credits: 5
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BUMP, SET, SPIKE Demonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity. Credits: 5. Functional Anatomy. The body has 4 Major Systems:. - Skeletal System – the bone structure for support and protection of the organs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
BUMP, SET, SPIKEDemonstrate understanding of the function of the body as it relates to the performance of physical activity
Credits: 5
Functional Anatomy
- Skeletal System – the bone structure for support and protection of the organs
- Muscular System – muscles connect to bones to allow movement
- Respiratory System – lungs which take oxygen from the lungs and transfers it to the blood
- Cardiovascular System – heart and veins/arteries which pump blood for energy production
The body has 4 Major Systems:
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AXIAL SKELETON
Skull: Protects the brain and guards the entrance to the digestive and respiratory systems
Provides a framework that supports and protects the organs in the body.
Ribs: Protects the heart and lungs, and helps with the function of breathing
Vertebral Column: Provides a column of support to protect the spinal cord and keep us in an upright position
THE SPINE7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae – Main weight bearing bones
5 Fused Vertebrae (Tailbone)
THE RIBCAGE12 Pairs of Ribs:
8-10 Join to the cartilage
11-12 are Floating Ribs
1-7 = True Ribs
8-12 = False Ribs
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Includes the bones of the arms and legs and the joints that connect them to the Axial Skeleton.
It gives you control over your environment, changes your position in space and provides mobility
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs
Clavicle: For attachment of many muscles
Scapular: Shoulder blade for protection of the pectoral girdle (shoulder joint)Humerus: Main weight bearing bone in the arm for lifting objects
Radius: The larger forearm bone which helps in support and rotation of the forearm
Ulna: The smaller forearm bone which extends from the pinky. The top of the bone that attaches to the Humerus is shaped like a UCarpals: The 8 bones of the wrist which allow finer movementMetacarpals: The 5 bones of the handPhalanges: The 14 finger bones. The thumb consists of 2 phalanges while each finger has 3 phalanges.
UPPER LIMBS
LOWER LIMBSPelvis: For protecting the reproductive organs and sustain all the internal organsFemur: Main weight bearing bone in the body
Patella: For protecting the knee joint. It is a sesamoid bone as it is not attached to any other bonesTibia: (On Top) The shinbone for transfer of weight through the groundFibula: The smaller of the two bones for attachment of muscles to move the foot and toesTarsals: Bones of the ankle to allow for flexion when walkingMetatarsals: 5 bones of the foot for balance and walkingPhalanges: 14 bones of the toes
JOINING BONESIn order to keep our body together we need a number of connective tissues to be the glue for our body.
LIGAMENTS - these are a band of
tissues which connects Bone to Bone.
cartilage - this is a pad of fibrous tissue which separates bones or
provides a cushion to prevent rubbing.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM• Muscles attach to the bone to allow
movement to occur. They are in charge of pulling on bones in order to create movement. There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the body.
Muscles need a different type of tissue to attach to the bone –
it must be capable of withstanding tension (like a rubber band).
This tissue is called a Tendon.
DIRECTIONS OF THE BODY
ANTERIOR - front
POSTERIOR - back
INFERIOR - Bottom
SUPERIOR - Top
UPPER BODY - BACKTrapezius: Neck muscle
Deltoid: Shoulder muscle
Tricep: Muscle at the back of the arm
Latissimus Dorsi: Wing (back) muscles
Flexor Carpi: Forearm muscles
UPPER BODY - FRONTTrapeziusPectorals: Chest muscles
Abdominals: Core (trunk) muscles
Deltoid
Obliques: Side muscles
Extensor Carpi: Forearm muscles
LOWER BODY - BACKGluteus Maximus: Bottom muscles
Hamstrings: Back of the thigh
Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle
Soleus: Ankle muscle
LOWER BODY - FRONTQuadracep: Thigh muscle
Tibialis Anterior: Shin muscle
JOINTSThere are 3 types of Joints:
1. Immovable Joints
2. Slightly Movable Joints
3. Freely Movable Joints
Immovable Joints:These are joints that cannot move.
They are extremely strong joints where the bones are either interlocked (like a zip) or they are fused.
These joints are found in the head. They are:
• between the bones of the skull
• between the teeth and jaw
Slightly Movable Joints:
Ligaments attach bone to bone. One example is between the Tibia and Fibula.
Cartilage is a pad of fibrous tissue. It separates and provides a cushion for joining bones. It is found between the vertebrae and the two pubic bones
These are joints that have a small amount of movement. They are connected by either ligaments or cartilage.
Movable Joints:These are joints that have movement
in one (i.e. elbow)two (i.e. wrist)
or three (i.e. shoulder) different planes or directions.These joints are also known as:
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTSArticular Cartilage: Cover the bony surfaces so the bones cannot touch each other. It is slick and smooth to reduce friction during movement
Synovial Fluid: Found in the joint cavity, it is a fluid that has three purposes: 1. Lubrication – to reduce friction
when moving 2. Nutrient Distribution – moves
nutrients around and collects waste 3. Shock Absorption – acts as a
cushion when the joint is squashed
Joint Cavity: The gap between the two bones which contains the synovial fluid
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Multiaxial – slide across a surface in
many directionsGliding Joint – they
have a flat surface where one bone can slide across the surface of another. The movement
is only very small. e.g. Sacroiliac Joint
(Between the sacrum and the pelvis)
Intercarpal Joints (Between the carpal (wrist) bones)
Claviculosternal Joints (Between the clavicle and the
sternum)
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Monoaxial – Joints that move in one
direction Hinge Joint – allow a
bending motion like the opening and closing of a door
e.g. Elbow Joint Ankle Joint Phalangeal Joints (fingers) Knee
Joint Pivot Joint – only allow rotation (turning) of a joint
e.g. Atlas/Axis Vertebrae
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Biaxial – Joints that move in two
directions Saddle Joint – Shaped like a horses saddle that can move back and forth and side to side.
e.g. Thumb Joint Ellipsoidal Joint –
Shaped like a herb/pesto bowl that can move back and forth
and side to side.e.g. Finger Joints
Wrist Joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS• Triaxial – Joints that move in three
directions
Ball and Socket – Shaped like and egg in a cup, they can move back and forth, side to side, and round-and-round
e.g. Shoulder JointHip Joint
DESCRIBING MOVEMENT• Movement is described by looking at the way the
joints are positioned when a movement occurs.
• The main joints involved in movement are the Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist (in the upper body), and the Hip, Knee, and ankle (in the lower body).
When the muscle pullon the bones that surround these joints, movement occurs.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular
MotionFLEXION – to reduce the
angle between the two bones
EXTENSION – to increase the angle between the two bones
HYPEREXTENSION – to increase the angle further than the normal position
ABDUCTION (ab, from)– To move away from the longitudinal axis of the body
(normal standing position)
ADDUCTION (ad, to)– to move back toward the normal position
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular Motion
CIRCUMDUCTION – to draw a large circle
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Angular Motion
ROTATION – to turn around an axis. It may be:
- Left or Right- Inward or Outward
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Rotational
Motion
PRONATION – turns the wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back
SUPINATION – turns the wrist and hand from palm facing back to palm facing front
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Rotational
Motion
INVERSION – to twist the foot inward (side to side)
EVERSION – to twist the foot outward
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Special
Movement
DORSIFLEXION – to lift the foot and flex at the ankle joint i.e. when you dig your heel
PLANTAR FLEXION – to point your foot and extend your ankle joint i.e. plant your foot on the accelerator
TYPES OF MOVEMENT – Special
Movement
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
CarpalsMetacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Sacrum
TarsalsMetatarsals
Phalanges
SkullClavicle
Sternum
Scapula
Ribs
Vertebrae
FemurPatella
Tibia
Fibula
SKELETAL SYSTEM - Practice
MUSCULAR SYSTEM - Practice
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5
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7
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MUSCULAR SYSTEMDeltoidsTricep
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius
Trapezius
Pectoral
Bicep
Abdominals
Quadricep
MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTS• When we break movements down, we can
think about which movement happens at each Joint.
• We can also think about how many different directions they can travel in.
• These directions include:Direction 1: Forward and
BackwardDirection 2: Side to SideDirection 3: Around (circle or
rotation)
MOVEMENT • Forward and Backward movement is known as Flexion and Extension
• Side to side movement is known as Abduction and Adduction
• Around movement is known as Circumduction OR Rotation.
MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTSJoint Number of
Directions it moves (1,2,3)
Type of Movement (Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation)
Wrist
Elbow
Shoulder
Hip
Knee
Ankle
MUSCLE PAIRS• When muscles create movement they must work
in pairs for this to happen. Impulses from nerves cause muscles fibers to contract (muscle contraction). This causes the muscles to become shorter and thicker. This causes the bone to move.
• For this to happen, the opposite muscle must relax to allow for this movement. This causes this muscle to become longer and thinner.
• For the muscle to return to its normal position, these pairs swap over.
The muscle contracting and causing the movement is called the Agonist.
The relaxed muscle that allows the movement to occur is called the Antagonist.
The End