course curriculum for m. sc. bioresourcebiotechnology … · m. sc. bioresourcebiotechnology for...
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Outline of the draft syllabus for M. Sc. Biotechnology
Semester I
Course Code Course Title Credits
BT 101 Plant Bioresources 02
BT 102 Animal Bioresources 02
BT 103 Cell Biology 04
BT 104 Biomolecules 04
BT 105 Microbiology 04
BT 106 Lab course I 04
BT 107 Lab course II 04
Semester II
BT 201 Molecular Biology 04
BT 202 Enzymology and Biochemical Techniques 04
BT 203 Genetics 04
BT 204 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 02
BT 205 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 02
BT 206 Lab course I 04
BT 207 Lab course II 04
Semester III
BT 301 Bioresources: Assessment,
Characterization and Conservation
04
BT 302 Plant Biotechnology 02
BT 303 Animal Biotechnology 02
BT 304 Genetic Engineering 04
BT 305
BT 306
BT 307
Biology of the Immune System
Lab course I
Lab course II
04
04
04
Semester IV
BT 401 Industrial Biotechnology 02
BT 402 Genomics and Functional Genomics 04
BT 403 Journal Club 02
BT 404 Lab Course 04
BT 405 Dissertation 12
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Semester – I
Course Scheme
For the years 2016, 2017, 2018
Laboratory Courses
BT 106 Lab Course based on BT 101, BT
102 & BT 103
04 06 50 50 100
BT 107 Lab Course based on BT 104 and
BT 105
04 06 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
Grand Total = 400+200 = 600
SA – Sessional Assessment
UE – University Examination
Course
Code
Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination
Duration Marks
Hours SA UE Total
BT 101 Plant Bioresources 02 02 20 30 50
BT 102 Animal Bioresources 02 02 20 30 50
BT 103 Cell Biology 04 03 40 60 100
BT 104 Biomolecules 04 03 40 60 100
BT 105 Microbiology 04 03 40 60 100
Total 160 240 400
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Semester I
Course Code: BT 101 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Plant Bioresources Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examinations: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
This course has been designed with the objective to acquaint the students with plant bioresources,
their traditional and non-traditional uses, current status and recent developments in value
addition and future prospects.
Unit I: Plant resources - origin, domestication and improvement
1.1 Prehistoric plant human interactions; discovery of plant use to humans, hunter-gathering to
practice of agricultural plant exploitation, resurgence of interest in plant bioresources due to
plant explorations and ethnobotanical studies during 19th
and 20th
centuries.
1.2 Origin of cultivated plants: Vavilovian concept of Centres of origin of crop plants; Centres of
origin of maize, rice and wheat; concept of primary and secondary Centres of origin of crop
plants.
1.3 Domestication of crop plants; beginning of agriculture; dissemination and spread of
agriculture; domestication and evolution of crop plants.
1.4 Plant use improvement: development of improved agricultural crops through plant breeding;
evolution of high yielding crop varieties through genetic engineering; uses and production of
improved varieties in wheat, rice and maize.
Unit II: Plant resources in the service of mankind-traditional uses
2.1 Food supplements: Solanum tuberosum, Ipomoea batatas, Agaricus bisporus and Hippophae
rhamnoides (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of use, nutritive value);
spices and condiments: Crocus sativus, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Apium
graveolens (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of use).
2.2 Sources of beverages: non-alcoholic: Camellia sinensis (tea) and Coffea arabica (coffee);
alcoholic: Vitis vinifera (grapes) (distribution, botany, classification, parts used and method of
use).
2.3 Fodders, fibres and timbers: Fodders: Avena byzantina, Grewia optiva and Morus alba
(distribution, botany, classification and method of use); Fibers: Gossypium spp., Chorchorus
capsularis, Cocos nucifera, (distribution, botany, classification, part used and durability);
Timbers: Pinus roxburghii, Tectona grandis and Dalbergia sissoo (distribution, botany,
classification, wood structure and properties).
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2.4 Dye-yielding plants: Definition; history and sources of natural dyes, commonly used dye
plants: Bixa orellana, Butea monosperma, Lawsonia inermis and Indigofera tinctoria; less
used colouring matter: balsam, marigold, and pomegranate (distribution, botany, part used and
commercial importance).
Unit III: Medicinal and other useful plants
3.1 Medicines: antioxidants (Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis); adaptogens (Eleutherococcus
senticosus, Cordyceps sinensis); anodynes (Atropa belladona, Zingiber officinale); laxatives
(Aloe vera and Plantago ovata); nervines (Melissa officinalis, Avena sativa); aromatic oils
(Thymus serpyllum and Lavandula angustifolia); immunostimulants (Eupatorium perfoliatum,
Acanthopanax centicosus); anti-cancerous (Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, Podophyllum
hexandrum) (distribution, botany, classification, part used and method of use, and medicinal
value).
3.2 Bio-sweeteners (Stevia rebaudiana and Glycyrrhiza glabra); bio-flavors (Vanilla planifolida
and Fragaria virginiana); bio-alginates (Laminaria hyperboria, Ascophyllum nodusum); bio-
gums (Caesalpina spinosa, Trigonella foenum-graecum) (distribution, botany, classification,
part used and method of use, and efficacy).
3.3 Bio-cosmetics (Aloe vera, Crocus sativus and Santalum album); bio-preservatives (vinegar,
sugar) (distribution, botany, classification, part used and method of use; efficacy).
3.4 Current scenario and recent advancements in pharmaceutical and cosmoceutical industries.
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Anonymous (1970-1988). The Wealth of India: Raw Materials, Vol. I-XI. CSIR, New Delhi.
(Reprinted 1984-1989).
2. Bioversity Internatioanl (2013) [online] Bioversity collecting mission database. Available
from http://www.bioversityinternational.org/collecting_missions.html Date accessed: 5 March
2013.
3. Guarino L, Ramanatha Rao V, Reid R, editors. (1995). Collecting plant genetic diversity:
Technical guidelines. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy.
Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy; World Conservation Union
(IUCN), Gland, Switzerland; CABI, Wallingford, UK. 748 pp. ISBN: 0-85198-964-0
4. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kollogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F. and Donoghue, M. J. (2008). Plant
Systematic: Phylogenetic Approach. Sircuier Associates, Inc.
5. Sharma, O.P. (2001). Hill’s Economic Botany, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Ltd.
6. Sharma, Ramniwas. (2006). Growth and Development of Agriculture. Biotech Book.
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7. Singh, R.V. (1982). Fodder Trees of India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
8. Thormann I, Gaisberger H, Mattei F, Snook L, Arnaud E. 2012. Digitization and online
availability of original collecting mission data to improve data quality and enhance the
conservation and use of plant genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 59:5
635-644. DOI 10.1007/s10722-012-9804-z. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-
012-9804-z?null.
9. Vankar, S. P. (2006). Handbook on Natural Dyes for Industrial Applications (with Color
Photographs). National Institute of Industrial Research, Delhi.
10. Varnam, H. Alan and Suther Land, P. Jane (1994). Beverages (Technology, Chemistry and
Microbiology), Chapman and Hall.
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Semester-I
Course code: BT 102 Maximum Marks: 50
Course title: Animal Bioresources Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
Since the dawn of civilization, humankind realized the importance of animals, domesticated them
and utilized their services in one way or the other. The present course is designed to acquaint
students with the biology of these animals, their management and judicious utilization based on
scientific principles.
Unit I Animal diversity and taxonomy
1.1 Diversity and classification of animals; need of classification, hierarchy of groups; five
kingdom system of classification.
1.2 Taxonomy: definition, history and importance, kinds of taxonomy (morphotaxonomy,
karyotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy); phases of taxonomy.
1.3 Identification; identification by keys, types of keys, construction and use of keys; curating
(collection, killing, preservation and storage); concept of species and sub-species.
1.4 Zoological nomenclature (ICZN), principles of nomenclature, publication of scientific
names, typification and kinds of types, principle of priority.
Unit II Aquatic animals, insects and earth worms
2.1 Edible species of fishes; fish culture: sources of fish seed, types of culture practices,
selection of species.
2.2 Indian and exotic cultivable fish species; layout of a typical fish pond, types of fish ponds,
management techniques, control of aquatic weeds and predators; maturing, supplementary
and artificial feeding.
2.3 Edible species of aquatic invertebrates, prawn, lobster, mollusks and crabs; shell fish
prawn and pearl oyster farming.
2.4 Sericulture, apiculture, lac culture, vermiculture, milliculture; diseases associated with
various cultures, advances in insect-based industries in India.
Unit III Animal products and management
3.1 Pharmaceuticals from animals; (sea food): value addition and export, role of Marine
Product Export Development Authority (MPEDA) in promoting production and export of
marine products.
3.2 Meat, leather and wool industries and their production with special emphasis on their
export potential; poultry farming (chicken, duck and quail); commercial poultry breeds in
India, poultry diseases; egg industry (eggry) - present status in India.
3.3 Dairy farming in India: breeds of cattle and buffalo, role of assisted reproduction in breed
improvement, milk production and pasteurization techniques.
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3.4 Animal waste recycling: biogas and its production, types of biogas plants; slaughter house
wastes and their utilization; fish byproducts; fish meal- methods of processing and uses.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Blackwelder. E. Richard. (1996): Taxonomy: A Text and Reference book, 3rd
Edition, Jhon
Wiley and Sons INC, NewYork, London, Sydney.
2. Jabde V. Pradip. (2005): Text book of Applied Zoology, 1st Edition, Discovery Publishing
House, New Delhi.
3. Malhotra P. (2008): Economic Zoology, 5th
Edition, Adhyayan Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Shukla G.S. and Upadhay (2001): Economic Zoology, 4th
Edition, Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
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Semester I
Course Code: BT 103 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Cell Biology Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The present course has been devised to familiarize students with the structural and functional
aspects of cell, the basic unit of life, and its different organelles. It will also give them an
understanding that the working of components of cells is fundamental to all biological sciences.
Unit I Structural organization of cells
1.1 Overview of the structure of cell, cell theory and biochemical composition of cytosol.
1.2 Study and observation of cells: preparation and staining of cell specimens, selective
staining of different components of cells.
1.3 Structure of prokcaryotic cells: E. coli as an example, size, shape and arrangement,
composition of prokaryotic cell wall.
1.4 Structure of Eucaryotic cells: plant and animal cell structure, size, shape and components.
Unit II Cell membrane: structure and functions
2.1 Membrane structure and assembly: fluid mosaic model; membrane proteins - integral,
peripheral and lipid anchored; membrane lipids - structure, micelles and vesicles.
2.2 Membrane dynamics: ordering of acyl group in bilayer; transbilayer movement of lipids -
catalysed and uncataysed movement, FRAP (florescence recovery after photobleaching) to
track lateral movement of lipids and proteins.
2.3 Membrane transport: passive mediated - ionophores, porins, aquaporins; active transport t-
Na+-K
+ ATPase pump, Ca
+2 ATPase pump, and ABC transporters.
2.4 Membrane potential: nerve transmission; action potential, resting potential and
neurotransmitters.
Unit III Structure of cellular organelles
3.1 Structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum; N-glycosylation of proteins, disulfide
bond formation, and golgi complex; glycosylation and transport of proteins.
3.2 Structure and functions of mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles, lysosomes and
microbodies.
3.3 Nucleus: nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear bodies - nucleolus, cajal
bodies and promyelocytic leukaemia bodies (PML bodies).
3.4 Cytoskeleton: structure, composition and functions of microtubules, microfilaments and
intermediate filaments (cilia and flagella).
UNIT IV Cell signaling
4.1 Overview of cell signaling, concept of signaling molecules and receptors, role of effector
proteins and secondary messengers in signaling.
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4.2 Structure of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), trimeric G-protein; classes and
functions.
4.3 Signaling pathway that regulate ion channels: Rhodopsin signaling pathway in Rod cells
of the eye.
4.4 Gene controlling signaling pathways: tyrosine kinase pathway and Ras/MAP kinase
pathway.
UNIT V Eukaryotic cell cycle
5.1 Cell cycle: overview, CDK-cyclin dependent control of cell cycle, regulation of CDKs by
different proteins (kinases, phosphatases, inhibitory proteins and ubiquitin-protein ligases).
5.2 Events of interphase, entry in to M phase of cell cycle: stages of mitosis, chromosome
segregation and exit of mitosis, stages of meiosis (generalized idea) and cytokinesis.
5.3 Cell cycle regulation (surveillance): the DNA damage checkpoints and their role in
regulation of cell cycle.
5.4 Cellular death and its regulation: apoptosis; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Albert B, Bray D, Raff M, Roberts K and Watson JD. (2004). Molecular Biology of the
Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 6th
Ed.
2. Cooper, G. M. and Hausman R.E. (2006). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. ASM Press,
Washington DC. 4th
Ed.
3. Karp, G. (2007). Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 5th
Ed.
4. Kleinsmith L. J. and Kish V. M. (1995). Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. Harper
Collins College Publishers, New York, USA. 2nd
Ed.
5. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky Sl, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D and Darnell J. (2004).
Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company, 5th
Ed.
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Semester I
Course Code: BT 104 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Biomolecules Sessional Assessment: 60
Credits: 04 University Examination: 40
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The course is designed to make students understand the structure, importance and regulation of
various biomolecules involved in sustenance and perpetuation of living organisms.
Unit I Molecular design of life and foundations of biochemistry
1.1 Water: structure and properties, ion product, dipolar structure and dielectric constant.
1.2 Concentration of solution: molarity, normality, molallity and strength.
1.3 Chemical foundations of biology: pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers - composition, prepration,
Henderson-Hasselbalch, buffer capacity and strength.
1.4 Classes of organic compounds and functional groups - atomic and molecular dimensions,
space filling and ball and stick models.
Unit II Protein functions and structure
2.1 Amino acids: structure, classification, chemical reactions and physical properties.
2.2 Proteins: general structure, characteristics of peptide bond, Ramachandran map.
2.3 Hierarchy in protein structure: primary, secondary, super secondary, tertiary and
quaternary
structures, Chou and Fasman algorithm.
2.4 Protein folding: Anfinsen’s experiment, Levinthal paradox, chaperons, protein
sequencing (N-terminal sequencing, C-terminal sequencing, Edmann degradation).
Unit III Carbohydrates
3.1 Carbohydrates: classification, basic chemical structure, monosaccharides – aldoses and
ketoses, linkages in sucrose, lactose and maltose.
3.2 Configuration and conformation of monosaccharides (pyranose and furanose, chair and
boat), stereoisomerism, anomers, epimers and mutarotation.
3.3 Polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides - cellulose and chitin; storage
polysaccharides - starch and glycogen, glycoproteins; N- and O-glycosylation.
3.4 Glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, chondriotin sulphate,
keratan sulphate and dermatan sulfate.
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Unit Ӏ V Lipids and Vitamins
4.1 Lipids: classification of lipids; oils, fats and waxes; occurrence and properties of fatty
acids, esters of fatty acids; phosopholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, cerebrosides and
gangliosides.
4.2 Lipoproteins: steroids, cholesterol, sterols, relation to vitamin D and steroid hormones.
4.3 Eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, thrombaxanes, DAG and
ceramide.
4.4 Vitamins and Co-enzymes: classification, water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, dietary
requirements, deficiency conditions, coenzyme forms.
Unit V Nucleic acids and Porphyrins
5.1 Nucleic acids: purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, unusual bases; structure
of DNA and RNA.
5.2 Supercoiling of DNA: negative and positive, steam loop structure,
palindromic sequences; DNA protein interaction; zinc finger, leucinc zipper, helix-turn-
helix, motifs.
5.3 Porphyrins and porphyrin ring system: chlorophyll, haemoglobin and myoglobin.
5.4 Secondary metabolites: phytochemicals; isoprenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of
01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20
words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer
type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;
each question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Cox Michael M. and Nelson. D. L. (2008): Principles of Biochemistry, 5th
Edition. W. H.
Freeman and Company, New York.
2. Heldt Hans-Walter and Piechulla Birgit (2010): Plant Biochemistry, 4th
Edition. Academic
Press.
3. Plummer, T. David. (2004): An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4th
Edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
4. Stryer. L. (2005): Biochemistry, 6th
Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
5. Voet. Donald, Voet Judith., W. Pratt. Charlotte. (2008): Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 3rd
Edition. John Wiley, New York.
6. Wilson K., and J. Walker, (2010): Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology Techniques, 7th
Edition. Cambridge Univ. Press.
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Semester I
Course Code: BT 105 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Microbiology Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
Microbes comprise the largest group of living organisms which contribute to human welfare in
more than one way. The course is designed to highlight important aspects of their life cycle and
how understanding their genetics has revolutionized understanding of many biological processes.
The course will also acquaint students how genetic manipulation of microbes has lead to the
development of many important products utilized for human welfare.
Unit I Classification and structure of microbes
1.1 The history and scope of microbiology; microorganisms and disease transmission; three
domain system of classification.
1.2 Major characteristics used in microbial taxonomy (numerical and molecular); current methods
of microbial identification; cultivation and enumeration of microbes from environment.
1.3 Structural distinctions: ultrastructure of bacteria, algae and protozoa.
1.4 Microscopy: Principle and working of Bright field, Phase contrast and Electron microscopy;
specimen preparation.
Unit II Microbial physiology
2.1 Microbial growth; dynamics of growth and growth curves; growth factors and nutrition;
isolation of pure cultures; biofilms.
2.2 Microbial nutrition: principles of microbial nutrition, uptake of nutrients by the cell; culture
media.
2.3 Hydrocarbon transformation: chemolithotrophy, hydrogen ion and nitrite oxidizing bacteria.
2.4 Control of microorganisms; pattern of microbial death; physical methods of control;
chemical agents of control; conditions influencing effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
Unit III Microbial genetics and reproduction
3.1 Microbial reproduction: different methods of microbial reproduction.
3.2 Modes of gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, transduction and conjugation.
3.3 Genetic system of yeast; Neurospora – tetrad analysis and selection of recombinants based on
spore arrangements.
3.4 Plasmids: types, plasmid replication and incompatibility, their copy number control through
anti-sense RNA, plasmid addiction, properties of naturally occurring plasmids; antibiotic
resistance.
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Unit IV Viruses, virioids and prions
4.1 General properties and structure of viruses; principles of virus taxonomy.
4.2 Viruses that affect humans, animals and plants; isolation, cultivation and identification
of viruses, (growing in bacteria, living animals, embryonated eggs, cell cultures).
4.3 Viral multiplication: lytic and lysogenic life cycle.
4.4 Virioids and prions: general properties, diseases caused by virioids and prions.
Unit V Medical microbiology
5.1 Bacterial diseases: Host-parasite relationship, epidemiology, pathogenesis.
5.2 Infectious disease transmission; respiratory infections caused by bacteria: tuberculosis.
5.3 Viral diseases: epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment (H1N1, Polio, Rabies,
Hepatitis, AIDS, Dengue fever and Chikungunya).
5.4 Fungal diseases: infections caused by yeast; Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans;
diagnosis of infectious diseases; molecular detection and identification using variants of PCR.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 10 marks.
Books Recommended.
1. Prescott, Harley and Klein's (2013). Microbiology, 6th edition. The McGraw−Hill Publishing
Co Ltd.
2. Pommerville, J. C. (2012). Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Boston.
3. Schlegel, H.G. (2012). General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press.
4. Pelczer, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., Kries, N. R. (2008). A text book of microbiology, 5th
edition.
Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co Ltd.
5. Maloy, S.R., Cronan Jr, J.E. and Freifelder, D (2006). Microbial Genetics. Narosa Publishing
House.
6. Atlas R.M. (1998). Microbiology, Fundamentals and applications 2nd
Edition, Milan
Publishing Co.
7. Holt J.S. Kreig N.R., Sneath P.H.A and Williams S.T (1994). Bergey‟ s Manual of Systemic
Bacteriology 9th
Edition. William and Wilkins, Baltimore.
8. Brock T.D. and Madigan M.T (1992). Biology of Microorganisms 6th
Edition. Prentice Hall,
Eagle wood cliffs.
9. Alexander M (1977). Introduction to soil microbiology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.N.Y.
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Semester-I
Course Code: BT 106 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab courses on Plant and University Examination: 50
Animal Bioresources and Cell Biology Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Exploration, collection, identification of a few economically important plant and animal
taxa.
Honey bee, Earthworm, Withania somnifera, Abelmoschus spp., Phyllanthus emblica.
Lessons: Herbarium preparation; writing of field notes, use of Flora, Exploration, Stress on invariability of
species which is the reason for its use as the basic unit of classification. Plant and animal classification
based on invariability of species.
2. Introduction to intraspecific variability against the back drop of the concept of invariability
of a species: maize, beans, brinjal, dogs, poultry. Use live material, photographs.
Lessons: Cryptic variation exists within species. This variation is disregarded till reproductive isolation
does not set in. Reproductive isolation is the basis of organic evolution (material from the Pir Panjal
biodiversity Park).
3. Variability beyond the level of species
(i) Intra-generic variation. Solanum spp., Capsicum spp., Allium spp., Apis spp.
(ii) Intra-familial variability. Solanaceae, Poaceae.
Lesson: Quantum of variability determines phylogenetic distance and vice-versa.
4. Collect, describe, identify and classify wild bioresources, including wild relatives of crop
plants and look for similarities and differences with the cultivated relatives.
Wild relatives of: Pear, Amla, Olive, Okra, Fig., Grape and Rice.
Lessons:
i. Cultivated plants and domesticated animals are gifts of incessant human selection and
agronomic practices.
ii. Wild relatives are reservoirs of genes and genotypes that may be useful for improvement
of cultivated plants.
iii. Discuss examples of improvement of cultivated plants through transfer of genes from wild
relatives through classical breeding and genetic engineering.
5. Variability introduced in cultivated plants and animals through (tailoring) to suit human
fancy, taste and need, through classical methods of plant improvement-selection,
hybridization: rose, dog, apple, mango, rice, maize, seedless guava and grapes.
6. Tailoring of plant and animal bioresources through biotechnology interventions -
photograph of GM plants and animals like Bt cotton, Flavr savr tomato, Golden rice,
Noori.
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7. Aquatic bioresources: Lotus, Water chestnut, Euryale ferox, Typha spp., Nymphaea spp.,
Fish, Prawn, Crab, Turtle, Marine algae, Corals, Pearls, Ducks.
8. Subterranean bioresources: potatoes, sweet potato, Tapioca sp., Zingiber sp., Dioscorea
sp., Curcuma sp., Groundnut, Acorus sp., Earthworm.
9. Terrestrial Bioresources: Trees: fruits: Rosaceous, Non- rosaceous.
10. Important characters- Timbers: hard and soft woods, fuels, medicine, fodder, foliage:
silkworm, food, Rubber; Shrubs: food, fodder, medicinal, fruits, fibres, dyes; Herbs: food,
fodder, medicinal, fruits, fibres, dyes.
11. Bioresources used to produce multiple products through processing: Maize- maize floor,
Popcorn, Cakes; Soyabean; Potato; Camelia sp.; Wheat; Linum sp. and Silk.
12. Lab demonstration of light and fluorescence microscopic techniques.
13. *Study the process of somatic cell division in root tips of Allium sativum (garlic) / Allium
cepa (onion) /Allium tuberosum.
14. *Study the structure of somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa/ Vicea faba, describe the
salient features of the karyotype and preparation of ideogram.
15. *Study meiotic behaviour of chromosomes in Phlox drumondii, Allium sp. or Eremurus
persicus.
16. Study the structure of salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus.
17. Lab demonstration of microtomy technique; prepare plant and animal tissues for
microtomy, cut sections using microtome and stain them.
18. Isolate chloroplasts from leaf tissues of spinach; study the variation in chloroplast shape in
spinach, Ulothrix and Spirogyra.
19. Study the diversity in cell structure in a given sample of plant and animal tissue.(onion
peel, pulp of banana, xylem cells, liver of sheep)
20. Demonstration of cytoplasmic movement in staminal hairs of Tradescantia.
21. Culture bacteria from a given soil/water sample; raising pure bacterial culture.
22. Culture and study the structure of various types of fungi ( Rhizopus, Mucor and
Aspergillus)
23. Study transport across the semi permeable membrane by using potato osmoscope
24. Study the structure of prokaryotic cell - Escherichia coli.
25. Detect protein and fat bodies in Solanum tuberosum and Phaseolus vulgaris by using
histochemical techniques.
26. Demonstration of variability in starch grains.
*Depending upon the availability, only one material will be given.
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Semester-I
Course Code: BT 107 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab courses on Biomolecules and University Examination: 50
Microbiology Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Biochemical calculation and reagent preparation.
2. Estimation of pH using pH meter.
3. Colorimetric determination of pKa.
4. Amino acid titration.
5. Study reactions of amino acids, sugars and lipids.
Tests for sugars.
Molish’s test, Fehling’s test, Seliwanoff’s test, Nylander’s test, Barrfoed’s test
Tests for amino acids:
Ninhydrin test, Xanthoproteic test, Morner’s test, Lead sulphide test, Hopkin’s test
Test for lipids:
solubility test, Emulsification test, Saponification test, Unsaturation test
6. Quantification of proteins from hen’s eggs and sugars from potato.
7. Analysis of oils – iodine number, saponification value and acid number.
8. Use of spectroflurophotometer.
9. Undertake separation techniques - Centrifugation, Chromatography (TLC and paper
chromatography).
10. Sterilization of glass and plasticware and culture media by dry and hot air and steam.
11. Preparation of liquid and solid media for microbial culture (nutrient agar, potato dextrose
agar, Luria Broth, glucose broth, agar slants, and agar deep tubes).
12. Handling micropipettes; preparation of reagents, maintaining pH.
13. To calibrate ocular micrometer for different objectives (5X, 20X, high power, oil
immersion) of a microscope.
14. Bacterial count through plate count or serial dilution agar plate technique.
15. Bacterial and fungal staining using gram stain, cotton blue and acid fast stains.
16. Isolation of rhizobia from root nodules of leguminous plants and one non leguminous
plants.
17. To prepare pure culture of microbes by streak plate, pour plate and broth culture methods.
18. Identification and isolation of amylase producing bacteria by amylase production test.
18
Semester – II
Course Scheme
For the years 2016, 2017, 2018
Laboratory Courses
BT 206 Lab Course based on BT 201
and BT 202
04 06 50 50 100
BT 207 Lab Course based on BT 203,
BT 204 and BT 205
04 06 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
Grand Total= 400+200=600
SA – Sessional Assessment
UE – University Examination
Course
Code
Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination
Duration Marks
Hours SA UE Total
BT 201 Molecular Biology 04 03 40 60 100
BT 202 Enzymology and Biochemical
Techniques
04 03 40 60 100
BT 203 Genetics 04 03 40 60 100
BT 204 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 02 02 20 30 50
BT 205 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 02 02 20 30 50
Total 160 240 400
19
Semester II
Course code: BT 201 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Molecular Biology Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The course has been devised to familiarize students with Molecular Biology which chiefly deals
with interactions among various systems of a cell, including those between DNA, RNA and
proteins and learning how these are regulated.
Unit I Nucleic acid structure and functions
1.1 Nucleic acids as information macromolecules, chemical and molecular structure of nucleic
acids, types of DNA and RNA, Satellite, Repetitive and Unique DNA.
1.2 Denaturation and Renaturation: hyper and hypo-chromic effect, Denaturation curve, Tm,
analysis of denaturation curve.
1.3 DNA supercoiling; underwinding of DNA, linking number of DNA, role of
topoisomerases in changing the linking number of DNA.
1.4 Fundamental organizational units of chromatin: nucleosomes- structure and higher level of
organization.
Unit II DNA replication
2.1 Need for replication of DNA, semi-conservative, bidirectional and semi- discontinuous
DNA replication.
2.2 Mechanism of DNA replication; enzymes and accessory proteins required in DNA
replication of E .coli chromosome.
2.3 Replication of phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA.
2.4 Replication of DNA in eukaryotes; enzymes and accessory proteins involved, control of
replication.
Unit III DNA repair and recombination
3.1 DNA repair mechanism; mismatch repair, base excision, nucleotide excision and direct
repair.
3.2 Recombination: homologous recombination; Holiday junction; Proteins involved in
recombination.
3.3 Site specific recombination; Cre-lox recombination.
3.4 Mobile DNA; essential parts, insertional sequences, complex transposons, composite
transposons.
20
Unit IV Transcription
4.1 Transcription in prokaryotes; factors involved in transcription, mechanism (initiation,
elongation and termination), antibiotic inhibitors of transcription in prokaryotes.
4.2 Operon concept; lactose and tryptophan operons, bacteriophage lambda as an example of
transcriptional riboswitches.
4.3 Transcription in eukaryotes; general and specific transcription factors, mechanism,
enhancers and silencers and DNA binding motifs, antibiotic inhibitors of transcription in
eukaryotes.
4.4 Post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes: 5' capping and polyadenylation, splicing;
spliceosome machinery, alternate splicing, exon shuffling and RNA editing, post-
transcriptional gene control
Unit V Translation
5.1 Genetic code- concept, degeneracy, triplet nature, deviation from universality and Wobble
hypothesis.
5.2 Translation in prokaryotes; mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination,
importance of co-transcriptional translation in prokaryotes.
5.3 Translation in eukaryotes; mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination, inhibitors
of translation; antibiotics and toxins.
5.4 Post-translational modification of proteins; chemical modification and proteolytic
cleavage, ubiquitin mediated protein degradation.
Note for Paper Setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended
1. Albert, B., Bray, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Watson, J. D. (2004). Molecular Biology of
the Cell, Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 6th
Ed.
2. Benjamin, Lewin, Krebs, J. E., Goldstein, E., and Kilpatrick (2009) Lewin’s Gene X, ST
Jones and Bartlett publishers Ltd USA.
3. Brown, T.A (2000). Molecular Biology. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford.
4. Burton E. Tropp & David Freifelder (2012). Molecular Biology, 4th
edition, Jones and
Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
5. David P. Clark & Nanette J. Pazdernik (2013). Molecular Biology. Elsevier Academic
Press, UK. 2nd
Ed.
6. Friefelder, D. (1990). Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, Delhi. 2nd Ed.
21
7. James, D. Watson, Baker and Bell. (2013): Molecular Biology of the Gene, Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. 7th Ed.
8. Karp, G. (2007). Cell and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 5th
Ed.
9. Kornberg, A. and Baker, A.T. (1992). DNA Replication, W.H. Freeman & Company.
2nd
Ed.
10. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2011). Lewin’s Gens X, Jones and Bartlett
publishers, Inc.
11. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2013). Lewins Gene XI, Jones and Bartlett
publishers, Inc.
12. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, Scott (2013). Molecular cell
Biology, W. H. Freeman; 7th
Ed.
22
Course code: BT 202 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Enzymology and Biochemical Sessional Assessment: 40
Techniques University Examination: 60
Credits: 04 Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The course has two components; the first three Units deal with enzymes, their kinetics,
physiological role, catalytic mechanisms and their vast application. The last two aim at
familiarizing students with the structure and functions of the important chemical components of
the cell and relate their structure with their functioning.
Unit I Introduction to enzymes
1.1 Enzymes: definition, brief history and properties; enzymes as catalysts.
1.2 Nomenclature and classification of enzymes; need for classification, Enzyme
Commission’s system of classification, six main classes of enzymes.
1.3 Co-factors, coenzyme, catalytic power, specificity, ribozymes, abzymes.
1.4 Factors affecting enzyme activity; pH, temperature, substrate and enzyme concentration.
Unit II Enzyme kinetics
2.1 Reaction kinetics: chemical kinetics- Michaelis-Menten equation using steady state
kinetics, significance of-Kcat, Km and Kcat/Km.
2.2 Enzyme inhibition: competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed inhibitions
2.3 Bi substrate reactions: ordered, random, sequential and ping-pong reactions.
2.4 Allostery of enzyme action: Cooperativity, Hill equation, MWC model, KNF model.
Unit III Enzyme catalysis
3.1 Mapping of active site; Affinity labeling and chemical modification methods of active
site determination.
3.2 Mechanism of catalysis; acid-base catalysis, electrostatic catalysis, covalent catalysis.
3.3 Mechanism of enzyme action using chymotrypsin and ribonuclease.
3.4 Multi-enzyme complex: fatty acid synthase, allosteric regulation of aspartate
transcarbamylase.
Unit IV Applications of enzymology
4.1 Isoenzymes- application and significance, isoenzyme in liver and heart diseases.
4.2 Clinical aspects of enzymology; enzymes in liver and heart disease.
4.3 Enzyme-technology; immobilization of enzymes, properties and application of
immobilized enzymes.
23
4.4 Enzymes for industry; production and purification of enzymes on industrial scale,
applications of enzymes in food industry.
Unit V Biochemical techniques
5.1 Cell fractionation techniques: Cell lysis, homogenization, extraction, salting in, salting
out, dialysis and ultra filtration
5.2 Chromatographic techniques: Principles and applications of paper, TLC, adsorption, gel
filtration, ion exchange, affinity and HPLC.
5.3 Electrophoresis of proteins- Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing,
pulsed field electrophoresis
5.4 Ultra centrifugation and Spectroscopy: Differential and density gradient centrifugation;
spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation and applications of visible and ultraviolet
spectroscopy.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of
01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20
words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer
type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;
each question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Price & Stevens (1999). Fundamentals of Enzymology
2. Palmer, T. (2001). Enzyme; Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical Chemistry. Horwood
Ltd.
3. Branden, C. and Tooze, J. (1999). Introduction to Protein Structure. Garland Publishing
New York.
4. Creighton, T.E. (2000).Protein Structure and Molecular Properties.WH Freeman and
company.
5. Friefilder, D. (1987). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and Bartlett Publications.
6. Lewin, B. (2000). Genes VIII. Oxford University Press.
7. Tanford, C. (1961). Physical Chemistry of Macromalocules. John Wiley and Sons.
8. Wilson, K and Walker, J. (2011). Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular biology. Cambridge University press.
24
Semester II
Course code: BT 203 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Genetics Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The course has been devised to familiarize students with Genetics which deals with inheritance of
characters from one generation to another. Chromosomes, which act as hereditary vehicles, how
these are changed both structurally and numerically their interaction and disease diagnostics will
be dealt in this course.
Unit I Introduction to Genetics
1.1 Basic Mechanisms of inheritance: Mendel's Laws of Inheritance, extensions to
Mendelism- dominance, co-dominance and incomplete dominance.
1.2 Alleles & Gene Interactions: Multiple alleles, pleiotropic effects, partial penetrance &
variable expressivity, lethal alleles.
1.3 Linkage and Recombination: Recombination as the basis of gene mapping, linkage
mapping, tetrad analysis.
1.4 Extra-nuclear Inheritance: cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effects.
Unit II Human Genetics
2.1 Pedigrees: gathering family history, pedigree symbols, construction of pedigrees,
presentation of molecular genetic data in pedigrees.
2.2 Autosomal inheritance: dominant, recessive, consanguinity and its effects.
2.3 Sex-linked inheritance, sex-limited and sex-influenced traits, genomic imprinting.
2.4 Genetic disorders caused by a single gene: Tay-Sachs disease, haemophilia, cystic
fibrosis, muscular dystrophy.
Unit III: Mutation and its effects
3.1 Mutations: causes, detection and application of mutations.
3.2 Mutant types: lethal, conditional, spontaneous verses induced mutations.
3.3 Phenotypic effects of mutations, somatic vs germinal mutations, suppressor mutations,
biochemical loss and gain of function.
3.4 Molecular basis of mutations: radiation and chemical induced mutations and their
effects.
25
Unit IV Structural and numerical changes of chromosomes
4.1 Deficiencies, duplications, inversions and translocations: origin, identification and uses.
4.2 Chromosome aberrations and evolution: primary, secondary and tertiary trisomics.
4.3 Polyploidy and its genetic implications, applications of polyploidy.
4.4 Induced polyploidy, polyploidy in plants, chromosome doubling in somatic and germ
cells, experimental production of polyploids.
Unit V Genetic Counseling
5.1 Historical overview of genetic counseling, models of eugenics.
5.2
Components of genetic counseling: Information gathering and construction of pedigrees,
past medical history, social and family history.
5.3
Patterns of inheritance, risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and
multifactorial syndromes.
5.4 Pre-
implantation, pre-natal, peri-natal, adult (for late on-set diseases) screening of genetic
diseases.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Gardner, Simmons, Snustad (2006). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons 8th
ED.
2. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2011). Lewin’s Gens X, Jones and Bartlett
publishers, Inc.
3. Krebs E, J., Goldstein S, E., Kilpatrick T. S. (2013). Lewins Gene XI, Jones and Bartlett
publishers, Inc.
4. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Bretscher, Ploegh, Amon, Scott (2013). Molecular cell Biology,
W. H. Freeman; 7th
Ed.
5. Gardner A, Howell R.T and Davies T. (2008). Human genetics, Published by Vinod Vasishtha
for Viva Books private limited.
6. Alan G. Atherly, Jack. R, Girton, Jhon. F, Mc Donald. The science of Genetics. Sounders
college publishers.
7. Beighton, Peter and Greta Beighton. The person behind the syndrome. (1997). London, New
York, Springer
8. Klug, W.S.,Cummings. (2003). Concepts of genetics, 7th Edn. Pearson Education.
9. Dale, J.W. (1994). Molecular Genetics of bacteria, John Wiley & Sons.
10. Streips and Yasbin. (2001). Modern microbial Genetics. Niley Ltd.
26
11. John Ringo (2004). Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge University Press.
Semester II
Course Code: MB-204 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
Mathematics and statistics are making greater inroads into biology and it is, therefore, necessary
to provide sound foundation to students in this area in which they can build later. The course has
been framed with that objective in mind.
Unit I Biological databases
1.1 Bioinformatics: Concept and applications.
1.2 Biological databases: Types of biological databases, data representation and storage,
information retrieval from biological databases.
1.3 Nucleotide Sequence databases: NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, and ESTs.
1.4 Protein sequence databases: Swiss Port, PIR, SCOP and CATH.
Unit II Sequence analysis and Phylogeny
2.1 Sequence Alignments: introduction and significance; Pairwise sequence alignment;
Scoring matrices: PAM and BLOSUM; Global and Local Sequence alignment; FASTA
and BLAST.
2.2 Multiple Sequence alignment: introduction; databases of multiple sequence alignment;
pfam, Smart, conserved domain databases and Prints.
2.3 Phylogeny: introduction, phenotypic and molecular phylogeny; representation of
molecular phylogeny.
2.4 Tree building methods; types of trees; phylogenetic softwares.
Unit: III Basics of biostatistics
3.1 Statistics: definition, history, applications and limitations; concept of Biometry, population
and sample.
3.2 Data collection and tabulation, primary and secondary data, methods of collecting primary
data, sources of secondary data, editing of primary and secondary data, rule of tabulation,
parts and types of tables and role of tabulation of data.
3.3 Frequency distribution: classification of data, histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative
frequency curves, designs and limitations of graph.
27
3.4 Measures of central tendency: arithmetic mean, median, mode; measures of dispersion:
standard deviation, standard error and coefficient of variation, tests of significance: t-test, F-
test and X2 test and Correlation (types, methods; Karl Pearson’s coefficient) and regression
(linear) analysis and their uses, ANOVA.
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended
1. Gupta, S.P. (2005). Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
2. Gupta, C.B. and Gupta, V. (2005). An Introduction to Statistical Methods, Vikas
Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Gun, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B (2005). Fundamentals of Statistics, The World
Press Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata.
4. Sinha, P.K. and Sinha, P. (2005). Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publication.
5. Rajaraman, V. (2004). Fundamentals of Computers, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
6. Stephen A. Krawetz and David D. Womble (2010). Introduction to Bioinformatics.
Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey
7. Zhumar Ghosh and Bibekanand Mallick (2008). Bioinformatics Principles and
Applications. Oxford University Press.
28
Semester II
Course Code: MB-205 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Bioenergetics and Metabolism Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
The course is designed to make students learn and appreciate the importance, mechanism and
regulation of various chemical reactions taking place in living systems.
Unit I Carbohydrate metabolism
1.1 Principles of bioenergetics: Energy transformation, laws of thermodynamics, spontaneity of a
process, life and thermodynamics.
1.2 Carbohydrate metabolism: aerobic and anaerobic pathways, glycolysis, citric acid cycle,
oxidative Phosphorylation and electron transport chain.
1.3 Alternate pathways of glucose metabolism-pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxalate cycle, and
glucuronic acid cycle.
1.4 Gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
Unit II Lipid metabolism
2.1 Oxidation of lipids: beta oxidation, oxidation of unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids and
formation of ketone bodies.
2.2 Biosynthesis of fatty acids: carbon sources, acetyl CoA carboxylase and reactions of fatty acid
synthase complex, synthesis of odd chain and unsaturated fatty acids.
2.3 Lipoproteins: Low density lipoproteins (LDL), Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), High
density lipoproteins (HDL) and Chylomicrons.
2.4 Biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol.
Unit III Nitrogen metabolism
3.1 Oxidative degradation of amino acids: transamination , oxidative deamination, urea cycle and
ammonia excretion.
3.2 Biosynthesis of essential (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and non-essential (alanine,
asparagine and glutamine) amino acids.
3.3 Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, genetic defects in amino acid metabolism.
3.4 Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, regulation of nucleotide synthesis,
Nitrogen fixation: nitrogenase system and nitrate reductase.
Note for paper setter:
29
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Cox Michael M. and Nelson. D. L. (2008): Principles of Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 5th
Ed.
2. Heldt Hans-Walter and Piechulla Birgit (2010): Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press. 4th
Ed.
3. Plummer, T. David,. (2004): An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. 4th
Ed.
4. Stryer. L. (2005): Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 6th
Ed.
5. Voet. Donald, Voet Judith., W. Pratt. Charlotte. (2008): Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John
Wiley, New York, 3rd
Ed.
6. Wilson K., and J. Walker, (2010): Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology Techniques, Cambridge Univ. Press. 7th
Ed.
30
Semester-II
Course code: BT 206 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab course on Molecular Biology and University Examination: 50
Enzymology Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Isolation of plant, animal and bacterial genomic DNA (Brassica sp., humans, E. coli)
2. Isolation of RNA from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus, Valleriana wallichii and
Brassica sp. By using Trizol method
3. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E. coli.
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
5. Restriction digestion of Total genomic DNA
6. Preparation of Competent Bacterial cells.
7. Preparation of restriction maps from gel pictures.
8. Elution of target DNA fragments from Agarose gel.
9. Demonstration of Southern Blotting technique.
10. Calculation of TM of the given sequences of DNA.
11. Estimation of proteins by Lowery’s method.
12. Estimation of proteins by Biuretic method.
13. Separation of amino acids by Paper Chromatography.
14. Separation of crude (total) proteins by PAGE in Beans.
15. Assay of acid phosphatase from potato
16. Assay of succinate dehydrogenase from the liver
17. Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity
31
Semester-II
Course code: BT 207 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab course on Genetics, Bioinformatics University Examination: 50
& Bioenergetics Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Mounting of polytene chromosomes
2. Mounting of Barr bodies
3. Study of Karyotyping in onion, humans (normal and abnormal)
4. Study of mutation in E.coli by UV light
5. Demonstration of multiple allele by blood group in humans
6. Mounting of imaginal discs of Drosophila
7. Study of Drosophila mutant type
8. Problems on (a) law of segregation (b) Independent assortment (c) Sex linked inheritance
(d) population genetics
9. Retrieval of protein and nucleotide sequences from suitable databanks
10. Similarity searches using BLAST
11. Online tools for PCR primer generation and restriction analysis
12. Visualization of genome maps-usage of Mapviewer from NCBI resource
13. Study particular gene using TAIR databas
14. Study alignment of DNA and protein sequences by using bioinformatics tools.
15. Study phylogenetic analysis by using NTSYs
16. Construct dendogram of available data (protein and DNA sequences) using cladistic
methods
17. Construct dendogram of available data (protein and DNA sequences) using distance
methods
18. Calculate central tendencies: mean, median and mode from the data provided.
19. Draw frequency distribution curve and frequency polygons from the data provided.
20. Calculate Standard Deviation and Standard Error from given data.
21. Subject the available data to χ2 analysis and compare the mean values by applying t-test.
22. Estimation of glucose.
23. Estimation of urea.
24. Nitrogen estimation from animal tissue.
25. Cholesterol estimation.
26. Isolation and estimation of starch from potato using Iodine test.
32
27. Isolation of glycogen from animal tissue.
28. Protein profiling by PAGE and SDS PAGE
Semester – III
Course Scheme
For the years 2016, 2017, 2018
Laboratory Courses
BT 306 Lab Course based on BT 301,
BT 302 & BT 303
04 06 50 50 100
BT 307 Lab Course based on BT 304
and BT 305
04 06 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
Grand Total= 400+200=600
SA – Sessional Assessment
UE – University Examination
Course
Code
Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination
Duration Marks
Hours SA UE Total
BT 301 Bioresources: Assessment,
Characterization
and Conservation
04 03 40 60 100
BT 302 Plant Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50
BT 303 Animal Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50
BT 304 Genetic Engineering 04 03 40 60 100
BT 305 Biology of Immune System 04 03 40 60 100
Total 160 240 400
33
Semester – III
Course Code: BT 301 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Bioresources: Assessment, Characterization Sessional Assessment: 40
and Conservation University Examination: 60
Credits: 04 Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
Bioresources are being over exploited to meet market demand, resulting in threatening their
existence. The present course aims at introducing students to approaches for documentation of
biodiversity, nature and magnitude of threat to bioresources and imparting them knowledge about
their conservation.
Unit I Survey and documentation of biodiversity and bioresources
1.1 Biodiversity and bioresources: concept and scope; evolution of biodiversity, factors
promoting biodiversity; scales of biodiversity - genetic, species and ecosystem diversity;
traditional approaches to measuring biodiversity.
1.2 Modern approaches to measuring organismal diversity: species richness, species evenness;
measurement of biodiversity at spatial (landscape) level (alpha, beta and gamma diversity);
Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Index.
1.3 Geographical Information System (GIS): introduction, scope, history, components, functions,
advantages and limitations.
1.4 Application of remote sensing technology for bioresources’ management, land cover and
land use, forestry, agriculture and wildlife.
2 Unit II Loss of bioresources
2.1 Estimates of biodiversity loss; means of biodiversity loss - species extinction, genetic
erosion; loss of ecosystem diversity.
2.2 Causes of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction, unsustainable exploitation, biological
invasion, environmental pollution and poverty.
2.3 Species threat status: IUCN threat categories and criteria; concept of rarity; RED
Data Books; Biodiversity hotspots (general account); effect of climate change on
biodiversity.
34
2.4 Biopiracy: introduction, factors and reasons thereof, biopiracy- vis – a – vis IPR regime;
steps to check biopiracy - vigil, applicability of modern technologies in checking
biopiracy.
Unit III Conservation of bioresources
3.1 Why conserve bioresources; global measures for conserving bioresources: international
conservation organizations (FAO, UNESCO, IUCN, WWF, UNEP, Biodiversity
International, WCMC); multilateral treaties (Ramsar Convention, WHC, CITES, CBD).
3.2 Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Biological Diversity Rules 2004, Wild Life (protection)
Amendment Act 1991, Forest Act 1980, Bioresources Act, National Bioresource
Development Board, Indian Bioresource Information Network; National Biodiversity
Authority (2004); National Biodiversity Action Plan (2008), State Biodiversity Boards.
3.3 IPRs and Biological Resources, Development in the Life Sciences Trade Industry and the
WTO - TRIPS Agreement, patents and other IPRs, Implication of IPRS to Biological
Resources.
3.4 PVPFRA, Plant Breeder’s rights, Farmer’s rights, Tribunal rights, Traditional Resource
rights, Variety registration.
Unit IV Conservation strategies
4.1 In situ conservation sites: Protected areas - Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife
Sanctuaries. In situ conservation of aquatic ecosystems: lakes, wetlands, mangroves,
coral reefs, pond reservoirs.
4.2 Ex situ conservation sites: Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, Field gene banks, Seed
banks, Reserve Forests, Sacred groves; Zoological parks, zoos and aquaria, role of
Animal Breeding Centres in conservation; Community conservation.
4.3 In vitro conservation and cryopreservation: principles, infrastructure and experimental
protocols for in vitro conservation and cryopreservation of cells, tissues and organs;
advantages and disadvantages; in vitro and cryobanks; DNA and genomic resources
banks, conservation in permofrost conditions.
4.4 Gene banks: IBPGR, Indian gene banks for plant, animal, fish, microbial and insect
genetic resources; NBPGR, National Genetic Resources Advisory Council.
Unit V Molecular characterization of bioresources
5.1 Molecular markers - definition, properties, classification, importance and scope.
35
5.2 Molecular marker techniques: RAPD, SSR, ISSR, SSAP and AFLP, Expressed Sequence
Tags, and their utility; merits and demerits of different molecular marker techniques.
5.3 Proteins, isozymes and allozymes as markers, their significance in characterization;
methods of isozyme and allozyme analysis.
5.4 Biotechnology and its role in biodiversity conservation; software for molecular
characterization and diversity analysis; role of taxonomy in assessment, conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity.
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of
01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20
words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer
type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;
each question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations, Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
2. K. V. Krishnamurthy (2003). Textbook of Biodiversity, Illustrated reprint, Science
Publishers.
3. Correa, Carlos M. (2000).Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing
Countries: the TRIPS Agreement and Policy Options. Zed Books, New York.
4. DNA finger printing in plants, principles, Methods & Application by Kurt Weising , Hilde
Nybom, Markus Pfenninger, Kirsten Wolff, Gunter Kahl, 2nd
edition, Publisher: Taylor &
Francis group.
5. Engelmann F. 2004. Plant cryopreservation: Progress and prospects. In vitro Cellular and
Developmental Biology plant 40:427-433.
6. Engels JMM, Visser L, editors. 2003. A guide to effective management of germplasm
collections. IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks No. 6. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Available
in English (1.4 MB) and Spanish (1.5 MB).
7. FAO/IPGRI. 1994. Genebank standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available
in English, Spanish, French and Arabic.
8. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. (1998). Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
9. Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology.
Sircuier Associates, Inc.
10. Holdgate MW (1986). Summary and Conclusions: Characteristics and Consequences of
Biological Invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royle Society, London.
11. Narayan, P.S. (2001). Intellectual Property Law in India, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad.
12. Nordgen. (2008). Agreement between (depositor) and the Royal Norwegian Ministry of
Agriculture and Food concerning the deposit of seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
The Svalbard Gloal Seed Vault. The Nordic Genetic Resource Centre,
ALNARP.Availablefrom:http://www.nordgen.org/sgsv/scope/sgsv/files/SGSV_Deposit_A
greement.pdf.
36
13. Reed BM, Engelmann F, Dulloo ME, Engels JMM. 2004. Technical guidelines for the
management of field and in vitro germplasm collections. IPGRI Handbooks for genebanks
No. 7. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
14. Reed BM, Paynter C, Bartlett B. 2002. Shipping procedures for plant tissue cultures.
USDA-ARS
NCGR.Availablefrom: http://www.arsgrin.gov/cor/presentations/shipping2001/sld001.htm
l. Date accessed: 26 March 2010.
15. Ruane J, Sonnino A. 2006. The role of biotechnology in exploring and protecting
agricultural genetic resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome.
16. Razdan, M.K. (1993). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Oxford and IBH.
17. Singh, J. S., Singh, S. P. and Gupta, S. R. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource
Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.
18. Wadehra, B.L. (2000). Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs &
Geographical Indications, Universal Law Publishing.
19. Williamson, M. (1996). Biological Invasion, Chapman and Hall, London.
20. Winnaker, E.L. (1987). From Genes to Clones: Introduction to Gene Technology. VCH,
Germany.
21. Judd, W. S and. Campbell, C. S,. Kellogg, E. A Stevens, F.and. Donoghue, M. J. ((2007).
Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc, USA
22. Karp, A., Isaac, P. G and Ingram, D. S. (1998). Molecular Tools for Screening
Biodiversity. Chapman and Hall, Madras
37
Semester – III
Course Code: BT 302 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Plant Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
Human population is increasing at fast rate. The resources required to sustain the ever increasing
population are not increasing at the same pace. Conventional methods for plant improvement are
not able to deliver fully. Therefore, to adopt high throughput technologies is need of the hour.
Manipulation of genome by incorporating desirable genes is the option available. This course is
intended to give some idea to students how plant bioresources can be increased in quantity and
improved in quality through biotechnology.
Unit I Plant tissue culture and plant transformation techniques
1.1 Plant tissue culture- history; totipotency of plant cells; Principles for aseptic culture
techniques, culture media, plant growth regulators.
1.2 Plant regeneration: somatic embryogenesis, importance of haploid production through pollen
culture and triploid production through endosperm culture in crop improvement
1.3 In vitro pollination; wide hybridization; somatic cell hybridization (hybrids and cybrids);
embryo culture; Synthetic seeds and their importance
1.4 Methods of gene transfer- Agrobacterium mediated particle bombardment and electroporation.
Unit II Plant biotechnology for abiotic and biotic stress resistance
2.1 Plant biotechnology for enhancing cold and heat stress tolerance; secondary effects of abiotic
stress – production of ROS; genes involved in scavenging of ROS.
2.2 Plant biotechnology in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance.
2.3 Plant biotechnology for enhancing resistance against fungal pathogens; anti microbial
proteins.
2.4 Plant biotechnology to enhance viral resistance- pathogen derived resistance; coat protein,
antisense, SiRNA and ribozyme approaches to enhance resistance for extending shelf life of
fruits and flowers (ACC synthase gene and polygalactoronase)
Unit III Plant biotechnology for improving crop yield and quality (value addition)
38
3.1 Plant biotechnology in improving fruit ripening and enhancing photosynthesis
3.2 Golden rice- nutritionally improved rice through biotechnology; transgenic sweet potato.
3.3Modification of taste and appearance- Sweetness, Starch and preventing
discloration
3.4 Bioplastics- biodegradable plastic from plants through biotechnological intervention.
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Bhojwani, S. S. (1990). Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations, Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
2. Brown, T. A (2007). Genomes. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
3. Clark, D. P (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Academic
press.
4. Malacinski, G. M (2006). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House. (4th
edition).
5. Primrose, S. B and Twyman, R. M (2007). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
6. Singh, B. D. (2007). Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers.
7. Slater, A., Scott, N and Fowler, M (2003). Plant Biotechnology: The Genetic Manipulation
of Plants. Oxford University Press.
8. Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, Cheryl L. Pattten. (2010). Molecular Biotechnology:
Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ISBN: 1555816126, 9781555816124.
ASM press. 4th
Ed.
9. H. S. Chawla (2013) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology Science Publishers, Recent
Edition.
39
Semester III
Course Code: BT 303 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Animal Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
Human population is increasing at fast rate. The resources required to sustain the ever increasing
population are not increasing at the same pace. Conventional methods for animal improvement
are not able to deliver fully. Therefore, to adopt high throughput technologies is need of the hour.
Manipulation of genome by incorporating desirable genes is the option available. This course is
intended to give some idea to students how animal bioresources can be increased and improved
qualitatively through biotechnological interventions.
Unit I Animal cell culture and scaling up
1.1 Primary and established cell line cultures; equipments and materials for cell culture.
1.2 Cell culture-suspension cultures, culture media, natural and artificial media, initiation of
cell cultures, evolution of continuous cell lines.
1.3 Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity of cultured cells.
1.4 Scaling up of animal cell cultures and their applications..
Unit II Animal tissue culture and hybridoma technology
2.1 Organ culture- techniques, advantages, limitations and applications.
2.2 Stem cell lines: origin and types; stem cell therapy and its applications
2.3 Somatic cell fusion, techniques and importance.
2.4 Hybridoma technology and its importance in medicine, cell cloning and manipulation and
cell synchronization.
Unit III Animal cell culture products and transfection techniques
3.1 Cell culture products: viral vaccines, interferons, recombinant proteins, hybrid antibodies.
3.2 In-vitro fertilization in humans, embryo transfer in cattle, applications of embryo transfer
technology, (the story of Noori)
3.3 Transfection methods- Ca phosphate precipitation, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection,
lipofection, fusion with bacterial protoplasts, electroporation; targeted gene transfer- gene
disruption and gene replacement.
40
3.4 Production of transgenic animals with special reference to transgenic mice, cow and sheep;
identification and transfer of genes influencing milk quality and disease resistance;
production of pharmaceuticals
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, Cheryl L. Pattten. (2010). Molecular Biotechnology:
Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM press. 4th
Ed.
2. Brown, T. A (2007). Genomes. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
3. Clark, D. P (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Academic
press.
4. Das, H. K (2010). Textbook of Biotechnology. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Freshney, R. I (2010). Culture of Animal Cells. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
6. Malacinski, G. M (2006). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House. 4th
Ed.
7. Primrose, S. B and Twyman, R. M (2007). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
8. Singh, B. D. (2007). Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers.
9. Ralf Portner (2007). Animal Cell Biotechnology, Methods and Protocols, 2nd
Edition,
Humana Press.
41
Objectives:
Genetic engineering concerns manipulation of genetic material for improvement and amelioration
of all kinds of bioresources. This course will help students to learn the science and basic
techniques of genetic manipulation and educate them with the scope of the technology.
Unit I Genetic engineering-I
1.1 Definition, brief history and scope of genetic engineering; milestones in development of
genetic engineering as technology.
1.2 Molecular tools employed in genetic engineering: restriction enzymes-types, nomenclature
and cleavage patterns; concept of linkers and adapters, ligases-types and nature of action.
1.3 Cloning Vectors for prokaryotes: properties of an ideal vector, plasmid vectors- pBR322
vectors, pUC8 vectors, Lambda bacteriophage vectors, M13 bacteriophage vectors, cosmids
and shuttle vectors.
1.4 Cloning vectors for eukaryotes: Yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), Yeast integrative plasmids
(YIps), Yeast replicative plasmids, Yeast artificial chromosome vectors (YAC) and bacterial
artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors.
Unit II Genetic engineering-II
2.1 Cloning from mRNA: isolation and purification of RNA, synthesis of cDNA, isolation of
plasmids.
2.2 Cloning cDNA in plasmid vectors and bacteriophage vectors; expression of cloned DNA
molecules; oligonucleotide synthesis and application; synthesis of complete gene.
2.3 cDNA libraries, cloning of the cDNA libraries, concept of expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
screening methods of cloned libraries.
2.4 Cloning of genomic DNA: isolation and purification of DNA, preparation of DNA fragments
and cloning. construction of genomic libraries (Using λ gt 10 and 11 vector). In vitro
packaging of λ phage and amplification of libraries.
Unit III Genetic engineering-III
3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction: principle, applications and importance; variation in PCR;
Blotting techniques: Northern blotting and Southern blotting.
3.2 DNA sequencing – chemical degradation and enzymatic methods.
Semester III
Course Code: BT 304 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Genetic Engineering Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
42
3.3 Selectable markers; antibiotic resistance markers, herbicide resistance markers,
firefly luciferase and antimetabolite resistance markers.
3.4 Reporter genes: opine synthase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT),
beta-glucoronidase (GUS), and green fluorescent proteins (GFP).
Unit IV Genetic engineering-IV
4.1 Labeling of DNA, RNA and Proteins by radioactive isotopes, non-radioactive labeling, in vivo
labeling, autoradiography and autofluorography.
4.2 CRISPAR/Cas9 system: process, application in genome editing and correction of genetic
disorders.
4.3 Transgenic and gene knockout technologies: target gene replacement, knockout mouse.
4.4 Site-directed mutagenesis: process, detailed probing of gene and protein function by site-
directed mutagenesis and determination of location of cellular proteins.
Unit V Applications of Genetic engineering and Biosafety
5.1 Genetically modified plants: genes involved in production of Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal, Golden
Rice and Flavr Savr tomato, ethical issues of GMOs.
5.2 Gene therapy: generalized process, application in diseases; adenosine deaminase deficiency
and cystic fibrosis.
5.3 Production of recombinant proteins: recombinant insulin, Human growth hormone and
Recombinant factor VII.
5.4 Biosafety regulations: Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC), Review Committee
on Genetic Manipulation and Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC).
Note for paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of
01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20
words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer
type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;
each question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Brown, T. A. (2006).Gene Cloning-An Introduction,5th
Edition, Blackwell Publishing group.
2. Clark, D. P. &Pazdernik, N. J. (2009). Biotechnology: Applying the Genetic Revolution,5th
Edition, Elsevier Inc.
3. Clark, D. P. (2005). Molecular Biology: Understanding the Genetic Revolution,4th
Edition,
Academic Press.
4. Davies, J. A. & Reznikoff, W.S. (1992). Milestones in Biotechnology, Classic Papers on
Genetic Engineering, 5th
Edition, Butterworth-Hienemann, Boston.
5. Desmond S. T. Nicholl (2008). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 3rd
Edition,
Cambridge University press.
43
6. Kingsman, S. M. &Kingsman, A. J. (1998). Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Gene
Analysis and Exploitation in Eukaryotes, 6th
Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford.
7. Sandy B. Primrose, R. M. Twyman & R. W. Old (2013). Principles of Gene Manipulation &
Genomics, 7th
Edition, Jhon Wiley & Sons.
8. Walker, M. R. &Rapley, R. (1997). Route Maps in Gene Technology, 4th
Edition, Blackwell
Science Ltd, Oxford.
9. Williams, J., Ceccarelli, A. &Wallace, A. (2001). Genetic Engineering, 2nd
Edition. Springer-
Verlag, New York Inc.
44
Semester – III
Course Code: BT 305 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Biology of Immune System Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
This course introduces students to molecular and cellular immunology, including antigen and
antibody structure and function, major histo-compatibility complexes, B and T cell receptors,
antibody formation and immunity and regulation of immune system.
Unit 1: Introduction to immunology
1.1 Types of immunity, innate and adaptive, features of immune response memory;
recognition of self and non-self, hematopoiesis.
1.2 Cells and organs of immune system: B and T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells,
eosinophills, neutrophills and mast cells, organs; thymus, bursa of fabricus, spleen, lymph
nodes and lymphatic system.
1.3 Immunoglobulin: structure, classes and subclasses.
1.4 Nature and biology of antigens, immunogenicity versus antigenicity, epitopes, antigen-
antibody interactions and heptans.
Unit 2: Humoral and cell mediated immunity
2.1 Generation of humoral and cell mediated immune responses, Antigen processing and
presentation.
2.2 Complement fixing antibodies and complement pathways.
2.3 Major histo-compatibility complex and HLA system, recognition of antigens by T-cells
and role of MHC.
2.4 Cytokines, types and functions, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine related diseases;
therapeutic uses of cytokines.
Unit 3: Immunological disorders
3.1 Type I, type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
3.2 Autoimmune disorders: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Multiple sclerosis (MS) and
Arithritis.
3.3 Cancer: oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor antigens, tumor evasion of immune
system.
3.4 AIDS, HIV infection of Target Cells and Activation of Provirus.
45
Unit 4: Immunodiagnostic procedures
4.1 Techniques: flow cytometry, ELISA, RIA (principles, properties and applications).
4.2 Flourescent immunoassay, agglutination of pathogenic bacteria, haemagglutination and its
inhibition.
4.3 Immunodiffusion: Mancini and Ouchterlony methods, immunoelectrophoresis.
4.4 Separation of immunoglobulin from serum.
Unit 5: Immunobiotechnology
5.1 Monoclonal antibodies: production, detection and applications.
5.2 Organ transplantation: immunological basis of graft rejection and immunosuppressive
therapy.
5.3 Vaccines: conventional vaccines, peptide vaccines, genetically engineered vaccines.
5.4 Stem cells: overview of stem cells, functions and medical applications.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of
01 mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20
words or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer
type questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit;
each question will carry 10 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Eli Benjamin, Rechard Coico, Geoffrey: Immunlogy, A Short Course, Sunshine (Wiley-
Liss). 4th
Ed.
2. Goldsby, R. A. Kindt, T. J., and Osborne, B. A. (2000): Kuby Immunology, W/H/Freeman
and Company, New York, 5th
Ed.
3. Roitt I., Brostoff. J., and Male, D., (1999): Immunology, Hartcourt Brace and Company ASI
Pte. Ltd. 7th
Ed.
4. Warren, Levinson. (2010): Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, LANGE
Basic Science. 11th Ed.
46
Semester-III
Course code: BT 306 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab course on Bioresources assessment, University Examination: 50
Plant Biotechnology & Animal Sessional Assessment: 50
Biotechnology
1. Determination of density, abundance and frequency of species by quadrat method.
2. Determination of species diversity by using Shanon Wiener’s information statistics and
Simpson Index.
3. Understanding the principle and functioning of Global Positioning System (GPS) and its
use.
4. Marking and mapping different sites of the University campus with the help of Global
Positioning System.
5. Test seed viability by using tetrazolium salt.
6. Effect of plant invasives on plant bioresources:
a. To study the floral structure, flowering behavior and reproductive capacity of
invasive plant species (Parthenium hysterophorus) in and around the University
campus.
b. To study the allelopathic effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of
Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus and Sonchus asper on seed
germination.
7. Effect of pollution on plant bioresources and water quality:
a. To calculate the Leaf Area Index of leaf samples collected from different sites to study
the effect of pollution on leaf morphology.
b. To analyze water samples (tap water, stream water and stagnant water) for dissolved
CO2 and dissolved oxygen.
8. To understand the principle and working of Auto Weather Station: collection, collation
and representation of data.
9. Visit to a wild life sanctuary and study of wild life protection measures. Notes prepared
will be evaluated.
10. Count the cells of an animal tissue and check their viability.
11. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant and animal tissue culture.
12. Prepare single cell suspension from spleen and thymus.
13. Monitor and measure doubling time of animal cells.
14. Chromosome preparations from cultured animal cells.
15. Isolate DNA from animal tissue by SDS method.
47
16. Attempt animal cell fusion using PEG.
17. Prepare culture media with various supplements for plant tissue culture.
18. Prepare explants of Valleriana wallichii for inoculation under aseptic conditions.
19. Attempt in vitro andro- and gynogenesis in plants (Datura stramonium).
20. Isolate plant protoplast by enzymatic and mechanical methods and attempt fusion by PEG
(available material).
21. Culture Agrobacterium tumefaciens and attempt transformation of any dicot species.
22. Generate an RAPD and ISSR profile of Eremurus persicus and Valleriana wallichii.
23. Prepare karyotypes and study the morphology of somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa, A.
sativum, A. tuberosum and compare them on the basis of karyotypes.
24. Pollen mother cell meiosis and recombination index of select species (one achiasmate, and
the other chiasmate) and correlate with generation of variation.
25. Undertake plant genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method and its quantitation by visual
as well as spectrophotometeric methods.
26. Perform PCR amplification of ‘n’ number of genotypes of a species for studying the
genetic variation among the individuals of a species using random primers.
27. Study the genetic fingerprinting profiles of plants and calculate the polymorphic
information content.
48
Semester-III
Course code: BT 307 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab course on Genetic Engineering & University Examination: 50
Biology of Immune System Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Culture antibiotic resistant bacterial strain on antibiotic selection media.
2. Preparation of bacterial cells for transformation.
3. Selection of lac Z+ E. coli colonies by using blue white selection method to detect
transformants.
4. Restriction digestion of bacterial (E. coli) plant (Valeriana wallichii) DNA.
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction mapping of bacterial (E. coli) plant
(Valeriana wallichii) DNA
6. Demonstration of construction of restriction maps of plasmid DNA.
7. Perform Polymerase Chain Reaction.
8. Restriction digestion of Vector DNA by using EcoR1.
9. Ligation of DNA on a suitable vector.
10. Determination of A, B, O and Rh blood groups in human beings
11. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antigens by immunodiffusion
12. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
13. Purification of bovine serum IgG by ammonium sulphate precipitation
14. Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
15. Western blotting
16. Determination of contents of haemoglobin using Shali’s haemocytometer.
17. Determination of the bleeding and clotting time of your blood.
18. Determination of the TLC and DLC of blood using haemocytometer.
19. Determination of the erythrocyte count of blood using haemocytometer.
49
Semester – IV
Course Scheme
For the years 2016, 2017, 2018
Dissertation
Grand Total= 300+300=600
SA – Sessional Assessment
UE – University Examination
Course
Code
Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination
Duration Marks
Hours SA UE Total
BT 401 Industrial Biotechnology 02 02 20 30 50
BT 402 Genomics & Functional
Genomics
04 03 40 60 100
BT 403 Journal Club 02 02 50 - 50
BT 404 Lab course 04 06 50 50 100
Total 160 140 300
Course
Code
Course Title Credits Scheme of Examination
Duration Marks
6 months
UE Total
MB 405 Dissertation 12 300 300
50
Semester IV
Course Code: BT 401 Maximum Marks: 50
Course Title: Industrial Biotechnology Sessional Assessment: 20
Credits: 02 University Examination: 30
Duration of Exam: 2 hours
Objectives:
The course has been devised to introduce students to optimize biological processes through
appropriate engineering.
Unit I Introduction to bioprocess engineering
1.1 Introduction to bioprocess engineering; isolation, preservation, and maintenance of industrial
microorganisms.
1.2 Kinetics of microbial growth and death; media for industrial fermentation.
1.3 Air and media sterilization. Types of fermentation processes
1.4 Analysis of batch, fed–batch and continuous cultures.
Unit II Fermentation process and their products
2.1 Types of fermentation processes and processing based products, bioreactor. Specialized
bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized, photobioreactors).
2.2 Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters: on and off line sensors, whole cell
immobilization and their industrial applications.
2.3 Industrial production alcohol (ethanol), acids (citric, acetic and gluconic) solvents (glycerol,
acetone, butanol).
2.4: Industrial production of antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline), amino acids
(lysine, glutamic acid) and single cell proteins (SCPs).
Unit III Downstream processing, effluent treatment and food technology
3.1 Downstream processing: introduction, removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam
separation, precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption and liquid-liquid extraction.
3.2 Chromatography, membrane filtration, drying and crystallization.
3.3 Effluent treatment: B.O.D and C.O.D treatment and disposal of effluents.
3.4 Sterilization and pasteurization of products, canning, packing, preservation and hygiene.
51
Note for Paper Setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 6 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 6 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 8 marks.
Books recommended:
1. Crueger, W. and Crueger, A. (2002) Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial
Microbiology. Science Tech Inc. Publishers.
2. Doran, P.M. (1999). Bioprocess Engineering Principles. Academic Press, New York.
3. Lee, J.M. ( ) Biochemical Engineering, Prentice Hall Inc.
4. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F. (2003). Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs.
5. Stanbury, P.F. and Whitaker, A. (1997). Principles of Fermentation Technology, Pergamon
Press, Oxford.
52
Semester IV
Course Code: BT 402 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Genomics and Functional Genomics Sessional Assessment: 40
Credits: 04 University Examination: 60
Duration of Exam: 3 hours
Objectives:
The course has been designed with the objectives of making students aware of the structural and
functional aspects of genome and the techniques available to learn the same.
Unit1 Introduction to Genomics
1.1 Introduction to omes and omics; application of genomics.
1.2 Gene location by sequence inspection; locating genes for functional RNA. computational
prediction of miRNA target gene
1.3 Recognition of coding and non-coding sequences; primer designing
1.4 The human genome landscape: copy number variants, CpG islands, GC content
Unit II Genome analysis
2.1 DNA sequencing technologies: Sanger sequencing, pyro- sequencing and next generation
sequencing.
2.2 Sequencing and assembling of genomes: whole genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchical
shotgun sequencing.
2.3 Genome annotation: features of genomic DNA; annotation of genes in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
2.4 Locating protein-binding sites in the upstream region: Gel retardation assay, DNA foot
printing and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).
Unit III Transcriptomics
3.1 Transcript mapping by Primer extension and Nuclease S1 mapping, deletion analysis of the
upstream regions, RACE.
3.2 DNA microarray technology: role and applications, analysis of gene expression.
3.3 Quantitative real time PCR and SAGE to assess gene expression.
3.4 Role of next generation sequencing in transcriptome analysis.
Unit IV: Proteomics
4.1 Introduction to proteome: isolation and quantification of proteins.
4.2 Separation of proteins from proteome (SDS-PAGE, 2-D PAGE), antibodies for
proteomics, western blotting.
4.3 Identification of proteins from proteome (Mass spectrophotometry & tandem mass
spectrometry).
53
4.4 Protein - protein interaction by phage display, yeast two hybrid system and Co-
immunoprecipitation.
Unit V. Genome modifications
5.1 Introduction to RNAi; siRNA and miRNA technology; construction of siRNA
vectors.
5.2 Principle and application of gene silencing; Gene knockouts and Gene Therapy;
Creation of knockout mice.
5.3 Chemical modifications of histones: acetylation and deacetylation; influence of nucleosome
remodelling on genome expression.
5.4 DNA methyl transferases and the repression of genome activity.
Note for the paper setter:
The question paper will have 2 Sections. Section ‘A’ will be compulsory having 10 questions of 01
mark each; the questions will be either short answer type having answers not exceeding 20 words
or multiple choice type having four options each. Section ‘B’ will carry 10 long answer type
questions, two from each unit; students will be required to answer 1 question from each unit; each
question will carry 10 marks.
Books Recommended
1. Brown, T. A. 2007. Genomes 3. Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, New York
2. Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, Cheryl L. Pattten. (2010). Molecular Biotechnology:
Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ISBN: 1555816126, 9781555816124.
ASM press. 4th
Ed.
3. Hunt, P. Stephen and R. Livesey (eds). 2000. Functional Genomics: A Practical
Approach. Oxford University Press.
4. Jonathan Pevsner (2013). Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. Wilwy India Pvt. Ltd.
2nd
ed.
5. Primrose, S. B. and R. M. Twyman. 2007. Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
6. Schlena, Mark (ed). 2000. DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach. Oxford University
Press.
54
Semester-IV
Course code: BT 404 Maximum Marks: 100
Course Title: Lab course on Industrial Biotechnology University Examination: 50
and Functional Genomics Sessional Assessment: 50
1. Protein profiling by PAGE and SDS PAGE.
2. Primer designing for gene cloning using bioinformatics.
3. Transfer of DNA fragments from Agarose gel to Nitrocellulose membrane (Southern
blotting)
4. Monitoring Bacterial growth through measurement of turbidity in
spectrophotometer and plotting of growth curve.
5. Determination of thermal death point of different bacteria.
6. Immobilization of yeast biomass in sodium alginate gel.
7. Isolation of industrially important microorganisms.
8. Screening bacterial and fungal isolates for amylase, cellulase and protease
activity by plate array method.
9. Preparation of YA agar, starch Agar and skimmed milk media.
10. Isolation of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria.