Crime Prevention

The Development of American The Development of American Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement

The United States has more police The United States has more police departments than any other nation in departments than any other nation in the world.the world.

Virtually every community has its own Virtually every community has its own police force, creating a great police force, creating a great disparity in the quality disparity in the quality of American police of American police personnel and service. personnel and service.

American Police HistoryAmerican Police History 1626, the New York City Sheriff's Office 1626, the New York City Sheriff's Office

was foundedwas founded 1631, the Town of Boston started its first 1631, the Town of Boston started its first

"Night Watch“"Night Watch“ 1838, first local modern police 1838, first local modern police

department established in the United department established in the United States was the Boston Police DepartmentStates was the Boston Police Department

Police were not respected by the Police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampantcommunity, as corruption was rampant

Who were the first Who were the first Police Officers?Police Officers?

Bass Bass ReevesReeves

Born enslaved in 1838 in Crawford Born enslaved in 1838 in Crawford County, ArkansasCounty, Arkansas

Fled north into Indian Territory and lived Fled north into Indian Territory and lived with Seminole and Creek Indians.with Seminole and Creek Indians.

Reeves and his family farmed until 1875Reeves and his family farmed until 1875 Recruited by Judge Isaac Parker & U.S. Recruited by Judge Isaac Parker & U.S.

Marshal James Fagan in 1875Marshal James Fagan in 1875 Reeves arrested over 3,000 fugitives Reeves arrested over 3,000 fugitives

& killed at least 14 & killed at least 14 At statehood became a member of the At statehood became a member of the

Muskogee, Oklahoma, police department Muskogee, Oklahoma, police department at the age of 68at the age of 68

State Police Agencies

Growing populations, as well as the inability of some local sheriffs and constables to control crime, led states to create their own law enforcement agencies.

Texas officially created the Rangers in 1835.

Pennsylvania established the first modern state law enforcement agency in 1905.

By the 1930s, every state had some form of state law enforcement agency.

The evolution of The evolution of policingpolicing

1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training

First female police officer was Alice Stebbins Wells, who was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910

LAPD also hired the first African-American police officer, Georgia Ann Robinson, in 1916

Professionalism and Reform• Until the late 19th century, there

were no qualifications required for law enforcement officers.

• Cincinnati was the first city to require (2) qualifications of police officers:

– High moral character

– Foot speed

The Structure of American Law Enforcement

American law enforcement agencies are extremely diverse in:

Jurisdictions

Responsibilities

Employers (hospitals, colleges, transit authorities may have their own police)

COMMUNITY POLICING COMMUNITY POLICING DEFINEDDEFINED

A PRACTICAL, EFFECTIVE WAY OF A PRACTICAL, EFFECTIVE WAY OF POLICING THAT HELPS LAW POLICING THAT HELPS LAW ENFORCEMENT AND COMMUNITY ENFORCEMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO IDENTIFY CRIME AND ITS RELATED IDENTIFY CRIME AND ITS RELATED PROBLEMS, THEN DEVELOP WAYS TO PROBLEMS, THEN DEVELOP WAYS TO RESOLVE AND PREVENT RESOLVE AND PREVENT CRIME AND DISORDER CRIME AND DISORDER FROM OCCURRING IN FROM OCCURRING IN THE FUTURE THE FUTURE

TEN PRINCIPLES TEN PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY OF COMMUNITY

POLICINGPOLICING

1.1. PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY

2.2. CHANGECHANGE

3.3. COMMITMENTCOMMITMENT

4.4. FUTURISTICFUTURISTIC

5.5. PERSONALIZEDPERSONALIZED

6.6. ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT

7.7. PROACTIVEPROACTIVE

8.8. SPECIAL NEEDSSPECIAL NEEDS

9.9. TRUSTTRUST

10.10. GRASS ROOTSGRASS ROOTS

THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICINGOF COMMUNITY POLICING

PARTNERSHIPSPARTNERSHIPS

EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT

PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING

MISSION STATEMENTSMISSION STATEMENTS DESCRIBE THE DESCRIBE THE

PURPOSE OF AN PURPOSE OF AN AGENCYAGENCY

YOU SHOULD KNOW THE MISSION STATEMENT FOR ANY AGENCY YOU INTERVIEW WITH

The role of the law The role of the law enforcement agency in enforcement agency in Community Policing - Community Policing - ManagementManagement

THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, LEADING AND ORGANIZING, LEADING AND CONTROLLING THE WORK OF CONTROLLING THE WORK OF ORGANIZATION MEMBERS TO ORGANIZATION MEMBERS TO REACH STATED ORGANIZATIONAL REACH STATED ORGANIZATIONAL GOALSGOALS

Leadership:Leadership: The process of directing and

influencing the task-related activities of organization members

Leadership is doing the right things and involves inspiring a shared set of values and vision for the future

Community Policing cannot be mandated from on high; leaders in the agency must lead by example

Building ConsensusBuilding Consensus Communication is a two way

process Seek ownership from all

stakeholders in the Community Policing process, including…WHO???

EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT

Agencies must empower or give Agencies must empower or give official power and authority to law official power and authority to law enforcement personnel as they enforcement personnel as they implement community policing in the implement community policing in the communitycommunity

Empowerment recognizes that the people who actually do the job are in a position to know how to do the job in the best way

EMPOWERMENT RESULTS IN:EMPOWERMENT RESULTS IN: MORE PHILOSOPHICAL MORE PHILOSOPHICAL

BUY-INBUY-IN A GREATER SENSE OF A GREATER SENSE OF

OWNERSHIP IN THE OWNERSHIP IN THE PROCESSPROCESS

INCREASED INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY

EFFECTIVENESS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF SERVICES FOR THE SERVICES FOR THE COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

DUTIES OF THE OFFICER IN DUTIES OF THE OFFICER IN COMMUNITY POLICINGCOMMUNITY POLICING

ENFORCE LAWS & FOLLOW THEMENFORCE LAWS & FOLLOW THEM PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING INCREASE POSITIVE COMMUNITY INCREASE POSITIVE COMMUNITY

INVOLVEMENT WITH LAW ENFORCEMENTINVOLVEMENT WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT RECRUIT AND SUPERVISE COMMUNITY RECRUIT AND SUPERVISE COMMUNITY

VOLUNTEERSVOLUNTEERS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LAW COMMUNICATION BETWEEN LAW

ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

ContinuedContinued REFERRALS TO REFERRALS TO

OTHER AGENCIESOTHER AGENCIES NETWORK WITH NETWORK WITH

OTHER AGENCIES, OTHER AGENCIES, INCLUDING THE INCLUDING THE PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR

Full service policing: Full service policing: Adding a new dimension to law Adding a new dimension to law enforcementenforcement

Daily interaction with “customers” Daily interaction with “customers” (citizens)(citizens)

Crime prevention and the enforcement Crime prevention and the enforcement of lawsof laws

The officer must ascertain when each The officer must ascertain when each is appropriate, a broker of law is appropriate, a broker of law enforcement and related services and enforcement and related services and a facilitator between the community a facilitator between the community and service providers and service providers

Shaping the new policing role

Creative problem solving skills Ability to distinguish between

symptoms of crime and actual crime problems

Interpersonal communication skills including public speaking

Outside activities and interests including volunteer opportunities

CREATIVE THINKING IS DEFINED CREATIVE THINKING IS DEFINED AS 1AS 1STST STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING

CREATIVITY IS AN ATTITUDECREATIVITY IS AN ATTITUDE CREATIVITY DOES NOT ACCEPT THE CREATIVITY DOES NOT ACCEPT THE

OBVIOUSOBVIOUS CREATIVITY ASKS WHY AND QUESTIONS CREATIVITY ASKS WHY AND QUESTIONS

THE STATUS QUOTHE STATUS QUO CREATIVITY HAS MULTIPLE CREATIVITY HAS MULTIPLE

PERSPECTIVES AND LEARNS BY PERSPECTIVES AND LEARNS BY LISTENING TO THOSE WHO ARE OR MAY LISTENING TO THOSE WHO ARE OR MAY BE DIFFERENTBE DIFFERENT

ATTRIBUTES OF CREATIVE ATTRIBUTES OF CREATIVE THINKERSTHINKERS

INTELLIGENTINTELLIGENT FLEXIBLEFLEXIBLE INTELLECTUALLY PLAYFULINTELLECTUALLY PLAYFUL POSITIVE NONCONFORMITYPOSITIVE NONCONFORMITY APPROPRIATELY PERSISTENTAPPROPRIATELY PERSISTENT SELF-CONFIDENTSELF-CONFIDENT AWARE OF SELF AND OTHERSAWARE OF SELF AND OTHERS

THE FOUR STEPS OF THE FOUR STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING ARE:PROBLEM SOLVING ARE:

SCANNINGSCANNING ANALYSISANALYSIS RESPONSERESPONSE ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

Problem SolvingProblem Solving Incidents are usually a symptom of

a larger problem Traditionally, police have been

conditioned to treat symptoms or handle an incident as an isolated event rather than identify and address problems

COMMUNITY POLICING COMMUNITY POLICING INITIATIVES THAT INVOLVE LAW INITIATIVES THAT INVOLVE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE ENFORCEMENT AND THE COMMUNITY-CRIME PREVENTION COMMUNITY-CRIME PREVENTION

NEIGHBORHOOD WATCHNEIGHBORHOOD WATCH CITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIESCITIZEN POLICE ACADEMIES

WHAT PREVENTS CREATIVE WHAT PREVENTS CREATIVE THINKINGTHINKING

FALSE PRIDEFALSE PRIDE FAILURE TO FULLY DEFINE A FAILURE TO FULLY DEFINE A

PROBLEMPROBLEM CONTENTMENT WITH THE CONTENTMENT WITH THE

PROBLEM/STATUS QUOPROBLEM/STATUS QUO SINGLE SOLUTION SINGLE SOLUTION

THINKINGTHINKING

A PROBLEM IS DEFINED AS:A PROBLEM IS DEFINED AS:

TWO OR MORE INCIDENTS SIMILAR TWO OR MORE INCIDENTS SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER THAT CAUSE HARM TO EACH OTHER THAT CAUSE HARM TO THE PUBLIC AND THAT THE TO THE PUBLIC AND THAT THE PUBLIC EXPECTS LAW ENFORCEMENT PUBLIC EXPECTS LAW ENFORCEMENT TO HANDLE TO HANDLE

SScanningcanning Discovering and identifying the Discovering and identifying the

problemproblem Most important of the four stepsMost important of the four steps Avoid confusing symptoms with the Avoid confusing symptoms with the

real problemreal problem Learn about and verify the problemLearn about and verify the problem Identify the problem in terms of the Identify the problem in terms of the

people involved, their behavior and people involved, their behavior and response to the problemresponse to the problem

AAnalysisnalysis Understand the actors, actions and

reactions to the problem Determine each aspect of the problem Gather information including: The seriousness of the problem The individuals and groups affected by

the problem The possible causes of the problem Solution objectives

RResponseesponse The action or solution decided on

to address the identified problem Solutions may eliminate the

problem Reduce the frequency of incidents Reduce harm to the community Improve the community’s

perception of the problem

Response objectives recognize that the strategy to address the problem must go beyond the incident to address:

Underlying issues Provide a long-term solution Improve the community in some way Ultimately reduce police workload by

reducing or eliminating the problem

RResponseesponse

AAssessmentssessment Determines whether the selected

response was carried out as planned and effectively addressed the identified problem

Assessment is essential to determine the effectiveness of the response

If the response strategy was ineffective, go through the S.A.R.A. process again

After a third attempt, involve outside individuals to study the problem

Word Word AssociationAssociation

SCOUT SCOUT LEADERLEADER

Normal Threat Level

The ProblemTrust does NOT save lives.

Distrust saves police officers every day.

Normal Threat Level

HypervigilancHypervigilancee

Alert, alive, energetic, Alert, alive, energetic, humorhumor

Normal Threat LevelNormal Threat Level

HypervigilanceHypervigilance

Tired, detached, isolated, apathyTired, detached, isolated, apathy

Easy to think the problem is your Easy to think the problem is your home lifehome life.

Everyone gets Screwed!Everyone gets Screwed!• Who controls what kind of cop Who controls what kind of cop

you will be?you will be?• You only control your integrity You only control your integrity

and professionalism.and professionalism.• Department controls Department controls

assignments, schedules, and assignments, schedules, and duties.duties.

• You control your personal life. You control your personal life. Keep it that way!Keep it that way!

Victim AttitudeVictim Attitude• Leads to integrity issuesLeads to integrity issues• Leads to entitlement Leads to entitlement

problemsproblems• Lose sense of selfLose sense of self• Cops will justify and Cops will justify and

rationalize behavior that rationalize behavior that they normally wouldn’t they normally wouldn’t participate in.participate in.

Things to DoThings to Do Aerobic Exercise*Aerobic Exercise* Time ManagementTime Management Keep a Personal LifeKeep a Personal Life Remember that your Remember that your career career WILLWILL end end somedaysomeday