , b f . SeeTreat to the peace, supra 0, ;see also C Ep R 780 Rp, supra 10.18 S.C. R. 81, U.N. D. S/RES/81 (199).19 S.C. R. 9, U.N. D. S/RES/9 (J. 1, 199).

2 Precedents or Action


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pb .0 I , C q j, , b p [ pb ] b b .1

T C Ep R b pb b UN b z. TC H . I IHL , ,

, , , , b b f. T C pp, . TC P Rp Ob 199 b b.

E p S CR 87, b ICY, C p R9 b ICR p pb IHL R R z pb b .7 T S C p Cp VIIp R p.8

S C R p

b S C p Y.

0 Id.1 T S-G, Report o the Secretary-General on the establishment o theCommission o Experts pursuant to paragraph 1 o Security Council resolution 935,U.N. D. S/199/879, 10 (O. , 199). C Ep b S C - 9, Preliminary report o the Independent Commission o Experts established in

accordance with Security Council resolution 935, U.N. D. S/199/11, -11 (O. ,199). Id. .18. Id. 1-7. Id. 18. Id. 10.7 S.C. R. 9, U.N. D. S/RES/9 (N. 8, 199).8 Id.

Crimes in Burma 3


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Up k R S C p , p p f . T C p C Ep . O C Rp p, , S C k b j , ICR.9

D. Dau

T R S ICC J 1, 00,p j b UN S C . A p ICC UN S C ICC p,0 D b J 00.1

I R 1 J 00, S C D, p b p , p b Jj, k , p, p, p , p[] q f D pp,

, , p p, .T C f bC. T S C S b p b .

9 I R, bTreat to the Peace p-: () f b

p; () p / ; , ()b f . SeeTreat to the peace, supra 0, .0 R S, supra 10, . 1(b).1 P R, U N S-G, SG/SM/9797 AFR/11 (M.1, 00). S.C. R. 1, U.N. D. S/RES/1 (J. 0, 00). Id. Id.



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W R 1 Spb 00, S C C Iq p . . . . . . , pp . T S-G pp p b , O H C H R pp p , p, , pz . T C

S b C, E, Ep.7 I p, C G k, k , , pp, , p , p p, D.8B p b, .9 T C p [] , . I k, pp b , b incommunicado p p .0 T C p p .1

T C p S p p . H, p

S.C. R. 1, U.N. D. S/RES/1, 1 (Sp. 18, 00). I C Iq D, Report o the International Com-mission o Inquiry on Darur to the United Nations Secretary-General, P

S C R 1 18 Spb 00 (J , 00) (- D Rp).7 Id. 1-1.8 Id. .9 Id.0 Id.1 Id. . Id.

Crimes in Burma 5


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C pz b b p b k pp D.T C S C D ICC. I p, SC D ICC p R 19, p D J 1, 00. T ICC bq , P Rpb

S O H A A B.A Y R, C

z , p p . I C Iq , , p j pp b D ICCp.7

E. Buma

A p, UN p k B, p B, 199. S C A, B, C. I 1997, ILO k b z B F

Lb C. I b C Iq k b.8 T 1998 p C,

Id.. Id. . S.C. R. 19 U.N. D. S/RES/19 (M 1, 00). ICC-0/0-01/09 C T P . O H A A B, W- A b P- Cb I, ICC-0/0-01/09 (M. , 009).

T b P- I S D : ICC-0/0-01/07 C T P . A MH A M A Ab-A R (M , 007).7 I D, Treat to the Peace p-: () f b p; () p / ; , ()b f . See T p, supra 0, .8 I Lb Oz, p 8, P I Eb



96/114

p j, b A 1, pp 1, C pp p b M , p b V A A, p p , , b pp M.9

I ILO, UN , 00 , p j R

S. F p, G Ab R 0/ 007 b p B:

[D] b pb M, j k, p p b b . . . b , p,k p; p p.0

A, M Rpp p B pb p b , .1H b p p

p j k . T b f .

T b UN

C, (1) F p, 1, available atp://../pb////b//b7/.#P%0I9

Id. P V C R, () C Sb- C, , available atp://../pb////b//b7/.#()%0C%0b.0 G.A. R. 1/, supra 18.1 See supra S III H R V B. Id. Id. Id.

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B . G - B, , UN SC p C Iq p. T p p ,077 MRpp 00j pp p.Cpb b b D.7 Dp k - p B, UN S C

b. F b SC, , , b B Db00.8 I M 00, UN S C b B b UN U-S-G P A, Ib Gb.9 T S C B Spb 00.0 T , UN S C B. H, J 007, C R q B.1

S S C p B, . I Ob 007

T , , p . F p, Sp Rpp p b . O

b p b p b . Sp Rpp, supra 188, .7 D Rp, supra , .8 T B Cp UK, P R, Havel & utu Praise Historic UNSC De-bate (D. 1, 00), atp://.bp..k/.pp/b//H--P-H-UNSC-Db.9 T B Cp UK, P R, Security Council Brieng Welcome, But

Not Enough, (J. 01, 00) atp://.bp..k/.pp/b//S-C-B-W-B-N-E.0 P R, United Nations Security Council, Security Council, In Procedural Ac-tion, Votes o Include Human Rights Situation In Myanmar On Its Agenda , U/N. D.SC/88 (Sp. 1, 00).1 P R, United Nations Security Council, Security Council Fails to AdoptDra Resolution on Myanmar Owing to Negative Votes By China, Russian Federation,U.N. D. SC/899 (J. 1, 007) .



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S C P L KjC (G), p p S R B pz p p p . T S C k z . I p pp k S-G Sp A M, IbGb, D A S SK, p p, p p. I M 008, S C B

. I p pp p , z .

Y, B p UN SC , z B p. I p Treat to the Peace B p pp bq , inter alia (1) -; () f b p; () p / ; () b f ; () -b pb ( , k).7 W B, p

, p p

P S, U N S C, Te Situation in Myan-mar, U.N. D. S/PRS/007/7 (O. 11, 007). Id. See P R, U N S C, Security Council Press State-

ment on Myanmar, U.N. D. SC/9171 1 Nb, 007 P R, UN S C, Security Council Press Statement on Myanmar, U.N. D.SC/98 (J. 17, 008). P R, United Nations Security Council, Security Council Notes Myanmarsannouncement on May Reerendum Elections in 2010; Underlines Need or InclusiveProcess, Participation o all Actors, U.N. D. SC/90 (M , 008). Id.7 Treat to the peace, supra 0, see E S 0 et seq.

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B T, I, B, M.8 F, p b prima acie IHL pp S C B p.

A, b prima acie IHL p b S C C Iq. TM Rpp b k p B p .9 T b pUN k p k, p

, , p p R S j .70

I , p p SC p b p b B. T b B, p b Y, R, D. T S C p p . T C k p , C Iq b, k b ICC . T S C

p p B.

8 Id. 1 et seq.9

Sp Rpp, supra 18, 8.70 Treat to the Peace B p S C Cp VII p B: (1) - ; () f b p; () p -/ ; () b f ; () -b pb ( , k). See Treat to the Peace, supra 0, 0.



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Conclusion

T p , b z UN , b - b UN B. S 199, UN - . T b p-p B 00 p, , j k, . UN b b p , p p. T Sp Rpp B p p p p. M, k p p p b j. T

b UN , Sp Rpp, p .I , UN p

b . T prima acie b , j UN S C p p . H, k Y, R, D, UN S C B. T b b UN , q C Iq p .

I UN S C k p p

B k. T pp b. A p p .

p p , UN S C C Iq


101/114

q k ppp b . T C pp , z p . T , p b U N, k S C . F, S C b pp p b C, p I C C,

p b b , , .

2 Conclusion


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Appendix

Cha A: Human Righs Vilains Lisd b Gnal Assmbl Rsluins

Y R?F

DpS

VEj

K AbD

1991 a - - - - -

199 a aP*, 1* - aP aP aP, 8

199 a aP*, 1* aP, 7 aP, 7 aP, 7 aP, 11

199 a aP, 10 aP,10 aP, 10 aP, 10 aP,

199 a a11, 1* a11 a11 a11 a

199 a a11, 1* a11 a11 a11 a

1997 a a1, 0* a1 a1 a1 aP

1998 a a10, 17* a10 a10 a10 a

1999 a a1, 1* a1 a1 a1 a

000 a a1*, 1 a1 a1 a1 a001 a a18, 19* a18 a0 a18 a7

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00a

a

, *a

a

a

a

007 a a, * aP aP

008 a a, * a a a

P: P (b b pp ).[#]: Pp b b p . T, p b , b . T b p p .* F p T b p p p f b .T k k f.


103/114

4 Aendix

NB: Until1998,theresolutionsreferredspecicallytoabuseof

, b p. I 1998, b p, , .. p. TedateprovidedfortheResolutionisthedateuponwhich G Ab p p , b.

N C A:

GA. R. /1. U.N. D. A/RES//1 (D. 17, 1991). GA. R. 7/1 U.N. D A/RES/7/1 (D. 18, 199). GA. R. 8/10 U.N. D. A/RES/8/10 (D. 0, 199).

GA. R. 9/197, U.N. D. A/RES/9/197 (D. , 199). GA. R. 0/19 U.N. D. A/RES/0/19 (D. , 199). GA. R. 1/117 U.N. D. A/RES/1/117 (D. 1, 199). GA. R. /17 U.N. D. A/RES//17 (D. 1, 1997). GA. R. /1 U.N. D. A/RES//1 (D. 9, 1998). GA. R. /18 U.N. D. A/RES//18 (D. 17, 1999). GA. R. /11 U.N. D. A/RES//11 (D. , 000). GA. R. /1 U.N. D. A/RES//1 (D. , 001). GA. R. 7/1 U.N. D. A/RES/7/1 (D.18, 00). GA. R. 8/7 U.N. D. A/RES/8/7 (D. , 00). GA. R. 9/ U.N. D. A/RES/9/ (D. , 00). GA. R. 0/ U.N. D. A/RES/0/ (D. , 00). GA. R. 1/ U.N. D. A/RES/1/ (D. , 00). GA. R. / U.N. D. A/RES// (D. , 007). GA. R. / U.N. D. A/RES// (D. , 008).


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Cha B: Human Righs Vilains Lisd b Cmmissin n Human Righsand Human Righs Cuncil Rsluins

Y R?F

DpS

VEj

K AbD

199 a a9* - - - a

199 a aP*, 1* aP, aP, aP, aP, 9

199 a a7, 1* a7 a7 a7 a10

199 a aP*,11 a11 a11 a11 a

199a

a

10, 17*a

10a

10a

10a

101997 a a, * a a a a

1998 a a, * a a a a

1999 a a, * a a a a

000 a a, * a a a a

001 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00 a a, * a a a a

00

007 a a1 a1

008 a a a a

P: P (b b pp ).[#]: Pp b b p . T, p b , b . T b p p .

* F p T b p p p f b .T k k f.

Crimes in Burma 5


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6 Aendix

NB: Until2000,theresolutionsreferredspecicallytoabuseof, b p. I 000 b p .

N C B:

C H.R. R. 199/8, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/8 (M. ,199). C H.R. R. 199/7, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/7 (M. 10,199). C H.R. R. 199/8, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/8 (M. 9,199). C H.R. R. 199/7, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/7 (M. 8,199). C H.R. R. 199/80, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/199/80 (Ap. ,199). C H.R. R. 1997/, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/1997/ (Ap. 1,1997). C H.R. R. 1998/, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/1998/ (Ap. 1,1998). C H.R. R. 1999/17, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/1999/17 (Ap. ,1999). C H.R. R. 000/, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/000/ (Ap. 18,000). C H.R. R. 001/1, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/001/1 (Ap. 18,001). C H.R. R. 00/7, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/00/7 (Ap. ,00). C H.R. R. 00/1, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/00/1 (Ap. 1,00). C H.R. R. 00/1, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/00/1 (Ap. 1,

00). C H.R. R. 00/10, U.N. D. E/CN./RES/00/10 (Ap. 1,00). C H.R. R. S-/1, U.N. D. A/HRC/RES/S-/1 (O. , 007). C H.R. R. 8-1, U.N. D. A/HRC/RES/8/1 (J. 18, 008).


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Cha C: Human Righs Vilains Lisd b Rs h ScialRau n h siuain human ighs in Manma

Y R?F

DpS

VEj

K AbD V

199 a a7, 1* a77-8 a71- a97-100 a117-199 B

199 a a10* 9, a9, a- a8 a8 B/T

199 a a118-10 a10, 11 a9-10 a11- a10-10

B/T

199 a a18 a91,11 a8-9 a11-11 a10-

10

B/

T

1997 a a7-79 a, 8 a0 a a10 N A/T

1998 a a7 a- a-7 a9- a8-8 N A

1999 a a7- a7 a0 a1, 7 a0 N A/T

000 a a8 a0-, a1-1 a a8, 8 N

001

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a

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00 a a- a0 a-7 a a NA/I/M/T/I

007 a a a1 a a7 a9 NA/I/M/T/I

008 a a9, 71* a8, 78, 87 a8, 80 a8 a B/T

P: P (b b pp ).[#]: Pp b .Ep .-D p . S k p, . E..


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Aendix

00, 00, 00 p b 00 .

* F p I b f p. T k k f.** T 001() (b) b 001() p b - Sp Rpp 001. T p 001(b) p b b - . .

NB:T b p b SpRpp p. I Sp Rpp p p.

N C C:

T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights ,, C 199/8, U.N. D. E/CN./199/7 (Fb. 17,199). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights , C 199/7, U.N. D. E/CN./199/7, (Fb. 1,199). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights ,, C 199/8, U.N. D. E/CN./199/, (J. 1,

199). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights , C 199/7, U.N. D. E/CN./199/, (Fb. ,199).


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N C C, :

T Sp Rpp C H R M, Interim report o the SpecialRapporteur o the Commission on Human Rights on the situation o humanrights in Myanmar, G Ab 1/117 E S C 1997/7, U.N. D. E/CN./1997/ (Fb. , 1997). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in

Any Part o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theU.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights, b C H R 1997/, U.N.D. E/CN./1998/70, (J. 1, 1998). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in

Any Part o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theU.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights, b C H R 1998/, U.N.D. E/CN./1999/, (J. , 1999). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in

Any Part o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to theU.N. Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights, b C H R 1999/17, U.N.D. E/CN./000/8 (J. , 000). T Sp Rpp M,

I p Sp Rpp C HR M, GAb, U.N. D. A//1 (A. 0, 001). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights ,, C 001/1, U.N. D. E/CN./00/ (J. 10,00). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights , C 00/7, U.N. D. E/CN./00/1 (D. 7,00).


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N C C, :

T Sp Rpp C H R M, Interim report o the SpecialRapporteur o the Commission on Human Rights on the situation o humanrights in Myanmar, delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. D. A/8/19,(A. , 00). T Sp Rpp M,Question o the Violation o Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in AnyPart o the World: Situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to the U.N.

Econ. & Soc. Council [ECOSOC], Commn on Human Rights , U.N. D. E/CN./00/ (J. , 00). T Sp Rpp M,I p Sp Rpp C HR M, GAb, U.N. D. A/0/1, 8 (A. 1, 00). T Sp Rpp M,Report o the Special Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar,delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. D. A/1/9, (Sp. 1, 00). T Sp Rpp M,Implementation o General Assembly Resolution 60/251 o 15 March 2006Entitled Human Rights Council: Report o the Special Rapporteur on thesituation o human rights in Myanmar,delivered to the General Assembly, U.N.D. A/HRC//1, (Fb. 1, 007). T Sp Rpp M,Human Rights Situations that Require the Councils Attention: Report o theSpecial Rapporteur on the situation o human rights in Myanmar, delivered to

the General Assembly, Human Rights Council, U.N. D. A/HRC/7/18, (M.7, 008).

Aendix


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Cha D: Human Righs Abuss Cmmid b Bumas Milia Rgim,Alad Dcumnd b h Unid Nains and Phibid b h Rm

Saui

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a

a Ip p p b

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k p ;

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2 Aendix


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Acknowledgments

T p p b H L

S I H R C. C JK S (LL.M. 09), M Aj C C (LL.M.09), A L (J.D. 10) - p CD L L G. E Mk (J.D. 09),C V (J.D. 10), L S (J.D. 10), D E (LL.M.09), A H (J.D. 10), A Kj (J.D. 11) b p. C P L J C A W p b p L L C I Sj P B D. C D M J pb. C p F BR.


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4 Acnowledgments


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