course title: introduction to computer course instructor: iltaf mehdi chapter no: 03 1by iltaf...

Course Title: Introduction to Computer

Course Instructor:ILTAF MEHDI

Chap

ter N

o: 0

3

Chap

ter N

o: 0

3

1BY ILTAF MEHDI(MCS, MCSE, CCNA)

Chapter No Chapter Name Page No

1. Introduction to Information Technology 01

2. Hardware: Input and Output 251

3. Hardware: The CPU and Storage 189

4. Software 117

5.Communications, Networks and Safeguards

309

6. Internet 49

BY ILTAF MEHDI(MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 2

Course Contents

Characteristics of computer Speed

• A computer works at a very high speed and is much faster than humans.• A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second. The time used

by a computer to perform an operation is called the processing speed.• Computer speed is measure in mega hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz).Storage • A computer can store large amounts of data permanently.• User can use this data at any time. We can store any types of data in

computer. Text, Numbers, graphics, pictures, audio and video files.Processing• A computer can process the given instruction. It can perform different

types of processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.• It can also perform logical functions like comparing two numbers to

decide which one is bigger.accuracy • Accuracy means to provide result without any errors. Computer can

process large amounts of data.


Characteristics of computer

Recalling • A computer can recall the store data and information as and when

required. The data stored in the computer can be used at a later time.

Consistency• Computer works in a consistent way. It does not become board or

tired consistency.Communication • Most computers today can communicate with other computer. We

can connect computers to each other. We can communicate with other people in the world using network like internet.

Cost – Reduction • We can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost.


Main Parts of Computer

• The knowledge of Computer system is divided into two main parts.– Hardware – Software


Hardware

• Hardware is the physical parts of computer which we can touch and see.

• The Tangible parts of computer are called hardware.

• Hardware is similar to human body.• Keyboards, Mouse, Monitor, Hard disk,

Mother Board, Processor and RAM are the example of Hardware.


Software

• Software is the set of instructions which do some work.

• we can see software but not touch.• The in-tangible parts of computer are called

software.• The set of instruction is called software• It is like ghost of human.


Memory System• “The place or location where data and programs

are stored called memory”.• Memory is measured in bytes.• One byte can store one letter of the alphabet or

one punctuation mark or one digit.• For convenience, we usually measure memory in

kilobytes (1000 bytes), megabytes (1,000,000 bytes) or gigabytes (1,000,000,00 bytes).

• Kilobyte, megabyte and gigabyte are normally abbreviated to KB, MB and GB respectively.


The measurement of memoryThe bit:• The term bit (shortened to a lowercase b) means "binary digit",

meaning 0 or 1 in binary numbering.• It is the smallest unit of information which can be manipulated by a

digital machine. The byte:• The byte (shortened to uppercase B) is a unit of information

composed of 8 bits. It can be used to store, among other things, a character, such as a letter or number.

The nibble:• A four bit sequence is called a nibble.

The word: • A 16-bit unit of information is usually called a word. • A 32-bit unit of information is called a double word (sometimes

called a dword).


Conversions of the units

Kilobytes and Megabytes: • Here are the IEC's(International Electro-technical

Commission) standardized units: • One kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes or (1024 bytes)• One megabyte (MB) = 1000 kB = 1,000,000 bytes • One gigabyte (GB) = 1000 MB = 1,000,000,000 bytes • One terabyte (TB) = 1000 GB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes


Types of Memory

There are two types of memory:1.Primary memory (main memory , internal

memory or storage)2.Secondary memory (auxiliary

memory ,external memory , backing storage , mass storage)


1. Primary Memory

• Primary Memory is the memory where data and programs are store for the purpose of processing.

• it stores data temporary before the processing of data.

• the data first enter into main memory for checking of data. memory gets data or instruction from input devices then the control unit(CU) moves the data from main memory into it's register for processing.


TYPES OF PRIMARY MEMORY

There are three types of primary memoryA. RAMB. ROMC. Cache Memory


A. RAM

• RAM Stands for Random Access Memory.• We can access data directly from any location of RAM

it is also volatile memory because it load instructions whenever power is on and lost the instruction when power is off it is a temporary memory if the computer lose the power or shutdown without saving of data the contents of it's memory are lost therefore it is very important to save any unsaved works to secondary disk storage.

• The temporary nature of RAM is the most important characteristic when the computer finished one set of instruction or data it can store another set in the first set's place .


A. RAM

• RAM works similarly like a white board you can write and erase instructions or data from the board.


B. ROMRead only memory (ROM)• It is also called non-volatile memory because it store

the data if power is off or on it store BIOS setup program.

• In ROM data and programs are stored by manufacturer during the manufacturing. And we can’t change or erase the data store in ROM.

• The information can be read from ROM but not change or write information into it.

• It can not accept any input data from user. the data stored in ROM is permanent and it is not lost data due to light failure so it is called permanent memory.


C. Cache Memory

• Cache Memory is a special purpose memory. • Which increase the processing speed of

processor. • It works between RAM and processor.There are three types of Cache memory:• level1 cache memory• level 2 cache memory• level 3 cache memory


2. Secondary storage

• Secondary storage / memory • The memory where our information or programs

are stored for future use. it is also called permanent memory, Auxiliary memory, external memory, mass storage, backing storage…etc

• There are some important secondary memories • Hard disk (2) CD disk (3) Floppy disk (4) Flash

memory etc…


DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA

There are different types of media to store the data

• Magnetic Disk • Optical Disk• Solid state storage


Magnetic Storage

• Magnetic Storage is made of plastic and one of the side is coated with a magnetic material. The side of tape that is coated has spots there are usually 7 or 9 rows of spots these rows are called channels or tracks.


Types of the magnetic disk

• Types of the magnetic disk• Hark Disk (2) Disk Pack (3) Floppy Disk


Hard Disk

• Hard Disk (HDD) or (HD) • Hard disk is secondary storage device which can

store more data than floppy disk. Hard disk provides faster access to files than floppy disk. Nowadays capacity of hard disk is measured in Gega bytes. It is also called fixed disk. A hard disk consists of the several circular disks that is called platter the data are write on or read from the platter through read and write head each platter contains two read and write head.


Hard Disk

• Hard disk is made of hard metallic material with magnetic coating on each surface of it.

• Hard disk is consists of a thin metal platter fixed on a vertical spindle. The platter is coated with magnetic material on which data is recorded. Hard disk is provided very big storage capacity facility to pc.


Hard Disk• It has read and writes head. • Information can be recorded on or read from the magnetic surface.• A disk must be formatted before it can be used.• Formatting process creates tracks and sectors on disk.• Read and write head is used to read from or write on magnetic disk.• Data are writing or read from disk through read and write head.• The hard disk and floppy disk are the example of magnetic disk.• In the hard disk unit there are disks.• When the hard disk is used in the mini or microcomputer it has a fixed

disk and all the system software and the important application software permanently resized on the hard disk and that is directly access able to the start up.


Jumper Setting


Definition:• A jumper is a removable wire

or small plastic or metal plug whose absence or placement on a piece of hardware determines how the hardware is to be configured.

• For example, if a jumper on a hard drive is in "Position A" (I made this up), it may mean that the hard drive is to be the master hard drive on the system. If the jumper is in "Position B" it may mean that the hard drive is to be the slave hard drive in the computer.

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_hdd.htm

Hard Disk


Disk Pack

• It is a disk like hard disk or other disk but the main difference is that the disk pack unit is usually used in mini frame computers.


Floppy Disk

Floppy Disk (FDD) or (FD) • A floppy disk is a small flexible plastic disk coated

with magnetic material on which data are stored. It was introduced by IBM in 1970.

• Floppy disk is used to share the data with other user.

• A floppy disk Is only one disk the floppy disk also called diskette or microfloppy it is a popular storage medium. It has a little storage capacity.

• The floppy disk is made of soft plastic material and may have magnetic coating.


Floppy Disk


Optical Disk

– Optical Disk (OD) or Optical Drive• Optical disk is used laser technology. An

optical drive is used to read and write data from optical disk. A laser beam (light) is used to read and write the data. Optical drive reads data by focusing laser beam on the surface of the disk. Some area of the disk reflect the light is called lands represent 1 and other area does not reflect the light that is called pits represent 0.


Types of optical disks or drives

• There are some important optical disks or drives.

• (1) CD Rom (2) DVD Rom


CD Rom

• CD Rom (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)• A CD can store about 700 MB of data. The

contents of the CD read by CD Drive. The data are stored on CD only read but can not be erased or changed. The x on CD Rom or CD Drive shows the speed of transferring data per second.


CD Rom


DVD Rom

• DVD Rom (Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory)

• It is similar to CD Rom but it can store more data than CD Rom. It can store the data up to 17 GB. Min 4.5 GB and Max 17 GB

• The data of DVD is read by DVD Drive.


DVD Rom


Solid State Storage

• Solid storage or Flash memory devices are unique from all storage devices. These devices do not use the disks. These devices are neither magnetic nor optical. It used integrated circuit (IC) to store data.


USB Flash Drive• USB Flash Drive (universal serial bus)• These portable storage devices are becoming

increasingly popular.• It is also called pen drive or keychain drive

memory sticks.• It has or provides much greater storage capacity

than floppy disk.• It can store up to 16 GB of data.• It can be connected or plugged into any USB

ports.• It is used to share the data with other users.


CPU

Central devices or central processing units (CPU)

• CPU is the brain of computer in computer system all operations are performed by CPU. It is also called processor or micro processor

Cpu has the following parts: • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)• Control unit (CU)• Memory unit (MU)


CPU


ALU

• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)• This is the part of the CPU where actual data

process taken place • The (ALU) has two main functions– it carries out the arithmetic operations such as

addition , subtraction ,multiplication ,and division.• It performs certain logical operations of selecting

sorting and comparing equal to not equal to less then less then or equal to greater then or greater then or equal to


CU

• Control unit (CU)• Control unit is the most important part of the

cpu it controls the activities of all other units such as (ALU) Memory unit (MU) input and output units it is the control unit which interprets instruction and transfer data from the main memory to the (ALU) for processing.


MU

• Memory Unit (MU)• The memory unit store all the instruction and

information it's also called primary memory, main memory, and the main memory store only a limited amount of instruction and information after saving of information they store in secondary storage device also called auxiliary storage external storage backing storage


Motherboard• The primary component of a computer is the motherboard

(sometimes called the "mainboard"). The motherboard is the hub which is used to connect all of the computer's essential components.

• As its name suggests, the motherboard acts as a "parent" board, which takes the form of a large circuit with connectors for expansion cards, memory modules, the processor, etc

• The motherboard is the centre piece of your system it contains all the circuitry and components either directly on the board or via additional components which connect directly to it.

• The motherboards many connectors and slots include a socket for the processor to be installed along with memory slots, a number of expansion slots, connectors to IDE/SATA devices and smaller connectors for USB, serial and printer connectors.


Motherboard


course title: introduction to computer course instructor: iltaf mehdi chapter no: 03 1by iltaf...

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