crime analysis of the mysore city slums -...

Crime Analysis of the Mysore City Slums

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CHAPTER-IV

CRIME ANALYSIS OF THE MYSORE CITY SLUMS

“No one commits crime for the fun of it, It is a sign of

Diseased mind. The cause of a particular disease should

be investigated and removed.”

_ M.K. Gandhi

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Research in the spatial distribution of crimes is a recent development in

the discipline of geography. Some geographers in the western countries have

studied the areal patterns and distribution of crimes. Unfortunately, this

aspect of criminology has been ignored by the scholars of social sciences. The

scope and range of criminology extends from the etiology (causes) of crime to

criminal justice and the social change caused by crimes. Investigations in this

area have been made by socialists, who vary from macro to meso and micro

levels. At present, however, several independent schools of thought have been

established to examine and probe the spatial and areal dimensions of crimes.

Criminology is a part of the social sciences, which is a systematic explanation

of the social phenomena. It is not only the behavior of a criminal which is

important, the area and place in which the criminal behaviors germinate and

the area of criminal operations is also vital from the point of view of

criminology.

All the technology and innovation are for the betterment of human

community and for the well being of their society. Crime is considered as a

disturbance to the well being. The traditional and age-old system of

intelligence and criminal record maintenance has failed to live up to the

requirements of the existing crime scenario. Geographic information System

(GIS) uses geography and computer-generated maps as an interface for

integrating and accessing massive amounts of location-based information. GIS

allows police personnel to plan effectively for emergency response, determine

mitigation priorities, analyze historical events, and predict future events. GIS


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can also be used to get critical information to emergency responders upon

dispatch or while en route to an incident to assist in tactical planning and

response. GIS helps identify potential suspects to increase investigators

suspect base when no leads are evident. Manual processes neither provide

accurate, reliable and comprehensive data round the clock nor does it help in

trend predication and decision support. It also results in lower productivity

and ineffective utilization of manpower. The solution to this ever-increasing

problem lies in the effective use of Information Technology.

There is no doubt that too for reactive policing will always play an

important role in law enforcement. However, proactive law enforcement will

require an entirely new set of tools, the development of which has only just

begun. Proactive problem solving by detectives, community oriented police

officers and police officials not only require access to up-to-date information

on criminal activity, but perhaps more importantly the ability to anticipate

emerging crime trends. This in turn requires the ability to mine the vast

amounts of data produced on a daily basis by 100 and police record

management systems, police hot line tips and citizen complaints for sings of

impending flare-ups, geographic displacement or other unusual criminal

activity. In other words, proactive law enforcement needs tools that can

anticipate or provide early warning of criminal patterns so that they may be

prevented. That’s where, “Prevention is better than Cure”.

GIS helps crime analysis in many ways. The foremost use is to visualize

crime occurrences. This allows law enforcement agencies to understand

where crime is occurring as well as determine if there are any patterns. Areas

of high crime density are known as hot spots. Hot spot analysis is a valuable

tool as it allows police to not only identify areas of high crime but also explore

variables that are affecting crime patterns. For example, mapping drug arrests

may show an increased density around locations that have public telephones.

With this information, law enforcement agencies can be more efficient in their

crime fighting tactics from increasing patrols around such locations or by

proactive measures by removing problematic public phones that persistently

attract drug transactions.


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4.2 DEFINITION

A crime is any act or omission prohibited by public law for the

protection of the public, and made punishable by the state in a judicial

proceeding in its own name. It is public wrong, as distinguished from a mere

private wrong or civil injury to an individual. A normative definition views

crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms – cultural standards

prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers

the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to

understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic

conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal,

law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.

Crime is a multifaceted concept that can be defined in legal and non-

legal sense. From a legal point of view, it refers to breaches of the criminal

laws that govern particular geographic areas (jurisdictions) and are aimed at

protecting the lives, property and rights of citizens within those jurisdictions.

Most of the crimes with which the criminal justice system is concerned involve

breaches of State/Territory legislation that cover most offences relating to

persons (for example, murder and sexual assault), property (for example, theft

and property damage) and regulation (for example, traffic violations).

Commonwealth legislation relates primarily to matters such as trade and

commerce, importation/ exportation, taxation, defence and external affairs.

Non-legal point of view would define crime as acts that violate socially

accepted rules of human ethical or moral behavior. As the moral principles

that underpin the notion of crime are subject to gradual change over time, the

types of behavior defined by the legal system as criminal may also change.

Examples of behaviours that have been de-criminalized in some jurisdictions

include prostitution, abortion, attempted suicide and homosexual intercourse.

Other behaviours, such as tax evasion or credit card fraud, have been

criminalized over time.

Crime in International Context “Crime is a complex, multidimensional event

that occurs when the law, offender on target (refers to a person in personal

crime and object in property) converge in time and place (such as a street,

corner, address, building or street segment).


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Crime in Indian Context “crime is an activity that involves breaking the law

and enforcement”.

Oxford Dictionary “an offence against an individual or the state which is

punishable by law.

Gwynn Nettle: clearly remarks “crime is a work not a deed.” To fully

appreciate the import of this remark it is necessary to recognize that the term

crime is also part of the scheme of classification. It constitutes a category of

events that contains with in it numerous subcategories. At the same time the

category of crime is itself a subcategory of a larger set of events.

Sutherland and Cressey defined criminology as under “Criminology is the

body of knowledge concerning delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It

includes within its scope and process of making laws, of breaking laws, and

the reacting toward the breaking of laws.”

Donald Taft and Ralph, the leading jurists of England “The term

‘criminology’ is used in both a general and a special sense. In its broadest

sense, criminology is the study which includes all the subject matter necessary

to the understanding and prevention of crime and to the development of law,

together with the punishment or treatment of delinquents and criminals.

The study is that due to development programmes in the state the

economy of the people on the one hand is on a rising trend and on the other

hand industrialization and urbanization have generated a migration problem

from rural areas to urban areas. This has created a problem of change in

social and cultural environment i.e. moral value patterns and a leaning of

youngsters towards criminal activities in the city. Present study will open new

field of research in geographical parameters in social change, trends and

progress in an area. So it will contribute to the discipline of geography and

knowledge of criminal areas. The study will be great significance to the

planners, administrators, social scientist and citizens in controlling containing

and reducing the criminal activities in an area. It will also be of great use in

administering of criminal justice system.


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Flow Chart-4.1: PLAN OF WORK

Flow Chart 4.1 describes the data of various crimes has been collected

from all the police stations of Mysore city for a period from 2001 to 2010.

The other relevant data on population, economy, culture and related aspects

was collected from the various Census Reports and Statistical Hand Books

published by the Government of Karnataka. The crime data was also obtained

from the published reports on crimes prepared by City Crime Branch, Mysore.

In order to as certain the real scenario of crimes in the state a micro level

study based on the F.I.R. data also has been collected for crimes in slum areas.

The basic information and data collected from the various police stations and

their analysis reveal the ground level position of crimes and their merging

patterns and trends. Spatial data has been collected with G.P.S technology for

locating Hot spot of crimes in slum areas and crime mapping of the city.

FIR INFORMATION RECORD

CRIME PLACE

SUBDIVISIONS GPS

• MURDER

• MURDER FOR

GAIN

• DOCOITY

• ROBBERY

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

CONDTION AS A

BACKGROUND

DATE AND TIME

CRIME MAP

ANALYSE THE

SPTIO-TEMPORAL

PATTERNS IN


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The published data and statistics obtained from the various records of

the government as well as data generated in the field in the form of structured

questionnaires and field observations were computed and tabulated by

applying simple and sophisticated statistical techniques. In the processing of

data the percentile, mean, median, mode, central tendency and correlation

methods were used. The results thus obtained were plotted in maps and

diagrams and finally their analysis was made to ascertain the spatial and

temporal variations in crimes in the Mysore city.

Flow Chart-4.2: Classes of Crimes

CRIMES

CLASS OF CRIME

I II VII VIII IX V IV III VI

Murder HBT Day Cycle House Theft RSP C T Cheating FC CBT

HBT Night

A T Cycle Theft Dowry

MVT CS

Robbery

BR

Mobile Theft

AM

Murder Gain for

CJT

PP

MVPT

TLT


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Flow Chart 4.2 showing different types of crimes categorized according

to Indian Penal Code. For the sake of detailed study of crimes are classified

under ten types. Crime data collected from different police station from 2001

to 2010. (Refer Table 4.1)

Table-4.1: Crimes Heads

Sl. No

Crimes Heads Abbreviation Code

Murder 302 M X1 I

Murder Gain for 302b AM X2

Dacoity 395 D X3

Robbery 391-394 ROB X4

II

Vehicle robbery VROB X5

House braking Theft- Day 454 HBT X6 III

House braking Theft- Night 457 HBT X7

House Theft 381 HT X8 IV

Attempt for theft AT X9

Ordinary theft 379 OT X10

Cattle Theft CT X11

Motor Vehicle Theft MVT X12

Mobile theft MT X13

Cycle theft CT X14

Children jewelry theft OT X15

V

Pick pocketing PP X16

Receiving of Stolen Property OT X17 VI

Cheating CH X18

Criminal Breach Trust 408,409 CBT X19 VII

Fake currency FC X20


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Sl. No

Crimes Heads Abbreviation Code

Dowry cases 498A DCA X21

Dowry death 304B DDA X22

VIII

Missing 174. 09-C X23

Hurts H X24

Kidnapping 364 KA X25

Rape 375,376 RP X26

Attempt to murder 307 AM X27

Death by negligence 304a, 304 b, FA X28

IX

Hurt to some one 337 H X29

Other IPC Cases OIPC X30

Rioting R X31

Arms Act AA X32

Immoral Traffic (prevention)Act ITA X33

109Cr.PC,110Cr.PC,112Cr.PC OIPC X34

Excise Act EA X35

X

Narcotic Drugs &Psychotropic Substance Act

NDPSA X36

Gambling 283,10 GA X37

Source : CCRB, Mysore.

4.3 INDIAN PENAL CODE (IPC) DEFINITION FOR TYPES OF CRIME

For the purpose of this study crime has been taken as offenses under

Indian Penal Code/ and local and Special laws as are prevalent in the State of

Karnataka out of over 300 cognizable offenses in Indian Penal Code only 40

cognizable crimes divided 10 classes under IPC have been taken up for

analyses. These cognizable offences mainly related to persons and property

(Refer Table No.4.1)


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The present study is aimed at collecting, analyzing interpreting and

correlating the crime data in the city from 2001 to 2010. The three base years

compared in terms of cognizable offences under Indian Penal Code (mainly

40 offences under 10 classes) .

The concept of crime, however, differs from society to society and from

age to age. Criminal laws reflect the prevalent norms and values of that

society. A few examples may be cited. Murder is a recognized crime in all

civilized societies: but primitive people may treat the killing of a human being

as a relatively private affair to be dealt with by the relationship groups

involved. The deliberate killing, customary in some primitive societies, such as

infanticide, headhunting, killing of older persons, etc. Would be definitely

classified as a crime in modern societies. In modern societies also there is an

increase of white- collar crimes like swindling, (cheating) fraudulent financial

dealing etc. which were unknown in primitive societies. These crimes are often

committed by persons of respectable occupational, economic or social status,

and they cause perhaps greater harm to the society then the underworld

criminals’ committing offence of robberies etc.

Crime is not spread evenly across maps. It clumps in some areas and is

absent in others. People use this knowledge in their daily activities. They avoid

some places and seek out others. Their choices of neighborhoods, schools,

stores, streets, and recreation are governed partially by the understanding that

their chances of being a victim are greater in some of these places than in

others.

Using maps that help people visualize the geographic aspects of crime,

however, is not limited to law enforcement. Mapping can provide specific

information on crime and criminal behavior to politicians, the press, and the

general public.

Mysore is an educational, commercial and administrative centre and

also an important tourist and heritage destination. Mysore City one of the

fastest growing city in Karnataka, Enhancing the glory of Mysore and enabling

it to forge ahead as the cultural, tourism, educational, information technology,

information technology enabled services and wellness hub. Further, the

objective is to provide better place for citizens and improving their quality of

life by providing improved urban services; catering to the needs of the urban


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poor; sustaining the environment and greenery; preserving the charm and

culture of the city and improvement of human resource quality.

The total crime cases 2915 in 2001 to 3801 in 2010. To analyze the

crime incidence, spatial distribution of cognizable crimes was analyzed at the

police station levels. Present there are 17 police stations in Mysore

city.Vidyaranya puram police station is the biggest police station in Mysore

city and Laskar and K.R outpost police stations are smallest in their limits.

Growth of slums is also major causes for increasing in crime in the city.

Increase in the crime rate in Bamboo bazaar, Laskhar, Vidyaranyapuram is due

to the industrialization, urbanization and socio- economic factors.

The study analyses the impact of Socio-economic indicators, growth of

population, density, occupational structure , urbanization, industrialization,

status of income are responsible for the high incidence of crime in the city.

To analyse the problem in depth and to find out the basic factors a micro

analysis of the city and slums were undertaken.

4.4 CRIME VARIABLES

4.4.1 Murder

Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing

death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause

death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death,

commits the offence of culpable homicide. Except in the cases hereinafter,

culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done

with the intention of causing death (IPC sections 299 and 300).

The reason of murder varies from case to case and situation to

situation. Moreover, the main causes may be the dispute over wealth, property

and women. In some cases sudden provocation becomes the cause of murder.

The purpose of murder is basically for the gain either the property, the

money, the women or to take revenge. Dowry death is an aspect of murder.

4.4.2 Attempt to Murder

Whoever does any act with such intention or knowledge and under such

circumstances that, if he by that act caused death but does die, he would be

guilty of attempt to murder (IPC section 307)


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The causes of attempt to murder are more or less the same as that of

the murder, when the attempt to cause death fails. It becomes attempt to

murder or if the aggressor hurts the victim, give into threat him or to terrorise

him and the hurt occurs on the vital part of the body which becomes the

grievous hurt but the victim could not loss the life then it is called attempt to

murder. Some times, small altercation becomes the cause of attempt to

murder.

4.4.3 Riot

Whenever, force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly, or by any

member thereof, in prosecution of the common object of such assembly, every

member of such assembly is guilty of the offence of rioting. It is only the

force of force that distinguishes rioting from unlawful assembly. If any person

hires or imparts connivance to hire of person to join unlawful assembly then

both the type of persons are guilty for rioting. Thus, if any person

malignantly gives provocation to any person knowing it to be likely a riot

then he will also be held liable for rioting. Though if it is committed or not. If

any person promotes enmity between different groups on ground of religion,

race, place of birth, residence, language etc. and doing acts producial to

maintenance or harmony, then it commits the offence.

Broadly the causes of rioting may be as under:

i) Preplanned or immediate due to provocation.

ii) Political or social reasons.

iii) Communal or racial reasons.

iv) Caste reasons

v) Religious procession.

vi) Provocating speeches.

vii) Thus, the main reasons behind the riot may be communal or religious

provocation caste or racial provocation, communal dispute, group

clashes, property dispute, old enmity, prestige issues or ego

problems of the groups etc.


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4.4.4 Hurt

Whoever, voluntarily causes bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any

person is said to cause hurt (IPC sections 323 to 338). It may be simple or

grievous.

If the injury causes to the victim is not so grievous as the victim will die

or if it is not at the vital part or it is not a grievous injury then it is counted

the case of hurt. The causes and purposes more or less the same as in case of

murder. But to cause hurt the other local instrument or the tools like lathies,

chain, rope etc. may also be used.

4.4.5 Rape

A man is said to commit “Rape” who, except in the case hereinafter

excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling

under any of the six following descriptions: i) against her will, ii) without her

consent, iii) with her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting

her or any person in whom she is interested in feat of death or of hurt, iv)

with her consent, when, the man knows that he is not her husband, and that

her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she

is or believes herself to he lawfully married, (v) with her consent, when, at the

time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication

or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying

or unwholesome substance. She is unable to understand the nature and

consequences of that to which she gives consent, and vi) with or without her

consent, when she is under 16 years of age (IPC sections 375 to 377).

4.4.6 Molestation

Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to

outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty is

treated as molestation (IPC section 354).

To note down the proper causes and purposes of molestation. However,

it may be stated that molestation is generally committed by gents with female

and in the rarest of the rare cases by female. It has been observed that

molestation is committed by the youngsters but middle aged persons also

commit this crime. It is generally, committed in the peers group in school and

colleges, buses, railway stations, bus stands and at crowded places. Likewise

rape cases molestation is rarely reported in Mysore city.


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4.4.7 Kidnapping and Abduction

Kidnapping is of two kinds: kidnapping from India, and Kidnapping

from lawful guardianship. Whoever carries any person beyond the limits of

India without the consent of that person, or of some person legally authorized

to consent on behalf of that person, is said to kidnap that person from India.

Whoever takes or entices any minor under sixteen years of age if a male, or

under eighteen years of age if a female, or any person of unsound mind, out of

the keeping of the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind.

Without the consent of such guardian. Is said to kidnap such minor or person

from lawful guardianship. On the other hand whoever by force compels, or by

any deceitful means induces, any person to go from any place, is said to

abduct that person (IPC section 359 to 374)

4.4.8. Robbery

All the robberies are either theft or the extortion. If, in order to the

committing of the theft or in committing the theft or in carrying away or

attempting to carry away property obtained by theft, the offender for that end,

voluntarily causes or attempt to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful

restraint or fear of instance death or of instant hurt or of instant wrongful

restrains them such theft is robbery. On the other hand if the offender at the

time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in feat,

and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, or

instant hurt or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to some other

persons and by so putting a fear induces the person so put in fear then and

their to deliver up the thing extorted. Thus, if the offender commits thefts

with violence or extortion with violence then, it is the robbery (IPC section

390).

The causes and purposes of robbery if the offender creates such

atmosphere as mentioned above. The causes and purposes of robbery are to

take the moveable or the immoveable property but the immediate gains

remain from the moveable property. The robbers mainly use the fire arms,

knives, daggers, rods, swords etc. Thus the main aspect in the robbery is to

put a person under very high fear of death or instance hurt and to dispossess

him from the property in such atmosphere.


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4.4.9 Snatching

Whosoever, assaults or uses criminal force to any person in attempting

to commit theft on any property which that person is then wearing or carrying

commits’ the offence of snatching (IPC section 356).

If the culprit assaults or uses criminal force to commit theft of any

property which that person is then wearing or carrying, is treated as

snatching. Normally, it is not preplanned but in some cases may be

preplanned. It is generally committed in the running buses, lonely streets, and

busy markets, busy bus stands and railway stations.

4.4.10 Servant Theft

Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the

possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property

in order to such taking, is said to commit theft. If such act is committed by a

clerk or servant or employee during the course fo their duty will be treated as

servant theft (IPC section 381).

4.4.11 Burglary

IF the theft is committed in any building, tent or vessel which is being

used as a human dwelling or for the custody of property is called the burglary.

Burglary is generally committed either in the unprotected or unattended house

(IPC sections 380,454 and 457).

4.4.12 Pick-Pocketing

Whoever intending to take dishonestly any movable property out the

possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property

in order to such taking, is said to commit theft (IPC sections 378 and 379). If

such theft is committed from the persons exclusive possession without his

consent, then it will be treated as pick-pocketing.

4.4.13 Miscellaneous Thefts or Other Thefts

The property cases relating to theft which are not covered in the above

mentioned heads are included in this head (IPC sections 378 and 379). In

addition to the above, all the miscellaneous, thefts are counted in the category

of other theft.


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4.4.14 Dacoity

When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a

robbery or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or

attempting to commit a robbery and persons present an aiding such

commission or attempt, amount to five or more, every person so committing,

attempting or aiding, is said to commit dacoity (IPC section391).

Basically, there is no difference between robbery and dacoity but when

five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery or

where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to

commit a robbery and persons present aiding such attempts amount to five or

more, every person so committing, attempting or aiding, is said to commit

dacoity.

4.4.15 Cheating

Whoever by deceiving any person fraudulently or dishonestly induces

the person so deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to consent

that any person shall retain any property, or intensely induces the person so

deceived to do or omit or to do anything which he would not do or omit if he

was not so deceived and which act of omission cause or it likely to cause

damage or harm to the person in body, mind, reputation or property is said to

cheat. A dishonest concealment of facts is a deception within the meaning of

cheating. In the offence of cheating, the delivery of property should be by the

person who himself was deceived by the accused (IPC section 415).

4.4.16 Motor Vehicle Theft

The motor vehicle theft is basically covered in the definition of theft

which is already given in the previous paragraphs. In 1991 there were only

1764 motor vehicle theft cases but in 2001 the cases of this crime increased

substantially accounting for 2438 cases which is 93.4% more in comparison to

that of 1991.

4.4.17 Cycle Theft

Cycle theft is also covered under the definition of theft. In 1991, the

total number of cycle theft was 2478 which got reduced to 1879 in 2001 and

further declined to only 578 in 2010.


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4.4.18 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act

This act prohibits trafficking in women and girls for purposes of

prostitutions an organized means of living. Thus, if any women or girl

produce herself for prostitution in consideration of any type of gains than it

will be treated as a crime. The place where such type of act is committed is

called the brothel and the person in whose possession is such place, is also

equally offender under this act. If any other person is living on the

commission of the gain in lieu of the prostitution is also an offender (ITP Act).

Prostitution is covered under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act. If

any person induces. Seduces the another person for sexual intercourse in lieu

of the gains or if any person produces another person and takes commission

from the gain or any person uses any premises for such acts are covered

under this act and is liable to be punished. The analysis reveals that almost

all the cases registered in Delhi in 1991 were for monitory gains. Very few

cases were noticed where the girls were produced to please the big bosses.

Such incidents are not reported. Moreover, directly or indirectly it was also

for the gains.

4.4.19 The Gambling Act

Gambling and betting have drained out the mental solace and the

happiness of the poor homes. People who have fallen prey by the alluring

tactics of the fortune making which is very attractive at the first instance have

never been able to come out from the in attractive at the first instance have

never been able to come out form the inextricable web for whole of their lives

and ruined their families. Such activity may be called the social deviance and

may be considered as marginal crime. Gambling includes wagering or betting

except wagering or betting upon a horse race on the prescribed date and such

race is run is an enclosure and has the sanctioned of the state government.

But this does not include a lottery. This crime may be treated as the organized

crime when the organized gangs solicit the people for gambling at their

‘Addas’. The ‘game of chance’ is gambling according to the stature. Thus, if

any act is played as a game of chance will be treated as gambling.

Playing cards or disks used to be the important source of entertainment

in the olden days. Bets used to be held on cock fighting, lamb fighting, and


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bull fighting and wrestling in the medieval period in India. During the British

period horse races started. In Mysore Mysore Horse race is one of the oldest

means of gambling, Now a day, lotteries have also become the medium of

gambling, Moreover, in Mysore gambling is being played with playing cards,

disk, matkas, horse races and sattas. It has been observed that whosoever,

indulges himself in the gambling is very difficult to come out of it. In lack of

money the looser in the game starts to steel the ornaments. Utensils etc.

4.4.20 Excise Act

The cases registered in excise are covered under the Punjab Excise Act,

1914, Act 1of 1914. Whoever, in contravention of any section of this act,

imports, exports, transports, manufactures, collects or possess any intoxicant

or constructs or works any distillery or brewery, uses, keeps or possess any

material for manufacturing and still possessing utensils or implements or

apparatus without any proper 83 license, permission or pass granted by the

governments commits a crime under this act.

4.4.21 Arms Act

The offence under the arms act is presumed if even the person is

having any knife, dagger, fire arms etc in his possession without any proper

license (The Arms Act sections 25 and 27)

The causes and purposes to posses unlicensed arms like knife, dagger,

small or big fire arms which is illegal is basically or one’s personal safety, to

threat others, for Dadagiri or to commit the crime like murder, attempt to

murder, hurt, dacoity, robbery, kidnapping and abduction, theft, burglary,

rape etc. The arms are not possessed openly and offenders keep the arms

either in pockets of socks etc. On need they use them. Under Arms Act. Mere

possession of unlicensed arm is covered under Arms Act and is liable to be

punished.

4.4.22 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act

This act came into existence on 16th September. 1985 and is act No.61of

1985. Prior to this act the cases used to be registered under Opium Act, Drug

Act, Dangerous Drug Act and Excise Act. Therefore, reliable segregated data

prior to 1985 on Narcotic Drug etc. is not available. After 1985 the cases are


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registered basically against the persons having possession, selling, trafficking,

manufacturing of opium, charas, ganja, cocaine, psychotropic substances etc.

Thus, whosoever cultivates any coca plant, opium, poppy or any cannabis

plant or produces manufactures, possesses, sells, purchases, transports, ware-

houses. Uses, consumes, imports, exports or transship any narcotic drug or

psychotropic substance except for medical or scientific purposes commits a

crime under this act. Narcotic drug means coca leaf, cannabis (hemp). Opium,

poppy straw and it includes all manufactured drugs like heroin, smack,

cocaine etc. Psychotropic substance means any substance, natural or synthetic

or any 83 natural materials, or any salt or preparation of such substance or

material included in the list of psychotropic substance specified in the

schedule one of this act.

4.4.23 Other Cases under Indian Penal Code

Such cases are basically registered in the sections other than mentioned

above in the major heads. Moreover, it consists of the cases registered for

receiving stolen property, threatening, misappropriation, breach of trust,

breach of agreement, dowry, misuse of powers, corruption etc.

4.4.24 Other Local and Special Laws

The other local and special laws crimes include the cases under L and

S.L. other than the acts mentioned above. Basically, this includes the Indian

Railway Act, Registration of Foreigner Act. Dowry Prohibition Act.

Untouchability Act, Essential commodities Act, Punjab Cinema Regulation

Act, Prohibition Act, Explosive and Substances Act. Protection of civil Rights

Act. Indian Passport Act. Antiquity and Art Treasure Act etc. This head was

having 346 crimes cases in 1991 but they increased 1076 in 2001 and 2489 in

1991 which show a steep upward trend of crime under this head.

4.4.25 Simple and Fatal Accidents

Whoever drives any vehicle or rides, on any public way in a manner so

rash or negligent as to endanger human life, or to be likely to cause hurt or

injury to any other person commits a crime of accident. If the defaulter acts

to endanger life or personal safety of others or causes hurt by act endangering

life of personal safety of others or causing grievous hurt by act endangering


212

life or personal safety of others are counted as simple accidents. But if the

defaulter causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act

not amounting to culpable homicide commits a crime and this crime is treated

as the fatal accident (IPC sections 279,337 and 338).

Accidents whether fatal and simple are basically caused due to rash and

negligent driving but sometimes due the negligence of the victim. In Delhi the

high percentage of accidents are of buses and two wheelers followed by cars.

Due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization the economic status of the

public increases and they need the better facilities, which later on become the

essential needs. Few decades ago very few motor vehicles used to be seen on

the roads and roads used to be clear but now a days the number of the

number of vehicles have been multiplied at an imparallel rate. However, the

carrying capacity of the roads got reduced which diminishes after reaching the

optimum point. It seems that in the walled city the saturation point has

already reached over and there is hardly any scope to increase capacity of

vehicular traffic in that area.

Accidents in any city are a cause of major concern to the ULBs of the

city. A study of accidents enables to clearly assess the extent of discordance of

different traffic units. This also helps in clearly analyzing the predominant

conflicting movements and to plan remedial measures as required (both

engineering and management) so that the occurrence of accidents is

minimized.

4.5 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMES IN MYSORE CITY

In the present chapter an attempt has been made to analyse the spatio-

temporal patterns of crimes in Mysore City slums. For this purpose the crime

data for the years 2001, 2005 and 2010 have been taken into consideration.

In order to ascertain the ground reality of crimes in Mysore city, some

sophisticated statistical techniques like factor analysis have been applied in

this chapter. The regional and temporal analysis of each of the variable has

also been taken into consideration for crimes. Moreover, the factor analysis

will provide an adequate conceptual base. Factor analysis, therefore, has been

used to investigate the regional dimensions of crime patterns. The factor

analysis is considered to be useful to tackle the complicated patterns directly


213

without an excessive simplification that may overlook small, but significant

causal relationship. The variable of crimes mentioned in Table 4.1 have been

selected for the analysis, mainly because they are the main cognizable crimes

committed in the region and data for these crimes is available for each of the

police stations of Mysore city.

Cognizable offences or crimes are the crimes in which a police officer

may arrest a person without warrant. While in non-cognizable offences the

police cannot take any action against the defaulter without the proper

directions of the judicial magistrate. The cognizable crimes are covered either

under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or under the Local and Special Laws which

are also called Minor Acts. A list of important local and Special Laws or Minor

Acts has been given in table 4.1.

In this present study, past ten years data had been collected to analyze

the pattern followed by crime and clusters of concentration in which more

number of offence had took place and where the concentration of different

crime spots have been captured using hand held G.P.S and are brought into

G.I.S platform. As stated in the objectives the crime occurrences within the

limits of different police station was located. According to the department

norms, crime has been classed into ten categories (According to City Crime

Branch, Mysore) The crime data were classified under the group of property

offences as Robbery, house breaking , Chain snatching, murder, mobile theft,

motor vehicle theft, cattle theft, Receiving stolen property (RSP), cheating and

criminal breach of trust. To know the spatial pattern followed by crime and

its concentration and to analyze the “Hot spots” in the selected area each

crime spots have been located using G.P.S while locating the points where the

crime has occurred: the time, date and address have also been included to the

corresponding points. Maps that display the locations where crimes or

concentrations of crimes have occurred can be used to help direct patrols to

places they are most needed and maps may prove invaluable in solving

criminal cases. This kind of visualized representation will help in

understanding of where and why crimes occur and can improves the attempts

to fight crime and can help police protect citizens more effectively.


214

Map-4.1: Showing Police Jurisdiction of Mysore city


215

Map-4.2: Demarcation of Slums with Police Station Limits


216

Table-4.2: Numbers of Crimes In 2001

Sl. No

Class of crime No of occurrences

1 I 29

2 II 93

3 III 115

4 IV 31

5 V 557

6 VI 63

7 VII 25

8 VIII 592

9 IX 592

10 X 568

TOTAL 2665

Source: City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB)

Chart-4.1: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2001


217

Table-4.3: Numbers Of Crimes In 2005

S l. No.

Class of crime No of occurrences

1 I 23

2 II 101

3 III 242

4 IV 128

5 V 560

6 VI 63

7 VII 43

8 VIII 589

9 IX 600

10 X 566

TOTAL 2918


Chart-4.2: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2005


218

Table-4.4: Number of Crimes In 2010

SL. No. Class of crime No of occurrences

1 I 31

2 II 177

3 III 284

4 IV 37

5 V 697

6 VI 144

7 VII 76

8 VIII 738

9 IX 839

10 X 779

TOTAL 3801


Chart-4.3: Pie Chart Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2010

Crimes in Mysore City are classified by the City Crime Records Bureau

under several heads. They are listed below with number of incidence for a

period of five years from 2001 to 2010.


219

Table-4.5: Number of Crime Incidence in Mysore City.

Classes of Crime

2001 2005 2010

I 29 23 31

II 93 101 177

III 115 242 284

IV 31 128 37

V 557 560 697

VI 63 63 144

VII 25 43 76

VIII 592 589 738

IX 592 600 839

X 568 566 779

Total 2665 2918 3801


Chart-4.4: Bar Graph Showing Crime Occurrences Reported in 2001, 2005 and 2010

The Table and the corresponding chart show the crime incidence of

Mysore city. The crime of class IX is highest incidence for all the years from

2001 to 2010.


220

Table-4.6: Number of Crime Incidence in Slum Areas of Mysore City.

Classes of Crime 2001 2005 2010

I 03 08 14

II 36 68 87

III 48 96 125

IV 18 41 73

V 194 286 337

VI 28 34 53

VII 19 27 38

VIII 312 373 409

IX 284 416 56

X 179 237 376

Total 1121 1586 1568

Source: F.I.R records, CCRB, Mysore

Chart-4.5: Crimes in Slum Areas


221

This study is an attempt to analyse the factorial ecology of Mysore by

taking into consideration the important socio-economic factors. E.g. the

density of population, literacy rate, population of scheduled caste, number of

persons per households, unemployment, slum and occupation structure of

population to identify the developed and undeveloped areas of Mysore city.

The trend of growth and development over the decades since 2001 has also

been attempted.

The past and present populations are closely associated with the

morphology of any city and these have adhered to certain social and economic

custom and followed distinctive occupations. The population, density,

literacy, number of scheduled caste, number of persons per household, slum

conditions, unemployment and various types of occupations, though may be

crude measures yet have their implications in the study of a city since they are

the indicators of the nature of its specialized services, its stage of growth and

level of development.

There were Seventeen Police Station in the city. Drastic difference in the

size of police station is seen in Mysore, which is due to urban and rural

component. The smallest police station K.R .Puram out post police station

while the largest police station Vidyaranya puram police station.

The growing number of slums has its direct bearing on the per capital

crime occurrences and has created problems regarding law and order and

security of people and property in Mysore city.

A substantial population of Mysore lives in sub-standard area, namely,

slums. Clusters are mainly uncontrolled low income residential area with an

ambiguous legal status of land is occupied by them. They are, to a large

extant built by the inhabitants themselves using their own eager resources and

are very poorly equipped with public amenities and services.


222

Flow Chart-4.3: Model- The Crime Environment

Environment of Administration

1. Police absence and non

surveillance

2. Levels of Police activity and

inefficiency

3. Behavioral attitude of police

4. False implications in the

name of drive

5. Jail environment

6. Lack of reformation and

rehabilitation facilities.

Physical Environment

1. Climate, seasons and weather

2. Dark fortnight and moon light

3. Heat stress

4. Access to the targets

5. Easy route for escape

6. Spatial behavior of the

offender

CRIME

Economic Environment

1. Poverty

2. Unemployment

3. Low or irregular wages

4. Sub-standard of living

conditions

5. Increasing needs

6. Poor housing conditions

7. Lack f occupations

opportunities and skill

8. Potential Targets

Individual Environment

1. Attitudes

2. Lack of Good Moral Standard

3. Temptations

4. Code of Behavior

5. Opportunities

6. Peers Group

7. Lack of proper Education

8. Perceptual Environment

Social Environment Lack of Social

Mobility

1. Lack of Social mobility

2. Adjacent locality

3. Large families

4. Immigration

5. Family dispute

6. Lack of social norms and Values


223

4.6 POLICE STATION IN MYSORE CITY

Having discussed broadly the profile of the Mysore city and magnitude

in the region can be gauged by taking the Police Station as the unit of study.

The Mysore city has Seventeen Police stations. Reporting of the crime take

place in the Police Stations.

Table-4.7: Police Station Limits in Mysore city

P. No Police Station Name No of Slums

DIV 1 DEVARAJA (D.R) DIVISION

1 Devaraja Police Station 1

2 Laskhar P.S 1

3 Udayagiri P.S 7

4 Nazarbad P.S 3

DIV 2 KRISHNARAJA (K.R) DIVISION

5 Krishnaraja P.S 3

6 Laxmipura P.S 1

7 Saraswathi Pura P.S 2

8 Kuvempunagara P.S

9 Ashokpura P.S 1

10 VidyaranyaPura P.S 12

11 K.R Outpost P.S -

DIV 3 NARASIMHARAJA (N.R) DIVISION

12 Narasimharaja P.S 24

13 Mandi P.S 3

14 Vanivilaspura P.S 17

15 Jayalaksmipura P.S 2

16 Metagalli P.S 0

17 Vijayanagara P.S 2


224

Map-4.3: Showing Crime Incidence in Devaraj Urs Police Station.

Table-4.8: Annual Crime Data of Devaraja Police Station Limits (2001-2010)

CRIME

Year Number Of Crime Number Of Crime In Slums

2001 290 43

2002 450 57

2003 301 61

2004 607 48

2005 435 84

2006 305 134

2007 306 168

2008 346 189

2009 389 145

2010 415 187


225

Chart-4.6: Crime Occurrences in Devaraj Urs Police Station limits

Chart-4.7: Crime Occurrences in Laskar Police Station Limits

Chart-4.8: Crime Occurrences in Nazarbad Police Station Limits

Chart-4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 explain growth of crime incidences in Devaraja, Laskhar,

Nazarbadh and Udayagiri police stations.


226

Map-4.4: Map Showing Case study of Slums


227

Map-4.5: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Station Limits


228

Map-4.6: Map Showing Class Wise Crime Incidence-2001


229

Map- 4.7: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Stations-2010


230

Map-4.8: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Police Stations -2005


231

Map-4.9: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Ashokpuram-2005


232

Map-4.10: Map Showing Crime Incidences in Lashkar Station-2001


233

The above map shows the incidence of Crime under 8(b) of PIT Act for

Lashkar Police Station area of Mysore City. Majority of the crime is taking

place in the southern and northern part of the police station limit and is

concentrated on the C.G. Road, Clock Tower, Gandhi Square, Irwin Road, and

Sub-urban Bus stand.

The hot spots were mapped on the basis of both the location of the

incidence i.e., as a point feature, and on the street basis i.e., a line feature.

Accordingly, the analyses were made for each type. It is clear that Majority of

the crime is taking place in the southern part of the police station limit and is

concentrated near the Sub-urban Bus stand and scattered across K.T. Street,

C.G. Road and the nearby areas. The following map shows the Standard

Distance analysis and the Directional distribution analysis to depict the zone

of crime under Cr. Pc. Act and the direction in which it is spread.

The Urban growth of Mysore city dung the last two decades has been

unprecedented. Rapid urbanization and industrialization led to immigration in

Mysore from different places of the country. Under the fast growth of

population the social milieu of Mysore has changed and the crime rate has

increased which put great pressure on the law enforcing apparatus. The

present study is a modest attempt to probe the socio-economic based of

changing crime patterns in the Mysore city.

The crime rate in the city is increasing constantly owing to numerous

socio-economic, demographic, cultural and political factors. The large


234

migration from other places created problems of housing and unemployment

which resulted into tremendous crime increase and multifold problems.

The study is significant not only to the social factors but also to the law

enforcing agene ices of the city because it is not only an analysis of other

spritao-temportal patterns of crime or the analysis of the socio-economic

bases but it has suggested some pragmatic steps and strategies to reduce the

rate of crime the city .

The purpose of study in crime patterns over space and time is to

discover irregularities that helps in understanding the phenomenon of crimes,

socio-economic and demogrphies structure of societies changes over time. So

does income distribution and occupational patterns

The analysis of the institutional crimes and the socio-economic

correlates revealed that the slums were having a direct impact over the

institutional crimes, while the Literacy was negatively correlated. There was a

moderate influence of scheduled caste over the institutional crimes, while the

number of persons per household was having a direct bearing over the

institutional crimes. In the same way, unemployment and slums were found

positively corr3elated with the institutional crimes. Thus it may concluded

that where the socio-economic status is very low, people are engaged in the

secondary occupation and living in the slum conditions they generally use

alcohol and indulge themselves in gambling.


235

Map-4.11: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Nazarbad Police Station Limits

Map-4.12: Map Showing Crime Incidence in Sarswathipuram Limits


236

Prevention is better than cure is a universal truth. It is better if the

preventive steps are taken before the commencement of crime. The

prevention of crime is currently a subject of considerable interest and

aciti9vity in each city. Though individuals and government have always been

conscious in this regard yet the crimes have been committed regularly due to

the lack of proper security arrangements and planning.

The criminal justice system has always espoused as a principal goal for

the crime prevention. It has been identified as one of the principal goal of

virtually every correctional programme. It has also been consistently

advanced as one of the stated goals of such diverse social programmed as

slum clearance, compulsory education, vocational training and mental health

screening. The community crime prevention programs can be implemented at

the comprehensive as swell as block or city level. The N.G.O‘s can be

implemented at the comprehensive as well as block or city level. The N.G.O

(Non Governmental Organizations) can play vital role in this regard.

The government should aim at not only on promoting preventive

measures but also the correctional social defense. For this purpose there

must be certain organizations where an individual can get the counseling.

The government through educational institutions and non

governmental organizations can make arrangements to impart moral

education, Therefore , the teacher can play an important role in this regard.

The government should improve the employment facilities and more technical

education should be popularized. The government should plan to eradicate

the poverty so that the socio-economic conditions of the society could be

improved.

The Health Department should improve the living conditions with the

help of Public works Department in designing the urban environment in such

a way so that the houses are theft proof and the surrounding are well for

living conditions and with hygienic environment.


237

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