courses 5-6 processing the natural language main issues...
TRANSCRIPT
Courses5-6Processingthenaturallanguage
Mainissuesandsolu6ons
Theresearchdomain
• Computa(onalLinguis(cs(CL)–givesthetheore6calbackground,linguis6cmodels,computa6onaltheoriesonlanguage
• NaturalLanguageProcessing–appliedCL– naturallanguagetechnology– humanlanguagetechnology
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Naturallanguagetechnology
• Spokenlanguage–speechprocessing• WriGenlanguage• Languageincorrela6onwithothermodali6es(mul6modality)
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Speechtechnologies
• Interpre6nghumanvoice– reprezenta6onofvocalsignal– speechrecogni6on(speechtotext-S2T)– prosodyanalyses– speakerrecogni6on
• Synthesizinghumanvoice– speechsynthesis– prosodysynthesis
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ProcessinghumanspeechsignalPRAATinterface
ThankstoProf.H.N.Teodorescu5
WriGenlanguagetechnologies
• Documentsegmenta6onandinterpreta6on– cleaning(ellimina6onofdots,enhancingcontrast,etc.)
– separa6onoftextfromimage,curvedlines...– recognisingprinted,semi-uncialcharactersandhandwri6ng
• Op(calCharacterRecogni(on(OCR)
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Ms.45BARCluj-Napoca,secondhalfof17thcentury
Differenttypesofwri6ngintherevisedcopyofNicolaeMilescu’stransla6onofSeptuaginta,p.412-413
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WriGenlanguagetechnologies
• AnalysisandunderstandingofwriGenlanguage– sub-syntac6cprocessing
• lexicalunits• sentencespli[ng• clauseborders• partofspeechandmorphologicalinforma6on• lemmas• en6tynames• groups(nominal,verbal,prepozi6onal,etc.)andlexicalaGrac6ons(coloca6ons)
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SentencesTheLegalCommissionoftheChamberofDepu6esvotedMondayagainsttheini6a6onofcriminalprosecu6onofRovanaPlumb,theresigningministeroftheEuropeanFunds,a_erhearingher,alongwiththelawyer,foraboutanhourbylawmakers.|RovanaPlumbonceagaindeclaredherself,whenoutofhearingsinthelegalcommission,innocentoftheaccusa6onsmadebyan6corrup6onprosecutors.|
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ClausesOnSeptember22,DNAannouncedthat|DeputyPrimeMinisterSevilShhaidehissuspectedof|commi[ngserviceabusewhenhewasastatesecretaryatMDRAP,inadossierthat,in2013,|throughtheconcertedac6onofsomepublicofficials,partsoftheBelinaIslandandthePavelBrassillegallypassedfromtheStatepropertytopropertyofTeleormanCountyandintheadministra6onofTeleormanCountyCouncil,|justafewdaysa_er,theyalsobeingillegallyleasedtoaprivatecompany.| 10
Lexicalunits
SolicitatsăcomentezeuneditorialrecentalluiDinuPatriciu,încareacestaprecizacănucredeînsocial-liberalismşisăapreciezedacă,asfel,adatoloviturădeimagineUSL,Antonescuaspuscănuş6edacăPatricius-areferitlaUSL.
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Nameen66esOnSeptember22,DNAannouncedthatDeputyPrimeMinisterSevilShhaidehissuspectedofcommi[ngserviceabusewhenhewasastatesecretaryatMDRAP,inadossierthat,in2013,throughtheconcertedac6onofsomepublicofficials,partsoftheBelinaIslandandthePavelBrassillegallypassedfromtheStatepropertytopropertyofTeleormanCountyandintheadministra6onofTeleormanCountyCouncil,justafewdaysa_er,theyalsobeingillegallyleasedtoaprivatecompany.
person
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Nameen66esOnSeptember22,DNAannouncedthatDeputyPrimeMinisterSevilShhaidehissuspectedofcommi[ngserviceabusewhenhewasastatesecretaryatMDRAP,inadossierthat,in2013,throughtheconcertedac6onofsomepublicofficials,partsoftheBelinaIslandandthePavelBrassillegallypassedfromtheStatepropertytopropertyofTeleormanCountyandintheadministra6onofTeleormanCountyCouncil,justafewdaysa_er,theyalsobeingillegallyleasedtoaprivatecompany. temporalexpression
date
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Nameen66esOnSeptember22,DNAannouncedthatDeputyPrimeMinisterSevilShhaidehissuspectedofcommi[ngserviceabusewhenhewasastatesecretaryatMDRAP,inadossierthat,in2013,throughtheconcertedac6onofsomepublicofficials,partsoftheBelinaIslandandthePavelBrassillegallypassedfromtheStatepropertytopropertyofTeleormanCountyandintheadministra6onofTeleormanCountyCouncil,justafewdaysa_er,theyalsobeingillegallyleasedtoaprivatecompany.
Ins6tu6on
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Nameen66esOnSeptember22,DNAannouncedthatDeputyPrimeMinisterSevilShhaidehissuspectedofcommi[ngserviceabusewhenhewasastatesecretaryatMDRAP,inadossierthat,in2013,throughtheconcertedac6onofsomepublicofficials,partsoftheBelinaIslandandthePavelBrassillegallypassedfromtheStatepropertytopropertyofTeleormanCountyandintheadministra6onofTeleormanCountyCouncil,justafewdaysa_er,theyalsobeingillegallyleasedtoaprivatecompany.
geoloca6ons
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Lemmaandthepartofspeech
Solicitat–solicita–vbsă–să–conjcomenteze–comenta–vbun–un–art.nehot.editorial–editorial–sbrecent–recent–adj...
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• English
Morphologicalannota6on
0 1 He he subj:>2 @SUBJPRON2 did do v-ch:>4 @+FAUXVV3 not not neg:>2 @ADVLNEG-PART4 knowknowmain:>0 @-FMAINVV5 her she subj:>6 @OBJPRON6 namenameobj:>4@-FMAINVV
• Romanian
<TOKID="TOK478"root="Nu"pv="Par6cle"Type="nega6on">Nu</TOK><TOKID="TOK479"root="ş6"pv="Verb"Type="main"Mood="indic."
Tense="imperfect"Person="third"Number="singular">ş6a</TOK><TOKID="TOK480"root="cum"pv="Adverb"type="int_rel">cum</TOK><TOKID="TOK481"root="el"pv="Pronoun"Type="pers"Person="third"
Gender="feminine"Number="singular"Case="accusa6ve">o</TOK><TOKID="TOK482"root="chema"pv="Verb"Type="main"Mood="indic."
Tense="present"Person="third">cheamă</TOK>
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Nominalphrases
Solicitatsăcomenteze[uneditorialrecentallui[DinuPatriciu]],în[care][acesta]precizacănucredeîn[social-liberalism]şisăapreciezedacă,asfel,adat[oloviturăde[imagine]][USL],[Antonescu]aspuscănuş6edacă[Patriciu]s-areferitla[USL].
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<NPID="NP903"HEADID="W3190"VERBPOS="W3191"><WID="W3190"POS="PRON"NUM="SG"GENDER="M"ROLE="SUBJ" LEMMA="he"LINK="W3191"LINKTYPE="subj">He</W></NP>
<WID="W3191"POS="V"ROLE="+FAUXV"LEMMA="do"LINK="W3193"LINKTYPE="v-ch">did</W>
<WID="W3192"POS="NEG-PART"ROLE="ADVL"LEMMA="not"LINK="W3191"LINKTYPE="neg">not</W>
<WID="W3193"POS="V"ROLE="-FMAINV"LEMMA="know"LINK="W3189"LINKTYPE="main">know</W>
<NPID="NP1188"HEADID="W3195"><NPID="NP904"HEADID="W3194"VERBPOS="W3189"> <WID="W3194"POS="PRON"NUM="SG"GENDER="F” ROLE="OBJ"LEMMA="she"LINK="W3195“LINKTYPE="subj">her</W></NP><WID="W3195"POS="V"ROLE="-FMAINV"LEMMA="name”LINK="W3193"LINKTYPE="obj">name</W></NP>
Annota6onofnominalphrases
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WriGenlanguagetechnologies
• Languageanalysisandunderstanding– syntac6cprocessing
• gramma6calformalisms• parsingèsyntac6cstructureofthesentence
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Syntac6cambigui6es
Mariapriveştecalulcuochelari.(Mariawatchesthehorsewithspectacles.)
VP
priveşte
S
Maria
NP
calul
PP
NP
cu ochelari
NP
VP
priveşte
S
Maria
NP
calul
NP
cu ochelari
NP
PP
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ElementaryNLPtools
• Tokenizer:getthewordboundaries– Input:rawtext– Output:<tok id=“...”>word</tok>– How:byregularexpressions
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ElementaryNLPtools
• POS-Tagger:Part-of-Speechtagging(morfo-syntac6cdisambigua6on)– Input:<tok id=“...”>word</tok>– Output:<tok id=“...” POS=“...”>word</tok>– How:byexploi6ngthefrequenciesofoccuranceofadjacentPOSs=>op6misegloballythesequenceoftags
Thesawmadenoise.
DET VN
NV
N
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ElementaryNLPtools
• Lemma_ser:getthebaseformofwords– Input:<tok id=“...” POS=“...”>word</tok>– Output:<tok id=“...” POS=“...” lemma=“...”>word</tok>
– How:byusingadic6onaryandexploi6ngfrequenciesofoccuranceofadjacentlemmas
Thesawmadenoise.
the sawsee
mademake
noise
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ElementaryNLPtools
• NP-Chunker:detectNounPhrases– Input:sequenceof<tok>elements– Output:<npid=“...”>...</np>– How:applyregularexpressions
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ElementaryNLPtools
• NER:recogniseNameEn66esandclassifythem– Input:rawtext– Output:<neid=“...”type=“...”>...</ne>– How:basedonregularexpressions,largelistsofen6tynamesspecialisedperlanguage(gazeteers)
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WriGenlanguagetechnologies
• Languageanalysisandunderstanding– Seman6canddiscourseprocessing
• seman6cdisambigua6onèwordsenses• seman6croleslabelling• rhetoricalstructureofdiscourseanddialogue• anaphoraresolu6on• textsummarisa6on
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Coreferential chains
Winston was just taking his place in one of the middle rows when two people whom he knew by sight, but had never spoken to, came unexpectedly into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knew that she worked in the Fiction Department.
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Coreferential chains
Winston was just taking his place in one of the middle rows when two people whom he knew by sight, but had never spoken to, came unexpectedly into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knew that she worked in the Fiction Department.
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Coreferential chains
Winston was just taking his place in one of the middle rows when two people whom he knew by sight, but had never spoken to, came unexpectedly into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knew that she worked in the Fiction Department
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Coreferential chains
Winston was just taking his place in one of the middle rows when two people whom he knew by sight, but had never spoken to, came unexpectedly into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knew that she worked in the Fiction Department.
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Wordsensesaredeterminedbytheircontexts
• Ionseprinseînhorăcuofatăcucosiţelungi.• Cândfatăiapata?
• Mămaidauodatăpepâr(aroşie.• I-amdatunapestemână.• Mariaadatcarteaînapoi.
• M-amscos…• Mi-amscosmăseauademinte.
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Pre-processing
TEXT
TOK
Tokeniser
TOK(POS,LEM)
POS-tagger+Lemma6ser
SENT
SENT-SPLITTER
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NP-chunking,NER
TOK+NP
NP-chunker
TOK+NP+NE(PER)
TOK(POS,LEM)
TOK+NP+NE(TIME)
NER_6me
TOK+NP+NE(ORG)
NER_orgNER_person
TOK+NP+NE
merge
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Coreference,syntac6cparsing
TOK+NP+NE+COREF
TOK+NP+NE
TOK+SENT+SYNT
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT
merge
RARE
TOK(POS,LEM) SENT
TOK+SENT
FDG-parser
merge
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Events
EVENT-finder
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT+EVENT
TEXT
EVENT
simplifica6on
manualannota6on
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KinshipandSpace
KINSHIP-finder
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT+KINSHIP
TEXT
KINSHIP SPACE
SPACE-finder
simplifica6onsimplifica6on
manualannota6on
manualannota6on
TOK+NP+NE+COREF+SENT+SYNT+SPACE
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Kinshiprela6ons:exemple
-Lascăcu(nemărăfuiescdupă,îiscăpăprintredințiomuluieiDonca,nevastacălugăruluizbanghiuZuicu,care-IaduseselaelacasăpeIonșipepreședinte.
Aposi6on:Per-X,Rel(atrib)Per-Ygen,=>marriage(X:person[sex:?],Y:person[sex:?])
marriage(Donca:person[sex:f],Zuicu:person[sex:m])
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Kinshiprela6ons:exemple-Forfortyyears,EllaRubinstein1’slifewasasastandingwater…Her1husband,David,wasasuccessfulden(st…
Aposi6on:Per-Xpron,genRel,Per-Y,=>marriage(antecedent(X):person[sex:?],Y:person[sex:?])
marriage(EllaRubistein:person[sex:f],David:person[sex:m])
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Spa6alrela6onships:exemple
AtfiveverstsofAremzianskyurts,inthemiddleoftheriverIrtâş,liestheislandofKuntai.Filatov'svillageisonthele_bank,twoverstsfromtheisland.
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Anexampleofcallibra6onofaModule
SupposewewanttobuildaToolperformingaspecifictask.Thenwehavetobuild3modules:§ TheTrainingModule(TM)§ TheToolitself(X)§ TheEvalua_onModule(EM)
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• ThismoduleextractsamodelwhichwillbeusedbytheTool.
TheTrainingModule
TrainingModuleTrainingCorpus
model
preferencesTraining.pref
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• Thismoduleappliesanalgorithmontheinputandtransformsitaccordingtothelearnedmodel.
TheModuleX
ThemoduleX output.xml
input.xml
preferencesX.pref
model
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• ThismoduleevaluatestheTestfileagainsttheGoldfile.
TheEvalua_onModule
Evalua6onModule evalLog
preferencesEvalua6on.pref
output.xml
gold.xml
Test
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Evalua6onmeasures
• Precision=#itemiîncomunînTest&Gold/#itemiînTest• Recall=#itemiîncomunînTest&Gold/#itemiînGold• F-measure=2*P*R/(P+R)
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GeneralArhitecture
TMTrainingcorpus
model
preferencesTraining.pref
X
EM
preferencesEvalua6on.pref
input.xml
output.xml
gold.xml
evalLog
preferencesX.pref
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Calibra6onsystem
TM
X
EM
configura6on.cfg
TrainingCorpus
input.xml
gold.xml
preferencesTraining.pref
preferencesSegmenter.pref
C
Op6malvalues
preferencesEvalua6on.pref
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AnyelementaryNLPtoolpar6cipa6nginaprocessingchain
ModuleXstandardinput
standardoutput
outputinput
resourses
standardresourses
parameters
txt
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Eventshappenin6me
Cândaintratîncamerăe1,Ionaaprinsluminae2.Dupăcinciminuteaieşite3.Laieşireas(nsluminae4.
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Eventshappenin6me
Cândaintratîncamerăe1,Ionaaprinsluminae2.Dupăcinciminuteaieşite3.Laieşireas(nsluminae4.
Twotypesoftemporalexpressions:• instants...
e1:t1/e2:t1/e3:t2=t1+5min/e4:t2
time
e1
t1
e3
t2
e2 e4 50
Eventshappenin6me
Cândaintratîncamerăe1,Ionaaprinsluminae2.Dupăcinciminuteaieşite3.Laieşireas(nsluminae4.
Twotypesoftemporalexpressions:• ...andintervals:
time
e1
t1
e3
t2
e2 e4
5 minutes
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Eventscanbe...
• Instantaneous:Ionaieşitdincameră.Marias-aîntâlnitcuprofuldemate.
• Take6me:Ionaci(ttoatăseara.Afarăplouă.
time t
e
time t1
e
t2
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Signalsfortemporalrela6ons
Cândaintratîncamerăe1,Ionaaprinsluminae2.Dupăcinciminuteaieşite3.Laieşireas(nsluminae4.
cândei,ejèt(ei)=t(ej)ei.După<interval>ejèt(ej)=t(ei)+<interval>La<reference(ei)>ejèt(ei)=t(ej)
timp
e1
t1
e3
t2
e2 e4
5 minute
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Typeofreasoningwhere6memaGers
2. [Falimentul firmei] a avut loc la un an după [înfiinţarea ei].
un an
1. Samurai S.R.L. a luat fiinţă la 23 ianuarie 1984.
Când a falimentat Samurai S.R.L.?
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Processingstatements
a luat fiinţă
Samurai S.R.L.(id=obj1) subj
la
23 ianuarie 1984
compl
PP ev1
23ianuarie1984
ISA aluafiinţă
SamuraiS.R.L. REC
TIME
evenimential representation
<object ID=“obj1” ISA=“companie” NAME=“Samurai S.R.L.”/>
<event ID=“ev1” ISA=“a_lua_fiinţă” REC=“obj1” TIME=“23.01.1984”/>
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simplificări
a avut loc
falimentarea subj
la
an
compl
atrib. genit? firmei
un după
înfiinţarea
ei
PP
atrib. genit?
det
a avut loc
falimentarea subj
la
an
compl
atrib. genit? obj1
un după
înfiinţarea
obj1
PP
atrib. genit?
det
rezoluţia anaforelor
a falimenta subj
la
an
compl obj1
un după
ev1
PP
det
dacă are_loc falimentarea lui X atunci X falimentează
referinţă anaforică la un eveniment deja menţionat
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Processingstatements
evenimential representations
a falimenta subj
la
an
compl obj1
un după
ev1
PP
det temporal expression
anchored in another event
<event ID=“ev2” ISA=“a_falimenta” REC=“obj1” TIME=“timex1”/>
<timex ID=“timex1” TYPE=“after” REF=“ev1” DUR=“1” UNIT=“year”/>
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Compu6ng6me<objectID=“obj1”ISA=“companie”NAME=“SamuraiS.R.L.”/><eventID=“ev1”ISA=“a_lua_fiinţă”REC=“obj1”TIME=“23.01.1984”/><eventID=“ev2”ISA=“a_falimenta”REC=“obj1”TIME=“6mex1”/><6mexID=“6mex1”TYPE=“a_er”REF=“ev1”DUR=“1”UNIT=“year”/><eventID=“ev2”ISA=“a_falimenta”REC=“obj1”TIME=“23.01.1985”/>
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TheQuoVadiscorpus
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Acorpusofen66esandseman6crela6ons
• En66es–types:– persons– gods– groupsofpersonsandgods– bodyparts
• Seman6c rela6onsmen6onedbetween theseen66es
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En66es–examples
• Characters (Marcus Vinicius, Ligia), groups (theChris(ans,thesoldiers);
• At the text level: nominal groups (the youngpatrician,sonoftheconsul);
• Imbricatedreferen6alexpressions:[daughter[ofAulus]2]1
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Typesofrela6ons
• Anaphoric• Seman6c
– kinship– affec6ve– social
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Anaphoricrela6ons• coref• coref-interpret• member-of,has-as-member(inverse)• isa,class-of(inverse)• part-of,has-as-part(inverse)• subgroup-of,has-as-subgroup(inverse)• has-name,name-of(inverse)1:[Acteea]...2:[theyounglibert]...=>[2]coref[1]1:[2:[his]righthand]=>[1]part-of[2]
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Kinshiprela6ons• parent-of• child-of(inverseofparent-of)• grandparent-ofandgrandchild-of(inverse)• sibling(symmetrical)• ant-uncle-of,nephew-of(inverserela6on)• cousin-of(symmetrical)• spouse-of(symmetrical)• unknown
1:[thesecondhusbandof2:[Popeia]]=>[1]spouse-of[2]1:[sisterof2:[Petronius]]=>[1]sibling-of[2]
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Socialrela6ons
• superior-of• inferior-of• incoopera(on-with• colleague-of• incompe((on-with• opposite-toLibera(ng1:[her],2:[Nero]…=>[2]superior-of[1]1:[Theyoungman]foughtunderthecommandof2:[Corbulon]=>[1]inferior-of[2]
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Affec6verela6ons• love• loved-by• hate• hatedby• upset• friendship• worship• angerPe1:[Vinicus]îlcuprinseomânienăprasnicăîmpotriva
2:[împăratului]șiîmpotriva3:[Acteii]=>[1]anger[2],[1]anger[3]
66
<ENTITYID="E8"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="28"LEMMA="Marcus">Marcus</W><Wid="29"LEMMA="Vinicius">Vinicius</W></ENTITY><Wid="30"LEMMA="fi">era</W><KINSHIPID="KIN57"FROM="E12"TO="E11"TRIGGER="31"
TYPE="child-of"><ENTITYID="E12"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="31"LEMMA="fiu">fiul</W><KINSHIPID="KIN53"FROM="E11"TO="E10"TRIGGER="32"
TYPE="sibling-of"><ENTITYID="E11"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="32"LEMMA="soră">surorii</W><ENTITYID="E10"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="33"LEMMA="său">sale</W></ENTITY><Wid="34"LEMMA="mai">mai</W><Wid="35"LEMMA="mare">mari</W></ENTITY></KINSHIP></ENTITY></KINSHIP><Wid="36"LEMMA=",">,</W><KINSHIPID="KIN59"FROM="E13"TO="E15"TRIGGER="44"
TYPE="spouse-of"><ENTITYID="E13"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="37"LEMMA="care">care</W></ENTITY><Wid="38"LEMMA=",">,</W><Wid="39"LEMMA="cu">cu</W><Wid="40"LEMMA="an">ani</W><Wid="41"LEMMA="în_urmă">înurmă</W><Wid="42"LEMMA=",">,</W><Wid="43"LEMMA="sine">se</W>
<Wid="44"LEMMA="căsători">căsătorise</W><Wid="45"LEMMA="cu">cu</W><KINSHIPID="KIN61"FROM="E15"TO="E14"TRIGGER="46"TYPE="parent-of"><ENTITYID="E15"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="46"LEMMA="tată">tatăl</W><ENTITYID="E14"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="47"LEMMA="acesta">acestuia</W></ENTITY></ENTITY></KINSHIP></KINSHIP><SOCIALID="SOC9"FROM="E17"TO="E16"TRIGGER="49"TYPE="inferior-of"><ENTITYID="E17"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="49"LEMMA="consul">consul</W><Wid="50"LEMMA="pe">pe</W><Wid="51"LEMMA="vreme">vremea</W><Wid="52"LEMMA="el">lui</W><ENTITYID="E16"TYPE="PERSON"><Wid="53"LEMMA="Tiberiu">Tiberiu</W></ENTITY></ENTITY></SOCIAL><Wid="54"LEMMA=".">.</W><REFERENTIALID="REF37"FROM="E12"TO="E8"TYPE="coref"/REFERENTIAL><REFERENTIALID="REF38"FROM="E13"TO="E11"TYPE="coref"/REFERENTIAL><REFERENTIALID="REF39"FROM="E14"TO="E8"TYPE="coref"/REFERENTIAL><REFERENTIALID="REF40"FROM="E17"TO="E15"TYPE="class-of"/REFERENTIAL>
Anno
ta6o
n
67
Sta6s6csinvolvingthecorpus
• 7.281sentences• 146.822wordsandpunctua6onsigns• 24.636en66esmen6ons• 22.301referen6alrela6ons• 755AKSrela6ons(Affec6ve+Kinship+Social)• 752triggers
68
Example:rela6onsloveandworship
69
Affec6verela6onsfear-ofandhate
70
Rela6onsbetweenViniciusandothercharacters
71
Distribu6onofseman6crela6onsinvolvingVinicius
72
Linguis(csLinkedOpenData(LLOD)
- Developmentoftechniquesthatwillallowtodeciphertheseman_ccontentoftexts- abstracts(general,focusedoncertaincharacters),- narra6velines(e.g.theevolu6onoffeelingsbetweenViniciusandLigia)
- sta6cconnec6onsbetweenen66es(e.g.genealogictrees),
- sta6s6csoveren66es(e.g.domina6ngsen6mentsamongChris6ansascomparedtothoseamongRomans)
73
Linguis(csLinkedOpenData(LLOD)
- Genera6onofontologiesfromtrea6es- applica6onsableto“read”textsreferingtoadomainandtoformalisetheconceptsandtheirrela6ons
- Intelligentdocumentsretrieval- personalisedagentsintheresearchac6vity
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