cpl instruments

8/10/2019 Cpl Instruments

1/160

CPL

INSTRUMENTS

CPL Instruments FLIGHT TRAINING COLLEGECPL DOC 5Revision 1/1/2001 Version 5


2/160

INDEX

CPL INSTRUMENTS

1. Air Data Instruments 12. Gyroscoes !!!. "t#er Instruments $%

&. Ma'netism %1$. Comasses (%

Anne) A Sam*e E)ams 11%Anne) + Ans,ers to -uestions 1&!

Coyri'#t

21/ 0*i'#t Trainin' Co**e'e o AricaA Ri!"ts Reserve#$ No %&rt o' t"is m&nu& m&( )e re%ro#u*e# in &n( m&nner

+"&tsoever in*u#in! ee*troni*, %"oto!r&%"i*, %"oto*o%(in!, '&*simie, or store# in& retriev& s(stem, +it"out t"e %rior %ermission o' Fi!"t Tr&inin! Coe!e o' A'ri*&$

CPL Instruments FLIGHT TRAINING COLLEGECPL DOC 5Revision 1/1/2001 Version 5


3/160

CAPTER 1

AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS

T"e %ressure instruments &re - A.IACHETERALTIETERV.I

Pitot an3 Static Sources

T"e %ressure instruments +"i*" reuire *onsi#er&tion 'or t"is s(&)us &re t"e &timeter, t"everti*& s%ee# in#i*&tor V.I, t"e &irs%ee# in#i*&tor A.I, t"e m&*"meter, t"e *om)ine#A.I/m&*"meter &n# t"e *entr& &ir #&t& *om%uter CADC$ As & 'irst ste% it is ne*ess&r( tooo3 )rie'( &t t"e #evi*es +"i*" &re use# to me&sure t"e st&ti* %ressure +"i*" is 'e# to & o't"e &)ove, &n# t"e %itot %ressure +"i*" is 'e# to t"e A.I, t"e m&*"meter, t"e *om)ine#A.I/m&*"meter &n# t"e CADC$

Static Pressure

.t&ti* %ressure is t"e &m)ient &ir %ressure &t & !iven%oint in t"e &tmos%"ere$ Consi#erin! &n &ir*r&'t &trest in sti &ir *on#itions, t"is &m)ient %ressure &*tseu&( on & %oints o' t"e &ir*r&'t$ A)ove s"o+s onemet"o# o' me&surin! st&ti* %ressure, usin! & st&ti*"e$ T"e "e *onsists o' & tu)e +it" its 'or+&r#en# se&e# &n# "oes or sots *ut into t"e si#e$ T"e

i#e& situ&tion is t"&t t"e "e &+&(s ies in ine +it"t"e #ire*tion o' re&tive &ir 'o+ &n# t"ere'ore t"e%ressure sense# is in#e%en#ent o' &n( in*re&se o'%ressure *&use# )( t"e &ir*r&'t4s s%ee# t"rou!" t"e&ir$ A st&ti* "e m&( )e in*or%or&te# +it" t"e %itot"e &s s"o+n 'urt"er on$

.t&ti* vents &re more *ommon( use# in mo#ern&ir*r&'t to #ete*t st&ti* %ressure$ A st&ti* vent *onsistso' & smoot" %&te +it" & sm& "oe in t"e mi##e$ T"e%&te is mounte# 'us" +it" t"e &ir*r&'t s3in &t & %oint+"ere t"e &ir 'o+ is re&tive( un#istur)e# )( t"e

&ir'r&me stru*ture itse'$ T"is is to ensure t"&t, &s '&r&s %ossi)e, t"e st&ti* %ressure sense# &t t"e vent +i)e %ure &m)ient %ressure, +"i*" is 'ree o' errors*&use# )( t"e %resen*e o' t"e &ir*r&'t or t"e s%ee# o't"e &ir*r&'t t"rou!" t"e &ir$ It is norm& to mount t+ost&ti* vents, one on e&*" si#e o' t"e &ir*r&'t, t"ere)(*&n*ein! errors in t"e sense# %ressure *&use# )(&ir*r&'t (&+$

CPL IN.TRENT. FLIGHT TRAINING COLLEGECPL DOC 5Revision 1/1/2001 Version 5

P&!e 1


4/160

It is norm& to in*or%or&te &n emer!en*( st&ti* sour*e into t"e st&ti* ine %um)in!$ In t"eevent t"&t t"e st&ti* "e or t"e st&ti* vents )e*ome )o*3e# t"e emer!en*( st&ti* sour*e*&n )e see*te# )( t"e %iot$ T"is &tern&te sour*e is o*&te# &t some s"etere# %ositionoutsi#e t"e %ressure "u$ T"e %ressure sense# &t t"is sour*e is uni3e( to re%resent&**ur&te( t"e &m)ient &ir %ressure, sin*e it +i &most *ert&in( )e in'uen*e# )( t"e &ir*r&'tstru*ture$

In some un%ressurise# &ir*r&'t &n &tern&te st&ti* sour*e is %rovi#e# insi#e t"e *o*3%it$

It s"ou# )e note# t"&t, uness it is ot"er+ise st&te# in t"e 'i!"t m&nu& 'or t"e &ir*r&'t, t"est&ti* %ressure sense# +it"in t"e *o*3%it +i )e o+er t"&n t"e true st&ti* %ressure #ue to&ero#(n&mi* su*tion$ T"e e''e*t o' t"is &rti'i*i&( o+ st&ti* %ressure is t"&t )ot" t"e%ressure &timeter &n# t"e &irs%ee# in#i*&tor +i overre +it" t"e emer!en*( st&ti* sour*esee*te#$

Pitot Pressure

T"e *om%osition o' %itot %ressure, &n# t"e use me o' it, is 'u( #is*usse# in t"e *"&%ters#e&in! +it" t"e &irs%ee# in#i*&tor &n# t"e m&*"meter$ I' t"e &ir*r&'t is &t rest in sti &ir*on#itions t"e %ressure sense# &t t"e %itot tu)e +i )e t"e st&ti* %ressure &re( #is*usse#$A %itot tu)e i3e t"e st&ti* "e, '&*es 'or+&r# into t"e &ir'o+$ In 'i!"t t"e %ressure sense# &tt"e %itot tu)e +i )e in*re&se# #ue to t"e &ir*r&'t4s 'or+&r# s%ee#$ T"e t+o eements o' t"e%itot %ressure +i t"ere'ore )e-

&$ t"e st&ti* %ressure, &n#)$ t"e #(n&mi* %ressure, or %itot e6*ess %ressure$

It is t"e #(n&mi* %ressure +"i*" is %ro%ortion& to t"e &ir*r&'t4s 'or+&r# s%ee#$

.in*e &n emer!en*( %itot tu)e *&nnot )e 'itte# &t & s"etere# %oint o' t"e &ir*r&'t, +it" &n(

"o%e o' su**ess, it is norm& to in*or%or&te & "e&tin! eement into t"e tu)e to %revent)o*3&!e #ue to i*e 'orm&tion$ An( +&ter in!este# )( t"e s(stem is &o+e# to #r&in 'rom t"etu)e t"rou!" #r&in "oes &n# is %revente# 'rom tr&vein! #o+nstre&m t"rou!" t"e %um)in!)( me&ns o' tr&%s &n# v&ves$

T"e in*orre*t me&surement o' st&ti* %ressure is 3no+n &s %osition or %ressure error$ T"est&ti* "e &n# t"e *om)ine# %itot/st&ti* "e &re more %rone to t"is error t"&n &re st&ti*vents$ T"e m&!nitu#e o' t"e error #e%en#s on t"e &irs%ee# &n# t"e &ir*r&'t &ttitu#e$ T"eerror is i3e( to )e &r!est &t "i!" &n!es o' &tt&*3 +"en some #(n&mi* %ressure is!ener&te# &t t"e st&ti* sensor$ Fi!"t m&nu&s +i norm&( %rovi#e *orre*tion v&ues 'or t"iserror 'or #i''erent '&% settin!s$

&noeuvre errors &re t"e resut o' tem%or&r( 'u*tu&tions in st&ti* %ressure +"i*" o**ur+"en t"e &n!e o' &tt&*3 o' t"e &ir*r&'t is *"&n!in!, %rin*i%&( +"en '&%s &n# &n#in! !e&r&re r&ise# or o+ere#$ &noeuvre errors norm&( *&use &! in %ressure instrumentsin*u#in! &ir #&t& *om%uters &n# m&( %ersist 'or sever& se*on#s &'ter t"e *"&n!e o'*on'i!ur&tion/movement o' & *ontro sur'&*e "&s )een *om%ete#, t"e "i!"er t"e &ir*r&'t&titu#e t"e on!er t"e error +i %ersist$ At"ou!" *"&n!es in %it*" &ttitu#e &re t"e %rim&r(sour*e o' m&noeuvre errors, roin! &n# (&+in! m&noeuvres *&n &so !ive rise to t"is%ro)em$


P&!e 2


5/160

TE AIRSPEED INDICAT"R 4ASI5

7"ite &r* st& 'u '&% to m&6 '&% s%ee#Green &r* 'rom *e&n st& to norm& o%er&tin! s%ee#8eo+ &r* 'rom norm& o%er&tin! s%ee# to never e6*ee# s%ee#

T"e %rin*i%e o' o%er&tion o' t"e A.I is t"e me&surement o' t+o %ressures- PITOT &n#

.TATIC$

P 9 D : .

D 9 P ; .

T"e A.I *ontinu&( su)tr&*ts t"e st&ti* %ressure 'rom t"e %itot %ressure !ivin! t"e Air*r&'t


6/160

ERR"RS

&$ Instrument Error

T"is is #ue to sm& m&nu'&*turin! im%er'e*tions &n# t"e '&*t t"&t & sm& *&%suemovement !ives & &r!e %ointer #e'e*tion$ A *orre*tion *&r# is su%%ie#$

)$ Pressure / Position Error

A%%ro6im&te( >5 ? o' t"is error *&n )e eimin&te# )( %&*in! 2 st&ti* vents one oneit"er si#e o' t"e A/C$ T"e o*&tion o' t"e %itot tu)e on t"e A/C +i &''e*t t"e rein!&n# t"e t(%e o' m&noeuvre t"&t is )ein! 'o+n$ A *orre*tion *&r# is &so su%%ie# 'ort"is error$

*$ Densit( Error

T"e A.I &s st&te# )e'ore, is *&i)r&te# 'or I.A$ ost o' t"e time, t"e #ensit( +i notre#u*e &**or#in! to I.A$ T"ere'ore &n error +i )e %resent$ T"is *&n )e *orre*te#'or )( t"e ARI.TO or t"e PATHFINDER$ T"e %&t"'in#er +i #o it &utom&ti*&( 'or(ou$

PAT0INDER- use t"e ACTUAL TAS 'un*tion$

P$A$ 12000< IOAT$ ; @ C RA. 1@= BT. TA. 9 220is" BT.


P&!e


7/160

#$ Com%ressi)iit( Error

At s%ee#s &)ove =00 Bts, t"e &ir +i )e *om%resse#$ It +i *&use t"e #(n&mi*%ressure &t t"e %itot "e to )e !re&ter t"&n it s"ou#, resutin! in &n OVERREAD o'IA.$ T"e error is sm& &t se& eve #ense &ir, )ut in*re&ses +it" &titu#e$

T"e tem%er&ture o' *om%resse# &ir is "i!"er so & *orre*tion +i "&ve to )e me$

It *&n )e #one &utom&ti*&( 'or (ou on t"e PATHFINDER

SUMMAR6 "0 ERR"RS

INDICATED AIR.PEED IA. PO.ITION/IN.TRENT ERROR 9 RA./CA.

RECTIFIED AIR.PEED RA. ; COPRE..IILIT8 9 EA.

EIVALENT AIR.PEED EA. : DEN.IT8 9 TA.

TRE AIR.PEED


P&!e 5


8/160

LEA7S

I' t"e %itot tu)e #eveo%s & e&3, t"e A.I +i NDERREAD, )e*&use t"e %itot %ressure is tooo+$

+L"C7AGES

CLIM+ING DESCENDING

Pitot o*3e# ; A.I OVERREAD.

Pitot o*3e# ; A.INDERREAD.

.t&ti* o*3e# ; A.I NDERREAD.

.t&ti* o*3e# ; A.IOVERREAD.

A 'oo3 ,ay to ut t#is to memory is to use t#e o**o,in' 3ia'ram8


P&!e

UNDER READ

OVER READ


9/160


10/160

ERR"RS

T#e on*y errors are Position9Pressure errors.

Densit( Error

T"e #ensit( '&*tor &%%e&rs &)ove &n# )eo+ t"e eu&tion so it is *&n*ee# out$

Tem%er&ture Error

Is eimin&te# +it" t"e #ensit( error$

Com%ressi)iit( Error

T"is #e%en#s on t"e r&tio o' D(n&mi* %ressure &n# st&ti* %ressure &n# is *&tere# 'or in t"eeu&tion$

LEA7S AND +L"C7AGES

E6&*t( t"e s&me &s t"e A.I$

TE MACMETER INDICAT"R

T"e m&*"meter in#i*&tor in*or%or&tes-

A norm& A.I nee#e$

A m&*"meter o' t"e rot&tin! #rum t(%e$

A Vmo &6 O%er&tin! .%ee# nee#e$ ARER. POLE$ T"e Vmo nee#e&r)ers Poe Kusts itse' to t"e *"&n!in! &titu#e t"us !ivin! t"e *orre*t Vmo 'ort"&t &titu#e$

RAS : TAS : MAC N; RELATI"NSIP 0"R CLIM+ING AND DESCENDING

e&r in min#-

L.. &+&(s #e*re&ses +it" &titu#e$

MACH N = TASLSS

A.I NDERREAD. +it" &titu#e$

For #es*en#in!, t"e resuts &re reverse#$


P&!e @


11/160

Const&nt &*" Cim)-

L.. #e*re&sesTA. #e*re&sesRA. #e*re&ses

Const&nt TA. Cim)-

L.. #e*re&sesACH N in*re&sesRA. #e*re&ses

Const&nt RA. Cim)-

L.. #e*re&sesTA. in*re&sesACH N in*re&ses

CALCULATI"NS

Fi!"t Com%uter

&*" in#e6 &!&inst tem%er&ture on t"e &irs%ee# +in#o+$&*" num)er on t"e inner s*&e$TA. on t"e outer s*&e$

LOOB RIGHT TO ME


P&!e >


12/160

PATHFINDER

se t"e PLAN MAC'un*tion i' (ou "&ve OAT .AT$

se t"e ACTUAL MAC'un*tion i' (ou "&ve IOAT TAT$

FORLA

ACH 9TAS

LSS

L.. 9 =@$>5 COAT + 273

E6&m%e 1

L.. 9 00 nm/"our

TA. 9 50 Bts

9 M

9TAS

LSS 9

450

600 9 0$J5

E6&m%e 2

L.. 9 1100 'eet/se*

9 0$J=

TA. 9 M

TA. 9 6 L..

TA. 90.73 (1100 60 60)

6080

TA. 9 J Bts


P&!e 10


13/160

E6&m%e =

A/* A 9 0$@15 TA. 500 Bts

A/* 9 0$J

& 7"&t is t"e 'i!"t eve un#er I.A *on#itionsM

) 7"&t is t"e TA. o' A/* M

* se t"e Fi!"t Com%uter to 'in# t"e Tem%er&ture ;25 C &n# TA. Btso' ACFT $

# T"en- .e& eve 9 : 15 CFi!"t eve 9 ; 25 CTem% C"&n!e 9 0 C &t 1$>@ C %er 1000< 9 FL 202

E6&m%e

An A/* '(in! &t & *onst&nt FL, re#u*es %o+er t"&t resuts in & re#u*tion o' TA. )( 0 Bts &n#

)( 0$1$ 7"&t is t"e FLM

9TAS

LSS

0$1 960

LSS

L.. 9 00 nm/"our

00 Bts 9 =@$>5 6 COAT :2J=

00 2 ;2J= 9 COAT=@$>5

9 ; =5 C

.e& Leve 9 : 15 CFi!"t Leve 9 ; =5 CTem% C"&n!e 9 50 C &t 1$>@ C/100020m)


17/160

+L"C7AGES

I' t"e st&ti* vent )o*3s, o# st&ti* +i rem&in tr&%%e# &n# no *"&n!e in &titu#e +i s"o+n$

PRESSURE SETTINGS AND DE0INITI"NS

NH- e&n .e& eve %ressure$ Air'ie# %ressure re#u*e# to se& eve %ressure )( I.A$1"P& 9 =0


18/160

A+S"LUTE ALTITUDE 4"R EIGT5

T"e "ei!"t o' &n A/* &)ove t"e sur'&*e imme#i&te( )eo+ it$

C&n )e re #ire*t( o'' & RADIO ALTIETER

"R

A.OLTE ALTITDE 9 TRE ALTITDE ; GROND ELEVATION$

DENSIT6 ALTITUDE

Is t"e "ei!"t in t"e I.A +"ere t"e %rev&iin! #ensit( +i o**ur$ It is & 'un*tion o' tem%er&ture&n# is use# 'or A/* %er'orm&n*e$

FOR EVER8 1 C AOVE I.AD$A$ 9 120< HIGHER THAN P$A$

D$A$ 9 PA : 120 DEV 'rom I.A

ALTIMETER T"LERANCE

: 50< &t .e& Leve$

: 12< %er 1000< o' &ir'ie# eev&tion &)ove se& eve$

e$!$ $.$ ELEVATION 9 5500 3ts* @J5 3ts# 5>2 3ts

An &ir*r&'t is &t FL=50, TA. =3t &t &*" 0$J> +"en t"e tem%er&ture #evi&tion 'rom

st&n#&r# is :>C $ 7it"out usin! t"e *om%uter !ive t"e tem%er&ture #evi&tion &t

FL =10 +"i*" &t &*" 0$J> +ou# !ive & TA. o' =3t$

& :1) ;

* ;2# ;15

5 I' &n &ir*r&'t *im)s 'rom se& eve to =0 000't in t"e st&n#&r# &tmos%"ere &t &*onst&nt m&*" num)er, +"&t +ou# t"e TA. #oM

& in*re&se) #e*re&se* st&( *onst&nt# none o' t"e &)ove

7"en *im)in! in t"e st&n#&r# &tmos%"ere &t & *onst&nt RA., st&te +"et"er t"e

&*" num)er +ou#-

& in*re&se) rem&in *onst&nt* #e*re&se# non o' t"e &)ove


P&!e 21


24/160

Air Data Comuter 4ADC5

At"ou!" %iots "&ve )een %rovi#e# +it" in'orm&tion on t"e instrument %&ne on t"e &ir*r&'t4ss%ee#, &titu#e, en!ine %er'orm&n*e, et*$ )( in#ivi#u& instrument #i&s sin*e t"e e&riest#&(s o' '(in!, 'rom 7or# 7&r T+o on+&r#s t"e out%uts o' t"e sensors 'or t"ese instrumentse$!$ t"e %itot "e "&ve &so )een t&%%e# 'or ot"er %ur%oses &sso*i&te# +it" t"e *on#u*t o't"e 'i!"t$

T"e Air #&t& Com%uter ADC is & #e#i*&te# item o' eui%ment use# s%e*i'i*&( to *oe*t&n# #istri)ute su*" in;'i!"t me&surements$ T"e &n&o!ue Air D&t& Com%uters intro#u*e#into *ivi &ir*r&'t over t"irt( (e&rs &!o &re no+ )ein! %"&se# out to )e re%&*e# )( #i!it&ADC4s$ T"e )o*3 s*"em&ti* #i&!r&m s"o+s t"e !ener& in%ut to &n# out%ut 'rom &n ADC$

Pressure sensin! is &**om%is"e# )( t+o %ressure tr&ns#u*ers, one sensin! st&ti* %ressure&n# t"e ot"er sensin! )ot" %itot &n# st&ti* %ressures +it"in t"e *om%ute# &ir s%ee# mo#ue$T"e &*" s%ee# mo#ue &n# true &ir s%ee# TA. mo#ue &re %ure si!n& !ener&tin!#evi*es, +"i*" &re su%%ie# +it" &ir s%ee# &n# &titu#e #&t& 'rom t"e res%e*tive mo#ues$.t&ti* &ir tem%er&ture #&t& reuire# 'or *om%utin! TA. is sense# )( & tem%er&ture %ro)e&n# is route# to t"e TA. mo#ue t"rou!" t"e &*" s%ee# mo#ue$

T"ere is &so & '&*iit( 'or & *on'i!ur&tion mo#ue to )e %u!!e# into t"e *ir*uit to %rovi#ein'orm&tion on t"e s%e*i'i* &ir*r&'t t(%e su*" &s V O, et*$ &n# & s+it*" intero*3 to iso&te*ontro o' t"e ADC4s se' test 'e&ture see IT )eo+ uness t"e &ir*r&'t is on t"e !roun#$T"e out%uts &re to 'i!"t #e*3 #is%&(s &s #es*ri)e# &ter in Ee*troni* Fi!"t Instrument.(stems EFI., Fi!"t &n&!ement .(stems F., et*$

Prim&ri(, t"e eui%ment is inst&e# in t"e &ir*r&'t4s ee*troni* )&( +"ere it is *ooe# )(n&tur& *onve*tion, )ut t"e uit;in;Test IT '&*iit( *&n )e o%er&te# 'rom & s+it*" on t"e'i!"t #e*3 +"en t"e &ir*r&'t is on t"e !roun# sometimes e''e*tive( &t )eo+ & set &irs%ee#usu&( %rote*te# )( & strut s+it*"$


P&!e 22


25/160

At"ou!" Air D&t& Com%uters "&ve & "i!" #e!ree o' rei&)iit(, t"e 'un*tion o' t"e IT '&*iit(is to *"e*3 'or t"e *orre*t %er'orm&n*e o' t"e eui%ment )ot" )e'ore &n# #urin! 'i!"t$

Po,er:u +IT

7"en %o+er is re;&%%ie# to t"e unit &'ter &n interv&, t"is test m&3es & *om%re"ensive *"e*3o' t"e mi*ro%ro*essor, its memor( store &n# t"e &ir #&t& 'un*tions$

Continuous +IT:

T"e *"e*3 is *&rrie# out &utom&ti*&(, +it"out inter'erin! +it" t"e o%er&tion o' t"e ADC, &n#it #oes so &t ver( s"ort interv&s e$!$ on*e ever( se*on# 'or & st&!es o' t"e %ro*ess, 'romin%ut to out%ut$

Maintenance +IT

T"e s&me IT '&*iit( en&)es & m&inten&n*e *"e*3 to )e me +"en t"e &ir*r&'t is on t"e!roun# )( t"e see*tion on t"e eui%ment o' & TE.T or & TE.T/HI.TOR8 s+it*", to s"o+)ot" *urrent '&iures &n# &n( +"i*" m&( "&ve o**urre# on t"e %re*e#in! 'i!"ts$

A%&rt 'rom t"e IT '&*iit(, use# )( t"e m&inten&n*e *re+ on t"e !roun#, &n Air D&t&Com%uter "&s no user *ontros or Kustments$ It m&( "&ve & remote 'i!"t #e*3 ADC7ARN &m% to &ert %iots to t"e &%%e&r&n*e o' & m&'un*tion '&! on t"e instrument %&ne$


P&!e 2=


26/160

Genera* -uestions

1$ I' t"e Pitot He &n# .t&ti* Vent +ere )o*3e# )( i*e, +"i*" instruments +ou# )e&''e*te#M

& A.I, Atimeter &n# .i% in#i*&tor$

) Atimeter, V.I &n# A.I +ou# !ive in&**ur&te rein!s$* T"e A.I +ou# un#er re$

2$ I' t"e Pitot "e is )o*3e#, +"&t &irs%ee# in#i*&tion *&n "e e6%e*te#M

& No *"&n!e o' IA. in eve 'i!"t, even +it" &r!e %o+er *"&n!es$) A #e*re&se o' IA. #urin! & *im)$* Const&nt IA. #urin! & #es*ent$

=$ I' t"e st&ti* vent )e*&me )o*3e# #urin! & #es*ent t"e A.I +ou# re-

& ero

) Hi!"* Lo+

$ I' t"e Pitot o%enin! is )o*3e#, +"i*" instruments +ou# )e &''e*te# se%&r&te st&ti*ventM

& A.I, Atimeter &n# V.I$) A.I &n# V.I$* A.I on($

5$ Re*ti'ie# Airs%ee# is-

& IA. *orre*te# 'or instrument &n# %ressure error$) IA. *orre*te# 'or #ensit( error$* IA. *orre*te# 'or #ensit( &n# *om%ressi)iit( errors$

$ An &ir*r&'t is m&int&inin! FL 120 in *ou#$ T"e A.I rein! '&s to ero$ T"e most%ro)&)e *&use is-

& .t&ti* vent )o*3e# )( i*e$) Pitot "e &n# st&ti* vent )o*3e# )( i*e$* A.I m&'un*tion$

J$ An &ir*r&'t is '(in! 'rom & *o# &ir m&ss into & +&rm &ir m&ss$ T"e TA. &n# true&titu#e +i-

& TA. in*re&ses, true &titu#e #e*re&ses$) TA. #e*re&ses, true &titu#e in*re&ses$* ot" in*re&ses$


P&!e 2


27/160

@$ An &ir*r&'t '(in! 'rom +&rm &ir to *o# &ir &t & *onst&nt TA.$ T"e RA. +ou#-

& Rem&in *onst&nt) In*re&se* De*re&se

>$ Pressure &titu#e 10000 'eet OAT : =C$ 7"&t is Densit( Atitu#eM

& 11000 't) 12=00 't* >200 't

10$ Pressure Atitu#e 15000 'tNH Atitu#e 1500 't

OAT : 10C

7"&t is true &titu#eM

& 15>00 't) 150 't* 1J100 't

11$ Pressure Atitu#e @000 'tNH Atitu#e J500 't

OAT : =0C

Terr&in eev&tion 5J00 't

T"e &%%ro6im&te &)soute &titu#e is-

& 500 't) 1@00 't* 250 't

12$ Air'ie# Eev&tion 000 't OAT:15C NH>>5"P&

7"&t is Densit( Atitu#eM

& 5000 't) 500 't* 200 't

1=$ An &ir*r&'t e&ves FL 10 'or &n &%%ro&*" &n# &n#in! &t &n &ir'ie#$ T"e %iot +i setNH &t t"e-

& Tr&nsition L&(er$) Tr&nsition eve$* Tr&nsition Atitu#e$


P&!e 25


28/160

1$ Tr&nsition &titu#e is o)t&ine# 'rom-

& ATC or VOR ATI.$) e%%esen or Aer 'i!"t !ui#es$* 1500 'eet &)ove &ir'ie# eev&tion$

15$ Tr&nsition eve is o)t&ine# 'rom-

& ATC or VOR ATI.$) e%%esen or Aer 'i!"t !ui#es$* 1500 'eet &)ove &ir'ie# eev&tion$

1$ T"e o*&tion o' t"e st&ti* vent +"i*" *ou# %rovi#e t"e most &**ur&te me&suremento' st&ti* %ressure un#er v&ri&)e 'i!"t *on#itions is-

& At t"e Pitot "e +"i*" en*ounters re&tive( un#istur)e# &ir$) In t"e *o*3%it +"ere it is not in'uen*e# )( & v&ri&)e &n!e o' &tt&*3$

* One on e&*" si#e o' t"e &ir*r&'t +"ere t"e s(stem +i *om%ens&te 'orv&ri&tion o' &ir*r&'t &ttitu#e$

1J$ Pressure Atitu#e &t &n &ir'ie# is in#i*&te# )( &n &timeter +"en t"e )&rometri* su);s*&e is set to-

& NH) FE* 101=$25 "P&

1@$ I' +"ie in eve 'i!"t, it )e*omes ne*ess&r( to use &n &tern&te sour*e o' st&ti*%ressure vente# insi#e t"e &ir*r&'t, +it" t"e *&)in %ressure )ein! o+er t"&n st&ti*,t"e 'oo+in! v&ri&tions in instrument in#i*&tion +ou# )e e6%e*te#-

& t"e &timeter +i re "i!"er t"&n norm&, &irs%ee# +i not *"&n!e &n# t"everti*&;s%ee# in#i*&tor +i moment&ri( s"o+ & #es*entS

) t"e &timeter +i re "i!"er t"&n norm&, &irs%ee# !re&ter t"&n norm& &n#t"e verti*&;s%ee# in#i*&tor +i moment&ri( s"o+ & *im)S

* t"e &timeter +i re o+er t"&n norm&, &irs%ee# !re&ter t"&n norm& &n#t"e verti*&;s%ee# in#i*&tor +i moment&ri( s"o+ & *im) &n# t"en & #es*ent$

1>$ Assume t"&t &n &ero%&ne &t 1J000 FT A.L "&s & *&)in %ressure eu& to &n&titu#e o' J000 FT$ I' t"e %itot st&ti* tu)es )re&3 &t & %oint +it"in t"e *o*3%it, t"e

&timeter +ou# re-

& 10000 FT J000 't : =000 't +"i*" is t"e &o+&n*e 'or %ressure #i''erenti&S) 1J000 'tS* T"e *&)in %ressure &titu#e, i$e$ J000 't$


P&!e 2


29/160

20$ I' &n &timeter in#i*&tes =500 'eet +it" NH 100$J "P& set, +"&t is t"e %ressure&titu#eM

& =J55 't) =500 't* =10 't

21$ An &timeter is set to 1010$> "P&$ T"e &ir*r&'t &n#s &t &n &ir'ie# eev&tion JJ2 'eetA.L, NH 101$1 "P&$ 7"&t +i t"e &timeter re on &n#in!M

& >=2 't) 10 't* 12 't

22$ En route &t FL 2J0, t"e &timeter is set *orre*t($ On t"e #es*ent t"e %iot '&is to resett"e &timeter to NH 102$1$ I' t"e &ir'ie# eev&tion is 1=00 'eet, +"&t +i t"e&timeter in#i*&te &'ter &n#in!M

& 1J00 't) >00 't* 00 't

2=$ An &ir*r&'t 'ies 'rom o"&nnes)ur! NH 1020 to Dur)&n NH >>5 &t FL 100$ Int"e *ruise t"e &ir*r&'t is-

& Des*en#in!) Cim)in!* &int&inin! &titu#e

2$ An &ir*r&'t eves out &'ter & r&%i# #es*ent$ T"e &timeter +ou#-

& Re *orre*t($) Overre 'or & )rie' %erio#$* n#erre 'or & )rie' %erio#$

25$ An &ir'ie#, eev&tion =000 'eet, "&s & %ressure &titu#e o' =500 'eet$ 7"&t is t"eNHM

& 102>$> "P&) 101=$2 "P&* >>$5 "P&

7"&t is t"e FEM

& @>$5 "P&) >1=$s "P&* @J>$@ "P&


P&!e 2J


30/160

2$ An &ir*r&'t is '(in! &t FL 120, t"e NH is >>5 "P&$ 7"&t *e&r&n*e "&s t"e &ir*r&'tover "i!" !roun# 1>@2 metres A.LM

& >50 'eet) 050 'eet* 250 'eet

2J$ An &ir*r&'t "ein! 00= , #ri't 10 e't, "&s to %&ss over "i!" !roun# t"&t is 2200metres A.L$ inimum *e&r&n*e over t"e "i!" !roun# is 2000 'eet, NH 1025 "P&$7"&t is t"e o+est IFR 'i!"t eveM

& FL0>0) FL100* FL105

2@$ An &ir*r&'t m&int&ins & *onst&nt TA. o' =50 3ts in t"e *im)-

& Lo*& .%ee# o' soun# #e*re&ses &n# t"e RA. #e*re&ses$) Lo*& .%ee# o' soun# #e*re&ses &n# t"e &*" No$ #e*re&ses$* Lo*& .%ee# o' soun# in*re&ses &n# t"e &*" No$ in*re&ses$

2>$ An &ir*r&'t '(in! &t FL ==0, &*" 0$@2 'ies into & *o#er &irm&ss$ T"e TA. +i-

& In*re&se) De*re&se* Rem&in *onst&nt$

=0$ An &ir*r&'t #es*en#s 'rom FL 10 to FL 200 &t & *onst&nt &*" num)er$ T"e TA. +i-


=1$ Cim)in! &t & *onst&nt &*" num)er, t"e RA. +i-


=2$ As &ir #ensit( in*re&ses, t"e A.I *om%ressi)iit( error +i-



P&!e 2@


31/160

==$ T"e o*& s%ee# o' soun# is 1050 't/se*$ 7"&t is t"e TA. o' &n &ir*r&'t '(in! &t &*"0$@M

& TA. 502) TA. 512* TA. 522

=$ C&*u&te t"e &titu#e in t"e I.A +"ere & TA. o' @0 3ts eu&s &*" 0$@2$

& 2>000 't) =1500 't* =000 't

=5$ An &ir*r&'t is '(in! &t & *onst&nt Fi!"t Leve$ An in*re&se in %o+er resuts in t"e&*" num)er in*re&sin! )( 0$15 &n# t"e TA. )( @J 3nots, t"e &ir*r&'t is '(in! &t-

& FL2>0) FL=10* FL==0

=$ An &ir*r&'t 'ies 'rom & *o# &ir m&ss into & +&rm &ir m&ss &t & *onst&nt FL &n# RA.$T"e m&*" num)er +i-

& In*re&se) De*re&se* Rem&in Const&nt

=J$ For &n &ir*r&'t '(in! &t &*" 0$@2 &t FL =50, COAT ; =5C, t"e RA. +ou# )e-

& 251 3ts) 2 3ts* 2J> 3ts

=@$ I' t"e st&ti* vent )e*omes )o*3e# #urin! & *im) t"e m&*"meter +i-& overreS) re *orre*t(S* un#erre$

=>$ Am)ient st&ti* %ressure is 'e# to t"e A.I in 'i!"t to-

& C&n*e #(n&mi* %ressure in t"e %itot tu)e$

) .u)tr&*t t"e st&ti* %ressure 'rom t"e #(n&mi* %ressure$* C&n*e st&ti* %ressure enterin! t"e instrument #i&%"r&!m t"rou!" t"e %itot

tu)e$

0$ T"e st&ti* vent is )o*3e#$ I' t"e !&ss *overin! t"e V.I is )ro3en, t"e instrument+i-

& Re *orre*t($) Re ero un#er & *on#itions$* Rein!s +i )e reverse#$


P&!e 2>


32/160

1$ Durin! & %re;'i!"t *"e*3 t"e V.I s"o+s 100 't/min *im)$ 8ou m&(-

& F( in IFR *on#itions &n# &o+ 'or t"e error$) H&ve t"e V.I Kuste# )e'ore 'i!"t$* F( in IFR *on#itions &n# i!nore t"e error$

2$ T"e A.I "&s & %ressure error o' : 5 3nots &t IA. 1=0 3ts$ At t"is &irs%ee# t"e V.I

+ou#-

& Over re) Re *orre*t(* n#er re

=$ T"e re%orte# NH o' & !iven st&tion is t"e-

& &*tu& )&rometri* %ressure me&sure# &t t"e st&tionS) &*tu& )&rometri* %ressure me&sure# &t se& eveS* .t&tion


33/160

>$ An &ir*r&'t e&ves A eev&tion 50 'eet +it" FE 100@ set on t"e &timeter, enrouteto 1000 nm 'rom A, NH 1000 "P&$ A s%ot "ei!"t 2=2 metres A.L, 250 nm 'romA is *e&re# )( 1500 'eet$ 7"&t +&s t"e &timeter rein! over t"e s%ot "ei!"tM

& 1>1 'eet) 221 'eet* 20 'eet

50$ An &ir*r&'t e&ves 8, &ir'ie# %ressure >0 "P&, &n# t"e &timeter res &ir'ie#eev&tion o' 1@0 'eet$ T"e &ir*r&'t &n#s &t eev&tion 1000 'eet +"ere t"e&timeter res 12J0 'eet$ 7"&t is t"e NH &t M

& NH 101=) NH 1022* NH 10=1

51$ Durin! & %re;'i!"t *"e*3 t"e 'oo+in! #et&is +ere note#-

Air'ie# Eev&tion 5000 'eet

A%ron Eev&tion >@0 'eetHei!"t o' st&ti* vent &)ove !roun# 25 'eetAtimeter rein! FE set 5 'eet

7"&t is t"e instrument errorM

& 0 't un#er re) 05 't un#er re* 0 't over re

52$ T"e Inst&nt&neous Verti*& .%ee# In#i*&tor in*or%or&tes &n &**eerometer unit$ T"e%istons o' t"e &**eerometer unit &re *onne*te#-

& #ire*t( to t"e V.I nee#e to !ive &n inst&nt&neous #e'e*tion +"en & *im) or& #es*ent is initi&te#S

) #ire*t( to t"e *&%sue )( & e&' s%rin! +"i*" e6erts or reieves %ressure on t"e*&%sue +"en & *im) or & #es*ent is initi&te#S

* to t"e st&ti* %ressure tu)e ein! to t"e *&%sue &n# t"eir movement *re&tes&n imme#i&te %ressure *"&n!e insi#e t"e *&%sue +"en & *im) or #es*ent isiniti&te#$

5=$ In t"e servo &timeter t"e servo motor #rives t"e-

& &m%i'ier &n# t"e in#u*tion %i*3;o''S

) t"e *ounters &n# t"e *&mS* t"e I;)&r$

5$ ( *"&n!in! 'rom NH to NE on & servo &ssiste# Atimeter-

& T"e motor #rives t"e QEQ )&r sensin! &n error, t"en &m%i'ie# &n# 'e# to t"e*ounter$

) T"e &nvi moves t"e +orm !e&r, *"&n!in! t"e &ir !&%s )et+een t"e QEQ &n# QIQ)&rs$

* T"e QIQ )&r moves, *"&n!in! t"e &ir !&%s )et+een t"e QEQ &n# QIQ )&rs$


P&!e =1


34/160

55$ I' t"e st&ti* %ressure %orts i*e# over +"ie #es*en#in! 'rom &titu#e, t"e &irs%ee#in#i*&tor +ou# re-

& Hi!") Lo+* Corre*t($


P&!e =2


35/160

CAPTER 2

G6R"SC"PES

A s%innin! !(ro "&s 2 %ro%erties- RIGIDIT8PRECE..ION

RIGIDIT6

T"e &)iit( o' & !(ro to m&int&in its &6is &i!ne# +it" & 'i6e# %oint in s%&*e$

RSI

F

. ; Rot&tion& .%ee# Gre&ter s%ee# ; !re&ter ri!i#it($I ; oment o' Inerti& Gre&ter m&ss ; !re&ter ri!i#it($F ; For*e Gre&ter 'or*e &%%ie# ; ess ri!i#it($

PRECESSI"N

I' & 'or*e is &%%ie# to & s%innin! !(ro, it &*ts &t >0 to t"e %oint o' &%%i*&tion in t"e #ire*tiono' s%in$

PRECE..ION TRIE. TO OVERCOE RIGIDIT8 ANDRIGIDIT8 TRIE. TO OVERCOE PRECE..ION$


P&!e ==


36/160

T6PES "0 G6R"S

G(ro t(%es #e%en# on t"e num)er o' %&nes o' 'ree#om o' movement$ Free#om o'movement is &*"ieve# )( mountin! t"e !(ro in !im)& rin!s$

Sace Gyro

Free#om o' movement in & = %&nes$Fore/&'t;&t"+&rt"s"i%s &n# verti*&$ T"is t(%e o' !(rois o' no use in &vi&tion$ 7e nee# & !(ro t"&t is 'i6e# in &t e&st one %&ne to !ive & re'eren*e#&tum$

Tie3 Gyro 4DI5

A s%&*e !(ro +it" 'ree#om o' movement in = %&nes, )ut tie# to & re'eren*e %oint$

Eart# Gyro 4A)

A !(ro *ontroe# )( t"e e&rt"


37/160

G(ro to%%e o**urs +"enever t"e s%in &6is moves in & verti*& %&ne,

A !(ro +"ose s%in &6is is verti*&( mounte# *&nnot #ri't, )ut *&n on( to%%e$

Rea* =an3er

7"enever t"e s%in &6is &*tu&( moves re&tive to & 'i6e# %oint in s%&*e, t"e !(ro is s&i# to)e su''erin! re& +&n#er, t"&t is to s&( re& #ri't, re& to%%e or & *om%osite o' )ot"$

.u*" re& +&n#er m&( )e #ei)er&te( in#u*e# or m&( )e #ue to me*"&ni*& im%er'e*tions int"e !(ro &ssem)(, 'or e6&m%e-

& An im%er'e*t( )&&n*e# !(ro +"ee$

) Im%er'e*t( )&&n*e# !im)&s$

* neven 'ri*tion oin!s &t t"e )e&rin!s$

Aarent =an3er

7"enever t"e s%in &6is o' & %er'e*t !(ro +it" no re& +&n#er &%%e&rs to &n E&rt" )oun#o)server to )e *"&n!in! #ire*tion, t"e !(ro is s&i# to )e su''erin! 'rom &%%&rent +&n#er$

T"e #i&!r&m on t"e ne6t %&!e s"o+s &%%&rent #ri't$ T"e s%in &6is o' & %er'e*t !(ro is &i!ne#+it" true nort" &t time A$ T"e !(ro *ontinues to rem&in %er'e*t( ri!i# re&tive to & 'i6e# %ointin s%&*e, "o+ever +it" t"e %&ss&!e o' time A2, A=, A t"e s%in &6is &%%e&rs to &n E&rt"

)oun# o)server to )e #ri'tin! &+&( 'rom true nort"$ A%%re*i&te t"&t t"e !(ro is st&tion&r( ont"e E&rt", it is t"e E&rt" +"i*" is movin! &)out its o+n s%in &6is$


P&!e =5


38/160

A%%&rent #ri't #oes not o**ur &t t"e eu&tor, sin*e t"e meri#i&ns &re %&r&e$ At t"e %oest"e r&te o' &%%&rent #ri't is eu& to t"e r&te o' E&rt" rot&tion 15 %er "our,

T"e 'ormu& 'or t"e &%%&rent #ri't #ue to E&rt" rot&tion is-

RATE "0 APPARENT DRI0T @ 1$ ) TE SINE "0 TE LATITUDE 9"UR

Converse( &%%&rent to%%e is *&*u&te# usin! t"e 'ormu&-

RATE "0 APPARENT T"PPLE @ 1$ ) TE C"SINE "0 TE LATITUDE 9"UR


P&!e =


39/160

.in*e it is ero &t t"e %oes, )ut o**urs &t t"e m&6imum r&te o' 15%er "our &t t"e

eu&tor,

A%%&rent +&n#er eit"er #ri't or to%%e &so o**urs +"enever t"e !(ro is tr&ns%orte# e&st or

+est &*ross t"e sur'&*e o' t"e E&rt"$ T"is &%%&rent +&n#er is s%e*i'i*&( terme# tr&ns%ort+&n#er$

Gyros can e air 3ri>en ut e*ectrica**y 3ri>en 'yros are more a3>anta'eous 3ue to8

ore e''i*ient ; "i!"er s%ee#s &t & &titu#es$

O%er&tion& s%ee# is &tt&ine# mu*" ui*3er$

C&se *&n )e se&e# so no im%urities to *o! !(ro$

He&t !ener&te# )( t"e motor, m&int&ins & st&)e o%er&tin! tem%er&ture, t"usin*re&sin! t"e use'u i'e o' t"e )e&rin!s$


P&!e =J


40/160

TE DIRECTI"N G6R" 4DGI5

TIED G6R"

Tie# to Nort"

"RIB"NTAL AXIS N9S

T"e !(ro "&s 'ree#om o' movement o' =0 in t"e "oriont& %&ne, )ut is restri*te# to 55'ree#om o' movement eit"er si#e o' t"e verti*& %&ne$ T"is is to %revent #&m&!e to t"e!im)& rin!s$

IG RPM

T"e !(ro s%ins &t : 12000 RP )e*&use-

PRINCIPLE "0 "PERATI"N @ RIGIDIT6

T"e A/* turns in t"e "oriont& %&ne$ T"e !(ro &ssem)( &n# !im)&s rem&in #ire*te# &t &'i6e# %oint in s%&*e$ .o t"e A/* turns &)out t"e ri!i# !(ro &n# "ein! is in#i*&te#$


P&!e =@


41/160

PRINCIPLE "0 C"NTR"L @ PRECESSI"N

To !ive & re'eren*e 'or *"&n!e o' "ein!, t"e !(ro must &+&(s )e m&int&ine# in t"e A/*"oriont& &6is$ not true "oriont&$ T"ere'ore, to in#i*&te & *"&n!e o' "ein! in & )&n3e#turn, t"e !(ro must )e %re*esses )&*3 into t"e A/* "oriont& &6is$ Aso i' t"e A/* 'ies 'romt"e eu&tor to t"e %oe, its "oriont& &6is *"&n!es )( >0, so t"e !(ro +i "&ve to )e%re*esse# )( >0$

G6R" =ANDER

T"e DGI su''ers 'rom '&*tors t"&t *&use TOTAL DRIFT$

REAL 7ANDEREARTH ROTATION 7ANDERLATITDE NT CORRECTION

TRAN.PORT 7ANDER

TOTAL DRIFT

Rea* =an3er

Not"in! *&n )e #one &)out t"is )e*&use it is #ue to &s(mmetri* 'ri*tion et*$


P&!e =>


42/160

Eart# Rotation =an3er

N"RTERN EMISPERE S"UTERN EMISPERE

DGI READING DECREA.E AT DGI READING INCREA.E AT15 .in L&t/HR 15 .in L&t/HR


P&!e 0

;

:


43/160

Latitu3e Nut Correction

To *ounter&*t t"e e''e*t o' EARTH ROTATION 7ANDER, +e use & LATITDE RIDER NT$It im%oses & %re*ession& 'or*e on t"e DGI +"i*" is eu& &n# o%%osite to ER7 &t t"&t&titu#e$ T"is *ontinu&( ines u% t"e 'i6e# %oint in s%&*e +it" m&!neti* Nort", e''e*tive(

m&3in! t"e E&rt" st&n# sti$

NORTHERN HEI.PHERE - NT .CRE7ED IN7ARD..OTHERN HEI.PHERE - NT .CRE7ED OT7ARD.

It must )e remem)ere# t"&t )e*&use APPARENT 7ANDER *"&n!es +it" &titu#e, t"e&titu#e ri#er nut is set 'or & s%e*i'i* &titu#e on($ An( #e%&rture 'rom t"is &titu#e &n#%re*ession +i not eu& +&n#er &n# "ein!s +i in*re&se or #e*re&se$

TRANSP"RT =ANDER

T"e &titu#e ri#er nut "&s *&n*ee# out ER7 &n# )&si*&( sto%%e# t"e e&rt" 'rom turnin!$Ho+ever, i' &n A/* 'ies 'rom one meri#i&n to &not"er, TRAN.PORT, t"e 'i6e# %oint ins%&*e +i not *oin*i#e +it" t"e &!neti* Nort" &n# t"e resut +i )e TRAN.PORT7ANDER$

T"e m&!nitu#e o' Tr&ns%ort 7&n#er +i eu& t"e m&!nitu#e o' Conver!en*($

T"ere'ore &n A/* '(in! &on! t"e eu&tor +i e6%erien*e ero tr&ns%ort +&n#er$


P&!e 1

:

:;

;D!i "ein!sin*re&se

D!i "ein!s#e*re&se

D!i "ein!s#e*re&se

D!i "ein!sin*re&se


44/160

I' tr&vein! EACTL8 e&st or +est-

Tr&ns%ort +&n#er 9 Groun#s%ee# Bt 6 t&n &titu#e /"r

0

An( ot"er tr&*3-

Tr&ns%ort +&n#er 9 # on! 6 .in me&n &t

Fi!"t time

TOTAL DRIFT 9 REAL DRIFT : APPARENT DRIFT

T"ese '&*tors &re & *&*u&te# in DRIFT PER HOR$

I' & %ro)em is over sever& "ours, remem)er to muti%( t"e #e!rees o' #ri't )(

t"e num)er o' "ours$

RING LASER G6R"

T"e rin! &ser !(ro RLG is Kust &)out &s #i''erent 'rom & *onvention& !(ro &s it is %ossi)eto !et$ T"e RLG o%er&tes on t"e %rin*i%e o' t"e re&tive movement o' t+o )e&ms o' &seri!"t, +"ere&s & *onvention& !(ro o%er&tes on t"e %rin*i%e o' store# me*"&ni*& ener!(inerti&$ RLGs &re & soi# st&te &tern&tive to t"e *onvention& r&te inte!r&tin! !(ro$


P&!e 2


45/160

ARTI0ICIAL "RIB"N

T"e AH is &n EARTH G8RO

VERTICAL AI.HIGH RPPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ; RIGIDIT8PRINCIPLE OF CONTROL ; PRECE..ION

EARTH G8RO

It is *ontroe# )( e&rt"


46/160

PRINCIPLE "0 C"NTR"L IN PRECESSI"N

T"e !(ro &6is is 3e%t in t"e verti*& true verti*& %&ne )( t"e PENDLO. VANE NIT+"i*" %rovi#es t"e ne*ess&r( %re*ession& 'or*e i' t"e !(ro "&s to%%e#$

T"e %en#uous unit "&s e6"&ust %orts$ Air e6its "ere &'ter s%innin! t"e !(ro$ E&*" %ort is"&' *ose# )( & v&ne +"i*" ies to t"e e't &s (ou oo3 &t t"e %ort$ A'ter t"e !(ro to%%es, t"ev&nes rem&in in t"e verti*&$ One o' t"e v&nes +i *over its %ort, &n# no &ir es*&%es "ere$T"ere is & %ressure 'or*e "ere +"i*" is %re*esse# t"rou!" >0 &n# ere*ts t"e !(ro$ T"e r&teo' %re*ession is 3e%t o+ so t"&t +"en t"e v&nes &re #istur)e# )( tur)uen*e, t"e%re*ession& 'or*e on t"e !(ro is ne!i!i)e$


P&!e


47/160

A INDICAT"R

T"e mini&ture A/* is 'i6e# to t"e outer !im)&$ T"e "orion )&r, t"rou!" t"e !ui#e %in isin3e# #ire*t( to t"e !(ro inner !im)&$ I' t"e A/* #es*en#s, t"e "orion )&r moves u%*&usin! our itte A/* to &%%e&r )eo+ t"e "orion &n# vi*e vers& 'or *im)in!$ A simi&r t"in!o**urs +"en t"e A/* )&n3s &n# t"e "orion )&r, in3e# to t"e !(ro, rot&tes &roun# t"e itteA/*$

G6R" ERR"RS

T"e G(ro su''ers 'rom 2 errors-

& A**eer&tion Error$) Turnin! Error$

T"e *&uses o' t"ese errors &re-

& PENDLO.IT8$ )ottom o' unit "e&v() ERECTION %re*ession )( v&nes

PENDUL"SIT6

In &**eer&tion &n# #e*eer&tion$ T"e %en#uous unit m&3es t"e rotor )ottom "e&v(, &n#t"e )ottom o' t"e unit is su)Ke*t to inerti& 'or*es !ener&te# )( &**eer&tion &n# #e*eer&tion$

In & turn, t"e %en#uous unit su''ers 'rom *entri'u!& 'or*e +"i*" %rovi#es & %ro*ession&'or*e to t"e !(ro$


P&!e 5


48/160

ERECTI"N

In &**eer&tion &n# #e*eer&tion, T"e v&nes s"ou# rem&in in t"e true verti*& &n# 3ee% t"e!(ro &6is verti*&$ Durin! &**eer&tion )ot" on!itu#in& si#e v&nes &re t"ro+n )&*3, +it" t"eresut t"&t t"e ri!"t si#e o%ens &n# t"e e't si#e *oses$ Re&*tion is & 'or*e +"i*" %rovi#es&n ere*tion& 'or*e +"i*" %re*esses t"e !(ro$

In & turn, t"e v&nes su''er 'rom *entri'u!& 'or*e +"i*" *&uses &n ere*tion& 'or*e, +"i*"%re*esses t"e !(ro$

ACCELERATION ERROR ; CLIING RIGHT ANB

DECELERATION ERROR ; DE.CENDING LEFT ANB

TRNING ERROR TO LEFT ; REDCTION IN LEFT ANB

TRNING ERROR TO RIGHT ; REDCTION IN RIGHT ANB

N"TE8 T"e e''e*t o' %en#uosit( &n# ere*tion in*re&ses t"e error to & m&6imum &t 1@0 turn,t"ere&'ter re#u*in! to ero$

T"e re&son is )e*&use t"e e''e*t o' %en#uosit( o%ens &n# *oses t"e o%%osite t+ov&nes +"i*" ere*tion error o%ens &n# *oses$ T"is *&uses &n ere*tion& 'or*e +"i*"is *orre*t &n# nui'ies t"e 2 errors &'ter & +"ie$

TE ELECTRICAL ARTI0ICIAL "RIB"N


P&!e


49/160

On*e &!&in, t"e !(ro is *ontroe# t"rou!" %re*ession$ T"is %re*ession& 'or*e is &*"ieve#)( evein! s+it*"es &n# & torue motor$

T"e evein! s+it*"es &re &t >0 to t"eir res%e*tive &6is &n# t"e torue motor &%%ies &*orre*tin! torue &t >0 to t"e res%e*tive &6is$

e$!$ G8RO DI.PLACEENT IN PITCH

Levein! s+it*" on ro &6is >0 to Pit*" A6is$Torue motor on ro &6is >0 to Pit*" A6is$

T"e o%%osite &%%ies to !(ro #is%&*ement in ro$

er*ur( s+it*"es &n# t"eir %&*ements &n# use


P&!e J


50/160

TE STAND+6 A

&Kor &irines to#&( #o not use t"e *onvention& AH, )ut inste, t"e( & "&ve Fi!"tDire*tors$ It is *ontroe# )( & remote !(ro or in%uts 'rom t"e IN.$ No+ in *&se o' &nee*tri*& '&iure, & .TAND8 AH is em%o(e#$

It is &n ee*tri*&( #riven !(ro t"&t is %o+ere# )( 115 vot ; = %"&se AC 'rom & st&ti* invertor$It is !u&r&ntee# o' ee*tri*& %o+er )e*&use it is in3e# to t"e 2@ Vot DC &tter( us)&r Hotus$


P&!e @


51/160

TURN AND SLIP INDICAT"R

T"e Turn &n# si% in#i*&tor &re 2 se%&r&te instruments-

Turn In#i*&tor ; G(ros*o%e.i% In#i*&tor ; e*"&ni*&

Turn In#i*&tor is & - RATE G8RO

HORIONTAL AI.LO7 RPPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ; PRECE..ION

RATE G6R"8

Free#om o' movement is in one %&ne on( ; Roin! P&ne$

.ome )oo3s s&( it "&s 'ree#om o' movement in & se*on# %&ne ; %&ne o' rot&tion$ T"einstrument me&sures t"e r&te o' turn in t"e =r# %&ne &t ri!"t &n!es to t"e ot"er 2$

"RIB"NTAL AXIS8

T"e &6is o' t"e !(ro is mounte# &t"+&rts"i%s$


P&!e >


52/160

L"= RPM8

T"e !(ro s%ins &t >000 RP$ T"is o+ RP )e*&use-

PRINCIPLE "0 "PERATI"N IS PRECESSI"N

T"e instrument me&sures t"e %re*ession& r&te o' t"e !(ro &n# in#i*&tes it &s & turn$

"PERATI"N

As t"e A/* turns, t"e !(ro +&nts to rem&in in t"e "oriont&, )ut is 'or*e# to rem&in in t"e A/*&t"+&rt"si%s &6is$ T"is 'or*e is %re*esse# &n# *&uses t"e !(ro to tit$

G8RO TILT I. DE TO PRIAR8 PRECE..ION CA.ED 8 THE A/C TRNING$T"e !(ro no+ e6%erien*es & se*on#&r( %re*ession& 'or*e 'rom t"e s%rin!s$ 7"en %rim&r(&n# se*on#&r( %re*ession& 'or*es &re eu&, & ste( turn is in#i*&te#$

T"e se*on#&r( %re*ession& 'or*e returns t"e !(ro to its ori!in& %osition on*e t"e turn is

sto%%e#$

T"e turn in#i*&tor is usu&( ee*tri*&( #riven to %rovi#e & )&*3 u% in *&se o' AH &n# DGI'&iure resutin! 'rom oss o' su*tion$


P&!e 50


53/160

TURN INDICAT"R ERR"RS

.%rin!s

T"e s%rin!s &re Kuste# to & r&te one turn$ An( ot"er r&te +i %rovi#e in&**ur&*ies$

Rotor .%ee#

T"e turn in#i*&tor is *&i)r&te# 'or & !iven rotor s%ee# on($

R"T"R SPEED T"" L"=

Prim&r( %re*ession ess t"&n se*on#&r( %re*ession ; LE..ER RATE OF TRNINDICATED$

R"T"R SPEED T"" IG

Prim&r( %re*ession !re&ter t"&n se*on#&r( %re*ession ; GREATER RATE OF TRNINDICATED$

T" CALCULATE TE RADIUS AND ANGLE "0 +AN7 "0 A TURN

TA. 20 BtsRATE 1 TRNRATE 1 TRN 9 2 mins$

& 7"&t is t"e rius o' t"e turnM

) 7"&t is t"e )&n3 &n!e reuire#M

Ans+ers

& Cir* 9 20 6 0@0< 62

60

Cir* 9 @0$ 7"&t is e&rt" rot&tion +&n#er &t =0 #e!rees .M

& :J$5 #e!rees %er "our$) :J$5 #e!rees %er minute$* ;J$5 #e!rees %er "our$

20$ I' & v&*uum !&u!e in#i*&tes t"e %ressure to )e o+er t"&n t"e minimum imit, t"e &ir;o%er&te# instruments t"&t +ou# )e &''e*te#, &re-

& %ressure &timeterS) "ein! in#i*&tor DGIS* verti*&;s%ee# in#i*&tor$

21$ T"e &ir #riven Arti'i*i& Horion ere*tion error is #ue to-

& Centri'u!& For*e &*tin! &t t"e )ottom o' t"e %en#uous unit$) Centri'u!& For*e #is%&*in! t"e v&nes$* 7e&r &n# te&r o' t"e !im)& )e&rin!s$

22$ T"e DGI, Arti'i*i& Horion &n# Turn in#i*&tor &re-

& R&te, E&rt" &n# Tie# !(ros res%e*tive($) Tie#, R&te &n# E&rt" !(ros res%e*tive($* Tie#, E&rt" &n# R&te !(ros res%e*tive($


P&!e 55


58/160

2=$ Ere*tion errors in &n &ir #riven G(ro Horion In#i*&tor &re #ue to-

& Loss o' !(ro ri!i#it( #ue to t"e re#u*tion in rotor s%ee# &t "i!" &titu#es$) T"e movement o' t"e %en#uous v&nes #urin! &ir*r&'t &**eer&tions &n#

m&noeuvres$* T"e #is%&*ement o' t"e %en#uous !(ro *&sin! #urin! &**eer&tion or & turn$

2$ In &n ee*tri*&( #riven &rti'i*i& "orion, t"e &6is +&n#er &)out t"e %it*" &6is is*ontroe# )(-

& A mer*ur( s+it*" &t ri!"t &n!es to t"e %it*" &6is in#u*in! torue &)out t"e ro&6is$

) A mer*ur( s+it*" %&r&e to t"e %it*" &6is in#u*in! torue &)out t"e %it*"&6is$

* A mer*ur( s+it*" &t ri!"t &n!es to t"e ro &6is in#u*in! torue &)out t"e %it*"&6is$

25$ Durin! & st&)iise# *im)in! turn &t & *onst&nt r&te, t"e instruments +"i*" in#i*&te t"e*orre*t %it*" &n# )&n3 &re t"e-

& verti*&;s%ee# in#i*&tor &n# turn;&n#;si% in#i*&torS) &timeter &n# turn;&n#;si% in#i*&torS* &ttitu#e in#i*&tor &n# turn;&n#;si% in#i*&tor$

2$ A RI Rio &!neti* In#i*&tor #is%&(s & +&rnin! '&! +"i*" in#i*&tes & *om%&ss'&iure$ T"e rio )e&rin! %ointers-

& &re not to )e use#S) *&n )e use# to "ome to &n NDS

* *&n )e use# to "ome to &n ND &n# & VOR st&tion$


P&!e 5


59/160


60/160

TEMPERATURE

It +ou# &%%e&r &t 'irst !&n*e t"&t me&surin! t"e tem%er&ture outsi#e t"e &ir*r&'t is & sim%em&tter o' intro#u*in! & t"ermometer )u) into t"e &ir &n# notin! t"e rein! on & suit&)ein#i*&tor$ Ho+ever &s &ir*r&'t s%ee#s in*re&se &n# &ir *om%ressi)iit( )e*ome si!ni'i*&nt, t"esitu&tion )e*omes *om%i*&te# )( t"e '&*t t"&t t"e tem%er&ture sense# &t t"e )u) )e&rs noresem)&n*e to t"e 'ree &ir tem%er&ture$

Lo, See3 T#ermometers

For &ir*r&'t '(in! &t true &irs%ee#s )eo+ &)out 150 3t, re&tive( sim%e t"ermometers &resu''i*ient to me&sure t"e outsi#e &ir tem%er&ture$

T"e )imet&i* t"ermometer is %ro)&)( t"e sim%est o' &ir*r&'t t"ermometers$ A "ei*&)imet&i* eement +"i*" t+ists +it" tem%er&ture *"&n!es is en*&se# in & tu)e$

T"e t+istin! o' t"e "ei6 #rives & %ointer over & s*&e$ T"e t"ermometer is mounte# on t"e+in#s*reen or 'use&!e +it" t"e tu)e %rotru#in! into t"e &irstre&m &n# t"e #i& visi)e to t"e%iot$ A )imet&i* t"ermometer is s"o+n )eo+$

7"ere it is not 'e&si)e to use & )imet&i* t"ermometer, remote )u) t"ermometers m&( )euse#, &n# t"ese *&n )e eit"er iui# or v&%our 'ie#$


P&!e 5@


61/160

A remote )u) s(stem is iustr&te# s*"em&ti*&( -

7it" & iui# 'ie# s(stem t"e )u), *&%i&r( &n# our#on tu)e &re *om%ete( 'ie# +it"iui#$ T"e e6%&nsion o' t"e iui# +it" in*re&sin! tem%er&ture *&uses t"e our#on tu)e tostr&i!"ten$ T"is &*tion is tr&ns'erre# to & %ointer )( & me*"&ni*& in3&!e$ A #e*re&se o'tem%er&ture +i "&ve t"e reverse e''e*t$ T"e )u) is o*&te# &t & suit&)e %osition in t"e 'ree&ir stre&m$

7it" & v&%our 'ie# s(stem t"e )u) is 'ie# +it" & sm& u&ntit( o' vo&tie iui# &n# t"e*&%i&r( &n# our#on tu)e +it" v&%our$ As t"e 'ui# in t"e )u) e6%&n#s &n# *ontr&*ts +it"*"&n!e o' tem%er&ture, t"e %ressure o' t"e v&%our in t"e *&%i&r( tu)e &n# in t"e our#ontu)e *"&n!es, &!&in mo#i'(in! t"e s"&%e o' t"e our#on tu)e$ 7it" t"is s(stem &tmos%"eri*%ressure *"&n!es +i *&use in#i*&tor errors sin*e t"e our#on tu)e +i su''er 'rom &*"&n!in! insi#e/outsi#e %ressure r&tio$

At true &irs%ee#s &)ove 150 3t t"e s(stems #es*ri)e# &)ove &re not su''i*ient( &**ur&te,&n# it is no+ ne*ess&r( to use ee*tri*& t"ermometers$ T"ese '& into t+o *&te!ories,#e%en#in! on t"e t(%e o' sensin! eement +"i*" is em%o(e#$

7it" & *oi resist&n*e sensor, t"e resist&n*e o' & ni*3e or %&tinum *oi, +"i*" *"&n!es &t &

r&te +"i*" is %ro%ortion& to t"e *"&n!e in &)soute tem%er&ture, is me&sure#$ T"e *"&n!e inresist&n*e is sm& )ut st&)e$


P&!e 5>


62/160


63/160

T"e %ro)e "&s & sm& resist&n*e *oi surroun#e# )( *on*entri* *(in#ers &n# is mounte# on& stre&mine# strut 50 mm or so o'' t"e &ir*r&'t s3in$ ein! sm&, t"e eement re&*ts ui*3(to tem%er&ture *"&n!es &n# )ein! &t some #ist&n*e 'rom t"e &ir*r&'t s3in, t"e *oi is notun#u( &''e*te# )( s3in tem%er&ture$ T"e %ro)e is o%en &t t"e 'ront en# +"ie & sm&erori'i*e &t t"e re&r &o+s t"e %ro)e to *ontinuous( s&m%e ne+ &ir, &t"ou!" t"e &ir'o+t"rou!" t"e %ro)e is uite so+ )e*&use o' t"e restri*tions +it"in it$

T"e %ro)e "&s &n inte!r& "e&tin! eement 'itte# to it to %revent i*in!$ T"e "e&ter is o' t"e se'*om%ens&tin! t(%e in t"&t, &s t"e tem%er&ture rises, so #oes t"e eement resist&n*e &n#t"ere'ore t"e "e&ter *urrent is re#u*e#$ T"e "e&ter o)vious( &''e*ts t"e tem%er&ture sense#)( t"e sensor, "o+ever t"e resut&nt error is sm& enou!" to )e &**e%t&)e, )ein! in t"e

or#er o' 1C &t &*" 0$1 &n# 0$15C &t &*" 1$0$

True an3 Measure3 Temerature

Static air temerature 4SAT5is t"e *orre*t tem%er&ture o' t"e &m)ient &ir &n# is sometimesre'erre# to &s t"e *orre*te# or true outsi#e &ir tem%er&ture$

n'ortun&te(, es%e*i&( &t "i!" s%ee#s, t"e e''e*t o' *om%ressi)iit( me&ns t"&t t"etem%er&ture +"i*" is sense# +i )e *onsi#er&)( "i!"er +&rmer t"&n t"e st&ti* &irtem%er&ture$

Tota* air temerature 4TAT5is t"e tem%er&ture o' &ir +"i*" "&s )een )rou!"t virtu&( torest, &n# +"i*" "&s su''ere# t"e 'u e''e*t o' "e&tin! #ue to *om%ressi)iit($ T"e #i''eren*e)et+een t"e st&ti* &ir tem%er&ture &n# t"e tot& &ir tem%er&ture is sometimes re'erre# to &st"e st&!n&tion rise$ T"e %ro%ortion o' t"e st&!n&tion tem%er&ture +"i*" is sense# is 3no+n&s t"e re*over( '&*tor or B v&ue$

T"e t(%e o' t"ermometer em%o(e# +i !overn t"e %er*ent&!e o' t"e st&!n&tion tem%er&ture

rise +"i*" is sense#$ 7it" & Rosemount %ro)e t"e B '&*tor is norm&( &ssume# to )e 1$0,+"i*" is +"( t"e #evi*e is sometimes *&e# t"e tot& &ir tem%er&ture %ro)e$

7it" )imet&i* or iui#/v&%our 'ie# t"ermometers &n# ee*tri*& t"ermometers o' & more)&si* t(%e t"&n t"e Rosemount %ro)e t"e B v&ue is norm&( in t"e or#er o' 0$J5 to 0$@5$ Int"is *&se t"e me&sure# tem%er&ture is t"e tem%er&ture o' &ir +"i*" "&s )een )rou!"t on(%&rti&( to rest$ No+ t"e me&sure# tem%er&ture is 3no+n &s t"e r&m &ir tem%er&ture RAT,&n# t"e #i''eren*e )et+een t"e st&ti* &ir tem%er&ture &n# t"e me&sure# tem%er&ture RAT&s t"e r&m rise$

RAT Sensor

T"e m&Korit( o' tem%er&ture sensors &re "o+ever, o' t"e %&tinum +ire eement t(%e, t"eeement )ein! *ont&ine# eit"er in & %ro)e mounte# in +"&t is terme# & W'us" )u)*on'i!ur&tionX$ In t"is t(%e o' sensor, & %ro)e is use# 'or .AT me&surement +it" t"e %ro)e%rotru#in! t"rou!" & "oe in t"e &ir*r&'t s3in$ T"e sensin! eement is mounte# 'us" +it" t"e&ir*r&'t s3in 'us" )u) &n# senses RAT$ T"e re*over( '&*tor 'or t"is t(%e o' sensor v&ries'rom 0$J5 to 0$>0, #e%en#in! on &ir*r&'t !eometr( &n# o*&tion o' t"e )u)$


P&!e 1


64/160

.t&ti* &ir tem%er&ture *&n )e #erive# 'rom t"e me&sure# tem%er&ture usin! t"e 'ormu&!iven )eo+-

Ts9 Tm1 : 0$2 6 B 6 2

+"ere Ts 9 .AT in #e!rees &)souteTm 9 me&sure# tem%er&ture in #e!rees &)soute 9 &*" num)er B 9 re*over( '&*tor

T"e t&)e )eo+ !ives &n e&sier +&( o' *onvertin! Rosemount %ro)e rein!s to .AT$ .imi&rt&)es *&n )e %ro#u*e# 'or ot"er t(%es o' t"ermometers, "o+ever t"e( must t&3e &**ount o't"e o+er B v&ue$


P&!e 2


65/160

As t"e s%ee# o' t"e &ir*r&'t in*re&ses, t"e e''e*t o' 3ineti* "e&tin! o' t"e sensin! eement )(t"e &ir'o+ over it +i ten# to in*re&se$ Furt"er *om%i*&tions o**ur +"en & sensin! )u) ismounte# 'us" +it" t"e &ir*r&'t s3in, &s t"e sensor +i ten# to re!ister & *om)in&tion o' s3intem%er&ture &n# &ir tem%er&ture$

A##ition&(, uness t"e )u) is s"rou#e#, #ire*t suni!"t +i !ive rise to &n &rti'i*i&( "i!"rein!$ Fin&(, on '(in! 'rom *ou# to *e&r &ir, t"e tem%er&ture +"i*" is sense# +i )e

&rti'i*i&( o+ 'or t"e %erio# t&3en 'or t"e moisture to ev&%or&te 'rom t"e )u) or t"e sensin!eement +it"in t"e Rosemount %ro)e$ T"e %ro)e o' t"e )imet&i* t"ermometer *&nnot )es"rou#e# &n# is ne*ess&ri( mounte# K&*ent to t"e 'use&!e s3in, t"is t(%e o' t"ermometer+i t"ere'ore su''er 'rom & o' t"ese errors$ T"e iui#/v&%our 'ie# t"ermometer )u) must&!&in )e mounte# on t"e &ir*r&'t s3in, "o+ever t"e )u) *&n )e s"rou#e# to %revent #ire*tsuni!"t re&*"in! t"e )u)$ T"e e''e*t o' 3ineti* "e&tin! +"i*" is su''ere# &t t"e o+ s%ee#s&sso*i&te# +it" &ir*r&'t usin! )imet&i* or iui#/v&%our 'ie# t"ermometers +i )e sm&$ T"eRosemount %ro)e is )ot" s"rou#e# &n# mounte# remote( 'rom t"e &ir*r&'t s3in$ T"e e''e*to' 3ineti* "e&tin! +it"in t"e Rosemount %ro)e is minimise# )( virtue o' t"e '&*t t"&t t"e&ir'o+ t"rou!" t"e %ro)e is so+e# )( virtue o' t"e restri*tions +it"in it$

RECOVER8 FACTOR

I' t"e t"ermometer "&s & re*over( '&*tor o' 0$@, t"en it is me&surin! .AT : @0? o' t"e RARI.E$

I' t"e re*over( '&*tor is ERO, it is me&surin! .AT on($

I' t"e re*over( '&*tor is 1$0, it is me&surin! TAT Rosemount Pro)e$

TAT Tot& Air Tem%er&ture

T"is is .AT : 100 ? RA RI.E$

EAPLE-.AT 9 ;20 C

RECOVER8 FACTOR 9 @0 ?

RA RI.E 9 10 C

7"&t is t"e R&m Air Tem%er&ture RATM

RAT 9 .AT : ? o' RA RI.E9 ;20 : @0 ? o' 109 ;20 : @9 ; 12 C

A use'u 'ormu& .AT 9 RAT TA. 2100


P&!e =


66/160

0LIGT DIRECT"R S6STEMS

A t(%i*& s(stem *onsists o'-

0*i'#t Director Comuter

T"is is t"e "e&rt o' t"e s(stem$ In'orm&tion is re*eive# 'rom v&rious sour*es )e'ore )ein!#is%&(e#$

0*i'#t Director In3icator

Presents & 'or+&r# oo3in! vie+ o' t"e A/* in %it*" &n# ro simi&r to &n AH$ It is ee*tri*&(

#riven )( si!n&s 'rom & remote verti*& !(ro$

orionta* Situation In3icator

Presents & %&n'orm vie+ on t"e n&vi!&tion& situ&tion, su*" &s "ein! ri& &n# !i#e %&t"simi&r to &n RI


P&!e


67/160

0LIGT MANAGEMENT S6STEMS 40MS5

In & i!"t &ir*r&'t on &n e&r( soo *ross;*ountr( 'i!"t e6er*ise, 'i!"t m&n&!ement me&nsmu*" *&re'u %reimin&r( stu#(in! o' m&%s o' t"e route, t"e '&*iities &v&i&)e, t"e +e&t"er'ore*&st, ATC imit&tions &n# t"e &ir*r&'t4s %er'orm&n*e )e'ore t"e %iot *om%ies t"e 'i!"t%&n &n# see3s *e&r&n*e$ On t"e mo#ern &iriner, o%er&tin! on & s*"e#ue# or & non;s*"e#ue# 'i!"t, to & stri*t timet&)e &n# o'ten in m&r!in& +e&t"er *on#itions, t"e

&irm&ns"i% #e*isions reuire# 'or & s&'e, *om'ort&)e &n# e''i*ient(;*on#u*te# 'i!"t "&ve)een si!ni'i*&nt( e&se# 'or '&r more *om%e6 *on#itions )( Ee*troni* Fi!"t m&n&!ement.(stems F.$ .u*" F. em)r&*e & t"e %&r&meters t"&t *on*ern t"e soo stu#entto!et"er +it" t"e !re&ter so%"isti*&tion o' & mo#ern &r!er %&ssen!er tr&ns%ort &ir*r&'t$F. "&s )een #es*ri)e# &s Y%iot;inter&*tive n&vi!&tion& *om%utin! &n# #is%&( s(stems#esi!ne# to &ssist in '(in! &n &ir*r&'t +it" m&6imum e*onom( &n# s&'et( to & %revious(%&nne# route #e'ine# )ot" &ter&( &n# verti*&($4

T"e in*re&se# use in &ir)orne &%%i*&tions o' *om%&*t, "i!";s%ee# *om%uters en&)es F.to %rovi#e 'ue;e''i*ient &ir*r&'t o%er&tion to!et"er +it" n&vi!&tion& !ui#&n*e re#u*in! 'i!"t;*re+ +or3os es%e*i&( in termin& &ir%ort &re&s$

Fi!"t &n&!ement .(stems )&si*&( *onsist o' t+o units t"e 'i!"t m&n&!ement *om%uterunit FC &n# t"e *ontro/#is%&( unit CD$ T"e *om%uter unit is t"e store 'or t"en&vi!&tion& #&t& )&se &n# %er'orms t"e 'un*tions o'-

'i!"t %&nnin!

o%timum %er'orm&n*e *om%ut&tion

n&vi!&tion &n# %osition #etermin&tion

&ir #&t& &n# n&vi!&tion sensor see*tion

!ui#&n*e &n# steerin!, &ter&( &n# verti*&(

se' testin!

T"e #&t& )&se o' &n FC is ver( *om%re"ensive, t(%i*&( in*u#in! in'orm&tion re&tin!m&in( to t"e n&vi!&tion& 'e&tures in t"e &ir*r&'t4s 'ie# o' o%er&tions, t&iore# to t"e %&rti*u&ro%er&tor4s *om%&n( %ro*e#ures$ t"e o%er&tor usu&( u%#&tes t"e in'orm&tion ever( 2@ #&(s)( me&ns o' & *&ssette oer$ T"e #&t& )&se 'or e6&m%e +ou# in*u#e-

Airorts i#enti'ie# )( t"eir ICAO ;etter *o#e-&titu#e &n# on!itu#e, run+&(s, &%%ro&*" &i# 'reuen*ies &n# i#ents, #e*ision "ei!"ts,.ID4s &n# .TAR4sS

=ayoints i#enti'ie# )( n&me-&titu#e &n# on!itu#e, m&!neti* v&ri&tion, &sso*i&te# "o#in! %ro*e#uresS

Na>ai3s i#enti'ie# )( n&me-t(%e, &titu#e &n# on!itu#e, 'reuen*(, eev&tion, &sso*i&te# "o#in! %ro*e#uresS

Air,ays i#enti'ie# )( n&meS

RoutesS

M"RA minimum o'';route &titu#esS

Perormance&ir*r&'t t(%e in*u#in! i't, #r&!, en!ine 'ue 'o+s, en!ine t"rusts, %er'orm&n*e '&*tors$


P&!e 5


68/160

In &r!e &irines, t+in or = 'i!"t m&n&!ement s(stems &re 'itte#$ T"e( +i &**e%t &n#*om%&re in'orm&tion su*" t"&t #&t& entere# into No$ 1 F. +i )e %&sse# to t"e No$ 2 F.&n# #&t& entere# into t"e No$ 2 F. +i )e %&sse# to t"e No$ 1 F.$

Contro* 9 Dis*ay Unit 4CDU5

A t(%i*& CD is s"o+n +it" t"e *&t"o#e r&( tu)e %resentin! t"e in'orm&tion &)ove t"e

3e()o&r#$

For sim%i*it(, &%&rt 'rom its *ontro out%uts, t"e F. *om%uter m&( )e oo3e# u%on &s &)oo3$ T"e *"&%ters &n# %&!es o' t"e )oo3 &re see*te# )( t"e 3e(s on t"e CD &n# t"e*ontents #is%&(e# on t"e CRT$ In most *&ses, t"e #is%&(e# in'orm&tion *&n )e *"&n!e# )(t"e %iots in terms o' mo#i'(in! e6istin! #&t& or insertin! ne+ #&t&$

A)ove t"e CRT &re i!"t sensors *ontroin! &n &utom&ti* )rii&n*e *ir*uit +"i*" m&int&inst"e )ri!"tness o' t"e #is%&( re&tive to t"e &m)ient i!"t$ T"e 3e()o&r# &so "&s & m&nu&

)ri!"tness *ontro$ T"is *ontro "&s &not"er 'un*tion too in t"&t +"en it is s+it*"e# to YOFF4,& o' t"e 3e(s &re in"i)ite#$ T"e Fi!"t &n&!ement .(stem itse' "&s no ON/OFF s+it*")e*omin! ive &s soon &s %o+er is &%%ie# to t"e )us )&r servin! it$ T(%i*&(, t"is %&rt o' t"eCD "&s t"e enun*i&tors 'or t"e m&in 'i!"t %"&ses- *im) CL, *ruise CR, #es*entDE. &n# &%%ro&*" APP +"ie )eo+ t"e CRT t"ere &re enun*i&tors !ivin! #ition&s(stem st&tus in'orm&tion$


P&!e


69/160

Annunciators

T"ese &re i!"ts +"i*" &ert t"e *re+ +"en & *"&r!e o' F. *on#itions o**ur, t(%i*&( )ein!-.G ess&!e, D.P8 Dis%&(, FAIL, OF.T O''set$

ess&!e .G

T"e F. *&n !ener&te visor( &re &ert mess&!es +"i*" &re #is%&(e# on t"es*r&t*" % &n# iumin&te t"e .G i!"t$ An( in'orm&tion t"&t +&s in t"e s*r&t*"% is tem%or&ri( su%%resse#$ 7"en t"e .G is *e&re# )( t"e *re+, t"e #&t&returns &n# t"e .G i!"t !oes out$ A t(%i*& ALERT mess&!e +ou# )e NO.IGNAL FRO me&nin! t"&t & %&rti*u&r %ro*e#ure s%e*i'ie# N&v&i# is notv&i#, +"ie &n ADVI.OR8 mess&!e +ou# )e 'or e6&m%e, NOT IN DATA A.Eme&nin! t"&t t"e *om%uter "&s se&r*"e# t"e #&t& )&se &n# *&nnot 'in# t"e entere#i#ent$

Dis%&( D.P8

T"is i!"t iumin&tes +"ite i' t"e %&!e #is%&(e# is not re&te# to t"e &*tive *urrent'i!"t %&n e! or to t"e *urrent o%er&tion& %er'orm&n*e mo#e$

F&i

T"is iumin&tes &s &n AER i!"t i' *ert&in F. 'un*tions '&i$

O''set OF.T

Iumin&tes &s & +"ite i!"t +"en & %&r&e o';set is in use i$e$ t"e &ero%&ne is '(in!%&r&e to, )ut & 'i6e# #ist&n*e 'rom, t"e %re;%ro!r&mme# F. tr&*3$

Ce&r &n# Deete 3e(s CLR/DEL

T"e CLR 3e( on( *e&rs #&t& in t"e s*r&t*" %$ oment&ri( %resse#, it *e&rs t"e*"&r&*ters one &t & time 'rom t"e ri!"t$ He# #o+n 'or & se*on# or so, it +i *e&r t"e+"oe entr($ T"e s&me 3e( +i &so *e&r &n( s(stem;!ener&te# mess&!es &n#e6tin!uis" t"e .G &nnun*i&tor$

T"e DEL 3e( +i on( o%er&te on *ert&in %&!es &n# *ert&in ines &n# 'or +"i*" &%&rti*u&r #ri "&s to )e 'oo+e#$

Fun*tion 3e(s

EEC E6e*ute use# +"en & *"&n!e is me to &n &*tive V;NAV or L;NAV mo#e$To m&3e t"e *"&n!e e''e*tive, t"e EEC 3e( must )e %resse#$ T"e i!"t )&r in t"e3e( iumin&tes +"ie t"e %ro%ose# *"&n!e is )ein! me &n# )( %ressin! t"e 3e( t"e*"&n!e is in*or%or&te# &n# t"e i!"t e6tin!uis"e#$

NET PAGE &n# PREV PAGE$

se# so t"&t t"e CD #is%&(s res%e*tive(, t"e ne6t "i!"er %&!e num)er or ne6to+er %&!e num)er o' t"e see*te# *"&%ter$


P&!e J


70/160

o#e Be(s

T"e %ur%ose o' t"ese 3e(s is to en&)e #ire*t see*tion o' *ert&in %&!es to )e me,&s o%%ose# to usin! ine see*t 3e(s$ t"e( +i %ro)&)( in*u#e-

INIT REF Initi&is&tion / Re'eren*e ; 'or settin! u% %re;'i!"tS

RTE Route ; to #is%&( t"e *urrent se!ment o' route )ein! 'o+nS

CL Cim) ; to #is%&( t"e %&!e 'or t"e &*tive *im) mo#eS

CR Cruise ; to #is%&( t"e %&!e 'or t"e &*tive *ruise mo#eS

DE. Des*ent ; to #is%&( t"e %&!e 'or t"e &*tive #es*ent mo#eS

DIR/INTC Dire*t / Inter*e%t ; to #is%&( t"e %&!es so t"e route *&n )e *"&n!e# to'( #ire*t to & %osition or inter*e%t '&*iit(S

LEG. ; to #is%&( t"e #et&is o' e&*" e! o' t"e 'i!"t %&nS

DEP ARR De%&rture / Arriv& ; to #is%&( .ID4s et*$, #e%en#in! u%on t"e *urrent%"&se o' t"e 'i!"tS

HOLD ; to #is%&( & %&!e 'or est&)is"in! & "o#in! %ointS

PROG Pro!ress ; to #is%&( "o+ t"e 'i!"t is %ro!ressin!, 'or e6&m%e #ist&n*e to&n# ETA ne6t +&( %oint, 'ue rem&inin!, et*$S

FI ; to #is%&( %&!es +"i*" en&)e t"e *re+ to o)t&in & 'i6 )( t"e inter*e%tion o' t"e%resent route +it" & see*te# ri& 'rom & n&vi!&tion &i#$


P&!e @


71/160


P&!e >


72/160

AUT"PIL"TS

o#em &uto %iots use & RATE;RATE s(stem$T"is me&ns t"&t- THE RATE OF CHANGE 9 THE RATE OF CORRECTION$

T"e v&nt&!es o' t"e r&te !(ros &re-

& R&%i# #ete*tion o' sm& &ttitu#e *"&n!es is %ossi)e, &s t"e r&te o' *"&n!e issense# &n# not t"e &mount o' *"&n!e$

) .moot" *orre*tive &*tion is %ossi)e +it"out over *orre*tin! )e*&use si!n&sto t"e *orre*tin! servos &re &t & r&te %ro%ortion& to t"e r&te o' *"&n!e$


P&!e J0


73/160

CAPTER &

MAGNETISM

Terrestria* Ma'netism

T"e E&rt" is surroun#e# )( & +e&3 m&!neti* 'ie# +"i*" *umin&tes &t t+o m&!neti* %oes(in! )ene&t" t"e sur'&*e, &t %oints '&ir( *ose to t"e true nort" &n# sout" %oes$

Present(, t"e nort" m&!neti* %oe is situ&te# ne&r Hu#son &( C&n&, &n# t"e sout"m&!neti* %oe ne&r Vi*tori& L&n# Ant&r*ti*&$ T"ese %oes &re not in '&*t st&tion&r(, )utrot&te ver( so+( &)out t"e true %oes in & *o*3+ise #ire*tion on*e ever( >0 (e&rs$ T"is!ives rise to t"e &nnu& *"&n!e in v&ri&tion +"i*" is terme# t"e se*u&r *"&n!e$

T"e re&sons 'or t"e e6isten*e o' t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# &re sti un#er investi!&tion$ It is)eieve# t"&t t"e 'ie# is %ro#u*e# ee*tri*&( +it"in t"e E&rt"4s *ore$ It is su''i*ient to &**e%tt"&t t"e e''e*t is &s i' &n e6treme( &r!e )&r m&!net +ere o*&te# +it"in t"e E&rt" +it" itse6tremities &t t"e m&!neti* %oes, &s s"o+n )eo+$


P&!e J1


74/160

e*&use o' t"e irre!u&rit( o' t"e terrestri& m&!neti* 'ie#, t"e m&!neti* ines o' 'or*e &re o'v&r(in! #ire*tion &n# stren!t"$ A)ove (ou *&n see #i&!r&mm&ti*&( t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti*'ie#$ Note t"&t &t t"e m&!neti* %oes t"e ines o' 'or*e &re verti*&, +"ist &t %ointseui#ist&nt 'rom t"e m&!neti* %oes t"e ines o' 'or*e &re "oriont&$ A ine #r&+n t"rou!"%oints +"ere t"e ines o' 'or*e &re "oriont& is 3no+n &s t"e m&!neti* eu&tor$ It is norm&(&**e%t&)e to *onsi#er t"e m&!neti* eu&tor to )e *o;in*i#ent +it" t"e !eo!r&%"i* eu&tor$

T"e nort" m&!neti* %oe is, )( *onvention, norm&( s"o+n &s & )ue %oe, &n# t"e sout"m&!neti* %oe &s & re# %oe$ Remem)er t"&t uni3e %oes &ttr&*t, t"ere'ore & 'ree(sus%en#e# m&!net +i *ome to rest +it" its re# nort"see3in! en# %ointin! to+&r#s t"enort" m&!neti* %oe$

A %ro)em &rises )e*&use & 'ree( sus%en#e# m&!net +i ie in t"e %&ne o' t"e terrestri&m&!neti* ines o' 'or*e &n#, &s is &re( 3no+n, t"e m&!neti* 'or*e 'ie# &%%ro&*"es t"everti*& &t "i!" m&!neti* &titu#es$ Conseuent(, in t"e nort"ern "emis%"ere, t"e nort"see3in! en# o' & 'ree( sus%en#e# m&!net +i #i% )eo+ t"e "oriont&$ Converse(, in t"esout"ern "emis%"ere t"e sout" see3in! en# +i #i% )eo+ t"e "oriont&$ On( &t t"em&!neti* eu&tor +i t"e *om%&ss nee#e )e "oriont&$ Anot"er +&( o' #e'inin! t"em&!neti* eu&tor is, t"ere'ore, &s & ine Koinin! %oints o' ero #i%$ T"is ine is ot"er;+ise3no+n &s t"e &*in& ine$ A ine Koinin! %oints o' eu& #i% is *&e# &n iso*in& ine$

It is t"e stren!t" o' t"e "oriont& *om%onent o' t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# +"i*" !overns t"e*om%&ss nee#e4s &)iit( to %oint %ositive( to+&r#s t"e m&!neti* %oes$

At &n( !iven m&!neti* &titu#e t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# m&( )e resove# into "oriont& &n#verti*& *om%onents$

O)vious( &t t"e m&!neti* eu&tor & *om%&ss nee#e +i )e "i!"( #ire*tive, sin*e t"e"oriont& *om%onent H is eu& to t"e tot& 'or*e T$ As t"e m&!neti* &titu#e is in*re&se#t"e "oriont& *om%onent #e*re&ses in m&!nitu#e, &n# t"e *om%&ss )e*omes unrei&)e$ In'&*t, t"e m&!nets use# in &ir*r&'t *om%&sses &re in#u*e# to ie *ose to t"e "oriont& r&t"ert"&n in t"e %&ne o' t"e tot& m&!neti* 'or*e 'ie#, &s #is*usse# s"ort($

Ho+ever, e6*e%t &t o+ &titu#es, & resi#u& &n!e o' #i% sti rem&ins, &n# it is 'or t"is re&sont"&t &ir*r&'t m&!neti* *om%&sses &re not !ener&( *onsi#ere# to )e us&)e &t &titu#es in

e6*ess o' J0$


P&!e J2


75/160


76/160

Note t"&t v&ri&tion +i *"&n!e +it" *"&n!e o' !eo!r&%"i* %osition )ut not +it" *"&n!e o'

&ir*r&'t "ein!$ T"e m&6imum %ossi)e v&ue o' v&ri&tion is 1@0, +"i*" +ou# )e

e6%erien*e# +"en t"e &ir*r&'t is )et+een t"e true &n# m&!neti* %oes$

De>iation

It is uni3e( t"&t t"e m&!nets in &n &ir*r&'t *om%&ss +i %oint e6&*t( to+&r#s m&!neti*nort"$ T"e &ir*r&'t &n# its eui%ment +i %ro#u*e & se%&r&te m&!neti* 'ie# +"i*" +i ten# to#e'e*t t"e m&!nets )(, "o%e'u(, on( & 'e+ #e!rees &t most$

T"e #ire*tion in +"i*" t"e m&!nets %oint un#er t"e in'uen*e o' t"e *om)ine# terrestri& &n#&ir*r&'t m&!neti* 'ie#s is terme# *om%&ss nort", &n# t"e &n!e )et+een m&!neti* nort" &n#*om%&ss nort" is terme# *om%&ss #evi&tion$

I' *om%&ss nort" ies to t"e +est o' m&!neti* nort" t"e #evi&tion is +ester( or ne!&tive &ss"o+n )eo+ on t"e e't$ I' t"e *om%&ss nort" ies to t"e e&st o' m&!neti* nort" t"e #evi&tionis e&ster( or %ositive &s s"o+n )eo+ on t"e ri!"t$

Note t"&t, uni3e v&ri&tion, #evi&tion *"&n!es +it" *"&n!e o' &ir*r&'t "ein!$ Devi&tion in&n &ir*r&'t *om%&ss is re#u*e# to & minimum )( *on#u*tin! & *om%&ss s+in!$ Resi#uevi&tions &re t"en re*or#e# on & *om%&ss #evi&tion *&r#, +"i*" is mounte# in t"e &ir*r&'t$T"e *om%&ss s+in! is #is*usse# &t & &ter st&!e$

E6&m%e 1

Dr&+ & #i&!r&m to iustr&te &n &ir*r&'t on & "ein! o' 0T, v&ri&tion 15E, #evi&tion 2$


P&!e J


77/160

.oution-

Aircrat Ma'netism

% to t"is %oint +e "&ve #is*usse# *om%&ss #evi&tion &n# its e''e*ts +it"out e6&minin! itsori!in$ Devi&tion o' & *om%&ss o**urs )e*&use &n &ir*r&'t "&s its o+n m&!neti* 'ie# +"i*"

o' *ourse #istorts t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# in t"e vi*init( o' t"e *om%&ss m&!nets or#ete*tor unit$ Com%ens&tin! 'or t"is #evi&tin! in'uen*e &s mu*" &s %ossi)e is t"e 'un*tiono' t"e *om%&ss s+in!$ e'ore oo3in! &t *om%&ss s+in!in! %ro*e#ures +e +i *onsi#er t"e'&*tors invove# in &ir*r&'t m&!netism$

Sources o Aircrat Ma'netism

Perme&)iit( is e6%resse# &s t"e r&tio )et+een t"e stren!t" or 'u6 #ensit( o' t"em&!netise# m&teri& &n# t"e 'ie# stren!t" o' t"e m&!netisin! in'uen*e$ In ot"er +or#s, &n(m&teri& +it" & "i!" %erme&)iit( is e&si( m&!netise#$ Iron 'errous )&se# m&teri&s "&ve &"i!" %erme&)iit( &n# t"ere'ore m&!netism is e&si( in#u*e# into t"em$ &teri&s su*" &s&uminium, )r&ss, *o%%er, %&sti*, ru))er &n# *&r)on 'i)re &re nonm&!neti* &n# *&nnot )em&!netise#$ n'ortun&te( it +ou# )e e6treme( e6%ensive i' not im%ossi)e to %ro#u*e &n&ero%&ne t"&t #i# not *ont&in &n( m&!neti* m&teri&$

Ma'netic materia* can e c*asse3 as eit#er #ar3 or sot iron.

H&r# iron *om%onents *&n )e *onsi#ere# to )e %erm&nent( m&!netise#$ I' & "&r# ironeement is m&!netise#, t"e m&!neti* 'ie#, +"i*" "&s )een in#u*e# into it, +i #e*&( on(ver( so+($

.o't iron eements su''er on( 'rom tem%or&r( m&!netism, t"e( &*t &s m&!nets on( +"en &ne6tern& m&!neti* 'or*e is %resent$ .o't iron eements )e"&ve in t"is +&( )e*&use t"e( o''er

& o+er resist&n*e terme# reu*t&n*e +"en *onsi#erin! m&!neti* 'u6 to t"e e6tern&m&!neti* 'ie# t"&n #oes t"e surroun#in! &ir$ T"e e6tern& m&!neti* 'or*e 'ie# t"ere'ore%re'ers to 'o+ t"rou!" t"e so't iron *om%onent &n# t"is %ro#u*es &n en"&n*e# m&!neti*'or*e 'ie# +it"in t"e *om%onent$

An &ir*r&'t stru*ture +i inv&ri&)( *ont&in )ot" "&r# &n# so't iron m&teri&s &n# +i t"ere'oree6"i)it )ot" "&r# &n# so't iron m&!neti* *"&r&*teristi*s$


P&!e J5


78/160

H&r# iron m&!netism m&3es u% t"e %erm&nent m&!neti* 'ie# o' t"e &ir*r&'t$ It is *re&te##urin! t"e m&nu'&*ture &n# t"e su)seuent i'e o' t"e &ir*r&'t t"rou!" v&rious me&ns, 'ore6&m%e & i!"tnin! stri3e is i3e( to in*re&se "&r# iron m&!netism &n# its e''e*t +i #e*&(on( so+( over mont"s or (e&rs$ .in*e "&r# iron e6ists in its o+n ri!"t in#e%en#ent( o' t"eE&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# its stren!t" is not &''e*te# )( t"e &ir*r&'t4s "ein! or &titu#e*"&n!es$

.o't iron m&!netism is tem%or&r( &n# %resent on( +"en &n e6tern& m&!neti* 'ie# %rim&ri(t"e E&rt"4s o+n m&!neti* 'ie# is %resent$ O)vious( t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# is &+&(st"ere, "o+ever t"e re&tive m&!nitu#es o' t"e t+o *om%onents o' t"e E&rt"4s 'ie# t"e"oriont& H *om%onent &n# t"e verti*& *om%onent +i v&r( &s t"e &titu#e &t +"i*" t"e&ir*r&'t is o%er&tin! *"&n!es$

Li3e t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie#, t"e &ir*r&'t4s so't iron 'ie# is *onsi#ere# in terms o' t+ose%&r&te *om%onentsS "oriont& &n# verti*& so't iron$ T"e stren!t" o' e&*" is #e%en#&nt ont"e re&tive stren!t"s o' t"e E&rt"4s H &n# *om%onents$ It is t"e &ir*r&'t4s verti*& so't ironV.I *om%onent t"&t is %rim&ri( res%onsi)e 'or *&usin! so't iron #evi&tion in t"e *om%&ss&n# t"ere'ore t"e "i!"er t"e m&!neti* &titu#e t"e !re&ter t"e stren!t" o' t"e V.I *om%onent$As +it" "&r# iron, t"e stren!t" o' t"e so't iron *om%onents is in#e%en#ent o' t"e &ir*r&'t4s"ein!$

De>iatin' Eects o ar3 an3 Sot Iron

A *om%&ss m&!net s(stem or 'u6 #ete*tor reies on t"e stren!t" o' t"e "oriont& *om%onento' t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# to %rovi#e t"e W#ire*tion&it(X o' t"e *om%&ss$

Re!&r#ess o' &n( ot"er in'uen*es t"is #ire*tion&it( is stron!est &t t"e m&!neti* eu&tor &n#)e*omes +e&3er &s t"e H *om%onent o' t"e E&rt"4s m&!neti* 'ie# #iminis"es +it"in*re&sin! &titu#e$

I' &ir*r&'t "&r# iron is su%erim%ose# on t"is %&ttern, +e no+ "&ve t+o *om%etin! in'uen*eson t"e *om%&ss m&!nets or #ete*tor unit$ T"e H *om%onent o' t"e E&rt"4s 'ie# +"i*" !ivest"e *om%&ss its #ire*tion&it( is #iminis"in! +it" &titu#e )ut t"e stren!t" o' &n( #evi&tin!"&r# iron *om%onent rem&ins *onst&nt$ T"e #evi&tion on &n( !iven "ein! *&use# )("&r# iron +i t"ere'ore in*re&se +it" &n in*re&se o' o%er&tin! &titu#e$

No+ 'or!et t"e "&r# iron in'uen*e &n# *onsi#er t"e interre&tions"i% )et+een & verti*& so'tiron *om%onent &n# t"e E&rt"4s H 'ie# remem)er t"&t it is t"e E&rt"4s H 'ie# +"i*" !ives t"e*om%&ss its #ire*tion&it( &n# t"e V.I *om%onent +"i*" is tr(in! to #evi&te t"e *om%&ss$No+ t"e #evi&tin! in'uen*e o' t"is V.I *om%onent +i in*re&se +it" in*re&se in m&!neti*&titu#e on t+o *ounts$ First( t"e stren!t" o' t"e E&rt"4s H *om%onent is #e*re&sin! +it"

in*re&sin! &titu#e &n# se*on#( t"e stren!t" o' t"e &ir*r&'t4s V.I *om%onent is in*re&sin!un#er t"e in'uen*e o' t"e in*re&sin! stren!t" o' t"e E&rt"4s 'ie# *om%onent$

O)vious( t"is #is*ussion o' "&r# iron &n# so't iron is ver( mu*" &))revi&te#, "o+ever t"e%oints t"&t "&ve )een *overe# &%%e&r to s&tis'( t"e %resent s(&)us$


P&!e J


79/160

Aircrat Ma'netism Comonents

It is *onvenient to *onsi#er t"e e''e*t o' t"e &ir*r&'t4s m&!neti* 'ie# )( im&!inin! t"&t t"e*om%e6 'ie#s "&ve )een re%&*e# )( )&r m&!nets o' &%%ro%ri&te stren!t" &n# %o&rit(, one(in! &on! t"e 'ore &n# &'t on!itu#in& &6is &n# t"e ot"er (in! &on! t"e &t"+&rts"i%s&ter& &6is o' t"e &ir*r&'t$

A m(t"i*& )&r m&!net (in! in t"e 'ore &n# &'t &6is is 3no+n &s "&r# iron *om%onent P :Pnort" or )ue %oe in t"e nose$ T"is in turn is in'uen*e# )( t"e verti*& so't iron *om%onent*$ T"e *om)in&tion o' t"ese t+o;!ive rise to t"e #evi&tin! 'or*e +"i*" is 3no+n &s *o;e''i*ient $

.imi&r( it is t"e m(t"i*& )&r m&!net (in! &t"+&rt s"i%s &6is is 3no+n &s "&r# iron*om%onent : nort" or )ue %oe in t"e ri!"t +in!$ T"is in turn is in'uen*e# )( t"everti*& so't iron *om%onent '$ T"e *om)in&tion o' t"ese t+o !ive rise to t"e #evi&tin! 'or*e+"i*" is 3no+n &s *o;e''i*ient C$

H&r# iron verti*& *om%onent R "&s & ne!i!i)e

cpl instruments

Documents