ccfm · credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to aia ces for aia members....

Conference for Catholic Facility ManagementProvider Number: G460

HVAC Systems:

Our Mission is to Serve the Mission:

The Care and Custody of SoulsCourse Number: PHX 1603

David Avedesian, PE, RPA

Newport AssociatesDate: April 28, 2016

1

Credit(s) earned on completion of

this course will be reported to AIA

CES for AIA members.

Certificates of Completion for both

AIA members and non-AIA

members are available upon

request.

This course is registered with AIA

CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not

include content that may be

deemed or construed to be an

approval or endorsement by the

AIA of any material of construction

or any method or manner of

handling, using, distributing, or

dealing in any material or product._______________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods,

and services will be addressed at the conclusion

of this presentation.

2

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws.

Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written

permission of the speaker is prohibited.

NEWPORT ASSOCIATES

© Newport Associates 2016

Copyright Materials

3

This course will discuss the fundamentals of the following heating, ventilating and air

conditioning (HVAC) issues:

O How a building cools itself;

O The magic of air conditioning;

O The difference between standards and codes;

O What makes people comfortable;

O The simple truth about how automatic temperature control systems work;

O How to take a complicated HVAC system and make it simple; and

O Simple steps to commissioning an HVAC system (LEED).

Course

Description

4

Learning

Objectives

1. At the end of the program, participants will be able to describe what is important to

comfort cooling, using the principals of sensible and latent heat to cool a building; will be

able to provide comfort cooling to the building’s occupants, using the fundamental of

sensible and latent heat; and will be able to envision how a building cools itself and the

principals of “Heat moves from hot to cold”, using the “Magic” of the refrigeration cycle.

2. At the end of the program, participants will be able to defend the Church from poor

engineering, by arguing the difference between standards and codes.

3. At the end of the program, participants will be able to identify automatic temperature

control (ATC) issues, using the principals of open and closed control loops; and will be able

to identify HVAC issues, using simple to locate control loops and simple ATC logic for

comfort cooling.

4. At the end of the program, participants will be able to manage a complete commissioning

program, using the basic concepts of Punchlist, Startup and Commissioning to ensure that

all systems “Work” as designed and “Work” together.

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

5

CONFERENCE FOR CATHOLIC FACILITY MANAGEMENT

HVAC SYSTEMS - OUR MISSION IS TO SERVE THE MISSION: THE CARE AND CUSTODY OF SOULS


Presents

HVAC SYSTEMS – OUR MISSION IS TO SERVE THE

MISSION: THE CARE AND CUSTODY OF SOULS

PRESENTED BY

DAVID A. AVEDESIAN, PE, RPA

NEWPORT ASSOCIATES

APRIL 28, 2016

6



COURSE OVERVIEW

HVAC FUNDAMENTALS

What is a BTU?

What is Heat?

Sensible and Latent Heat

Change of State

Ton of Air Conditioning

Relative Humidity

What makes people Comfortable?

Applications of Fundamentals

How does a building heats and Cools itself?

Interior Zone – Cooling Only

Exterior Zone – Heating and Cooling

Design Conditions

Building Loads

Enthalpy Economizer Control

Standards vs. Codes

7



COURSE OVERVIEW

Air Distribution Systems

Air Cycle

Fans

Filters

Water Distribution Systems

Primary Pumping

Primary/Secondary Pumping

Variable Speed Pumping

8



COURSE OVERVIEW

HVAC Components

All Air Systems

All Water Systems

Air and Water Systems

Refrigeration Cycle

Direct Expansion Systems

Chillers

Cooling Towers

Boilers

Automatic Temperature Controls (ATC)

System Feedback Loop

Open Loop Control

Closed Loop Control

Basis of Control Process

Pneumatic vs. DDC

VAV Control

Static Pressure Control

Supply Air Reset

9



COURSE OVERVIEW

Commissioning Punchlist

Start Up

Commissioning

LEED Certification

LEED CERTIFICATION

LEED SILVER

LEED GOLD

LEED PLATINUM

LEED Consultants

10



DAVID A. AVEDESIAN, PE, RPA President, Newport Associates

Since 1995, Mr. Avedesian’s firm has provided strategic facility management and owner’s representation

construction management services direct to owners. Currently Newport Associates is overseeing $130 million

of construction projects from zoning & permit, architect/engineering selection & review, design and engineering,

bid & award to contract negotiations & construction administration. Newport Associates has been involved in

facility master planning for non-profit organizations assisting the YMCA and Cleveland Diocese in maintaining

and preserving their asset’s value.

Mr. Avedesian established a mission critical operations and maintenance firm for a $2.5 billion construction

firm. The firm provided operation and maintenance services to industrial and technically complex facilities on

a third party basis.

Mr. Avedesian received his degree in engineering from the University of Rhode Island; in addition, he has taken

graduate courses in thermodynamics from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute of New York. Mr. Avedesian received

a Management and Administration Degree at Harvard University, Harvard University Extension. He is a

registered Professional Engineer in the State of New York. Mr. Avedesian has earned the certification of Real

Property Administrator from The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA). He was an adjunct

professor at Bentley College, MA for four years, teaching a two-semester course in Building Systems, Design,

Maintenance and Engineering. Mr. Avedesian is currently teaching the same course for BOMA in Washington,

DC. He has authored an industry standard book titled “How to Design and Manage Your Preventive

Maintenance Program,” in addition two other books of the same subject all published by BOMA.

11



Mr. Avedesian was employed for 10 years with a Design/Build and Mechanical services organization with

offices in Boston and Washington. He was responsible for overseeing the administration of the operation,

maintenance and mechanical services group for over 12.5 million square feet of property in AL, DC, MD, PA

and VA. Mr. Avedesian was responsible for sales, operations and administrative activities for the 125 person

Washington office. Mr. Avedesian’s experience includes being a Sales Engineer for a major automatic

temperature controls company. His responsibilities included the design, estimating and installation of

pneumatic, electric, electronic and direct digital control systems for new and retrofit construction projects.

Integrating his business expertise with the HVAC and energy conservation industry, Mr. Avedesian was a

principal partner in a computerized energy benchmarking Services Company. He developed and sold a service,

which accounted and compared energy consumption by building with other complexes within a company and

against industry benchmark standards.

Mr. Avedesian has also served as an engineer for a mechanical/electrical/plumbing consulting engineering firm,

specializing in energy conservation, co-generation, central power plants, utility distribution systems, HVAC

design and environmental engineering. He has also served as an engineer for a major natural gas utility company.

While with the gas company, he provided technical sales support by performing life cycle cost analysis for large

volume air conditioning, co-generation, steam and hot water generation systems and process gas for industrial

applications.

In addition to his technical support, Mr. Avedesian performed all the initial engineering evaluation for the Hitachi

two-stage direct-fired chiller/heater packaged units (currently being built and marketed by York, Inc.) for import,

sales and service by the gas company into the United States. He sold and installed the first unit in the United

States. Mr. Avedesian’s professional activities include ASHRAE and BOMA. His non-professional activities

include sailing, boating and model railroading. He is a licensed Coast Guard Captain and has taught sailing and

navigation professionally for over 20 years.

12



SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT

Sensible Heat

Latent Heat

Change of State

13




What is a BTU?

Ice to Water

Water to Steam

14



TEMPERATURE BTU CHANGE OF STATE GRAPH

15




What is Heat?

Dry Bulb Temperature

Wet Bulb Temperature

16




Ton of Refrigeration

Relative Humidity

Dew Point Temperature

17



RELATIVE HUMIDITY & THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

18



FUNDAMENTALS OF HEATING AND COOLING

Hot to Cold

Heat Flow

Quantity of Heat/Unit of Time

Difference in Temperature Equals Heat Flow

Delta T = ▲T = +/- Change in Temperature

19




Insulation reduces Heat Flow

Walls

1st inch 40% Reduction

2nd inch 14% Reduction

3rd inch 8% Reduction

Roofs

1st inch 55% Reduction

2nd inch 13% Reduction

3rd inch 8% Reduction

20




U-VALUE COEFFICIENT OF TRANSMISSION

BTU/HR/SQFT/▲T

R-VALUE RESISTANCE TO HEAT FLOW

R = 1/U

COMPONENTS OF THERMAL COMFORT – COMFORT CONDITIONS

TEMPERATURE % RH AIR MOTION

76ºF 45 20 FPM

76ºF 80 250 FPM

72ºF 80 20 FPM

80ºF 20 20 FPM

80ºF 45 250 FPM

HEAT LOSS FROM PEOPLE – 80/20 21



FUNDAMENTALS OF HEATING AND COOLING PEOPLE LOAD-HEAT GAIN FROM PEOPLE

Activity Total Heat Sensible Heat Latent Heat

BTU/Hr BTU/Hr BTU/Hr

Seated, very light work 400 245 155

Moderate active office work 450 250 200

Walking, Standing 500 250 250

Walking, 3 mph, light 1,000 375 625

Machine work

Heavy work 1,450 580 870

Athletic, Workout, Gym 1,800 710 1,090

22




OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

Weather data has been statistically analyzed over a period of time. The implicit

assumption of selecting a design temperature is the frequency level of a specific

temperature over a suitable time period.

The frequency of 1%, 2.5% and 5% were selected for a range of multiple

comfort design level risks.

Ample meteorology evidence indicates that a design temperature at 1% levels

may vary in the order of 2ºF to 4ºF in any 15-year period from the previous 15

years.

In other words, picking a 1% design temperature level will mean that it will

probably exceed that design temperature 1% of the time.

When engineers are selecting the design conditions, they will account for both

sensible and latent heat, dry bulb (DB) and wet bulb (WB) respectively. The

engineer may select different design levels for DB and WB.

23




OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

City/State Winter Design Dry-Bulb Rec’d Summer Design DB/WB Rec’d

99% 97.5% 100% 1.0% 2.5% 5.0%

Boston, MA 06ºF 09ºF 0ºF 91/73 88/71 85/70 88/73

Philadelphia, PA 10ºF 14ºF 1ºF 93/75 90/74 87/72 90/75

Washington, DC 14ºF 17ºF 10ºF 93/75 91/74 89/74 91/75

Richmond, VA 14ºF 17ºF 10ºF 95/76 92/76 90/75 92/76

Cleveland, OH 01ºF 05ºF -1ºF 91/73 85/72 86/71 88/72

It is recommended that winter outdoor heating design conditions to be designed

for 100%. For Washington, that would be 10ºF. For summer, it is

recommended to use a combination of 2.5% dry bulb and 1.0% wet bulb. It is

the humidity of the WB that has the most effect on comfort cooling.

ASHRAE does not note 100% for city/states anymore. The final outdoor design

conditions selection is made by the engineer.

24




Summer/Winter Outdoor Design Conditions

City Summer Winter

Washington 91ºF DB/75º WB 10ºF

Philadelphia 90ºF DB/75º WB 10ºF

Boston 88ºF DB/73º WB 0ºF

Indoor Design Conditions – Temperature/ Humidity

Summer 75ºF/50%RH

Winter 70ºF

The greater the difference between outdoor design conditions and indoor final

design conditions the greater the heating and cooling costs will be.

25




COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY RANGES

DIVERSITY FACTOR

TYPICAL OFFICE ZONING

STORAGE EFFECT

26




COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY RANGES

27




TYPICAL DIVERSITY FACTORS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS

Diversity Factors

Type of Application People Lights

Office .75 to .90 .70 to .85

Apartment, .40 to .60 .30 to .50

Department Store .80 to .90 .90 to 1.0

Hotel .40 to .60 .30 to .50

Industrial .85 to .95 .80 to .90

28




TYPICAL OFFICE ZONING

29




BUILDING LOADS

INTERNAL LOADS

PEOPLE

LIGHTING

EQUIPMENT

SYSTEMS

PLUG

EXTERNAL LOADS

SOLAR HEAT

VENTILATION

30




ECONOMIZER CONTROL (FREE COOLING)

AIR SIDE

TEMPERATURE SWITCHOVER

TOTAL HEAT

WATER SIDE

PLATE AND FRAME HX

31




ECONOMIZER SWITCHOVER CONTROL

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIZER SWITCHOVER CONTROLS

DRY-BULB

o TEMPERATURE SWITCHOVER

ENTHALPY

o TOTAL HEAT SWITCHOVER

o SENSIBLE HEAT

LATENT HEAT

32




DRY – BULB LOGIC

SUMMER MODE

o OAT > SWITCHOVER POINT = MIN. POSITION

WINTER MODE

o OAT < SWITCHOVER POINT = FREE COOLING

OAT – OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE

OAE – OUTDOOR AIR ENTHALPY

RAT – RETURN AIR TEMPERATURE

RAE – RETURN AIR ENTHALPY

33




ENTHALPY LOGIC

SUMMER MODE

o OA ENTHALPY > RETURN AIR (RA) ENTHALPY OR

o OA TEMPERATURE > RA TEMPERATURE = MIN. POSITION

WINTER MODE

o OA ENTHALPY < RA ENTHALPY AND

o OA TEMPERATURE < RA TEMPERATURE = FREE COOLING

34




ENTHALPY IS MORE COMPLEX AND EXPENSIVE TO INSTALL, BUT IT IS

A MORE ACCURATE METHOD OF SWITCHOVER BASED ON THE

FOLLOWING FACTS:

AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE, HUMID AIR CONTAINS MORE HEAT

ENERGY THAN LESS HUMID AIR

PEOPLE FEEL WARMER WHEN IT IS MORE HUMID

AN HVAC SYSTEM REQUIRES MORE ENERGY TO COOL HUMID

AIR

ENTHALPY IS TOTAL HEAT

SENSIBLE HEAT

LATENT HEAT

35




VENTILATION LOADS

36




MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF HEAT

37




SERIES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

38




IAQ (INDOOR AIR QUALITY)

TEMPERATURE/HUMIDITY

AIRBORNE CONTAMINATES

VENTILATION

STANDARDS VS. CODES

39




ASHRAE 62 – VENTILATION STANDARDS FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS

PRIOR TO 1973 10% OUTDOOR AIR

1973 15/25 CFM/PERSON (NON-SMOKING/SMOKING)

1981 5 CFM/PERSON

1989 20 CFM/PERSON

CURRENT AREA BASED – 2 CFM/100 SQFT OF FLOOR SPACE

OCCUPANCY BASED – 15 CFM/PERSON NORMAL

OCCUPANCY

40



AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

AIR CYCLE

DUCT SYSTEM

TERMINAL DEVICES

FANS

FILTERS

COOLING COILS

HEATING COILS

41




AIR CYCLE

42




FANS

VANE AXIAL FLOW

CENTRIFUGAL FLOW FAN

FILTERS

USE

SELECTION

OPERATION

VENTILATION SYSTEMS

TOILET

KITCHENS

PARKING GARAGES

BELOW GROUND STORAGE SPACE

EQUIPMENT ROOMS

JANITOR’S CLOSETS

43




AXIAL FLOW FANS

44



CENTRIFUGAL FLOW FANS

45



CENTRIFUGAL FLOW FANS

46




FILTER USE, SELECTION AND OPERATION

The following document is to serve as a guideline for the use, selection and

operation of air filters.

A point of interest, as a filter gets ‘dirty’ its efficiency and effectiveness

increases. Therefore, it is important that we do not prematurely change filters

before their useful life is complete.

There are many variables which will affect the use and operation of air filters.

Some of these variables are as follows:

Face velocity across the filter bank

The area of the filter bank

The use or non-use of pre-filters

Is the air handler constant air volume (CAV) or is it variable air volume

(VAV)?

The percent filter medium used

Condition of the outside air

47




The following should serve as a minimum guideline in order to maximize the

use of filters and minimizes the cost of filters to our clients. The guidelines are

as follows:

Maximum filter face velocity (fpm) 500

Minimum filter percentage 30%

Maximum pressure drop increase across a filter section (pre-filter or

final filter) 1”wg

Maximum pressure drop across a combined filter section 2”wg

The maximum use in time for the upstream filter section 1 yr

The maximum use in time for the final filter if a per-filter is used 2 yr

The reason for changing filters within a certain time period is for bacteria

reasons. The upstream filter should not remain in the air stream for greater

than twelve (12) months. If the final filter has a pre-filter, then the final filter

should not remain in place greater than twenty (24) months.

Before changing a filter section, it is important to take and record the pressure

drop readings across the filter section. If the pressure drop is greater than +/-

10 % of the maximum allowable pressure drop, then you should make an

adjustment in your filter selection when re-ordering.

48




The adjustment should be as follows:

Pressure drop (PD) less than 90% of maximum PD, re-order a filter with

less filter area

PD greater than 110% of maximum PD, re-order a filter with greater

filter area

The formula for the above adjustment is as follows:

A(n) = A(o) * (PD(o) / PD(n))

Where

A(n) Area of new filter

A(o) Area of old filter

PD(o) Pressure drop of old filters

PD(n) Pressure drop of new filters

49




The objective is to maximize the filter’s increased pressure drop to coincide

with the maximum time life as stated above for air filters.

When obtaining prices and recommendations from our filter vendors, you

should provide them with a copy of these guidelines for their use. This practice

will serve as a standard for comparisons.

In conclusion, the main objective is to purchase just “enough” filters to provide

the required air filtration and to change them when they have reaches their

useful life.

David A. Avedesian, Vice President of Operations

‘Reprint from a memo to all chief engineers for their building’s SOP’s’

50



WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEMS

PRIMARY CHILLED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

PRIMARY/SECONDARY CHILLED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

ALL-VARIABLE SPEED CHILLER SYSTEM

51




PRIMARY CHILLED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

52




PRIMARY/SECONDARY CHILLED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

53




ALL-VARIABLE SPEED CHILLER SYSTEM

54



HVAC SYSTEMS

ALL –AIR SYSTEMS

VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)

CONSTANT AIR VOLUME (CAV)

FURNACE TYPE HEATING & COOLING

MULTI-ZONE

DUAL DUCT

AIR-WATER SYSTEMS

FAN COIL

INDUCTION UNITS

ROOF TOP UNITS (RTU)

THROUGH-THE-WALL UNIT

55



HVAC SYSTEMS

HEAT PUMP

AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

WATER TO AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

SPLIT SYSTEMS

DIRECT EXPANSION (DX) SYSTEM

REFRIGERATION CYCLE

TYPES OF COMPRESSORS

CHILLERS

HERMETIC CLOSED CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER (CHILLED WATER)

OPEN CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER (CHILLED WATER)

ABSORPTION CHILLER

COOLING TOWERS

DRAW THRU COOLING TOWER

BLOW THRU COOLING TOWER

56



HVAC COMPONENTS

ALTERNATE COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS

57



HVAC SYSTEMS

STATIC PRESSURE CONTROL

58



HVAC SYSTEMS

SUPPLY AIR RESET CONTROL

59



HVAC SYSTEMS

SUPPLY AIR RESET

SUPPLY AIR RESET (SAR) ADJUSTS THE DISCHARGE

TEMPERATURE TO THE MOST EFFICIENT LEVELS TO SATISFY

MEASURED LOADS

COOLING DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE IS RAISED TO THE HIGHEST

POSSIBLE VALUE THAT STILL COOLS & DEHUMIDIFIES THE

WARMEST ROOM SERVED BY THE FAN SYSTEM

HEATING DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE ARE REDUCED TO THE

LOWEST POSSIBLE LEVELS THAT STILL HEAT THE COOLEST

ROOM

SAR WORKS BEST WITH A CAV SYSTEM

SAR WILL ALSO WORK WITH A VAV SYSTEM

o IT WILL REDUCE CHILLER LOAD

o IT WILL INCREASE FAN LOAD

o IT WILL CAUSE MORE AIR CHANGES

60



HVAC SYSTEMS

SUPPLY AIR RESET

SAR HAS TWO CONTROL LOOPS

1ST CONTROL LOOP

o ROOM TEMPERATURE AND SET POINT

o AS ROOM TEMPERATURE VARIES WITHIN SET POINT, SAR

CALCULATES A NEW SET POINT FOR THE DISCHARGE

CONTROL LOOP

2ND CONTROL LOOP

o USES THE NEW DISCHARGE SET POINT AND MEASURES

DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURE

AS DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE VARIES AROUND THE NEW SET POINT,

SAR WILL MODULATE THE HEATING & COOLING VALVES

61



HVAC COMPONENTS FAN POWERED VARIABLE VOLUME SYSTEMS

62



HVAC SYSTEMS

FURNACE TYPE HEATING & COOLING

63



HVAC SYSTEMS FLOOR-BY-FLOOR PACKAGED AIR HANDLING UNITS

64



HVAC COMPONENTS

INDUCTION UNIT

65



HVAC COMPONENTS

ROOF TOP UNIT (RTU)

66



HVAC COMPONENTS

SELF-CONTAINED THROUGH-THE-WALL UNIT

67



HVAC SYSTEMS

WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

68



HVAC COMPONENTS

SPLIT SYSTEM

69



HVAC COMPONENTS

REFRIGERATION CYCLE

70



HVAC COMPONENTS

CHANGE OF STATE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

71



HVAC COMPONENTS

HEART OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

72



HVAC COMPONENTS

CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS – HERMETIC/OPEN

73



HVAC COMPONENTS

ABSORPTION CHILLER

74



HVAC COMPONENTS

COOLING TOWER

75



HVAC SYSTEMS

COOLING TOWER – BLOW THRU TYPE

76



HVAC COMPONENTS

FIRE TUBE BOILER

77



HVAC SYSTEMS

WATER TUBE BOILER

78



AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLS

CONTROL LOOPS

SYSTEM FEEDBACK

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

OPEN LOOP CONTROL

BASIC CONTROL PROCESS

CONSTANT CONTROL

VARIABLE CONTROL

79




TYPES OF CONTROLS

PNEUMATIC

ELECTRIC/ELECTRONIC

DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL (DDC)

COMPUTER BASED CONTROL

FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROLS

PURPOSE OF AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLS SYSTEM

PNEUMATIC VS. DDC

HVAC ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONTROLS

80




SYSTEM FEEDBACK LOOP

81




FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM - CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

82




HEATING HOT WATER RESET CONTROL - OPEN LOOP CONTROL

83




OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE RESET SCHEDULE

84




FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROLS

THERE ARE TWO MEDIUMS THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED. THEY ARE AS

FOLLOWS:

TEMPERATURE

o SENSIBLE HEAT

FLOW

o CFM (CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE)

o GPM (GALLONS PER MINUTE)

o POUNDS PER HOUR (STEAM FLOW)

IN A VAV SYSTEM

TEMPERATURE IS CONSTANT FLOW IS VARIED

IN A CAV SYSTEM

FLOW IS CONSTANT TEMPERATURE IS VARIED

85




PURPOSE OF AN AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLS SYSTEM

BASICALLY AN ATC CONTROLS SYSTEMS DOES THE FOLLOWING FOUR

ITEMS:

ESTABLISH A FINAL CONDITION

o COMFORT CONDITION

PROVIDE SAFE OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT

o SAFETIES

ELIMINATE HUMAN INTERACTION

o LABOR SAVINGS

ENSURE ECONOMICAL OPERATION

o ENERGY CONSERVATION

86




PNEUMATIC CONTROLS

COMPRESSED AIR IS USED TO MODULATE THE CONTROL DEVICES

o VALVES

o DAMPERS

o SPEED CONTROLLERS

o VAV BOXES

COMPRESSED AIR IS THE DRIVING ENERGY

SIZE OF COMPRESSOR IS IMPORTANT

STORAGE TANK SIZE

RATIO OF COMPRESSOR ON/OFF

o LESS THAN 1:2 IS A PROBLEM WAITING TO HAPPEN

o 1:2 JUST OK

o 1:3 GOOD

o 1:4 BEST

87




PNEUMATIC CONTROLS

HOW DO CAPACITY AND STORAGE WORK TOGETHER

AIR DRYER – MOISTURE CONTROL

LINE FILTERS

PRESSURE REGULATOR

STORAGE TANK 75 PSI – 150 PSI

SYSTEM CONTROL 20 PSI – 25 PSI

SYSTEM SET POINT CONTROL +/- 2.5 ºF

o SET POINT 70 ºF

o AT BEST RANGE 67.5 ºF – 72.5 ºF (5ºF)

READJUST & RECALIBRATE EVERY 6 MONTHS

88




PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR

89




SIMPLE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM ILLUSTRATION

90




DDC SYSTEM

COMPUTER BASED CONTROLS

DISTRIBUTED PROCESS CONTROL VS.

CENTRAL PROCESS CONTROL (CPU)

BROAD RANGE OF COMMUNICATION MEANS

o INTERNAL SYSTEM NETWORK

o LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

o WIRELESS

o REMOTE MONITORING

o INTERNET

o INTRANET

o WEB BASED DATA STORAGE

o SINGLE SOURCE DATA COLLECTION

o ENDLESS DATA ANALYSIS

91




DDC SYSTEM

CONTROL SYSTEMS IS BETTER THAN THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM

BEING CONTROLLED

ABILITY TO ANTICIPATE

PID CONTROL

o P – PROPORTIONAL

o I – INTEGRAL

o D - DERIVATIVE

USER FRIENDLY – GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE

92




GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE

93




FEATURES OF DDC

SUMMARIES

ALERT/ALARM NOTIFICATIONS/REPORTS

OUT OF-NORMAL STATUS

o GREEN/YELLOW/RED INDICATION

TIME SCHEDULING

TRENDING

GRAPHICS

TOTALIZATIONS

IMPORT DATA

o ACCOUNTING

o NOAA

EXPORT DATA

94




PNEUMATIC VS. DDC

95




VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)

o VARIES AIR VOLUME

o HOLDS DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE CONSTANT

96




STATIC PRESSURE CONTROL

97




SUPPLY AIR RESET

SUPPLY AIR RESET (SAR) ADJUSTS THE DISCHARGE

TEMPERATURE TO THE MOST EFFICIENT LEVELS TO SATISFY

MEASURED LOADS

COOLING DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE IS RAISED TO THE HIGHEST

POSSIBLE VALUE THAT STILL COOLS & DEHUMIDIFIES THE

WARMEST ROOM SERVED BY THE FAN SYSTEM

HEATING DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE ARE REDUCED TO THE

LOWEST POSSIBLE LEVELS THAT STILL HEAT THE COOLEST

ROOM

SAR WORKS BEST WITH A CAV SYSTEM

SAR WILL ALSO WORK WITH A VAV SYSTEM

o IT WILL REDUCE CHILLER LOAD

o IT WILL INCREASE FAN LOAD

o IT WILL CAUSE MORE AIR CHANGES

98




SAR HAS TWO CONTROL LOOPS

1ST CONTROL LOOP

o ROOM TEMPERATURE AND SET POINT

o AS ROOM TEMPERATURE VARIES WITHIN SET POINT, SAR

CALCULATES A NEW SET POINT FOR THE DISCHARGE

CONTROL LOOP

2ND CONTROL LOOP

o USES THE NEW DISCHARGE SET POINT AND MEASURES

DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURE

o AS DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE VARIES AROUND THE NEW

SET POINT, SAR WILL MODULATE THE HEATING &

COOLING VALVES

99




SUPPLY AIR RESET CONTROL

100



COMMISSIONING

PUNCHLIST

START UP

COMMISSIONING

101



LEED CERTIFICATIONS

USGBC

UNITED STATES GREEN BUILDINGS COUNSEL

THIS ORGANIZATION IS A PRIVATE ORGANIZATION

USGBC IS NOT A GOVERNMENT AGENCY

USGBC HAS INSERTED THEMSELVES AS INTO BUILDING CODES

SIMILAR TO ASHRAE, NFPA, NEC AND OTHER STANDARDS

ORGANIZATIONS.

USGBC HAS DICTATED THE SUSTAINABLE ISSUES IN THE

CONSTRUCTION AND EXISTING BUILDING INDUSTRY.

102



LEED CERTIFICATIONS

LEED CERTIFICATION

RELATIVE EASY TO ACCOMPLISH

LEED SILVER

RELATIVE EASY TO ACCOMPLISH IF YOU INVEST IN ENERGY

RELATED IMPROVEMENTS

LEED GOLD

THE COST OF THE DIFFERENT LEED TASKS WILL BE MORE THAN

ANY BENEFITS ACHIEVED

LEED PLATINUM

UNLESS THERE IS A SUBJECT REASON TO ACHIEVE THIS

CERTIFICATION, IT IS NOT PRACTICAL FOR ANY COST

CONSCIENTIOUS ORGANIZATION.

103



LEED CERTIFICATIONS

LEED CONSULTANTS

TO ACHIEVE LEED CERTIFICATION, YOU NEED TO HIRE A LEED

CONSULTANT.

A WORD OF CAUTION: YOU MUST KEEP AN EYE ON YOUR LEED

CONSULTANT

LEED CONSULTANTS ARE VERY COMMITTED TO “SUSTAINABLE”

NO MATE WHAT IS COSTS THE OWNER.

AS THE OWNER: KNOW WHAT LEVEL OF CERTIFICATION IS

NEEDED AND ALWAYS REFOCUS THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM TO

THE STATED GOALS

104



COURSE REVIEW

HVAC FUNDAMENTALS

What is a BTU?

What is Heat?

Sensible and Latent Heat

Change of State

Ton of Air Conditioning

Relative Humidity

What makes people Comfortable?

Applications of Fundamentals

How does a building heats and Cools itself?

Interior Zone – Cooling Only

Exterior Zone – Heating and Cooling

Design Conditions

Building Loads

Enthalpy Economizer Control

Standards vs. Codes

105



COURSE REVIEW

Air Distribution Systems

Air Cycle

Fans

Filters

Water Distribution Systems

Primary Pumping

Primary/Secondary Pumping

Variable Speed Pumping

106



COURSE REVIEW

HVAC Components

All Air Systems

All Water Systems

Air and Water Systems

Refrigeration Cycle

Direct Expansion Systems

Chillers

Cooling Towers

Boilers

Automatic Temperature Controls (ATC)

System Feedback Loop

Open Loop Control

Closed Loop Control

Basis of Control Process

Pneumatic vs. DDC

VAV Control

Static Pressure Control

Supply Air Reset

107



COURSE REVIEW

Commissioning Punchlist

Start Up

Commissioning

LEED Certification

LEED CERTIFICATION

LEED SILVER

LEED GOLD

LEED PLATINUM

LEED Consultants

108



CLOSING REMARKS

IT WAS GREAT TO HAVE YOU AS AN ATTENDEE OF THIS CLASS.

I TRUST YOU HAVE FOUND THIS CLASS TO BE HELPFUL IN YOUR EVERYDAY WORK.

AS I STATED IN THE BEGINNING, IT WAS NOT MY INTENTION TO MAKE YOU AN

ENGINEER, BUT TO SHARE WITH YOU SOME OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ‘HOW A

COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING HEATS AND COOLS ITSELF”.

WE HAVE COVERED A LOT OF TECHNICAL MATERIAL IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME.

IF FOR ANY REASON, AT ANY TIME, FOR ANY PURPOSE YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS,

YOU NEED NEVER TO HESITATE TO CALL ME.

I WOULD BE HONORED TO HELP YOU IN ANY CAPACITY. PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL

ME.

THANK YOU,

DAVID A. AVEDESIAN, PE, RPA

NEWPORT ASSOCIATES [email protected]

109

At this time, the course participants are invited to ask

questions.

This concludes The American Institute of Architects

Continuing Education Systems Course

Speaker Contact Information:

Newport AssociatesDavid Avedesian, PE, RPA

5 Baughman Court

Silver Spring, MD 20906

[email protected]

301-929-9000 office, 301-938-1811 cell

Provider Contact Information:

Andy Guljas

[email protected]

317-525-7176

110

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

ccfm · credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to aia ces for aia members....

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