CPR

It is important to understand that while you will learn about CPR and First Aid in this unit, it DOES NOT MEAN you are trained in it. That must come from a qualified teacher. Please do not use this unit to justify you being able to save someone's life

FIRST AID,EMERGENCY CARE

ANDCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

• Assume that all blood, semen, vaginal secretions and synovial fluids are potentially infectious

• Tears, nasal secretions, saliva, sweat, urine, feces & vomit not infectious unless contain visible blood

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

• Barriers:• Gloves, mask, eye protection

• Sterile techniques• Hand washing• Disposal of needles • Biohazard disposal of waste

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

• Hepatitis B (Hep-B)• Very strong virus, highly contagious• Vaccinations available

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)• Not as strong of a virus• Magic Johnson, Greg Luganis

EQUIPMENT

• Spine Board

• Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)

• Stretcher

• Splints

• First Aid Supplies

ROLES OF THE EMS TEAM PERSONNEL

• First Responder• What is their duty?

• Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)• Most commonly assoc. with ambulance calls• Often first to arrive at the scene• Limitations?

• Paramedic (EMT-P)• Most advanced training in ALS care

• Emergency Room Physician• Medical director of the EMS team

Checking an unresponsive person

• First check the scene- what does this mean?

• Check for responsiveness- “Tap shoulder, lightly shake person”

• Call 911

• Move person so that they are laying on back on a flat surface- when would you not do this??? Why???

• Open Airway

Open the Airway

• A: Airway• Head Tilt or Jaw Thrust

• B: Breathing• Look, Listen and Feel

• C: Circulation• Adult – Carotid Artery• Child – Brachial Artery• Check for bleeding

• Determine level of consciousness

EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

• Airway Management

• Pocket mask

• Bag-valve mask

• Supplemental oxygen

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR

• American Red Cross & American Heart Association

The Steps in CPR for ADULTS

• After determining CPR is needed these are the steps to follow:• Giving 30 chest compressions

• Hands need to be clasped together, arms straight, amount of force needs to make chest raise and fall

• 2 inches deep, about 100 compressions for 1 min

• 2 breathes• Tilt head back, pinch nostrils together• Make sure chest raises and falls with breathes

• Do not stop• Until more qualified care arrives• Someone takes over• You are too tired to continue

The Steps in CPR for Children/Infants

• After determining CPR is needed these are the steps to follow:• 2 breathes-Notice this is first

• Tilt head back, pinch nostrils together, for infant cover nose with mouth

• Make sure chest raises and falls with breathes

• Giving 30 chest compressions• Hands need to be clasped together, arms straight, amount of

force needs to make chest raise and fall• ½-1 inches deep, about 100 compressions for 1 min• For infants only use 2-3 fingers

• Do not stop• Until more qualified care arrives• Someone takes over• You are too tired to continue

More Detail about RESCUE BREATHING

Two slow, full breaths

• If chest doesn’t rise, retilt head• 1 breath every 5 seconds• After 1 minute, reassess pulse• Breathing devices

• Pocket masks

Checking a Responsive person

• Know they are breathing and have a pulse• They may still not be able to talk• May seem “asleep”

• Can tell you what happened or show you

• Secondary Survey• Attempt to find & control other problems or injuries

• Make sure to monitor person incase they become unresponsive

AED

AED Information

• What is an AED?• What type of people

does it work on?• What type of people

does it not work on?• When do you use it?

The Steps to working an AED

• Turn on the AED• Remove any barriers (clothing, jewelry, chest hair if needed,

undergarments)• Wipe chest dry• Place pads on person

• Pads have both pictures and words instructing you where to place

• Plug in connector and stand back• Machine will do all the work for you• Make sure no one is touching person or AED when it is

scanning• If needed AED will shock person

Choking Emergencies

CONSCIOUS CHOKING for Adults/ChildrenCANNOT COUGH, SPEAK OR BREATHE

1. Check the scene for safety

2. Ask the person for consent to help

3. Give 5 back blows, using the palm of your hand hitting between the shoulder blades

4. Give 5 abdominal thrusts- clasping your hands around their waist, making sure thumbs are turned upward

5. Continue until help arrives or person becomes unconscious

When do you call 911????

CONSCIOUS CHOKING for InfantsCANNOT COUGH, SPEAK OR BREATHE

• GIVE 5 BACK BLOWS• Give firm back blows with the heel of one hand between the

infant’s shoulder blades.

• GIVE 5 CHEST THRUSTS• Place two or three fingers in the center of the infant’s chest just

below the nipple line and compress the breastbone about 1½ inches.

• Continue sets of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts until the:• ■■ Object is forced out.• ■■ Infant can cough forcefully, cry or breathe.• ■■ Infant becomes unconscious.

UNCONSCIOUS CHOKINGCHEST DOES NOT RISE WITH RESCUE BREATHS

• Check scene for safety, check the person for responsiveness

• Call 911• Give 2 rescue breaths• Give 30 chest compressions• Check and sweep inside of mouth for foreign object• Continue until help arrives or person begins to breathe on

their own

Sudden Illness

Sudden Illness

Sudden Illness can occur in any individual At times difficult to determine exact illness

being experienced by the victim However, by knowing signs and symptoms

of major disorders you may be able to provide appropriate first aid

Obtain information from victim and look for identifying factors such as medical alert bracelets or necklaces or medical information cards

Diabetes

• Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the body can't use glucose (a type of sugar) normally.

• Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells. • The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a

hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. • Insulin helps glucose enter the cells.

• Type 1 Diabetes the pancreas does not make enough insulin

• Type 2 Diabetes body can't respond normally to the insulin that is made.

DIABETIC EMERGENCY

• Warning Signs

• Increase frequency of urination• Excessive thirst or hunger• Confused or intoxicated appearance• Irritability or aggressive behavior• Weakness and fatigue, faintness, seizure or coma

DIABETIC EMERGENCY

• Plan of Action• Stay with the person

• Give a high-sugar food or drink

• If does not respond within 5 minutes, medical emergency

Asthma

Chronic, inflammatory lung disease

Air passages narrow

Difficulty exhaling

Tends to resolve with age

What Triggers Asthma Attacks?

Respiratory tract infection

Extreme temperatures, especially cold

Strong odors, perfumes, dust, fumes, smoke, allergens, air pollution

Certain drugs (aspirin, beta blockers)

Exercise

Emotional stress

Signs of Asthma Attack

CoughingWheezing or whistling soundFlared nostrilsCyanosis (blue)Difficulty speakingBlue lips / fingertips

Asthma: What To DoSit in upright position, leaning slightly forward

Pursed lip breathing Inhaler or other medicationsMonitor ABC’s if necessary

Asthma: What To DoDetermine cause of attack - remove victim from causative environment

Abrupt change in outdoor temperature, dust, feathers, animals, tobacco smoke, paint, etc.

Keep conversations briefSeek medical attention if necessary

Allergic Reaction

• Itchy, water eyes and runny noses may not kill you, but in their most severe form, allergies can actually be fatal. Unfortunately, there is no way to tell how severe your response to an allergen may be until it occurs.

Signs and Symptoms• Difficulty breathing or swallowing• Dizziness or fainting• Flushed skin• Hives• Intense itching • Nausea or vomiting• Swollen tongue• Wheezing

Allergic Reaction

1. Treat Symptoms

For mild allergy symptoms, over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine.

For stuffy nose, give an OTC decongestant.

For itchy, watery eyes, use OTC allergy eye drops.

For itchy allergic rash, apply cold compresses and an OTC hydrocortisone cream.

• Call 911 now if the person has had severe reactions in the past or has any of these symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing• Tightness in the throat• Other symptoms of a

severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

EPILEPSY

• What is it? What happens in the brain

• Ensure surroundings are safe

• After seizure, transport to medical facility

EPILEPSY

Fact

• Move items around the person away from them

• Never touch someone who is seizing

• Many different items can set off an attack

HOMEWORK: DUE 11/15

• PICK ANY TYPE OF SUDDEN ILLNESS AND WRITE A 5 PARAGRAPGH ESSAY ON IT.

• Research, write intro paragraph, three paragraphs that holds majority of information, and one closing paragraph.

• Typed. Size 12 font, double spaced. Due Friday 11/15

Heart Attack Hyperglycemia

CVA Hypoglycemia

Fainting Abdominal Distress

Convulsion Angina

Diabetes Ricin

Asthma Attack Small Pox

Seizures` Sickle Cell Crisis

COPD

Hyperventilation

First Aid 101

UNCONTROLLED BLEEDING

5 Methods to Control Bleeding

1. Call 911- when it is needed

2. Direct Pressure

3. Pressure over Major Artery

4. Splinting

5. Tourniquet (EMS Only)

Steps to SPLINTING

• Obvious deformity or suspected fracture

• Splint in position found

• Check distal pulse

• Immobilize joint above and below

• Recheck distal pulse

Steps to Helping Burns

• Call 911• Check the scene for safety• Remove source of burn• If possible cool the burn with cool water- when would

this not be appropriate to do?• Cover burn with loose dressing• Care for Shock

Treating a Stroke

• Use F.A.S.T• Face— Ask the person to smile.

• Does one side of face droop?

• Arm— Ask the person to raise both arms.• Does one arm drift downward?

• Speech— Ask the person to repeat a simple• sentence (such as, “The sky is blue.”). Is the speech

slurred? Can the person repeat the sentence correctly?

• Time— CALL 9-1-1 immediately if you see any signals of a stroke. Try to determine the time when signals first appeared. Note the time of onset of signals and report it to the call taker or EMS personnel when they arrive