creating learning environments for native hawaiian and ... · creating learning environments for...
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CreatingLearningEnvironmentsforNativeHawaiianandotherIndigenousStudents
Preparedforpresentationatthe2017AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation’sTeachingandLearningConference
February9-11,LongBeach,CaliforniaTrack:InclusiveClassroom
Dr.LorindaRileyUniversityofHawai‘i,WestO‘ahu
Note:Thispaperisindraftformandmaycontaingapsandunrefinedportions.Theauthorwelcomesconstructivecriticismandsuggestionstoimprovethepaper.
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Abstract
As indigenous governing entities expand their political and administrative reach, more
indigenous students will be seeking out degrees in public administration. While many indigenous
students opt to stay close to their home many still expect to travel to attend college (Thomas, et
al., 2012). Public administration programs should recognize the trend in indigenous governance
growth and adjust their curriculum to include this developing sector. When we start with
indigenous students’ valuesand incorporate their values into the curriculum, assessment,
andenvironmentweseestudentsthrive.
Creating valuable learning environments for indigenous students is not a zero sum
proposition. Rather, such an environment can prepare both indigenous and non-indigenous
students to effectively understand and respect issues related to indigenous people. The
overarching result will be the development of students who will be better prepared to create
strong and inclusive policies when dealing with indigenous issues.
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IntroductionandRoadmap
Thispaperexploreshowinstitutionsofhighereducation,programsofstudy,andindividual
coursescancreatelearningenvironmentswhereNativeHawaiianandotherindigenous
studentscanthrive.BasedondiscussionsandpracticesattheUniversityofHawai‘i,West
O‘ahu(UHWO)thispaperbreaksdownhowutilizingavaluedcenteredapproachto
influencecurriculumdevelopment,assessmentcreation,andholisticsupportenvironment
willleadtothecreationofalearningenvironmentthatisparticularlywellsuitedtowards
NativeHawaiianandotherindigenousstudents.
UHWOdevelopedoutoftheuniquesocialandgeographicaldistinctionsbetween
O‘ahu’sWestsideandEastside.Thehighcostoflivingassociatedwiththemostpopulous
islandofHawai‘iiseversoslightlyalleviatedontheWestside,whichresultedinadramatic
demographicshiftinlivingtotheWestsideoverthelast30years(Murakami,2013).Jobs,
however,stayedinHonoluluandcommutetimesaretypicallytwohourseachwayduring
rushhour.Students,however,notwantingtobravetheroadsforhighereducation
demandedmoreoptionsontheWestside,whichgavebirthtoUHWO.
ThedemographicsofUHWOaresimilartootherUniversityofHawai‘iinstitutions,
butalsostandoutinseveralways.ThedemographicsoftheWestsideoverallplaysalarge
partinthesedifferences.First,UHWOhasthehigherpercentageofNativeHawaiian
studentsandstudentsofotherPacificIslanderdescentat26.9%(UHWO,2015).In
addition,inpartduetothecloseproximityofmilitaryinstallations,UHWOservicesahigh
percentageofmilitary,veterans,andmilitaryspouses.Finally,UHWOhasalargenumberof
firstgenerationcollegestudents.Thesestudents,whilehighlymotivated,moreoftenlack
theresourcestothriveinaWesternpedagogicalmodel.
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NativeHawaiiansmakeupapproximately21%ofthestatepopulation(Goo,2015).
WithsuchalargerepresentationtheUniversityofHawai‘iSystemoutlinedintheUHSystem
StrategicDirections,2015-2021aplantobecometheforemostindigenousserving
institutionofhighereducation.UHWOhastakenthisgoaltoheartandencouragedtheuse
ofstudentcenteredlearning.Theexperiencesdetailedarebasedonteachingstrategies
utilizedinPublicAdministrationcoursesandondevelopmentalexcursions.
Thispaperwillfirstplacetheimportanceofcreatingindigenouslearning
environmentsintocontext,thenmovetoadiscussionofindigenousvalues.Indigenous
valuesmustbeatthecenterofanysuccessfulindigenouslearningenvironment.Nextthe
paperwilldiscussmethodsofinfusingindigenousvaluesintothecurricula.Before
concludingwiththeimportanceofawraparoundsupportsystem,thepaperwillexplore
typesofassessmentsthatcanbeutilizedthatarebasedonindigenousvalues.Whenwe
startwithindigenousstudents’valuesandincorporatetheirvaluesintothecurriculum,
assessment,andenvironmentweseestudentsthrive.
Relevance
Thelate20thCenturytopresenthasseenaperiodofrevitalizationamongNativeAmerican
tribesandNativeHawaiianOrganizations(NHO).Manytribeshavebeenabletocapitalize
ongamingandothereconomicdevelopmentopportunitiessupportedbyapolicyeraof
self-determinationtoimproveconditionsontheirreservations.Tribes,suchastheCitizen
PotawatomieNation,havealsobeenabletoreachbeyondtheirjurisdictionalboundaries
andsupporttheirurbancitizensaswell(HarvardProjectonAmericanIndianEconomic
Development,2008).WhileNativeHawaiiansdonothavethesamepoliticalstatusas
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federallyrecognizedtribestheyhavebeenabletouselandsretainedfromcolonizationas
leveragetoamassseveralwell-endowedtruststhatfocusonthebettermentofNative
Hawaiians.Inpartbecauseofthisperiodofeconomicgrowth,aninterestinnationbuilding
hassurfaced.Thestudyofindigenousnationbuildingexploreshowindigenousnationscan
improvetheirgovernancesystemtobetterreflecttheirvaluesand,inturn,becomemore
efficient,moreproficient,andmorelegitimateintheeyesofthecitizenry.
Institutionsofhighereducationplayakeyroleinnationbuilding.Thesenations
andNHOsneededucatedemployeeswhounderstandtheindigenousconceptsandareable
tocompetentlyprovideservicestothepeople.AccordingtoBrayboy,thenationbuilding
theoryallowsindigenousstudentstoconceptualizetheirrelationshipwithhigher
education.Ratherthananinstitutionthatwasintendedtoextinguishnativecultureand
assimilatethemintoAmericansociety,nowtheycanvieweducationasamechanismto
furthertribalsovereignty,engageincapacitybuilding,andimprovetheircommunities
(Brayboy,etal.,2012).
Unfortunately,whilecollegeattendancerateshaverisenacrosstheboard,therates
forindigenousstudentshavenotbeenkeepingupwithothertypesofstudents(Hokoana,
2010;Drywater-Whitekiller,2010).Althoughitisnotclearwhatbarriersarepreventing
indigenousstudentsfromattendinghighereducation,whatisclearisthatwithlower
attendanceratesitbecomesmoreimportanttoretainthosestudentswhodoattend.
However,historically,collegeretentionratesforindigenousstudentshavebeenlessthan
stellar(Bingham,etal.2014,Guillory&Wolverton,2008).Byfocusingoureffortson
creatinglearningenvironmentsthatembraceNativeHawaiianandotherindigenous
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students,weacknowledgesthesestarknumbersandbegintoaddressesthisdeficitwith
methodsthatcanbeinsertedintoanyclassorprogram.
IndigenousValues–TheValueProposition
Beforewecanaddresstheissueofhowtocreatelearningenvironmentsthatsupport
indigenousstudentsweneedtoexploretheuniquetraitsthatmanyindigenousstudents
bringtothehighereducationexperience.Whileindigenousstudentsareasdiverseasother
studentstherearecertainsimilaritiesthatcanbeseenacrossmanyindigenous
communities(Cajete,1999).Thegoalhereisnottogeneralizethesestudentstothepoint
wheretheyformamonolithicentity,butrathertodiscusscertainvaluesthatmany
indigenouspeoplehavepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationregardlessofwhether
theyhavemaintainedtiestotheirhomelandorrelocatedtoanotherarea.
Thefollowingvaluesofcommunity,land,andobservationshouldformthe
foundationofthelearningenvironment.Understandingtheseindigenousvalueswillguide
theeducatorintheprocessofinfusingthecurriculawithculturallyrelevantteaching
strategies.Thesevaluesshouldbeatthecoreofpoliciesandprogramsaimedatindigenous
studentretention.Buildingthecurriculumandassessmentsoutfromthesevalueswill
createalearningenvironmentwhereNativeHawaiiansandotherindigenousstudents
succeed.
Whenaskedindigenousstudentsoftencitefamilyandcommunityasthereasonthey
attendcollege.Thesestudentsaremotivatedbyadesiretogivebacktotheircommunity
(Drywater-Whitekiller,2010;Guillory&Wolverton,2008).Whilenotuniversalmany
indigenousstudentsintendtoreturntotheircommunityandservetheirnationoraNHO.
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Institutionsshouldrecognizethisvalueindigenousstudentsplaceoncommunityservice
andfindwaystoconnectthecurriculatoindigenousstudents’goals.Thiswillnotonly
makethematerialmorerelevant,butitisalsoakeymotivatorforindigenouspersistencein
highereducation(Guillory&Wolverton,2008).
Indigenouspeople,especiallythosethatliveonorneartheirtraditionalhomelands,
valuetheirconnectiontotheland.Muchofindigenouscultureisshapedbylandgiventhe
resourcesthatitprovidesforthecommunity.Infact,creationstoriesoftenstartwiththe
creationofthelandandthenthepeople(Trinidad,2013).Indigenousstudentsrecognize
thathealthylandsystemsareneededtosustainapeople.Infact,‘āinaorlandinHawaiianis
literallytranslatedas“thatwhichfeedsus”(Blaich,2003).Respectingandprotectingthe
landisathemethatcanbeusedtobuildacommunityofindigenousstudentsandtoconnect
themwiththelargereducationalenvironment.Mālama‘ainaortocareforthelandisa
conceptweusetonotonlyvalidatetheindigenousperspective,butsharethatvaluewith
non-indigenouspeoples(Trinidad,2009).
Onecomponentofthevalueoflandtoindigenouspeopleistheimportanceofplace
(Johnson,2010).Place-basedlearningor‘āina-basedlearninghasgainedmomentumin
recentyears.GeorgeKanahelesummedupthisconnectionbest,“Ifwearetobetruly
consistentwithtraditionalHawaiianthrough,noonereallyownedthelandinthepast...
Therelationshipwastheotherwayaround:apersonbelongedtotheland”(Kanahele,1986,
p.208).‘Āinabasedlearningseekstocapitalizeonthisdeep-seatedconnectiontoplacein
ordertoprovideopeningsforindigenouscenteredlearning.Thisoftenworksbestfor
studentswhohaveanintimateconnectionwiththelandthatyouvisit,butithasaprofound
impactonmanystudentsnewtotheislandsaswell.Asanindigenouswaysofknowing,
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placebasedlearningreinforcesthevalueoftheindigenousculturetoindigenousstudents
(Blaich,2003).
Finally,manyindigenouscommunitiesimpartknowledgetothenextgeneration
throughobservation.Ineffecteldersencourageindigenousyouthtoobserveandmimic
(Benham&Heck,2013;Lemus,etal.,2014).Becauseofthevalueplacedonobservationit
canbechallengingforindigenousstudentstotransitiontoalearningenvironmentthat
emphasizesatrialanderrorstyleoflearning(Morgan, 2009). Designing classroom activities
to employ the value of observation can increase indigenous students’ comfort with a more
Western model of higher education. By developing a learning environment where indigenous
values anchors the curriculum creates a value proposition that will appeal and retain indigenous
students.
Curriculum
IncorporatingIndigenousWaysofKnowing
Keepingcoursecontentfreshrequiresconstanteffort.Recentlymuchdiscussioninhigher
educationteachingstrategieshasrevolvedaroundtherolethattechnologycanplayinthe
classroom(McCormick,etal.,2013;Heitink,etal.,2016;Morgan,2014).Educatorshave
usedtechnologytoincreasestudentengagementandreachabroadarrayofstudents.An
equallyimportantmovementamongindigenouseducatorsisreturningeducationtothe
land(Price,2016;Reilly,2011;Sheuerman,etal.,2010).Incorporatingindigenouswaysof
knowingmayseemdauntingatfirst,butinrealitynon-indigenouseducatorscan
incorporateplacedbasedlearning,interdisciplinaryapproaches,andindigenousvoiceinto
theircurriculumquiteeasily.
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Traditionally,indigenouspeoplesurvivedofftheland.Manyindigenousstudents
stillcarryastrongfamilytraditionofhunting,fishing,andgathering.Wecaneasilyseehow
the‘āinacansustainandnourishourbodies.Byincorporatingplace-basedlearningweare
openingupaspaceforthe‘āinatounlockknowledgethatwilleducatethemind.
Incorporatingplacebasededucationintothecurriculahasprovenusefulinsparkingthe
interestsofindigenousstudents,especiallythosethathavedifficultyseeinghowpublic
administrationplaysaroleintheirlives.
Linkingindigenousknowledgetomodernmaterialsisonewaytoengageindigenous
students.WhenvisitingalocalarchaeologicalsiteatPalehuawewereexposedtoa
groupingofstonessetjustbesidealargemarketorgatheringplace.Thisgroupingis
arrangedsothatthestonesarespacedapproximatelyfivefeetapartandaretheheightofa
lowchair.Thestonesareangledtofacethreelargestonesthatareupaslightinclinefrom
therestofthegrouping.Havingstudentssitinthesestonesandshareobservationsofthe
areaonebyoneuntilfinallythestudentsseatedatthegroupingofthreestonesbeginto
speak.Instantlystudentsnoticehowtheirvoicesnaturallycarryacrossthespace,butyet
arenotsostrongastoflowoutsideofthegrouping.Indigenouspeopleoftendescribefeeling
chillsastheyrealizethatthiswasaspacewhereindigenousleadersoflongagosatto
discusscommunitypolitics.Knowingthattheirancestorshadplacesthatservedthesame
functionasthehallsofCongressinstillsprideinthestudentsandconnectstheirancestors’
actionsforwardtomodernpoliticaldiscussions.
Incorporatingtheseindigenouswaysofknowingisonewaytoinsertafresh
perspectiveintothecurriculumwhilesimultaneouslywelcomingindigenousstudents.
IndigenouswaysofinquirytendtobemoreholisticthanWesternparadigms(Hart, 2010;
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Barnhart & Kawgley, 2005). As a result, an interdisciplinary approach is warranted. Public
administration and political science educators should mine fields such as Native American
Studies or Indigenous Studies and law to find materials that provide the indigenous perspective on
their topic. For example, the legal field has been at the forefront of indigenous policy research and
educators can find a plethora of law review articles on various indigenous policy, case law, and
governance concepts. A recent law review article in the American Indian Law Journal provides a
comparative analysis of the socio-political economies of Native nations, which could be
juxtaposed with the state economy (Guedel, 2017).
Indigenous voice is also a key component of indigenous ways of knowing. Non-
indigenous instructors can still provide this indigenous voice in a variety of ways. Ideally,
educatorscanincorporateguestspeakersintotheircurricula.While,itistruethatnotall
highereducationinstitutionsarelocatednearindigenouscommunities,federalpoliciesand
pooreconomicopportunitieshavesupportedthegrowthofaNativeAmericanandNative
Hawaiiandiaspora,whicheducatorscantakeadvantageof.Mosturbancentershaveapan-
Indiancenterwheremanyindigenouspeoplecongregate.Establishingarelationshipwith
suchagrouporalocalreservation,ifoneisnearby,willdevelopadeepguestlecturerpool.
Ingeneral,indigenouspeopleenjoysharingtheircultureanddiscussingtheirperspectives
onissues.1
Developingarelationshipwiththelocalindigenouscommunityisalsobeneficialin
thatitmayopenupinternshipopportunitiesforstudents.Tribalnations,eventhosewith
healthyeconomies,oftenlackresourcesandhumancapacity.Effectivelyrunninga
governmentisstaggeringlyexpensive,andmanynationsarelikelywillingtoplacestudents1Althoughindigenousguestspeakersareoftenmorethanhappytosharetheirknowledge,providingamodesthonorariaorreimbursementisappreciated.
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ingovernmentinternshipsorclerkshipswheretheywillbefurtherexposedtonew
perspectivesanddifferingmodelsofgovernance.
Assigning indigenous authors is another way to provide an indigenous perspective and
also serves as an inspiration to indigenous students. Indigenous authors and scholars exists in
nearly every field and can provide role models for indigenous students as well as reiterate the
place of indigenous people in modern society. In addition, using indigenous focused case studies
and examples can expose students to new perspectives. These case studies are valuable because
they bring indigenous politics and governance into the modern era and highlight the diversity of
indigenous people. In a recent course on Administrative Decision Making I utilized a labor
relations case study involving the Mashantucket Pequot Nation and the United Auto Workers
union. The case guided the students through the collective bargaining process and culminated in
the first collective bargaining agreement negotiated under tribal law, which protected the nation’s
sovereignty while allowing the workers to unionize.
Online databases such as the Electronic Hallway hosted by the Evans School of Public
Policy and Governance and the Enduring Legacies: Native Case Studies hosted by Evergreen
State College house indigenous case studies for public administration and political science. These
case studies are accompanied by teaching notes that provide instructors with additional
background materials to facilitate student discussion. Along the same lines educators can easily
find indigenous political figures and use them as leadership examples in lectures. For example,
when discussing leadership, I often include Wilma Mankiller and Winona LaDuke as examples of
politicians and community advocates. These figures have transcended the sometimes isolated
realm of indigenous politics to become well-respected national figures.
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Other forms of media such as videos can supplement readings or be interposed into
classroom lectures. One method that I’ve recently incorporated is to share excerpts from poetry
or spoken word written or performed by indigenous authors. I have students break into groups to
discuss its relevance to governance. For example, when covering policy-making and interest
groups in recent class I shared a spoken word piece by Winona Linn (excerpt follows):
HecameuptomeafterashowandcallmeaknockoffPocahontas
AndIwantedtotellhimthattoinsultmeaccuratelyheshouldhaveatleastpickedtherightrace
CuzPocahontaswasPowhatanandIamMeskwaki
ButIknewhewouldn’tknowthedifference......Andcouldonlyresort
tocallingmeoutonthecolorofmyskinBecausemyskindidn’tmatch
withhisperceptionofIndianAndmyhairwasonlyblack
duringmyEmophaseinhighschoolAndneverhighlightedwith
thecolorsofthewind...orwhatever...Iwantedtotellhim...(Linn,2013).
Thispoemisusedasapromptforstudentstodiscusshowidentitypolitics,interestgroups,
media,publicadministratorsallplayaroleinshapingperceptionandhowthese
perceptionsinfluencegovernanceandpolitics.Studentsappreciatethisexerciseasthey
identifywiththespeakerandareabletousetheircriticalthinkingskillstolinktheir
experiencestopotentialpolicydecisions.
UtilizingIndigenousBasedAssessments
Theindigenousvalueoflearningthroughobservationandmimicrylendsitselfto
assessmentthroughhands-onpractice.Assignmentsthatallowstudentstopracticeskills
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thattheywillutilizeintheircareersallowstudentstodeveloptheseskillsinasafe
environment.Studentsarealsoabletoseehowtheassignmentimpactstheirlivesand
future.Foreachcasestudythatwegooverinmypublicadministrationclassesstudentsare
askedtodraftacasebriefthatoutlinestheproblem,thekeyplayers,theirunderlying
interests,andpossiblesolutions.Goingthroughthisexerciseforeachcasestudytrainsthe
studentsonhowtoapproachcomplexproblemsintheworkplace.Italsohelpsthem
understandthepowerofbrevityandclearlyarticulatedpositions.Onekeyelementwhen
developingnewassignmentsistomakesurethattherearetemplatesandsamplessothat
studentsareabletoobserveandmimicpriortotakingaction.
AnotherassignmentthatIhavestudentsundertakeinanindigenousgovernance
classistoreviewaconstitutionfromanindigenousnation.Thestudentsselectfroma
prescreenedlistofconstitutionsandusetheprinciplesofnationbuildingthatwegooverin
classtoproviderecommendationsforrevisionstotheconstitution.Thisassignment
requiresstudentstohaveenoughfamiliaritywiththeindigenouscommunitywhose
constitutiontheyarereviewingthattheyareabletodeterminewhatisculturally
appropriateforthenation.Theyalsomustbeabletoapplytheprincipleslearned
throughoutthecoursetoanactualconstitution.Studentshavefoundthishelpfuland
severalindigenousstudentshaveremarkedthattheirnationwasconsideringa
constitutionalrevision,andnowtheyfeltbetterabletounderstandtheimportanceandthe
process.
Thevalueofcommunityimportancelendsitselftoapropensityforteamorgroup
assignments.AsaresultIincorporategroupassignmentsanddiscussionsinmostofmy
courses.Fullclassdiscussionsoftenintimidatestudents,especiallyfirstgenerationcollege
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students.Smallerdiscussiongroupsallowthemtosafelyexploreconceptsbefore
reconveninginalargergroupenvironment.Indigenousstudentsarefamiliarworking
togethertoachieveacommongoalandcantakemoreofaleadershiproleinthesetypesof
configurations.Teambasedworkingenvironmentsarecommonintheworkforceand
includingthisskillsetinstudentassessmentensuresthatallstudentsareabletoproduce
outcomeswhentheyleavetheuniversity.
Incorporatingaservicecomponenttoassessmentallowsindigenousstudentsto
fulfilltheirvalueofcommunityservice.Regardlessofwhetherindigenousstudentsarenear
theirhomelandsornottheytendtoappreciateserviceprojectsforfulfillingtheirdesireof
givingbacktothecommunityand/orcaringfortheland.Thisisbecauseevenifstudentsdo
nottracetheirancestrytothatparticularlandtheystillrecognizetheimportanceofmālama
‘āinaorcaringfortheland.Sharedworkatthebeginningofthesemesteralsoservesto
createacommunityamongyourclasses.
Itisnotalwayspossibletoconduct‘āina-basedlearningandinthosecases
incorporatingacommunityorientedassignmentcanservemanyofthesamegoals.One
exampleofacommunityorientedassignmentistohavestudentsworkwithacommunity
organizationonaprojectthattheorganizationandtheinstructoragreesupon.After
developingrelationshipswithcommunitygroupsthatareinneedofassistance,educators
canbreakstudentsintogroupsandhavethemcompleteaprojectfortheorganization.For
example,acommunitygroupmayneedassistancedevelopingaplanforintergovernmental
relationswithastateagencyordraftingtestimonyforlegislationcomingbeforethe
legislature.Developingtheserelationshipscantaketime,butthistypeofcommunity
orientedassessmentwillgivestudentsvaluableskills,astrongerresume,andexperience
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workingwithothers.Furthermore,theinstitutionandprogramisalsoabletohighlightthe
valueitbringstothecommunity.
HolisticEnvironment
CreatingalearningenvironmentthatembracesNativeHawaiianandotherindigenous
studentsstartsintheclassroom,butshouldexpandacrosstheprogramandlarger
institutionaswell.Highereducationinstitutionshavearesponsibilitytocreate
environmentswhereallstudentsflourish.Todosoinstitutionsneedtofocusonthreekey
elements:settingboundaries,removingdistractions,andbuildingpartnerships.
Settingboundaries
Whileismayseemobviousitisnonethelessimportanttostatethatinstitutionshave
aresponsibilitytonotonlyencourageexplorationanddiscussion,butalsosetappropriate
boundaries.Institutionsshouldencourageeducatorstoexplorecontroversialissuesandto
allowforthesharingofavarietyofperspectives.However,asolidlinemustbedrawnwhen
commentsslipintostereotypingandracism.Likewiseinstructorsshouldfeelcomfortable
challengingthesecommentsknowingthattheirinstitutionsupportsthem.Incorporatinga
policyormissionthattheinstitutionencouragesinclusiverespectfulstudentengagement
supportsthevalueofcommunityandplace.
Creatingboundariesbuiltaroundrespectallowsstudentstoopenlyengagein
dialogue.Inmanycasesnon-indigenousstudentsmaybeignoranttotheindigenous
perspective,butitshouldnotbelefttoindigenousstudentstoeducatethem(Field,2017).
Theinstructormuststepintocorrectmisperceptions.Focusingoncreatingaclassroom
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communityfurtherreinforcestheideathatstudentshavearesponsibilitytotreateachother
inarespectfulmanner.Providingopportunitiesforstudentstoengageinvariedsmall
groupsassistsinensuringthatallstudentsareinteractingwitheachotherandbenefitting
fromeachother’suniquebackground.
Removingdistractions
Indigenousstudentsoftenreachhighereducationfilledwithexcitementand
concerns.Thoseinstitutionsmostsuccessfulatretainingthesestudentsaretheonesthat
arebestabletoremovethesedistractionsandallowindigenousstudentstofocuson
academics.Oneofthebiggestconcernsformanyindigenousstudentsisfinancial(Tierney,
etal.,2007;Serra,2003).Theabilitytomeetfinancialneedaswellasprovideassistanceto
studentswhoneedhelpnavigatingthefinancialaidsystemplaysasignificantrolein
retention.
DevelopingrelationshipswithnationalprogramssuchasCollegeHorizons,a
nonprofitthatsupportsindigenousstudentsbyhostingworkshopstopreparethemforthe
collegeapplicationprocess.CollegeHorizonsalsosupportssoon-to-becollegestudentsby
helpingtofillthegapintheirabilitytohandlecollegelevelcoursework.Programssuchas
thesehelpidentifyandprepareindigenousstudentsincludinghelpingthemselectthebest
packagethatwillsupporttheiracademicsuccess(Keene,2016).
Inaddition,someinstitutionshaveNativeAmericanorNativeHawaiianStudent
Centersthatserveasanon-campuscommunityandmeetingspaceforthesestudents.
Thesecentersareabletoquicklynavigatefinancialaidissuesandotherissuesindigenous
studentsfrequentlyface.Forexample,ensuringthatindigenousstudentsmeetwithstudent
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services,counselors,andothersupportserviceswillhelpensurethattheinstitutionis
awareofstudentneeds(Rousey&Longie,2001).ManystudentsatUHWOareprimary
caretakersforyoungchildren.Althoughwedonothaveon-campuschildcareservices
studentparentsoftenhelpeachothercareforchildrenwhiletheirparentsareinclass.In
institutionsthatarenotlargeenoughtosupportastand-alonecentershouldencourage
interestedinstructorstohelporganizeanindigenousstudentgroup.Studentgroupscan
helpbuildconnectionsbetweenstudentsindiversedisciplinesandrefocusstruggling
studentstomeetacommongoal.
Anotherdistractionthatmanyindigenousstudentsvoiceisfeelingasiftheymust
speakfortheirtribeor,insomecases,forallindigenouspeople(Cajete,1999).Itisoften
counter-culturaltospeakforanothergroup,butstudentsareoftenaskedinclasstoprovide
the“indigenous”perspectivebyotherstudentsandeventheinstructor.Thisputs
unnecessarypressureonindigenousstudents.Inothercasesindigenousstudentsfeela
responsibilitytosharetheircommunity’sperspectivebecauseitdoesnotexistinthecourse
otherwise.Inbothcases,instructorshavearoletoplayinensuringthatnounduepressure
isplacedonindigenousstudentsandthatonlythosewhowishtosharetheirperspectivedo.
Onewaytoaccomplishthisistoinfuseotherindigenousvoicesinthecurriculum,whichwill
alleviatethegapthatthesestudentsfeelobligatedtofill.
Buildingpartnerships
Buildingpartnershipswiththelocalindigenouscommunityandotherindigenous
organizationssupportsaninclusiveenvironmentforindigenousstudentsoncampus.These
partnershipscanbethesourceofguestlectures,brownbags,serviceopportunities,
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internships,mentors,andfuturejobs.Developingadiversearrayofthesepartnerships
signalstoindigenousstudentsthattheinstitutionunderstandsthecommunityandcares
abouttheirsuccess.
Infact,thesepartnershipsdonotjustbenefitindigenousstudents.Theybenefitall
studentssincenon-indigenousstudentswillalsobeexposedtotheseperspectives.This
providesyetanotherwayfornon-indigenousstudentstohavemeaningfulexperienceswith
anindigenouspopulationandbetterunderstandtheirissues.Asindigenouspeopleare
becomingmoresavvyinbringingtheirissuesforward,we’veseeintergovernmental
relationsstrengtheninginareassuchasbetweentribesandlandmanagementagencies,
cross-deputizationagreementsbetweentribalandlocallawenforcement,andamongtribal,
private,andpublicutilities,justtonameafew.Manystudentswhoenterpoliticsorpublic
administrationwillhavetoworkonissuesthatintersectwithindigenouspeople.Having
experienceexploringindigenousissuesinasafelearningenvironmentwilllikelyimprove
theirfutureperformancewhenconfrontedwiththeseissues.
Conclusion
NativeHawaiianandotherindigenousstudentsdeservetoenterhighereducationwiththe
samechancesofsuccess.Creatinglearningenvironmentsthatsupportthesestudentslevels
theplayingfieldastheytransitiontohighereducationinaprocessthatsomehave
describedashavingto“learnanewculture”(Bingham,etal.,2014).Institutionsofhigher
educationhavearoletoplayinsupportingindigenousstudents.Doingsowillnotonly
improveindigenousstudentretentionrates,butwillbenefittheentirecampusbyproviding
adifferentperspectivetoeducation.
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Incorporatingindigenouswaysofknowingthroughaddingindigenousvoices
whetherwrittenororalanddevelopingrelationshipswiththecommunitytofosterapoolof
guestspeakerswillbenefitallstudents.Utilizingcommunityorientedassessmentsand
otherindigenousassessmentmethods,likewise,reinforcesthevalueofindigenous
communitiestotheprogram.Italsostretchesnon-indigenousstudentsandexposesthem
todifferentmethodsofassessment.Thesetwoprinciplesguidedbytheindigenousvalues
ofcommunity,land,andobservationcreatethefoundationofasupportiveindigenous
learningenvironment.
PublicadministrationprogramsshouldembraceNativeHawaiianandother
indigenousstudents.NativenationsinhabitadistinctspaceinAmericangovernance.To
date,thesedomesticdependentnationshavereceivedlittleattentionintraditionalpolitical
scienceandpublicadministrationcurricula.However,withtheexpansionofmanynative
nationsandsomebecomingregionaleconomicpowerhousesitwouldbehooveprogramsto
integrateindigenousgovernanceintothecurriculum.
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