course diary
DESCRIPTION
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING 4TH SEMESTER ELEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT DESIGNTRANSCRIPT
1
MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Near Whitefield, Channasandra, Bangalore -560067 Ph: 080-28452324;
(An ISO Certified Institution recognized under UGC 2(f)) Fax: 080-28452443
URL: www.mvjce.edu.in
B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE DIARY ACADEMIC YEAR: 2011--2012
IV- SEMESTER
Name :________________________________
USN :________________________________
Semester & Section :________________________________
The Mission
“The mission of our Institution is to provide world class education in our chosen fields and
prepare people of character, caliber and vision to build the future world”
2
INDEX
S.No. Contents
1 Schedule of Events
2 Scheme
3 Engineering Mathematics-IV
4 Mechanical Measurements and Metrology
5 Applied thermodynamics
6 Kinematics of Machines
7 Element of Aeronautics
8 Fluid Mechanics
9 Mechanical Measurements and Metrology Lab
10 Machine shop lab
3
SCHEDULE OF EVENTS (2012)
B.E. (Aero) – IV Semester
FOURTH SEMESTER
Commencement of Even Semester (2011 – 12) 01 Feb 2012
Internal Assessment Tests Schedule
First Test
Second Test
Third Test
End of Semester
Commencement of Practical Examinations
Commencement of Theory Examinations
Commencement of ODD Semester (2012 – 13)
OTHER MAJOR EVENTS
MVJ Memorial Cricket Tournament
SWAYAM March 2012
Founder‟s Day 17th
May
4
Aeronautical Engineering
IV Semester
Scheme of Teaching and Examination
Sl
No
Subject
Code Title
Teaching
Dept.
Teaching
Hours / week Examination
Theory Pr Duration I.A
Marks
Theory/
Practical
Total
Marks
1 10MAT41 Engineering
Mathematics-IV Maths 04 -- 03 25 100 125
2 10ME42B
Mechanical
Measurements &
metrology
ME/AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
3 10ME43 Applied
Thermodynamics ME/AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
4 10ME44 Kinematics of
Machines ME/AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
5 10AE45 Elements of
Aeronautics AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
6 10AE46B Fluid Mechanics ME/AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
7 10MEL47B
Mechanical
Measurements &
Metrology Lab
ME/AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
8 10 MEL48B
Machine Shop ME/AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
Total 24 06 24 200 700 900
5
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – IV
Sub Code: 10MAT41 IA Marks: 25
Hrs/ Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hrs.: 52 Exam Marks: 100
PART-A
UNIT-1
Numerical Methods- 1
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree; Picard‟s method,
Taylor‟s series method, modified Euler‟s method, Runge-kutta method of fourth-order. Milne‟s and
Adams - Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (No derivations of formulae).
6 Hours
UNIT-2
Numerical Methods – 2
Numerical solution of simultaneous first order ordinary differential equations: Picard‟s method,
Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order. Numerical solution of second order ordinary differential
equations: Picard‟s method, Runge-Kutta method and Milne‟s method.
6 Hours
UNIT-3
Complex variables – 1
Function of a complex variable, Analytic functions-Cauchy-Riemann equations in cartesian and
polar forms. Properties of analytic functions. Application to flow problems- complex potential,
velocity potential, equipotential lines, stream functions, stream lines. 7 Hours
UNIT-4
Complex variables – 2
Conformal Transformations: Bilinear Transformations. Discussion of Transformations: w=z2,
w=ex, w= z+ (a
2/z). Complex line integrals- Cauchy‟s theorem and Cauchy‟s integral formula.
7 Hours
6
PART-B
UNIT-5
Special Functions
Solution of Laplace equation in cylindrical and spherical systems leading Bessel‟s and Legendre‟s
differential equations, Series solution of Bessel‟s differential equation leading to Bessel function of
first kind. Orthogonal property of Bessel functions. Series solution of Legendre‟s differential
equation leading to Legendre polynomials, Rodrigue‟s formula. 7 Hours
UNIT-6
Probability Theory - 1
Probability of an event, empherical and axiomatic definition, probability associated with set theory,
addition law, conditional probability, multiplication law, Baye‟s theorem. 6 Hours
UNIT-7
Probability Theory- 2
Random variables (discrete and continuous), probability density function, cumulative density
function. Probability distributions – Binomial and Poisson distributions; Exponential and normal
distributions. 7 Hours
UNIT- 8
Sampling Theory
Sampling, Sampling distributions, standard error, test of hypothesis for means, confidence limits for
means, student‟s t-distribution. Chi -Square distribution as a test of goodness of fit
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Khanna Publishers
2. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Wiley Publications.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1. B.V. Ramana, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Latest edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
2. Peter V. O‟Neil, Engineering Mathematics, CENGAGE Learning India Pvt Ltd.Publishers.
7
8
9
10
11
MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY
Subject Code: 10ME32B /42B IA Marks: 25
Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100
PART- A
UNIT-1
Standards of measurement: Definition and Objectives of metrology, Standards of
Length-International prototype meter, Imperial standard yard, Wave length standard,
subdivision of standards, line and end standard, calibration of end bars (Numerical),
Slip gauges, Wringing phenomena, Indian Standards (M-81, M-12), Numerical
problems on building of slip gauges. 06 Hours
UNIT-2
System of Limits, Fits, Tolerance and Gauging: Definition of tolerance, Specification
in assembly, Principle of interchangeability and selective assembly limits of size, Indian
standards, concept of limits of size and tolerances, compound tolerances, accumulation
of tolerances, definition of fits, types of fits and their designation (IS 919-1963), geometrical
tolerance, positional-tolerances, hole basis system, shaft basis system, classification of gauges,
brief concept of design of gauges (Taylor's principles), Wear allowance on gauges, Types of
gauges-plain plug gauge, ring gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge and gauge materials.
07 Hours
UNIT-3
Comparators and Angular measurement: Introduction to comparators, characteristics,
classification of comparators, mechanical comparators-Johnson Mikrokator, sigma comparators,
dial indicator, optical comparators-principles, Zeiss ultra optimeter, electric and electronic
comparators-principles, LVDT, pneumatic comparators, back pressure gauges, solex
comparators. Angular measurements, bevel protractor, sine principle and use of sine bars, sine
centre, use of angle gauges (numerical on building of angles), clinometers.
07 Hours
UNIT-4:
Interferometer and screw thread, gear measurement: Interferometer, interferometry,
autocollimator. Optical flats. Terminology of screw threads, measurement of major diameter,
minor diameter, pitch, angle and effective diameter of screw threads by 2-wire and 3-wire
methods, best size wire. Tool maker's microscope, gear tooth terminology, use of gear tooth
vernier caliper and micrometer. 06 Hours
12
PART-B
UNIT-5:
Measurements and measurement systems: Definition, significance of measurement,
generalized measurement system, definitions and concept of accuracy, precision, calibration,
threshold, sensitivity, hysterisis, repeatability, linearity, loading effect, system response-times
delay. Errors in measurement, classification of errors. Transducers, transfer efficiency, primary
and secondary transducers, electrical, mechanical, electronic transducers, advantages of each
type transducers. 07 Hours
UNIT-6
Intermediate modifying and terminating devices: Mechanical systems, inherent problems,
electrical intermediate modifying devices, input circuitry, ballast circuit, electronic amplifiers
and telemetry. Terminating devices, mechanical, cathode ray oscilloscope, oscillographs, X-Y
plotters. 06 Hours
UNIT-7
Measurement of force, torque and pressure: Principle, analytical balance, platform balance,
proving ring. Torque measurement, Prony brake, hydraulic dynamometer. Pressure measurements,
principle, use of elastic members, Bridgeman gauge, McLeod gauge, Pirani gauge. 06 Hours
UNIT-8
Temperature and strain measurement: Resistance thermometers, thermocouple, law of thermo
couple, materials used for construction, pyrometer, optical pyrometer. Strain measurements, strain
gauge, preparation and mounting of strain gauges, gauge factor, methods of strain measurement.
07 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Mechanical Measurements, Beckwith Marangoni and Lienhard, Pearson Education,
6th Ed., 2006.
2. Engineering Metrology, R.K. Jain, Khanna Publishers, 1994.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Metrology, I.C. Gupta, Dhanpat Rai Publications, Delhi.
2. Mechanical Measurements, R.K. Jain Khanna Publishers, 1994
3. Industrial Instrumentation, Alsutko, Jerry. D. Faulk, Cengage Asia Pvt. Ltd. 2002.
4. Measurement Systems Applications and Design, Ernest O. Doebelin, 5th Ed.,
McGraw Hill Book Co.
5. Metrology & Measurement, Anand K. Bewoor & Vinay A. Kulkarni, Tata McGraw
Hill Pvt. Ltd., New-Delhi
13
14
15
QUESTION BANK
Unit-1
1. Describe with neat sketch 1) imperial standard yard 2) international prototype meter.
2. Describe with neat wavelength standard.
3. Describe with neat sketch line and end standards.
4. What is metrology? State and explain the objectives of metrology.
5. Explain the following terms 1) primary standard 2) secondary standard.
6. Describe the procedure for ringing of slip gauges. Using a slip gauge set m-87, build up the
following dimensions.29.758 mm and 2) 46.635 mm.
Unit-2
1. Illustrate the principle of go and no go gauges.
2. Differentiate between the following 1) hole basis system 2) interchangeability and selective
assembly.
3. Write in brief about BIS classes of fits
4. Write in brief about clearance fit, interference fit and transition fit.
5. Explain gauge tolerance Taylor‟s theory.
6. Write in brief about limit gauges.
7. Write in brief about plug gauges.
8. Write in brief about selection of fits.
9. Write in brief about gap gauges.
10. Write in brief about system of limits and fits.
11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of mechanical optical comparator.
12. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pneumatic comparators.
13. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electrical comparators.
14. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electronic comparators
15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of johnson‟s microkrator.
16. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook – level comparator.
17. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of sigma comparator
18. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook – level comparator
19. Explain the method of measuring angles using clinometers
20. Explain the method of measuring angles using a bevel protractor.
21. Explain the method of measuring angles using a universal protractor.
22. Explain the method of measuring angles using a sine bar.
23. Explain the method of measuring angles using angle gauges..
24. Explain the method of measuring angles using taper gauges.
25. Explain the terms 1) wear allowance 2) gauge makers allowance
26. Give the combination of angle gauges to obtain the following angles, also sketch the
arrangement of gauges (1)34 23 43 (2)15 51 24
16
Unit-3
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of autocollimator
2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of toolmakers microscope.
3. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors?
4. Explain the there wire method of measuring the effective diameter of a metric thread. Derive
an expression for the best size used in the above method.
5. Write short notes on terminology of screw threads.
6. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors.
7. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 2 – wire method
8. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 3 – wire method
9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth vernier.
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth micrometer.
11. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth vernier.
12. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth micrometer.
13. List out the uses of 1) gear tooth micrometer. 2) gear tooth micrometer.
Unit-4
1. Explain with example the three stages of a generalized measurement system.
2. Write in brief 1) accuracy 2) precision 3) sensitivity with respect to measurements.
3. Write in brief 1) threshold 2) resolution hysterisis 3) repeatability
4. Write in brief 1) loading effect 2) input impedance 3) system response
5. Write in brief about time delay in a measurement.
6. What are errors in measurements?
7. How the errors in the measurements are classified.
8. List out the importance of measurement and measurement systems
9. What are transducers? List out advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical transducer.
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electronic transducer.
11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electrical transducer
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic transducer?
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electrical transducer?
14. What is a pneumatic load cell? Explain.
15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of various mechanical transducer
elements.
Unit-5
1. Explain about the mechanical systems used as the intermediate modifying stages.
2. Write short notes on Inherent problems.
3. Write short notes on Electronic amplifiers.
4. Write short notes on telemetry.
5. Write short notes on mechanical terminating devices.
6. Explain with neat diagram the working of hode ray oscilloscope.
7. Write short notes on Oscillograph.
8. Write short notes on X – Y Plotters.
17
Unit -6
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of electrical dynamometer
2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of proving ring.
3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of prony brake dynamometer.
4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of hydraulic dynamometer.
5. Write a short note on analytical balance.
6. Write a short note on platform balance.
7. Write a short note on hydraulic dynamometer.
8. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of Bridgman gauge
9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of McLeod gauge
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pirani gauge.
11. Explain how pressure can be measured with elastic transducer.
12. Write short notes on the elastic members used in the measurement of pressure.
Unit-7
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of resistance thermometer
2. List the thermocouple laws.
3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of radiation pyrometer.
4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pressure thermometer.
5. Explain the principles of thermocouples and illustrate the applications of thermocouples.
6. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of vapour, pressure thermometer with a
neat sketch.
7. Write short notes on Optical Pyrometer.
8. Explain the null balance and deflection methods of strain measurements.
9. Write in brief about treatment regarding preparation & mounting of strain gauges.
10. Explain a) calibration of strain gauges b) temperature compensation
11. Write a note on strain gauge material its alloys.
12. Write short notes on Gauge Factor.
18
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
Subject Code : 10ME43 IA Marks : 25
Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART-A
UNIT - 1
Combustion thermodynamics: Theoretical (Stoichiometric) air and excess air for combustion of
fuels. Mass balance, actual combustion. Exhaust gas analysis. A./ F ratio, Energy balance for a
chemical reaction, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy and internal energy of combustion, Combustion
efficiency, adiabatic flow temperature. 07 Hours
UNIT- 2
Gas power cycle: Air Standard cycles: Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Dual and Stirling cycles, P-V and T-
S diagrams, description, efficiencies and mean effective pressures, Comparison of Otto, Diesel and
dual cycles. 06 Hours
UNIT - 3
I.C. Engine: Testing of two stroke and four stroke SI and CI engines for performance Related
numerical problems, heat balance, Motoring Method, Willian‟s line method, swinging field
dynamometer, Morse test. 06 Hours
UNIT - 4
Vapour Power Cycles: Carnot vapour power cycles, drawbacks as a reference cycle, Simple
Rankine cycle, description, T- S diagram, analysis for performance , comparison of Carnot and
Rankine cycles. Effects of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle performance. Actual vapour
power cycles. Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycle, open and closed feed water heaters,
Reheat Rankine cycle. 07 Hours
PART-B
UNIT - 5
Reciprocating Compressors: Operation of a single stage reciprocating compressors, work input
through P-V diagram and steady state steady flow analysis. Effect of clearance and volumetric
efficiency. Adiabatic, isothermal and mechanical efficiencies. Multistage compressor, saving in
work, optimum intermediate pressure, inter- cooling, minimum work for compression.
06 Hours
19
UNIT - 6
Gas turbine and Jet propulsion: Classification of Gas turbines, Analysis of open cycle gas turbine
cycle. Advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle. Methods to improve thermal efficiency, Jet
propulsion and Rocket propulsion. 07 Hours
UNIT - 7
Refrigeration: Vapour compression refrigeration system ; description, analysis, refrigerating effect,
capacity , power required, units of refrigeration, COP , Refrigerants and their desirable properties.
Air cycle refrigeration; reversed Carnot cycle, reversed Brayton cycle, Vapour absorption
refrigeration system, steam jet refrigeration. 06 Hours
UNIT - 8
Psychometry: Atmospheric air and psychometric properties; Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb
temperature, dew point temperature; partial pressures, specific and relative humidities and the
relation between the two enthalpy and adiabatic saturation temperature. Construction and use of
psychometric chart . Analysis of various processes; heating, cooling , dehumidifying and
humidifying. Adiabatic mixing of moist air. Summer and winter air conditioning. 07 Hours
Data Hand Book :
1. Thermodynamic data hand book, B.T. Nijaguna.
2. Properties of Refrigerant & Psychometric (tables & Charts in SI Units),
Dr. S.S. Banwait, Dr. S.C. Laroiya, Birla Pub. Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 2008
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Basic and applied Thermodynamics, P.K. Nag, 2nd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill Pub.Co,2002
2. Applied Thermodynamics, Rajput, Laxmi Publication
3. Applied Thermodynamics, B.K. Venkanna, Swati B. Wadavadagi, PHI, New Delhi, 2010
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Thermodynamics , An engineering approach, Yunus, A. Cengel and Michael A.Boies, 6th
Ed., Tata McGraw Hill pub. Co., 2002,
2. Fundamental of Classical Thermodynamics, G.J. Van Wylen and R.E. Sontang Wiley eastern.
20
21
22
23
24
QUESTION BANK
1. Combustion Thermodynamics:
1. What is combustion?
2. Define the terms – heat of formation and heat of reaction. How are they related
3. Define adiabatic flame temperature
4. Calculate the composition when 1 [Kmol H2] reacts with 1 [kmol O2] and reaches
equilibrium at 1 atm & 1500 K
5. Aniline is a popular rocket propellant. It has the benzene structure with one of H atoms
replaced with N-H2. The resonance energy for aniline is 291.4 [ MJ/kmol] what will the
standard heat of formation
6. Calculate the calorific value of ethane
7. Calculate the calorific value of a coal with composition of C= 51.3%, H2= 3.5 %, N2= 1.8
%, O2= 7.3 % , S= 0.7 % and rest being ash & moisture
8. A sample of gobar gas contains 55% methane and the rest is CO2. What will be its calorific
value
9. Compute the enthalpy of an exhaust gas at 1000 K with composition of CO2=12.3%, CO=
1.74 %, O2= 3%, N2= 76.4% and H20 = 6.6 %
2. Gas Power cycles:
1. Show the efficiencies of the air standard Brayton cycle is a function of isentropic pressure
ratio.
2. cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams.
3. Sketch Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle for the (a) same maximum pressure and heat input (b)
same maximum pressure and temperature (c) same maximum pressure and output and
compare the efficiency of the same.
4. Prove that for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle efficiency is more than
Diesel cycle efficiency.
5. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency if dual combustion cycle in terms of
compression ratio, explosion ratio and cut of ratio.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle
turbine power plant. Show the processes of T-s diagram.
7. Draw the simple Gas Turbine flow diagram. Derive the thermal efficiency equation in terms
of pressure ratio of the cycle. Show the cycle both on p-V and T-s diagrams.
8. Write short notes on the following a) Ram-Jet b) Turbo Jet c) Rocket propulsion d) Joule‟s
cycle e) Turbo prop propulsion systems.
9. Obtain an expression for increase in efficiency of Gas turbine with intercooling.
10. Obtain an expression for optimum pressure in the inter cooler
11. The air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine at a pressure of
1 bar and temperature of 200C.The pressure of the air after compression is 4 bar. The
isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air-fuel
ratio is 90%, flow rate of air is 3 Kg /sec. Find a) power developed b) thermal efficiency of
the cycle Take = 1.4 Cp = 1kj/kg and CV= 41720kJ/kg.
12. An industrial gas turbine takes air at 1 bar and 27 0C and compresses it to 5.5 times the
original pressure. The temperature at the salient points are, compressor outlet 251 0C,
turbine inlet 7600C and turbine outlet 447
0C calculate the compressor and turbine efficiency.
Compare for the ideal cycle and cycle considering component efficiency. Determine a)
25
thermal efficiency b) work ratio c) optimum pressure ratio for maximum out put and d)
optimum pressure ratio for maximum efficiency.
13. A gas turbine plant consists of 1 turbine as a compressor drive and other to drive a
generator. Each turbine has its own combustion chamber and supplied air directly from the
compressor. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 150C and compressed with isentropic
efficiency of 76% . The gas inlet pressure and temperature in both the turbines are 5 bar and
6800C respectively. The isentropic efficiency of both turbines is 86%. The mass flow rate of
air entering the compressor is 23 kg./ S. The calorific value of the fuel is 42000kJ/kg.
Calculate the power output of the plant and its thermal efficiency. Take Cp for air as 1.005
kJ/Kg K and = 1.4, Cp for gas as 1.128kJ/kg K and = 1.34.
14. Explain the working of Striling engine and discuss its practical applications
15. Expalin the carnotization of Stirling engine
3. I C engines
1. Define the following a) Mechanical efficiency b) Brake thermal efficiency c) indicated
thermal efficiency d) relative efficiency e) volumetric efficiency f) Air standard efficiency
g) compression ratio h) break power I) specific fuel consumption
2. Sketch the Heat balanced curves for an SI engine at constant speed and discuss the nature of
curves compare the both.
3. What is an indicator? What is an advantage of indicator diagram?
4. Define Knocking in SI engines and discuss the factors affecting knocking in SI engines
5. With the help of p- diagram explain the phenomenon of combustion is SI engines and CI
engines.
6. Discuss the effect of the following engine variables on flame propagation. A) Compression
ratio b) Engine load c) Size of engine d) Engine speed e) Turbulence
7. The following data refers to a four stroke diesel engine Cylinder diameter = 200mm, stroke
= 300mm, Speed = 300rpm Effective brake load = 500Kg, Mean circumference of the brake
drum = 400mm, Mean effective pressure = 6bar, Diesel oil consumption = 0.1m3
/mini,
Specific gravity of diesel = 43900 Kj/Kg. Find a) Break power b) indicated power, c)
frictional power d) Mechanical efficiency e) Break thermal and indicated thermal efficiency.
8. A 6-cylinder four stroke Diesel engine of 34 cm bore and 38 cm stroke gave the following
results during testing. BP = 142 kW; N = 350rpm; Pm =3.7bar, mf = 44kg/hr; (CV)f =
44,800 kJ /Kg; ma =38Kg /min, Piston cooling oil = 35 Kg/min, Cp of oil =- 2.1lJ/Kg K, Rise
in cooling oil temperature = 280C, Exhaust gas temperature = 190
0C, Ambient temperature =
200C, Fuel contains 14% H2by mass and Cpg = 1.05kJ/Kg K, Partial pressure of water
vapour carried in exhaust gases = 0.06 bar. Draw the heat balance sheet on minute basis and
percentage basis. Find the specific fuel consumption at full load assuming mechanical
efficiency as 0.6.
9. A 4-stroke cycle, four cylinder petrol was tested at full throttle at constant speed. The
cylinders have dia 80mm and stroke 100mm. Fuel was supplied at the rate of 5.44 Kg/hr and
the plugs of four cylinders were successively short circuited without the change of speed.
The power measured was as follows. With all cylinders working = 14.7 kW, With cylinder 1
cut off = 10.1kW, With cylinder 2 cut off = 10.3kW, With cylinder 3 cut off = 10. 4kW,
Calorific value of petrol used was 41900kJ/kg. The clearance volume of each cylinder is
100cc. Determine a) the mechanical efficiency b) indicated thermal efficiency c) the air
standard efficiency d) the relative efficiency. Take = 1.4
26
4. Vapour power cycles:
1. Explain the need for vapour cycles
2. With a neat sketch explain the working of Rankine cycle in steam power plant
3. What is the need for Regeneration and reheat in case of Rankine engines
4. A steam turbine receives steam at 15 bar and 3000C and leaves the turbine at 0.1 bar and 4%
moisture. Determine, a) Rankine cycle b) steam consumption per kW per hr, if the efficiency
ratio is 0.70 c) Carnot cycle efficiency for the given temperature limits. D) Changing the
Rankine efficiency and specific consumption if the condenser pressure is reduced to 0.04
bar.
5. An ideal reheat cycle has pressure at HP turbine inlet equal to 9 Mpa, reheat pressure equal
to 1.6 Mpa and exhaust pressure equal to 7kPa. The useful work developed by the turbine is
1400 kJ/kg. Determine the temperature of steam leaving the reheater, if thermal efficiency of
the cycle is 38%. Temperature at turbine inlet is 5000C and steam expands to dry saturated
state before entering the reheater at 1.6Mpa.
6. A regenerative cycle has turbine inlet pressure of 40 bar and dry saturated. Steam expands in
the condenser to a pressure of 0.04 bar. Steam is bled at optimum pressure from the turbine
to heat the condensate water in the feed water heater. Neglecting pump work, determine the
cycle efficiency.
7. Steam at 500 C enters from super heater into HP turbine at pressure of 150 bars. It is
expanded in the HPT to a pressure of 10 bars. Calculate the work done by the turbine per kg
if steam if the dryness fraction is 0.8.
5. Reciprocating compressors:
1. Explain the working principal of reciprocating compressors?
2. What are the advantages of multi-staging
3. What do your understand by intercooling? Explain its benefits
4. Write a short notes on the working principles of the following. A) Rotary compressor b)
Fans c) Blowers d) Turbo-compressors and Turbo-blowers
5. A single stage reciprocating compressors takes 1 m3 of air per minute at 1.013 bar and 15
0C
and delivers it at 800 kPa. Assuming that the law of compression is pV1.35
= constant, and
that clearance is negligible, calculate the indicated power. A) IF the compressor is to be
driven at 360 rpm and is single acting, single cylinder machine, Calculate the cylinder bore
required assuming a stroke t bore ratio of 1.5:1. Calculate the power of the motor required to
drive the compressor if the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 90% and that of the
motor transmission is 90%
6. A small single acting compressor has a bore and stroke both of 10 cm and is driven at
350rpm. The clearance volume is 75 cm3 and the index of compression and expansion is
1.23. The suction pressure is 0.95 bar and delivery is 7 bar. Calculate (i) the volume of free
air at 1 bar and 20 0C dealt with per minute, if the temperature at the start of compression is
30 0C and (ii) mean effective pressure of the indicator diagram, assuming constant section
and delivery pressure.
7. The LP cylinder of a compound air compressor draws 0.1m3 of air at a temperature of 15
0C
and pressure 1 bar. It compresses the air adiabatically to 2 bar and then delivers in to a
receiver where the air is cooled to 250C. This air is drawn in to the HP cylinder and
compressed adiabatically, 5 bar and delivered into the receiver. Find the power required
27
when the compressor makes 100 rpm. What pressure in the receiver would give the best
efficiency assuming the other data as above?
8. The following particulars apply to a two-stage single acting air compressor. Stroke =
28.5cm; pressure cylinder diameter =23cm; Final pressure = 24 bar; intermediate pressure
=5 bar; temperature of air leaving the intercooler = 340C. If the air drawn in the compressor
is at 1 bar and 140C, find the power required in compressing air when running at 350 rpm.
Assuming law of compression pV1.3
= constant
6. Gas Turbines And Jet Propulsion
1.What do you mean by the term gas turbine ? How are gas turbines classified?
2.Enumarate the various uses of gas turbines
3.Explain the working difference between propeller – jet, turbo jet and turbo prop
4.State the fundamental differences between the jet propulsion and rocket propulsion
5.In an air standard gas turbine, air at a temperature of 150C and a pressure of
1.01 bar enters the compressor, where its compressed through a pressure ratio of 5.
1.02 Air enters the turbine at a temperature of 8150C and expands to original pressure
of 1.01 bar. Determine the ratio of turbine work to compressor work and the
thermal efficiency when the engine operates on ideal Brayton cycle.
Take = 1.4 Cp =1.005 KJ/Kg K.
6.A Turbo Jet has a speed of 750 Km/h while flying at altitude of 10000 m .the propulsive
efficiency of the jet is 50 % and overall efficiency of the turbine plant is 16% .the density of the air
at 10000 m altitude is 0.173 Kg/m3 .the drag of plant is 6250 N .The caloric value of the fuel is
48000 KJ/Kg. Calculate
i. Absolute velocity of the jet
ii. Volume of air compressed per minute
iii. Diameter of the jet
iv. Power output of the unit in KW
v. Air fuel ratio
7. Refrigeration:
1. Define the following terms a) Coefficient of performance b) one ton of refrigeration
2. With the help of p-V and T-s diagrams analyze the following cycles a) Carnot refrigerator
cycle b) Bell-Coleman cycle
3. What are the advantage of vapour absorption system over vapour compression system
4. Briefly discuss the applications of Cryogenics
5. A reversed Carnot cycle Refrigerator is used to manufacture ice at 00C from water at 25
0C.
Assume brine temperature used for this purpose is at-80C. Find the ice formed per kW-hr.
6. A refrigerator works on Bell-Coleman cycle between the pressure limits of 100kPa and
400kPa. Air leaves the refrigerator at 60C and the cooler at 32
0C. The compression and
expansion follow the law pV1.3
=constant. Assume Cp = 1.005kJ/kg K and = 1.4 for air.
Determine COP of the cycle.
7. A CO2 refrigerator is working under the temperature limits 20 C and -5 C. If the refrigerant
is superheated by 5 C calculate the work done per kg flow of refrigerant
8. A refrigerator using Freon –12 has an evaporator saturation temperature of 248 K and a
condenser saturation temperature of 308 K. The vapour is dry saturated before the beginning
of compression and has a temperature of 338 K after compression to the condenser pressure
Calculate, a) work done per kW refrigeration b) COP of the refrigerator c) compare this
result when compression is isentropic.
28
9. Explain the Aqua-Ammonia absorption system
10. Explain steam jet refrigeration system
8. Psychrometrics:
1. Define the following terms a) dry air b) Moist air c) superheated vapour d) saturated vapour
e) dry-bulb temperature f) wet-bulb temperature g) specific humidity h) relative humidity I)
saturation ratio
2. Write a brief note on the following a) Comfort air conditioning b) summer and winter air
conditioning system
3. Atmospheric air at 750mm Hg has a DBT of 340C and WBT of 24
0C compute a) relative
humidity b) humidity ratio c) dew point temperature, d) enthalpy of atmospheric air and e)
density of moist
4. As a result of adiabatic saturation in a steady state steady flow device at a constant pressure
of 96kN/m2, the temperature of an air-water vapour mixture is reduced from 32
0C to 22
0C.
What is the relative humidity of the mixture at inlet?
5. Air at 200C, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40
0C, 40% RH in the ratio of 2 kg of
the former with 3 kg of the latter. Find the final condition of air.
29
KINEMATICS OF MACHINES
Subject Code: 10ME44 IA Marks: 25
Hours/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100
PART – A
UNIT - 1
Introduction: Definitions Link or element, kinematic pairs, Degrees of freedom, Grubler's
criterion (without derivation), Kinematic chain, Mechanism, Structure, Mobility of Mechanism,
Inversion, Machine. Kinematic Chains and Inversions: Inversions of Four bar chain; Single slider
crank chain and Double slider crank chain. 07 Hours
UNIT - 2
Mechanisms: Quick return motion mechanisms-Drag link mechanism, Whitworth mechanism
and Crank and slotted lever Mechanism. Straight line motion mechanisms Peaucellier's
mechanism and Robert's mechanism. Intermittent Motion mechanisms -Geneva wheel mechanism
and Ratchet and Pawl mechanism. Toggle mechanism, Pantograph, Ackerman steering gear
mechanism. 06 Hours
UNIT - 3
Velocity and Acceleration Analysis of Mechanisms (Graphical Methods)
Velocity and acceleration analysis of Four Bar mechanism, slider crank mechanism and Simple
Mechanisms by vector polygons: Relative velocity and acceleration of particles .in a common link,
relative velocity and accelerations of coincident Particles on separate links- Coriolis component of
acceleration. Angular velocity and angular acceleration of links, velocity of rubbing.
07 Hours
UNIT - 4
Velocity Analysis by Instantaneous Center Method: Definition, Kennedy's Theorem,
Determination of linear and angular velocity using instantaneous center method Klein's
Construction: Analysis of velocity and acceleration of single slider crank mechanism.
06 Hours
PART – B
UNIT - 5
Velocity and Acceleration Analysis of Mechanisms (Analytical Methods): Analysis of four bar
chain and slider crank chain using analytical expressions. (Use of complex algebra and vector
algebra 06 Hours
30
UNIT - 6
Spur Gears: Gear terminology, law of gearing, Characteristics of involute action, Path of
contact. Arc of contact, Contact ratio of spur, helical, bevel and worm gears, Interference in
involute gears. Methods of avoiding interference, Back lash. Comparison of involute and cycloidal
teeth. Profile Modification. 07 Hours
UNIT - 7
Gear Trains: Simple gear trains, Compound gear trains for large speed. reduction, Epicyclic gear
trains, Algebraic and tabular methods of finding velocity ratio of epicyclic gear trains. Tooth load
and torque calculations in epicyclic gear trains 07 Hours
UNIT - 8
Cams: Types of cams, Types of followers. Displacement, Velocity and, Acceleration time curves
for cam profiles. Disc cam with reciprocating follower having knife-edge, roller and flat-face
follower, Disc cam with oscillating roller follower. Follower motions including SHM, Uniform
velocity, uniform acceleration and retardation and Cycloidal motion. 06 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. "Theory of Machines”, Rattan S.S, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi,
and 3rd edition -2009.
2. "Theory of Machines”, Sadhu Singh, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd, Indian Branch
New Delhi, 2nd Edi. 2006
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. “Theory of Machines & Mechanisms", J.J. Uicker, G.R. Pennock, J.E. Shigley. Oxford Press
3rd
Ed. 2009.
2. Mechanism and Machine theory, Ambekar, PHI, 2007
Graphical Solutions may be obtained either on the Graph Sheets or on the Answer Book itself.
31
32
33
34
35
QUESTION BANK
KINEMATIC CHAINS, INVERSIONS AND MECHANISMS
1. Explain the term kinematic link? Give the classification of kinematic link.
2. Define the fallowing:-
i) Link or element ii) kinematic pair. iii) kinematic chain. iv) Inversion
v) degrees of freedom
3. What is a machine? Giving examples differentiate between a machine and a structure.
4. Write notes on complete and incomplete constraints in lower and higher pairs,
illustrating your answer with neat sketches.
5. Explain different kinds of kinematic pairs giving example for each one of them.
6. Explain the terms: lower pair, higher pair, kinematic chain, and inversion.
7. Sketch and explain the various inversions of a slider crank chain.
8. Sketch and describe the four bar chain mechanism. Why it is considered to be the
basic chain.
9. Sketch and describe the working of two different types of quick-return mechanisms.
10 Sketch a pantograph, explain its working and show that it can be used to reproduce to
an enlarged scale a given figure.
11. What are straight line mechanisms? Describe one type of exact straight line motion
mechanism with help of a sketch.
12. Describe the Watt‟s parallel mechanism for straight line motion and derive the
condition under which the straight line is traced.
13. Sketch an intermittent motion mechanism and explain its practical applications.
14. What is the condition for correct steering? Sketch and show the main types of steering
gears and discuss their relative advantages.
15. Explain why two Hook‟s joints are used to transmit motion from the engine to the
differential of an automobile.
16. Sketch and explain
a. Approximate straight line motion mechanism
b. Ackerman‟s steering gear mechanism.
VELOCITY IN MECHANISMS
1. Explain how the velocities of a slider and the connecting rod are obtained in a slider
crank mechanism?
2. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of crank OB and connecting rod AB are
125 mm and 500 mm respectively, the center of gravity G of the connecting rod is
275 mm from the slider A. the crank speed is 600 r.p.m. clockwise. When the crank
has turned 45 from the inner dead center position, determine: (i) velocity of the slider
A, (ii) velocity of the point G, and (iii) angular velocity of the connecting rod AB.
ACCELERATION IN MECHANISMS
1. Draw the acceleration diagram of a slider crank mechanism.
2. Explain how the coriolis component of acceleration arises when a point is rotating
about some other fixed point and at the same time its distance from the fixed point
varies.
3. Derive an expression for the magnitude of coriolis component of acceleration.
4. State and prove Kennedy‟s theorem for three instantaneous center method
5. Using complex algebra, derive expressions for velocity and acceleration of the piston
in a reciprocating engine mechanism.
6. What do you mean by an instantaneous center? Locate all the instantaneous centers
for a 4-bar chain mechanism.
7. In a reciprocating engine, the length of the crank is 250mm and the length of the
connecting rod is 1000 mm. The crank rotates at a uniform speed of 300 rpm. By
36
Klein‟s construction determine the velocity and acceleration of the piston when the
crank is at 30 degrees from IDC.
8. Using Raven‟s approach, derive expressions for angular velocity ( ) and angular
acceleration ( 1) of the 4-bar linkage shown in figure. Hence obtain 4 and 4 for the
following data. r1=210mm, r2=60mm, r3=80mm, r4=80mm, 2=60 degrees, n2=10 rpm
clock wise, 2=0 rad / sec2.
GEARS & GEAR TRAINS
1. Explain the terms: Module, Pressure angle, and Addendum.
2. State and prove the law of gearing. Show that involute profile satisfies the conditions
for correct gearing.
3. Derive an expression for the velocity of sliding between a pair of involute teeth.
State the advantages of involute profile as a gear tooth profile.
4. Derive an expression for the length of the arc of contact in a pair of meshed spur
gears.
5. Derive an expression for the minimum number teeth required on the pinion in order
to avoid interference in involute gear teeth.
6. Define interference, normal pitch, and axial pitch in gears. How do you reduce the
interference?
7. Two parallel shafts are connected by spur gearing. The approximate distance between
the shafts is 600 mm. If one shaft runs at 120 r.p.m and the other at 360 r.p.m, find the
number of teeth on each wheel, if the module is 8 mm. Also determine the exact
distance apart of the shafts.
8. The pitch circle diameter of the smaller of the two spur wheels which mesh
externally and have involute teeth is 100 mm. The numbers of teeth are 16 and 32. The
pressure angle is 20 and the addendum is 0.32 of the circular pitch. Find the length of
the path of contact of the pair of teeth.
9. Two gears of 4 module have 24 and 33 teeth. The pressure angle is 20 and each has
a standard addendum of one module. Find the length of the arc of contact and the
maximum velocity of sliding if the pinion rotates at 120 r.p.m.
10. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 20 pressure
angle. If the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of contact is maximum and
interference is just avoided, find the addendum for each gear wheel, path of contact, arc
of contact and contact ratio.
11. Two shafts inclined at an angle of 65 and with a least distance between them of 175
mm are to be connected by spiral gears of normal pitch 15 mm to give a reduction ratio
3:1. Find suitable diameters and numbers of teeth. Determine also the efficiency if the
spiral angles are determined by the condition of maximum efficiency. The friction
angle is 7 .
12. What do you understand by „gear train‟? Discuss the various types of gear trains.
13. Explain the difference between simple, compound and epicyclic gear trains. What are
the special advantages of epicyclic gear trains?
14. How the velocity ratio is of epicyclic gear train is obtained by tabular method.
15. Explain with a neat sketch the „sun and planet wheel‟.
37
16. A compound train consists of six gears. The number of teeth on the gears are as
follows:
Gear: A B C D E F
No. of teeth 60 40 50 25 30 24
The gears B and C are on one shaft while the gears D and E are on another shaft. The
gear A drives gear B, gear C drives gear D and gear E drives gear F. If the gear A
transmits 1.5 kW at 100 r.p.m. and the gear train has an efficiency of 80%, find the
torque on gear F.
17. Two involute gears of 200 pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is
20 and the gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5mm and the pitch line
speed is 1.2m/s, assuming addendum as standard and equal to one module, find:
a. The angle turned through by pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh; and
b. The maximum velocity of sliding.
19. In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm in the anticlockwise direction about the
centre of the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed of gear B. If the gear A
instead of being fixed, makes 300rpm in the clockwise direction, what will be the
speed of gear B?
20. An epicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in fig. How many revolutions does
the arm, to which the pinions B and C are attached, make:
When A makes one revolution clockwise and D makes half a revolution anticlockwise,
and when A makes one revolution clockwise and D is stationary? The number of teeth
on the gears A and D are 40 and 90 respectively.
21. In an epicyclic gear of the „sun and planet‟ type shown in fig. The pitch circle
diameter of the internally toothed ring is to be 224mm and the module 4mm. When the
ring D is stationary, the spider A, which carries three planet wheels C of equal size, is
to make one revolution in the same sense as the sun wheel B for every five revolutions
of the driving spindle carrying the sun wheel B. determine suitable numbers of teeth for
all the wheels.
22. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. A fixed internal wheel C with
80 teeth is concentric with B. A compound wheel D-E gears with the two internal
wheels; D has 28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. The compound wheels
revolve freely on a pin which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A co-axial with F. If
the wheels have the same pitch and the shaft A makes 800rpm, what is the speed of
shaft F ? sketch the arrangement.
CAMS AND FOLLOWERS:
1. Write short notes on the cams and followers.
2. Explain with sketches the different types of cams and followers.
3. What are the different types of motion with which a follower can move.
4. Define the following terms as applied to cam with a neat sketch:
a) Base circle, b)Pitch circle, c) Pressure angle, and
d) Stroke of the follower
5. Give the expressions for velocity and acceleration during outstroke and return stroke
of the follower.
a) When it moves with SHM
b) When it moves with Uniform acceleration and retardation
38
6. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
Cam lift = 40 mm during 900 of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion.
a. Dwell for the next 300.
b. During the next 600 of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original
position with simple harmonic motion.
c. Well during the remaining 1800.
Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower passes through the
axis of the cam shaft, and he line of stroke is offset 20mm from the axis of the shaft. The
radius of the base circle of the cam is 40mm. Determine the maximum velocity and
acceleration of the follower during its ascent and descent, if the cam rotates at 240 r.p.m.
7. A cam rotating clockwise with a uniform speed is to give the roler follower of 20mm
diameter with the following motion:
a) Follower to move outwards through a distance of 30mm during 1200
of cam rotation:
b) Follower to dwell for 600 of cam rotation;
c) Follower to return to its initial position during 900 of cam rotation;
and
d) Follower to dwell for the remaining 900
of cam rotation.
The minimum radius of the cam is 45 mm and the line of stroke of the follower is
offset 15mm from the axis of the cam and displacement of the follower is to take
place with simple harmonic motion on both the outward and return stroke. Draw the
cam profile.
8. A flat faced reciprocating follower has the motion:
i) The follower moves out for 800 of cam rotation with uniform acceleration
and retardation, the acceleration being twice the retardation.
ii) The follower dwells for the next 800 of cam rotation.
iii) It moves in for the next 120 of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and
retardation, the retardation being twice the acceleration.
iv) The follower dwells for the remaining period.
The base circle diameter of the cam is 60 mm and the stroke of the follower is 20mm.
The line movement of the follower passes through the cam centre.
Draw the displacement diagram and the profile of the cam very neatly showing all
constructional details.
9. Draw the profile of the cam when the roller follower moves with cycloidal motion as
given below:
a) Outstroke with maximum displacement of 44 mm during 1800 of
cam rotation.
b) Return stroke for the next 1500 of cam rotation.
c) Dwell for the remaining 300 of cam rotation.
The minimum radius of cam is 20 mm and the diameter of the roller is 10 mm. The
axis of the roller follower passes through the cam shaft axis.
39
ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS
Sub Code: 10AE45 I A Marks: 25
Hours / Week: 5 Total Hours: 3
Total Hours: 62 Exam Marks: 100
PART A
Unit 1
Historical Developments In Aerospace: Early air vehicles: Balloons, Biplanes and Monoplanes, Helicopters; Developments in
aerodynamics, aircraft materials, aircraft structures and aircraft propulsion over the years.
06 Hrs
Unit 2
Aircraft Configurations:
Different types of flight vehicles and their classifications; Components of airplane and their
functions; Airfoils, wings and other shapes 06 Hrs
Unit 3
Principles of Atmospheric Flight:
Physical properties and structure of the atmosphere: The Standard Atmosphere, Temperature,
Pressure and Altitude relationships, Mach number, Evolution of lift, drag and moment;
Maneuvers, Concepts of stability and control. 08 Hrs
Unit 4
Introduction to Space Flight: Introduction to basic concepts, the upper atmosphere, Differential equations, Lagrange‟s
equation, Orbit equation, Space vehicle trajectories-some basic concepts, Kepler‟s Laws of
planetary motion 06 Hrs
PART B
Unit 5
Aircraft Structures and Aircraft Materials: General types of construction, monocoque, semi-monocoque and geodesic construction, typical
wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non-metallic materials for aircraft application.
06 Hrs
Unit 6
Aircraft Power Plants: Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet engines, Use of propeller and jets for thrust
production, Comparative merits; Principles of operation of rocket, types of rockets and typical
applications, Exploration into space. 08 Hrs
40
Unit 7
Aircraft Systems: Mechanical
Description of different airplane systems and their components: Hydraulics, Pneumatic, Oxygen
System, Environmental Control System, and Fuel System. 06 Hrs
Unit 8
Aircraft Systems: Electrical
Flight Control System, Aircraft Electrical System, Aircraft Instruments, Navigation System,
Communication System. 06 Hrs
Text Books:
1. Anderson, J.D., “Introduction to Flight”, McGraw-Hill, 1995
2. Lalit Gupta and Dr. O. P. Sharma: Fundamentals of Flight Vol-I to Vol-IV Himalayan
Books, 2006
Reference:
1. Kermode, A.C., “Flight without Formulae”, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
2. Kroes, Michael J and Rardon, James R “Introduction to Aircraft Basic Science”,
7th
Edition, Macmillan / McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Kermode, A.C., “Mechanics of Flight”, (Revised by RH Bernard & Dr Philpott), LPE,
Pearson Education, 2005.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question is to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE FULL
QUESTIONS out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions from Part A and TWO
questions from Part B.
41
Question Bank 06AE52 Elements of Aeronautics
Unit 4 Introduction to Space flight:
1) Plot the variations of the following with altitude: (i) Temperature, (ii) Pressure,
(iii) Density
2) Describe briefly the characteristics of upper atmosphere
3) Prove that the Newton‟s second law of motion and the Lagrange equation are
equivalent
4) State Kepler‟s laws of planetary motion
5) Prove Kepler‟s (i) First Law, (ii) Second Law, (iii) Third Law of planetary motion
6) Plot qualitatively the path of a spacecraft when the eccentricity (e) is (i) zero;
(ii) 0 < e < 1; (iii) e = 1 and e >1 and mark the salient points
7) Derive expressions for escape velocity and circular velocity of a spacecraft around a
planet
8) At the end of a rocket launch a space vehicle, the burnout velocity is 9 km / s in a
direction due north and 3 deg above the horizontal. The altitude above the sea level is
800 km and located at 27th
parallel (27o) above the equator. Calculate the path of the
space vehicle. What will be its path if the altitude were to be 500 km and the burnout
velocity to be 10.5 km / s.
9) Calculate the escape velocity and circular velocity from the following: (i) Earth;
(ii) Earth‟s moon; (iii) Mars
10) Calculate the period of revolution of Mercury, Mars and Jupiter around the sun in
terms of earth days
Data for calculations: Universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 X 10-11
m3 / Kg s
2
Planet Mass
(Kg)
Radius
(m)
Semi major axis
(m)
Mercury 3.3 X 1022
2.42 X 106 5.791 X 10
10
Earth 5.978 X 1024
6.39 X 106 1.496 X 10
11
Mars 6.42 X 1023
3.39 X 106 2.279 X 10
11
Jupiter 1.899 X 1027
7.14 X 107 7.783 X 10
11
Earth‟s Moon 7.35 X 1022
1.74 X 106 1.496 X 10
11
Unit 7 Aircraft Systems – Mechanical:
1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic system?
2) Compare and contrast open center and closed center hydraulic system.
3) Draw a schematic of a large aircraft hydraulic system and identify the major
subsystems serviced.
4) Draw a schematic of an aircraft hydraulic system servicing the primary flight control
actuators
5) Write notes on the following: (i) Hydraulic reservoir, (ii) Hydraulic Pump,
(iii) Variable displacement pump, (iv) Hydraulic fluid, (v) Hydraulic filter,
(vi) Accumulator
6) Draw a schematic diagram of a generalized pneumatic distribution system used in
aircraft and identify the services supplied by this
7) What are the subsystems using engine bleed air?
8) Write notes on: (i) Air filter, (ii) Moisture separator, (iii) Pressure reducing valve,
(v) Shuttle valve
42
9) What are the major types of oxygen storage schemes provided in an aircraft? Briefly
describe each one
10) What are the requirements of the aircraft oxygen system?
11) Describe the following types of oxygen supply systems provided in the aircraft:
(i) Continuous flow oxygen system, (ii) Diluted demand oxygen system,
(iii) Pressure demand oxygen system, (iv) Chemical oxygen generating system,
(v) Portable oxygen system
12) Write notes on: (i) Diluter demand type regulator, (ii) Breathing devices
13) What are the salient requirements necessary for the successful function of an aircraft
environmental control system?
14) Describe a bootstrap type system used in aircraft ECS
15) What are the basic requirements of an aircraft cabin pressurization system?
16) What are the sources for pressurized air?
17) Write notes on: (i) Receiver dryer, (ii) Thermal expansion valve,
(iii) Cabin pressure regulator, (iv) Negative pressure relief valve, (v) Heat exchanger
18) Describe a gravity fed fuel system used in aircraft with a schematic diagram
19) Describe a pressure fed fuel system used in aircraft
20) What are the different types of fuel tanks used in aircraft? Describe each one briefly
21) What are the various types of fuel quantity indicators?
22) Write notes on: (i) Fuel jettisoning (ii) Fuel heating, (iii) Aircraft fuels
23) What are the types of fuel contaminants and how they are controlled?
Unit 8 Aircraft Systems: Electrical
1) List and describe the various primary and secondary flight control surfaces
incorporated in aircraft
2) Describe a hydraulically operated flight control system with a neat sketch
3) Compare and contrast push – pull rod and cable – pulley flight control systems
4) Draw a schematic of aileron control circuit using push – pull rod system and identify
the major components
5) Draw and explain a typical flap operating circuit incorporated in an aircraft
6) Describe FBW FCS with a sketch
7) Write a note on fly by light flight control system
8) List the major components of aircraft electrical power system
9) Draw a schematic of a light aircraft electrical system and briefly describe the
functioning
10) Draw a schematic of a large transport aircraft electrical system and briefly describe
the functioning
11) List the various categories of aircraft instruments
12) Describe the functioning of a pitot – static probe with a neat sketch
13) What is the principle of operation of a mechanical spinning wheel gyroscope and how
it is used to indicate the attitude of an aircraft?
14) What are the information displayed that pertain to primary fight
15) Write notes on: Mechanical accelerometer, (ii) Navigation display,
(iii) Direct measuring instrument
16) What navigation and what are classification of navigation systems used in aircraft?
17) Describe briefly the radio navigation method
18) What are the frequency bands used in aircraft communication?
19) How are radio waves propagated through airspace?
20) Describe a radio communication system with a block diagram
43
Ref: Mechanics of Flight, A C Kermode
Given data:
1 knot = 0.514 m / sec
Radius of earth = 6370 km
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s2
Atmospheric pressure at SL = 101.3 N / m2
Density of air at SL (STP) = 1.225 N / m3
Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6
1 Nautical mile = 1852 m (approx 6076 ft)
R = 287 J / kg K
Speed of sound at sea level at STP
conditions = 340 m / s
Viscosity μ for air = 17.894 X 10-6
kg / ms.
Assume suitable values wherever necessary.
Note: Read the questions carefully before answering
Q 1 First heavier than air, powered manned flight took place on
a) 17 – 11 – 1904 b) 17 – 12 – 1903 c) 04 – 01 – 1904 d) 09 – 11 – 1901
Q 2 A rifle bullet is fired vertically upwards with a muzzle velocity of 700 m / s. How long
will it take to reach the ground again? Assume no air resistance.
Q 3 A lift is descending and is stopping at the ground floor. The direction of acceleration is
a) upwards b) downwards c) lateral d) none of these
Q 4 During its take-off run, a light aircraft accelerates at 1.5 m / s2 If it starts from rest and
takes 20 s to become airborne, what length of ground run is required?
Q 5 The landing speed of a certain aircraft is 90 knots. If the maximum possible deceleration
with full braking is 2 m / s2 what length of landing run will be required?
Q 6 An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium during steady climb
a) True b) False
Q 7 The work done in pulling a body along an inclined plane through a height in comparison
with vertically lifting through the same height is
a) more b) less c) same d) zero
Q 8 An aircraft flying straight and level at a speed of 300 knots and at a height of 8000 m
above ground level drops a bomb. Neglecting the effects of air resistance, with what speed
will the bomb strike the ground? (Remember that the final velocity will have to be found by
compounding the vertical and horizontal velocities.)
Q 9 What thrust is necessary to accelerate an aircraft of 5900 kg mass from rest to a speed of
90 knots in a distance of 750 m?
Q 10 A truck is standing on an incline of 1 in 80. If the frictional resistance is 50 N per tonne,
how far will it travel in 15 s if released from rest?
Q 11 A 9000 kg aircraft is flying straight and level at 300 knots; what thrust increase is
necessary to accelerate it to 450 knots in half a minute if the average air resistance of the
aircraft between these speeds is 15 kN?
44
Q 12 A mass of 50 kg travelling at 7.905 km / s maintains a circular path of radius 6370 km.
What is its acceleration towards the centre?
Q 13 At what speed (in km / h) is a bank angle of 45° required for an aeroplane to turn on a
radius of 60 m?
Q 14 Find the power being used to lift a mass of 5 tonnes to a height of 30 m in 2 minutes?
Q 15 A projectile of mass 1 kg is fired from a gun with a muzzle velocity of 850 m / s. What
will be its velocity when the kinetic energy has fallen to 90.3125 kJ?
Q 16 Convert a pressure of 70 kN / m2 into mm of mercury.
Q 17 The time of fall of a body from 100 m on the moon‟s surface in comparison with the
time of fall through the same height on the surface of earth is
a) more b) less c) same d) zero
Q 18 The ratio of time of swing of the same pendulum on the surface of the earth and on the
surface of the moon is
a) greater than 1 b) less than 1 c) equal to 1
Q 19 A flag is flying from a vertical flag pole mounted on the top of a large balloon. If the
balloon is flying in a strong but steady east wind, in what direction will the flag point?
a) east b) west c) north – east d) hang down limply
Q 20 With the increase in altitude the atmospheric pressure
a) remains constant b) increase c) decreases
Q 21 What is the total mass of air in a room 12 m long, 8 m wide and 4 m high in standard
sea-level conditions?
Q 22 Air speed corrected for position error is known as
a) True Air Speed
b) Indicated Air Speed
c) Calibrated Air Speed
d) Equivalent Air Speed
Q 23 Bernoulli‟s principle is applicable in studying the lifting of hot air balloons
a) True b) False
Q 24 A light aircraft has a landing speed of 70 knots. A wind of25 knots is blowing over the
airfield, the ground speed of the aircraft when it touches down at angle of 30o to wind is
a) 45 kt b) 48.35 kt c) 57.5 kt d) 95 kt
Q 25 A and B are two places 400 nautical miles apart. The total time taken by an aircraft
flying at an air speed of 250 knots to fly from A to B and back to A, with wind blowing at 30
knots from A towards B, will be
a) 3 hr 12 min b) 3 hr 15 min c) 3 hr 13 min
45
Q 26 A rough egg-shaped body with a circular cross-section 75 mm in diameter is tested in a
wind tunnel at 100 knots and the air resistance is found to be 1.8 N. What is the value of the
drag coefficient?
Q 27 A 1 / 5th
scale model of an aeroplane is tested in a wind tunnel at a speed of 25 rn / s,
and the drag is found to be 56N. What will be the drag of the full-size machine at 120 knots?
(Neglect any 'scale effect', and assume that the density of the air is the same in each case.)
Q 28 If the static atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kN / m2, and the air density is 1.225 kg / m
3,
what will be the pressure on the pitot side of the diaphragm in an air speed indicator when the
forward speed of the aircraft is 100 knots?
Q 29 A venturi tube is so designed that the ratio of the diameter at the throat to the diameter
at the mouth is 0.6. The velocity of the airflow at the mouth is 80 knots and the static pressure
there is 101. 3 kN / m2. Find the static pressure at the throat assuming that the air density is
1.225 kg / m3 at both mouth and throat.
Q 30 Which shape will offer least resistance to air flow
i ii iii
iv
a) i b) ii c) iii d) iv
Q 31 The centre of pressure is the point about which the moment does not vary with change
in angle of attack
a) True b) False
Q 32 When the angle of attack is increased the pitching moment about the aerodynamic
centre
a) steadily increases b) steadily decreases c) remains constant d) none of the above
Q 33 Greater the aspect ratio
a) greater will be the induced drag
b) lesser will be the induced drag
c) induced drag is not affected by aspect ratio
Q 34 Induced drag is
a) directly proportional to the square of the
speed
b) directly proportional to the speed
c) inversely proportional to the square of
the speed
d) inversely proportional to the cube of the
speed
46
Q 35 If an aeroplane of mass 950 kg has a wing area of 20 m2, what is the wing loading in N /
m2?
Q 36 A model aerofoil section (span 0.3 m, chord 50 mm) is tested in a wind tunnel at a
velocity of 60 knots. The maximum lift obtained is 11 N. Find the value of the maximum lift
coefficient.
Q 37 An elliptical plan form wing has a span of 12 m and a chord of 2 m. What is the
induced drag coefficient when the lift coefficient is 0.8?
Q 38 A fighter aircraft has a mass of 7200 kg and a wing span of 12 m. If the wing loading is
1.968 kN / m2, what is the induced drag when flying at speeds of 200 knots at sea-level?
Q 39 Slip pertaining to propeller action is the difference between
a) ideal pitch and practical pitch
b) aircraft forward velocity and free stream
velocity
c) aircraft forward velocity and slipstream
velocity
d) propeller blade hub velocity and tip
velocity
Q 40 A method of providing propulsion outside the earth‟s atmosphere is by
a) ram jet
b) turbo jet
c) piston engine – propeller combination
d) rocket
Q 41 If a propeller, on a stationary mounting, blows back 36 kg of air per second at a speed
of 45 knots, what thrust does it produce?
Q 42 An aircraft engine is being tested on the ground before take-off. If the propeller has a
diameter of 3 m, and the velocity of the slipstream is 80 knots, what thrust is being produced?
(In calculating the mass flow of air past the propeller, take the 'average velocity of the air
well in front of and behind the propeller, i.e. 40 knot.)
Q 43 An aircraft powered by two gas turbines is flying at 600 knots. If the jet velocity is 440
m / s, and the mass flow rate is 66 kg / s for each engine, what is the total power being
developed by the gas turbines in?
Q 44 A rocket, the total mass of which is 25 kg, contains 10 kg of fuel. If all the fuel is burnt
in 2 seconds, and is ejected with a velocity of 500 m / s, what would be the initial
acceleration if the rocket were fired off vertically upwards?
Q 45 The pitch of a propeller is 2.5 m. If the slip is 15%when running at 1200 rpm, what is
the speed of the aeroplane to which it is fitted?
Q 46 What is the torque of an engine which develops 1500 kW at 2400 rpm?
Q 47 Main forces acting on an aircraft in flight are
a) lift and drag b) thrust and weight c) all of them
Q 48 For equilibrium of an aircraft in flight the conditions to be met are
a) lift equals weight
b) drag equals thrust
c) the aircraft must not rotate
d) all the above
47
Q 49 The angle of attack of an aircraft for flight at the same IAS
a) remains the same with increase in
altitude
b) decreases with increase in altitude
c) increases with increase in altitude
d) increases as the square root of the
altitude
Q 50 In a fixed wing aircraft the lift-providing device is same as the thrust-providing device
a) True b) False
Q 51 In a helicopter the lift-providing device is same as the thrust-providing device
a) True b) False
Q 52 A helicopter can fly backwards and sideways
a) True b) False
Q 53 Ceiling is the altitude at which the aircraft can climb at a rate of
a) 30 m / sec b) 3 m / sec c) zero m / sec d) 0.5 m /sec
Q 54 When an aircraft is climbing the lift
a) is equal to weight
b) is 1.2 times the weight
c) is less than the weight
d) has no relationship with weight
Q 55 The mass of an aeroplane is 2000 kg. At a certain speed in straight and level flight the
ratio of lift to drag of the complete aircraft is 7.5 to 1. If there is no force on the tail plane,
what are the values of the lift, thrust and drag?
Q 56 In a flying boat the line of thrust is 1.6 m above the line of drag. The mass of the boat is
25000 kg. The lift / drag ratio of the complete aircraft is 5 to 1 in straight and level flight. If
there is to be no force on the tail, how far must the centre of pressure of the wings be in front
of the centre of gravity?
Q 57 A jet aircraft with a mass of 6000 kg has its line of thrust 150 mm below the line of
drag. When travelling at high speed, the thrust is 18.0 kN and the centre of pressure is 0.5 m
behind the centre of gravity. What is the load on the tail plane which is 8.0 m behind the
centre of gravity?
Q 58 When there is no wind, a certain aeroplane can glide (engine off) a horizontal distance
of 1½ nautical miles for every 1000 ft of height. What gliding angle does this represent?
Q 59 A sailplane with an all-up weight of 2452 N has a lift / drag ratio of 24 to 1 when
gliding for range at 40 knots. Calculate the sinking speed in ft / s.
Q 60 Find the minimum landing speed in knots of an aeroplane of mass 500 kg and a wing
area of 18.6 m2. The maximum lift coefficient of the aerofoil section is 1.0
Q 61 An aeroplane of mass 13500 kg has a wing loading of 2.75 kN / m2. At 8° angle of
attack the lift coefficient is 0.61. What is the speed necessary, in knots, to maintain horizontal
flight at this angle of attack at sea-level?
48
Q 62 An aeroplane of 3000 kg mass is climbing on a path inclined at 12° to the horizontal.
Assuming the thrust to be parallel to the path of flight, what is its value if the drag of the
aircraft is 5.0 kN?
Q 63 A jet aircraft with a wing loading of 2.4 kN / m2, and a mass of 4500 kg, has a
maximum thrust of 30 kN at sea-level. If the drag coefficient at a speed of 270 knots is 0.04,
what will be the greatest angle of climb at this speed?
Q 64 A jet aircraft weighing 6000 kgf has a climbing speed of 250 knots. If the rate of climb
is 9000 ft / min, and the drag of the aircraft in this condition is 8.2 kN, find the thrust being
delivered by the engines.
Q 65 An aircraft with a mass of 1000 kg does a steady turn at 55 knots and an angle of bank
of 45°. Calculate the acceleration
Q 66 An aeroplane of 1750 kg mass makes a horizontal turn at an angle of bank of 25° If the
speed in the turn is 85 knots, what is the radius of the turn?
Q 67 The motion of an aircraft about the longitudinal axis is known as
a) forward velocity b) rolling c) yawing d) pitching
Q 68 The motion of the aircraft along the lateral axis is called
a) skidding b) pitching c) climbing d) yawing
Q 69 The stability and control aspects associated with the lateral axis is called
a) longitudinal stability and control
b) lateral stability and control
c) directional stability and control
d) barrel roll control
49
Q 70 The maximum „g‟ experienced in the pullout manoeuvre shown is at point
a) A b) B c) C d) D
Q 71 The ratio of true air speed to the speed of sound is called
a) Reynolds number b) Mach number c) Froude‟s number d) None of these
Q 72 The ratio of inertia force to the viscous friction force is
a) Reynolds number b) Mach number c) Froude‟s number d) None of these
Q 73 The reduction in thickness ratio of the airfoil
a) reduces the critical Mach number
b) increases the critical Mach number
c) the critical Mach number does not change
Q 74 Sweepback of wing is one way of increasing the critical Mach number
a) True b) False
Q 75 Sound waves travel faster in water than in air
a) True b) False
Q 76 Define Mach cone
Q 77 Define Mach angle
Q 78 Define Mach line
A
B
50
Q 79 The escape velocity for a body starting on earth‟s surface, approximately is
a) 11.2 kM / s b) 10 kM / s c) 10,000 kM / s d) 5 Km / s
Q 80 The escape velocities are same on moon‟s surface and on earth‟s surface
a) True b) False
Q 81 The trajectory of a body launched at the escape velocity
a) circular b) elliptical c) hyperbolic d) parabolic
Q 82 The eccentricity for an circle is
a) zero b) = 1 c) less than 1 d) greater than 1
Q 83 The orbital period of geo stationary satellite is equal to that of the period of rotation of the
earth
a) True b) False
Q 84 The height of geo stationary satellite from the center of the earth is
a) 35400 kM b) 30000 kM c) 41500 kM d) 70000 kM
Q 85 According to the law of gravitation, the force of attraction between any two masses is
a) directly proportional to the distance between the two
b) inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the two
c) directly proportional to the square of the distance between the two
d) inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two
Q 86 According to Kepler‟s law the square of the period of a planet in an elliptical path is
proportional to the
a) square of the semi minor axis of the path
b) cube of the semi major axis of the path
c) semi major axis of the path
d) cube of the semi minor axis of the path
Q 87 A planet travels faster in its path when it is at apogee than when it is at perigee
a) True b) False
Q 88 The normal stalling speed of an aircraft is 55 knots. At what ground speed would it stall if it
were flying at low level into wind of 20 knots?
Q 89 If the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature calculate
the speed of sound in knots at sea level for a temperature of - 50°C.
51
Q 90 An aircraft has a critical Mach Number of 0.85. If the pilot cannot control the aircraft at higher
Mach Numbers than this, what is the maximum permissible speed of the aircraft at sea-level?
Q 91 For a conventional aircraft to have longitudinal static stability, the centre of gravity should be
a) forward of the neutral point
b) aft of the neutral point
c) at the neutral point
Q 92 If a system is having its characteristic roots (finite values) on the imaginary axis, the
amplitude response of the system will be
a) diverging oscillations
b) decaying oscillations
c) sustained oscillations
d) aperiodic
Q 93 For a typical system to be stable the characteristic roots should lie
a) on the left half of the S plane
b) on the right half of the S plane
c) in the first quadrant of the S plane
d) can be any where in the S plane
Q 94 An aircraft 12 m in length cruises at 150 knots at sea-level. Find its Reynolds Number under
these conditions.
Q 95 The average length of the chord of a wing of a certain aircraft is 3.05 m. Taking this as the
length L, calculate the Reynolds Number when flying at sea-level at 200 knots.
Q 96 Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a distance of 12 000 km from the centre of the
earth.
Q 97 Find the power required from an engine to drive a propeller which is 80% efficient when iris
producing 3.6kN of thrust at 120 knots.
Q 98 A spherical ball of 1 kgf weight and diameter 75 mm is dropped from an aeroplane. What will
be its terminal velocity in air of density 0.909 kg/m3? (Take CD for the sphere as 0.8)
Q 99 The lift produced by the wings of an aircraft travelling at 250 knots at sea level is 70 kN. At
what speed must the aircraft travel at 45 000 ft (relative density 0.194) to produce the same lift at
the same angle of attack of the wings?
Q 100 An athlete runs 100 m in 11 seconds. Assuming that he accelerates uniformly for 25 m and
52
then runs the remaining 75 m at constant velocity, what is his velocity at the 100 m mark?
Q 101 Draw a neat sketch of a conventional fixed wing aircraft with aft tail and mark the major
components
Q 102 Draw a typical three view diagram of a fixed wing aircraft. Mark the three axes and the list
the motion along and about these axes
Q 103 Draw a typical helicopter diagram and identify major parts
Mark allocation:
All multiple choice questions: 1 Mark each
Numerical problems: 2 Marks each
Prepared by: Dr RMO Gemson, Prof, MVJCE, Bangalore
53
FLUID MECHANICS
Subject Code : 10ME36B / 46B IA Marks : 25
Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT-1
Properties of Fluids: Introduction, Types of fluid, Properties of fluids, viscosity, thermodynamic
properties, surface tension, capillarity, vapour pressure and cavitation 06 Hours
UNIT-2
Fluid Statistics: Fluid pressure at a point, Pascal‟s law, pressure variation in a static fluid,
absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures, simple manometers and
differential manometers. Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged plane
surfaces; horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surfaces, curved surface submerged
in liquid. 07 Hours
UNIT-3
Buoyancy and Fluid Kinematics:
Buoyancy, center of buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric height, conditions of
equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies, determination of Metacentric height
experimentally and theoretically.
Kinematics: Types of fluid flow, continuity equation in 2D and 3D (Cartesian
Co-ordinates only), velocity and acceleration, velocity potential function and stream function.
07 Hours
UNIT-4
Fluid Dynamics: Introduction equation of motion, Euler‟s equation of motion,
Bernoulli‟s equation from first principles and also from Euler‟s equation, limitations
of Bernoulli‟s equation. 06 Hours
PART-B
UNIT-5
Fluid Flow Measurements : Venturimeter, orificemeter, pitot-tube, vertical orifice,
V-Notch and rectangular notches.
Dimensional Analysis : Introduction, derived quantities, dimensions of physical
quantities, dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh‟s method, Buckingham π theorem,
dimensionless numbers, similitude, types of similitudes. 07 Hours
54
UNIT-6
Flow through pipes : Minor losses through pipes. Darey‟s and Chezy‟s equation
for loss of head due to friction in pipes. HGL and TEL. 06 Hours
UNIT-7
Laminar flow and viscous effects : Reyonold‟s number, critical Reynold‟s number,
laminar flow through circular pipe-Hagen Poiseille‟s equation, laminar flow between
parallel and stationary plates. 06 Hours
UNIT-8
Flow past immersed bodies : Drag, Lift, expression for lift and drag, boundary
layer concept, displacement, momentum and energy thickness. Introduction to
compressible flow : Velocity of sound in a fluid, Mach number, Mach cone, propagation
of pressure waves in a compressible fluid. 07 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Fluid Mechanics, Oijush.K.Kundu, IRAM COCHEN, ELSEVIER, 3rd Ed. 2005.
2. Fluid Mechanics, Dr. Bansal, R.K.Lakshmi Publications, 2004.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics, Dr.Jagadishlal: Metropolitan Book Co-Ltd., 1997.
2. Fluid Mechanics (SI Units), Yunus A. Cengel John M.Oimbala, 2ndEd.,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2006.
3. Fluid Mechanics, John F.Douglas, Janul and M.Gasiosek and john A.Swaffield,
Pearson Education Asia, 5th ed., 2006
4. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering, Kumar.D.S, Kataria and Sons., 2004
5. Fluid Mechanics -. Merle C. Potter, Elaine P.Scott. Cengage learning
55
56
57
58
59
QUESTION BANK
Unit-1
1. Differentiates between Real fluids and ideal fluids
2. Explain the following
a. Concept of continuity
b. Vapour pressure
c. Surface tension
d. Viscosity
e. Compressibility
f. Newtonian fluid &non-Newtonian fluid
3. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary rise of a liquid
4. A liquid bubble of 2cm in radius has an internal pressure of 12.95 pascals.Calculate the
Surface tension of the liquid film
5. The surface tension of H2O in contact with air at 200C is 0.072N/M. If the diameter of the
droplet is 0.04mm, calculate the pressure with in the droplet.
6. A plate having an area of 0.6m2 is sliding down the inclined plane at 30
0to the horizontal
with a velocity of 0.36m/s, there is a cushion of fluid 1.8mm thick between the plane and the
plate. Find the viscosity of the fluid if the weight of the plate is 280 N
7. The capillary rise in the glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of H20, Determine its minimum
size, given that surface tension for H20 in contact with air is 0.0725N/M
8. Calculate the capillary effect in a glass tube of 3mm diameter when immersed in mercury of
specific gravity 13.6 of contact angle 1300 and surface tension 0.51N/M
9. Explain vapour pressure & its effect on cavitation
Unit-2
1. Show that the pressure in a static fluid is same in all directions
2. Explain with a neat sketch how a differential manometer is used to find the pressure
difference between two points in a fluid
3. With a neat sketch explain any two mechanical gauges
4. Define the following terms: a) Total pressure b) center of pressure
5. Derive expression for total pressure and center of pressure for a vertically immersed surface
6. Derive an expression for the depth of center of pressure from free surface of liquid of an
inclined plane surface submerged in the liquid.
7. A manometer containing mercury is connected to two points 15m apart on a pipeline
conveying water. The pipeline is straight & slopes at an angle of 15 with the horizontal.
The monometer gives a reading of 150 mm. determine the difference between the two points
of pipeline. take specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 & that of H2O as 1.0.
60
8. A circular plate of 2m diameter is immersed in an oil of specific gravity of 0.8 such that its
surface is 30 to the free surface. Its top edge is 2.5 m below the free surface. Find the force
and center of pressure.
9. Find the total pressure & position of center of pressure on a triangular plate of base 2m &
height 3m which is immersed in H2O in such a way that the plan of the plate mates an angle
of 600 with the free surface of the H2O. The base of the plate is parallel to H2O surface & at
a depth of 2.5 m from H2O surface.
10. Define metacentre & metacentric height Derive an expression analytical method for meta
center height
11. Derive on expression for calculating time of rolling of a floating body
12. A solid cylinder of diameter 4m has a height of 3 mts. Find the meta centric height of the
cylinder when it is floating in H2O with its axis vertical. the specific gravity of the cylinder
is 0.6
13. A ship of weight 32000KN is floating in sea H2O. The center of buoyancy is 1.6 m below
its center of gravity. The moment of inertia of the ship area at the H2O level is 8320m4
If the
radius of gyration of the ship is 3.2m Find its period of rolling .Take specific weight of sea
H2O = 10.1kN/m3
14. A circular plat 3m diameter is immersed in H2O in such a way that its greatest & least depth
below the free surface are 4m & 1.5m respectively. Determine the total pressure on one face
of the plate & position of the center of pressure.
15. A wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 and diameter D and length L is required to float in
oil of specific gravity 0.9. Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float with its axis vertical
16. Explain different types if fluid flows
17. Explain the following a)path line b) stream line c) streak line
18. Derive the continuity equation for a 3 dimensional steady incompressible flow
19. Define a) velocity potential b) stream function
20. Show that the stream function =x2-y
2 represents a case of two dimensional flow. Find its
velocity potential
21. A stream function is given by the expression =2x2-y
3.Find components of the velocity ,as
well as the resultant velocity at a point (3,1)
22. Define Flow net. mention uses & limitation of flow nets
23. Differentiate between forced vortex flow and free vortex flow
24. Derive an equation of motion for forced vortex flow and free vortex flow
25. The velocity potential function for a two dimensional flow is =x(2y-1) at a point p(4,5)
determine a) The velocity & b) the value of stream function
Unit-3
1. Define dimensional analysis? Mention advantages and uses of dimensional analysis.
2. what do you mean by fundamental units & derived units? Give examples
61
3. Define the following 1) Reynolds number 2) fronde‟s number 3) Euler number 4) mach
number 5) weber number
4. write a brief note on model studies
5. Explain similitude& types of similitudes
6. describe the Rayleigh‟s method for dimensional analysis.
7. state Bucking theorem. write the step by step procedure followed in dimensional analysis
using Bucking theorem
8. the pressure drop p in a pipe of diameter D and length l depends on the density and
viscosity of fluid flowing, mean velocity v of flow and average height of protuberance t
show that the pressure drop can be impressed in the form
p = v2
[l/d, /vD ,t/D ]
9. using Bucking theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given by
V= 2gH [D/H, /vH ] Where.
H=heading causing flow, D=diameter of the orifice, =co-efficient of viscocity ,
g=acceleration due to gravity, =mass density
10. The pressure drop p between two points in pipe due to turbulent flow depends on velocity
v, diameter D, dynamic viscocity , density , Roughness K and distance between points L
,using dimensional analysis show that p/ v2= [L/D, VD /M ,K/D ]
11. The frictional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of viscosity
and density in a turbulent flow is given by T=D5N
2 [ /D
2N] , Prove this by
dimensional analysis
Unit-4
1. Derive the Euler‟s equation of motions along a streamlines and reduce it to Bernoulli‟s
equation
2. Name 3 application of Bernoulli‟s theorem and mention the use of each
3. Derive Bernoulli‟s equation for real fluids.
4. water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 600mm & 400 mm at the bottom & upper
end respectively ,then intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 350 k/m2 and the pressure at
the upper end is 100 KN/m2 .Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of flow
through the pipe is 60 lit /sec
5. A 6m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 20 degree with the horizontal. The smaller section
of the pipe which is at lower level is of 100mm diameter and the larger section of the pipe is
of 300m diameter. If the pipe is uniformly tapering and the velocity of water the smaller
section is 1.8 m/s. determine the difference of pressure between the two sections.
6. An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a taper pipe of length 50m having a
diameter of 40 cm at the upper end and 20 cm at the lower end at a rate of 60 l/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 50.Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher end is
2.5 bar. Indicate the direction of fluid flow. Neglect the losses.
62
Unit-5
1. Derive the expression of discharge through a V- notch
2. Define venturimeter ? Derive the expression for rate of flow through venturimeter
3. Derive the expression for coefficient of discharge through orifice
4. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 flows through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 200mm and
throat diameter 100mm. The mercury manometer reads 200mm, if cd=0.98, Find the
discharge
5. An orificemeter with orifice diameter 10cm is inserted in a pipe of 20cm diameter. The
pressure gauges fitted upstream & downstream of the orificemeter give reading of 19.62
N/cm2 & 9.81 N/cm
2 respectively. co-eff of discharge for the meter is given as 0.6 Find the
discharge of water through pipe.
6. A horizontal venturimenter with inlet & throat diameters 300mm and 100mm respectively is
used to measure the flow of water, the pressure intensity at inlet is 130 KN/m2 while the
vacuum head at the throat is 350 mm of mercury. Assuming that 3% of head is lost in
between the inlet & throat find
(a)The value of cd for the venturimeter (b) Rate of flow
7. A 200mmx100mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe carrying water flowing in
the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet & throat
gives a reading of 220 mm Find the rate of flow assume cd=0.98
8. Determine the rate of flow of water though a pipe 300mm dia placed in an inclined position
where a venturimeter is inserted having a throat dia 150 mm. The difference of pressure
between the main & throat is measured by a liquid of specific gravity 0.7 in an inverted U-
tube which gives a reading of 260mm. The loss of head between the main & throat is 0.3
times the kinetic head of the pipe.
9. A pitot state is used to measure the velocity of an aeroplane. If a U tube differential
monometer is connected between stagnation & Static pressures and shows 100mm of H2O
find the speed of the plane in km/hr, take co-efficient of the tube as 0.98 & density of air
0.125Kg/m3 Neglect other losses.
10. Derive darcy-weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.
11. Derive chezy‟s formula for loss of head due to friction in a pipe
12. Explain with the help of a neat skeatches (a) Hydraulic gradient (b)Total Energy line
13. A pipe 60mm diameter & 9m long in which water is flow at the rate of 3m/s. If the central
pipe 3m length is replaced by a 90mm diameter pipe, determine the loss of head saved. f
=0.01
14. A reservoir has been built 4 km, away from a college campus having 5000 inhabitants.
Water is to be supplied from the reservoir to the campus. It is estimated that each inhabitant
will consume 200lts of water per day, and that half of the daily supply is pumped within 10
hours, calculate the size of the supply main, if the loss of head due to friction in pipeline is
20m, Assume the co-efficient of friction for the pipeline as 0.008
15. Petrol of specific gravity 0.716 is flowing through a pipe of 200mm diamter at a rate of 600
litres/sec. The length of the pipe is 1 Km. The friction factor is f=0.052 in the equation hf
63
=4flv2/2gD , determine the head lost due to friction & power required to maintain the flow,
kinematic viscosity of petrol is 4 x 10-5
m2/s
16. A town having a population of 1 lakh is to be supplied with water from a reservoir Km
distant. Half the daily supply os 150 lit/head is supplied in 8 hours. If the head available is
15m find the size of the pipe.By Darcy‟s formula f=0.005,By Chezy‟s formula c=45
17. A pipe of uniform diameter connects two reservoirs at different elevations. What would be
the percentage increase in discharge if another pipe of same diameter is added from the
middle length parallel to it ? neglect minor losses and assume equal values of Darcy‟s co-
efficient of friction f for both pipes.
Unit-6
1. Write a short note on Reynold‟s number
2. Derive Hagen-poiseuille equation & state the assumptions made.
3. A fluid of viscosity 8 poise and specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a circular pipe of
diameter 100mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 210 N/m2 Find (a)The
pressure gradient (b) Reynolds number of flow (c)The average velocity
4. The fluid of viscosity 0.7 N.S/m2 and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a circular pipe
of diameter 10cm.the maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 196.2 N/m2.Find the pressure
gradient , the average velocity and Reynolds number
Unit-7
1. Explain the terms (a)friction drag (b) lift (c) flow pas cylinder (d) pressure drag (e)model
studies (f) Form drag
2. what is meant by boundary layer ?Explain
3. Explain mach number and with sketch explain waveforms for different values of mach
number corresponding to subsonic, sonic and supersonic conditions
4. Calculate the mach number at a point on a jet propelled air craft, which is flying at 1100
km/hr at sea- level where air temp is 20 degree C. Take =1.4 and R=287 J/kg.k.
5. A rocket travels in air at an altitude of about 18 km. where the temp is approximately -60
degree C. If the speed of the rocket is 2000 km/hr, find the mach number & mach angle
Take =1.4 and R=287 J/kg.k for air
6. Find the velocity of bullet fired in standard air if the mach angle is 30 degree.
7. Take R= 287.14 J/Kg.0 k and K=1.4 for air. Assume temperature of air as 15 degree C.
8. Derive the continuity equation for a 2-D compressible flow in differential form
9. Show that the velocity of propagation of elastic wave in an adiabatic medium is given by
C= KRT starting from fundamentals.
A jet fighter flying at Mach number 2.0 is observed directly over head at a height of 10
km .How much distance it would cover before the sonic boom is heard on the ground?
64
MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY
LABORATORY
Subject Code : 10MEL37B / 47B IA Marks : 25
Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 48 Exam Marks : 50
PART-A: MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
1. Calibration of Pressure Gauge
2. Calibration of Thermocouple
3. Calibration of LVDT
4. Calibration of Load cell
5. Determination of modulus of elasticity of a mild steel specimen using strain gauges.
PART-B: METROLOGY
1. Measurements using Optical Projector / Toolmaker Microscope.
2. Measurement of angle using Sine Center / Sine bar / bevel protractor
3. Measurement of alignment using Autocollimator / Roller set
4. Measurement of cutting tool forces using
a) Lathe tool Dynamometer
b) Drill tool Dynamometer.
5. Measurement of Screw thread Parameters using Two wire or Three-wire method.
6. Measurements of Surface roughness, Using Tally Surf/Mechanical Comparator
7. Measurement of gear tooth profile using gear tooth vernier /Gear tooth micrometer
8. Calibration of Micrometer using slip gauges
9. Measurement using Optical Flats
Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from part -A: 20 Marks
ONE question from part -B: 20 Marks
Viva -Voice: 10 Marks
Total : 50 Marks
65
LESSON PLAN
Sub Code: 10 MEL47 B IA Marks:25
Hrs /week : 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Lecture Hrs: 42
Subject: Mechanical Measurements & Metrology Laboratory
PART A: Mechanical Measurements
1. Calibration of Pressure Gauge
2. Calibration of Thermocouple
3. Calibration of LVDT
4. Calibration of Load cell
5. Determination of modulus of Elasticity of a MS Specimen using strain gauges
PART B: Metrology
1. Measurements using optical pyrometer / toolmakers Microscope
2. Measurements of angle using sine center / sine bar/ bevel protractor
3. Measurements of cutting tool forces using
a. Lathe tool dynamometer
b. Drill tool dynamometer
4. Measurements of screw thread parameter using two wire or three wire method
5. Measurements of surface roughness using tally surf/ mechanical comparator
6. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth Vernier / Gear Tooth micrometer
7. Calibration of micrometer using slip gauges
8. Measurement using optical flats
Scheme of examination:
One question from Metrology Part-A 20 Marks
One question from Instrumentation Part-B 20 Marks
Viva Voce: 10 Marks
Total Marks 50 Marks
66
MACHINE SHOP
Subject Code : 10MEL38B / 48B IA Marks : 25
Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total Hours : 48 Exam Marks : 50
PART – A
Preparation of three models on lathe involving Plain turning, Taper turning,
Step turning, Thread cutting, Facing, Knurling, Drilling, Boring, Internal
Thread cutting and Eccentric turning.
PART – B
Cutting of V Groove/ dovetail / Rectangular groove using a shaper.
Cutting of Gear Teeth using Milling Machine.
Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from part -A: 30 Marks
ONE question from part -B: 10 Marks
Viva -Voice: 10 Marks
Total : 50 Marks