Created by

Mr. E. D, S.Pd, S.Si

darma_erick77@yahoo.com

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

• The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen

– Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey

– Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood

Surviving in Thin Air

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

1 Breathing

2 Transportof gases bythe circulatorysystem

3 Servicing ofcells withinthe bodytissues

Lung

O2

CO2

Circulatorysystem

Capillary

Cell

CO2

O2

Mitochondria

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

• Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas

– Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere

– Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen

– They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygen-rich blood to tissues and muscles

Siklus Krebs

Berlangsung di matriks mitokondria

Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

Alat respirasi

• Hidung

• Laring

• Trakea

• Bronkus

• Paru-paru

• Smoking causes lung cancer and

contributes to heart disease

• Smoking also causes emphysema

– Cigarette smoke makes alveoli brittle, causing them to rupture

– This reduces thelungs’ capacity for gas exchange

Glotis dan epiglotis pada alat

respirasi manusia.

Bagian paru-paru manusia.

KLIK

Mekanisme Pernapasan

Mekanisme pernapasan dada. Mekanisme pernapasan perut.

Bisa klik-bisa tidak klik

Volume dan Kapasitas Paru-paru

Kapasitas paru-paru

• Kapasitas inspirasi

• Kapasitas residu fungsional

• Kapasitas vital

• Kapasitas paru-paru total

Volume paru-paru

• Volume tidal

• Volume cadangan inspirasi

• Volume cadangan ekspirasi

• Volume residu

Frekuensi Pernapasan

Frekuensi pernapasan dipengaruhi oleh:

• Umur

• Jenis kelamin

• Suhu tubuh

• Posisi tubuh

Mekanisme Pertukaran

Oksigen dan Karbon

dioksida

Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan hemoglobin.

• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells

– It carries most of the oxygen in the blood

Heme

group

Iron

atom

Polypeptide chain

O2 loaded

in lungs

O2 unloaded

in tissues

O2

O2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

• Breathing control centers are located in the pons and medulla of the brain

– These automatic controls keep breathing in tune with body needs

Breathing is automatically controlled

• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood

rises, lowering the blood pH

– This triggers a cascade of events

Brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROL

CENTERS—stimulated by:

CO2 increase / pH decrease

in blood

Nerve signal

indicating low

O2 level

O2 sensor

in artery

Pons

Medulla

Nerve signals

trigger

contraction

of muscles

Diaphragm

Rib muscles

Pernafasan

• Aerob

• Anaerob

Kelainan dan Penyakit pada Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

• Faringitis

• Pneumonia

• Emfisema paru-paru

• Asma

• Dipteri

• Asfiksi

• TBC

• Hipoksia

• Asidosis

• Sianosis

Sistem Pernapasan Hewan

Sistem Pernapasan Porifera

Pada Porifera, oksigen masuk secara difusi melalui sel-sel permukaan

tubuhnya.

Sistem Pernapasan Coelenterata

Pada Coelenterata, oksigen masuk

secara difusi melalui sel-sel

permukaan tubuh dan melalui alat

bantu berupa sifonoglifa.

• Some animals use their entire skin as a gas-

exchange organ– Example: earthworms

Cut

Cross section

of respiratory

surface (the

skin covering

the body)

Capillaries

CO2

O2

Earthworms

Sistem Pernapasan Serangga

Pada serangga, pertukaran gas

dari jaringan dengan udara

dilakukan dengan menggunakan

sistem pembuluh trakea.

Sistem pembuluh trakea pada serangga.

– Tracheae in

insects

Body cells

(no capillaries)

Respiratory

surface

(tracheae)

Body surface

Air sacs

Opening

for air

Tracheae

Body

cell

Tracheole Air

sac

Trachea

AirBody wall

Sistem Pernapasan Ikan

Pada ikan, proses

respirasi dilakukan

dengan menggunakan

insang.

Struktur insang pada ikan dan aliran air yang masuk

ke insang.

• In most animals, specialized body parts

carry out gas exchange

– Gills in fish

CapillariesCO2

O2

Respiratory

surface

(gill)

Body surface

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings

• Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction opposite to water flow

– This countercurrent maintains a diffusion gradient that maximizes the uptake of O2

22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O2

transfer

Blood flow

through

lamellae

Water flow

over

lamellae

Sistem Pernapasan Katak

Pada katak, proses

respirasi dilakukan dengan

menggunakan paru-paru.

Mekanisme respirasi katak.

Sistem Pernapasan Reptil

Pada reptil, proses respirasi

dilakukan dengan menggunakan

paru-paru.

Sistem Pernapasan Burung

Pada burung, proses respirasi

dilakukan dengan menggunakan

paru-paru.

Fase inspirasi dan ekspirasi pada

respirasi burung.