course book of · alkenes the homogenous series known as alkenes is also called unsaturated...
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Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 1
Course Book of
Properties of Oil
By
Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana
Assistant Lecturer
Petroleum Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering – Koya University
BSc. Fuel and Energy Engineering – Kirkuk/ Iraq
MSc. Environmental and Energy Engineering – Sheffield/ UK
2013-2014
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 2
Table of Contents Coordinator and Lecturer of the course ...................................................................................... 3
Course Overview ............................................................................................................... 4
Course ObjectivesSyllabus .................................................................................................... 4
Syllabus .......................................................................................................................... 5
Topics covered .................................................................................................................. 6
Sample of Examination ...................................................................................................... 23
Student Feedback ............................................................................................................. 24
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 3
Coordinator and Lecturer of the course
Course name: Properties of Oil
Lecturer of the course: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana
University: Koya
Faculty: Engineering
Department: Petroleum Engineering
E-Mail address: [email protected]
Course coordinator: Mr. Pshtiwan Tahsin Mohammed Jaf
E-Mail address: [email protected]
Course website:
https://sites.google.com/a/koyauniversity.org/pete203/home
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 4
Course Overview
Course objectives
Course Objectives
Petroleum is a complex mixture containing thousands of different organic hydrocarbon
molecules (83-87) % Carbon, (11-15) % Hydrogen, and (1-6) % Sulfur. Our modern
technological society relies very heavily on fossil fuels as an important source of
energy. Crude oil is produced from the deep underground reservoir and must undergo a
series of refining processes which converts it into a variety of products - petrol for
cars, fuel oil for heating, diesel fuels for transportation means, bitumen for roads. This
being the case, this course is aimed at students of petroleum engineering, namely,
second year, and it is designed to provide them with an understanding of the crude oil
and its origins and how it can classified to its original bases (paraffinic base,
naphthenic base or aromatic base) and some related topics such as classification of
crude oil and studying its physical properties on laboratorial base (e.g. water content,
flash point and fire point, smoke point & … etc.
During the properties of oil course students will be introduced to the origin of oil, theories
of formation oil and gas, how oil forms, crude oil chemistry and composition;
hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons, classification of crude oil according to type and also
by some characterization methods and laboratorial experiments for physical properties of
crude oil or its derivatives, for example API degree, water content, flash point and fire
point etc. In addition, it is important to study the physical and chemical properties of the
petroleum products, which is necessary for an understanding of the need for the various
refinery processes.
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 5
Syllabus
Weeks Contents
1
Origin of oil: Introduction, Theories of formation oil and gas,
Inorganic theories, Organic theories
2 - 3
Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General
composition of petroleum, Hydrocarbons: Alcanes (
paraffin), Cycloalcanes, Alcanes, Arenes or Aromatics,
Alkynes, Cycloalkaneo arenes
4 - 5
Non – hydrocarbons: Sulphur compound, Nitrogen
compound, Oxygen compound, Metallic compound
6 - 7
Refinery Products: Introduction, Distillation tower, Basic
arrangement of towers
8 – 9
Classification of crude oils: Class. According to typed
compound, Class. According to correlation index (CI), The
IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil.
10 - 11
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of
crude oil: Volatility, Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point,
Oxidation, Corrosion and protection
12 – 13
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of
crude oil: API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor
Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, Slat
Content, The weight percentage of sulfur content, Pour point
and Cloud point, Ash Content
14 – 15
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of
crude oil: Sediments and water content, Self Ignition point,
Thermal decomposition point, Viscosity, The Carbon residue,
The acidity, Octane number, Cetane number, Aniline point
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 6
Topics covered
Lecture no. 1
Original of Oil
Overview
Petroleum, derivative, means rock oil it is a natural organic material
composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur in the gaseous or liquid state
in geological traps. The liquid part obtained after removal of dissolved gas in
commonly referred to as crude petroleum or crude oil or simply crude. [1]
The occurrence of crude oil without gas is rare. On the contrary, largest
deposits of gas occur without oil, such as Sind (Pakistan), PO (Italy) and Siberia
(Russia). Oil is usually associated with gas in varying proportions known as
gas/oil ratio depending upon its chemical nature and physical conditions of its
occurrence like trap (natural barriers that prevent further flow of oil), depth and
temperature. Presence of gas in oil makes oil mobile and easily recoverable. [1]
Theories of formation oil and gas
There are two theories of the geneses of petroleum:-
the organic theories and
Non organic theories.
The non-organic theory that was much prevalent earlier suggests that oil is
formed by the action of water on metallic carbides or by atmospheric
radioactivity or by cosmic radiation.
The organic theory, which is most prevalent today, suggests that the petroleum
formed from remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago and
accumulated on ocean floors. [1]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
Ref.
[1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –
James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of Examination
1- What are the theories of formation of oil?
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 7
Lecture no.2
Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum,
Hydrocarbons:
Overview
This lecture includes study the composition of crude oil then studies the physical
and chemical properties of hydrocarbons that include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Compounds.
Introduction
The crude oil mixture is composed of the following groups:-
Hydrocarbon compounds ( Compound made of carbon and hydrogen)
Non-hydrocarbon compounds( Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen)
Organometallic compounds and in organic salts ( metallic
Compounds such as V, NI, Na, Fe, pb, AS).
Hydrocarbons The Principle substitutes of most crude oils are hydrocarbons compounds. All
hydrocarbon classes are present in the crude mixture, except alkenes and alkynes. On the
basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into main classes as follow:- [2]
Hydrocarbons
A family of organic chemicals is known as a homogenous series. Members of a
homogenous series have similar structures and have graded physical properties which
differ from one another according to the number of carbon atoms in the structure.
acyclic cyclic
saturated unsaturated
Alkenes Alkynes Polyenes
aromatic saturated
unsaturated
Benzen
eene Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes
Or Cyclopolyenes
Alkanes
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 8
Alkanes
The homogenous series of hydrocarbons designated by the name alkanes has the
general formula CnH2n+2. Compounds of this family sometimes are called saturated
hydrocarbons. These alkanes also are called Paraffin [3]
Physical and chemical properties of Alkanes
The 1st four alkanes are gases at normal temperature and pressure. The next 13,
pentane through heptadecane are liquid. Alkanes containing 18 or more carbon atoms
are solid at normal temperature and pressure.
Difference in structure cause differences in intermolecular forces. Thus there are
differences in boiling point and melting point between isomers of any particular alkane.
An increase in branching cause a decrease in intermolecular attraction, which results in
a lower boiling point and lower melting point.
Chemically, alkane are particularly un reaction. The strong single bonds between
carbon and hydrogen and between carbon and carbon are attacked only by very strong
reactions at ordinary temperatures. [3]
The reaction of an alkane with O2 occurs during the combustion in an engine on
furnace when alkane is used as a fuel. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as
products, and a large amount of the heat is released, for example methane ( natural gas)
reacts with oxygen according to the equation:-[3]
Alkenes
The homogenous series known as alkenes is also called unsaturated
hydrocarbons 0r olefins. The general formula for the alkenes family is CnH2n .The
distinguishing feature of the alkenes structure is the carbon – carbon double bound
which, as we have discussed previously, is four electrons from each of two carbon
atom.[3]
Physical and chemical Properties of Alkenes:-
Alkenes, because of their double bonds, are more reactive than alkanes. Most
alkenes reactions involve the elimination of the double bond and the formation of two
strong single bonds.[3]
Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes
Many hydrocarbons compounds contain two or more double bounds. These are
known a Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes, with the suffix denoting the
number of the double bonds The location of double bond is specified by appropriate
numbers as illustrated below:- CH2 C CH CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2
1, 2-butadiene 1, 3-butadiene
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 890kj (213kcal.)
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 9
These Compounds are known as diolefins, triolefins, etc. The general formula of diolefins
is CnH2n-2 . Chemically, these compounds are as reactive as alkenes.[3]
Alkynes
The distinguishing feature of the alkyne structure is the carbon-carbon triple bond.
The general formula for the alkynes is CnH2n-2 which is the same as the genral formula for
the dienes. However, alkynes and diolefines have different functional groups and hence
different properties.[3]
Physical and Chemical Properties Chemically the alkynes have physical like the alkenes. Both families are much more
reactive than alkenes. However, for reasons that are not fully understood, the carbon-
carbon triple bond is less reactive than the carbon-carbon double bond toward some
reactants and is more reactive toward other reactants.
As with alkenes, most chemical reactions of alkynes involve the elimination of the
triple in favor of a double and single bonds. The first four are gases and the next four (C5
to C8 ) are liquid and the other are solid at normal pressure and temperature. [3]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref
[1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –
James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk
[3] Physical Chemistry
Example of Examination 1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan? True or false , correct if
false
2- 2- An increase the branching of alkanes compound cause a decrease ----------, which
results in a --------- and ---------
3- Sketch the structural composition of hydrocarbons?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lecture no.3
Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum,
Hydrocarbons:
Overview
This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties another types of
hydrocarbons like Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes, Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes and
Cycloalkadienes and Aromatic Compounds.
Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes
The properties of polymers determine whether they can be used as a plastic, a fiber,
an elastomer, an adhesive, or a paint.
Important physical properties include the density, melt flow index, crystallinity, and
average molecular weight.
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 11
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
Mechanical properties of a polymer, such as modulus (the ratio of stress to strain),
elasticity, and breaking strength, essentially follow from the physical properties.[4]
Cycloaliphatic Hydrocarbons In many hydrocarbon compounds the carbon atoms are arranged in rings. These are
called cyclic compounds. This section considers cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes.[3]
Cycloalkanes
The cycloalkanes also are known as naphthenes, cycloparaffins, or alicyclic
hydrocarbons. Naphthenes have saturated rings.
The general formula for the ring with out substituents is CnH2n.This is the same
general formula for the alkene series.
The most common cycloalkanes are cyclohexane and cyclopentane.[3]
Physical and Chemical Properties
Unlike most homologous series, the different members of the cycloparaffins
family exhibit different chemical reactivity depending on the on the angle between carbon-
carbon bond [3]
Condensed Rings Cycloparaffins can have more than one rings sharing carbon atoms. These are called
condensed rings. One common compound of this type is bicyclic
bicyclohexane
Cycloalkenes and Cycloalkadienes
Organic Compounds in which the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a ring with
one or two double bonds present in the are known as cycloalkenes and cycloalkadienes.
These hydrocarbons are named by prefixing cyclo-to the names of corresponding open-
chain hydrocarbons have the same number of carbon atoms and the same number of
double bond.
The carbon atoms in the ring are numbered so a double bond is considered to occupy
position 1 and 2 [3]
Aromatic Compounds
The simplest mononuclear aromatic compound is benzene (C6H6). Toluene
(C7H8) and xylene (C8H10) and also called (BTX) compound.
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 11
CH3
CH3
Separating BTX aromatics from crude oil distillates is not feasible because they
are present in low concentrations.
Enriching a naphtha fraction with these aromatics is possible through a catalytic
reforming process.
Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are found in heavier fractions than naphtha.
Trinuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in combination with
heterocyclic compounds, are major constituents of heavy crudes and crude
residues.[5
Cycloalkanoromatics Many of the large molecules found in petroleum are condensed rings consisting of
cycloparaffins and aromatics, these compound are called cycloalkanoaromatics or
naphtheno-aromatic. The two smallest compound of this class are lindane and (tetralin)
Lindane tetralin
Compounds of this type often have a paraffinic component
Methyl fluorene
methylcyclopentanophenanthrene
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 12
OH
Cl
O
NO2
Other Organic Compounds Bellow a list of these families along with the functional groups which characterize
the families.
Table (2-6) Structural of some organic compounds Class name Functional group Simple example Name
Alcohol
OH
Cyclobutanol
Ether O CH3 O CH2CH3 Methyl ethyl ether
Halide
( F,Br,Cl,I )
Cyclopentyl chloride
Aldehyde
O
C
H
CH3CH2CHO
Propioaldyhide
Ketone
C O
CH3CCH2CH3 2-butabone
Carboxylic acid O C
OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH n-pentanoic acid
Amine
NH2 CH3NH2 Methyl amine
Nitro component
O
N
O
CH3CHCH3
2-nitropropane
Nitrile
C N CH3CN Acetonitrile
Organometalic C metal CH3CH2CH2CH2 Li n-butyllithium
Ref. [3]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref.
[3] physical Chemistry
[4] Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere
Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p. 108.
[5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary
Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting
Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado
Example of Examination 1- Condensed aromatic have a general formula ---------------
2- Define the following; Cycloalkanoromatics , Condensed Rings
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lecture no. 4 & 5
Non – hydrocarbons compounds
Overview
This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of the second type
composition of crude oil, which is non-hydrocarbon compound (organic sulfur, nitrogen,
and oxygen compounds), and the third type (metallic compound).
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 13
CH3
Non-hydrocarbon compound
The most important of Various types of non-hydrocarbon compounds occur in crude
oils and refinery streams are the organic sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds
Sulfur compounds
The quantity of sulfur increase as the density of the crude increased and it has a
very bad effect thus the refiner must remove or destroy the sulfur compounds in the crude
oil. The sulfur can exist in the following forms: Ref. [5]
1- Hydrogen sulfide, 2- Mercaptans, 3- Alkyl Sulfide 4- Other sulfur Compounds
Sulfur can also be present in complex ring structure found in crude oils. The sulfur
atoms can either be a part of the ring or to be attached to the ring. These molecules are
usually very large, containing 30 or more carbon atoms
S S S S
Thiocyclohexane thiobenzene dibenzothiophene methylbenzothiophene
Oxygen Compounds
Oxygen compounds in crude oils are more complex than the sulfur types.
Their presence in petroleum streams is not poisonous to processing catalysts.
There are two types of oxygen compounds that found in crude oil as the following
1- Acidic oxygen compound ( carboxylic acids, cresylic acid, phenol, and
naphthenic acid. Naphthenic acids are mainly cyclopentane and
cyclohexane.)
2- Non –acidic oxygen compounds (esters, ketones, and amides are less
abundant than acidic compounds)
Ref [5]
Nitrogen Compounds
Organic nitrogen compounds occur in crude oils either in a simple heterocyclic form
as in pyridine (C5H5N) and pyrrole (C4H5N), or in a complex structure as in
porphyrin.
The nitrogen content in most crudes is very low and does not exceed 0.1 wt%. In
some heavy crudes, however, the nitrogen content may reach up to 0.9 wt %.
Nitrogen compounds are more thermally stable than sulfur compounds and
accordingly are concentrated in heavier petroleum fractions and residues.
Light petroleum streams may contain trace amounts of nitrogen compounds, which
should be removed because they poison many processing catalysts.
Nitrogen compounds in crudes may generally be classified into basic compounds are
mainly those having a pyridine ring and non-basic compounds have a pyrrole
structure Ref [5]
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 14
Metallic Compounds
Many metals occur in crude oils and they are sodium, calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel
They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides,
or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium
(as in porphyrins).
Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids.
Although metals in crude are found in trace amounts, their presence is harmful and
should be removed.
Ref [5]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref
[5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary
Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting
Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado
Example of Examination
1- What are types of Oxygen compounds in crude oil?
2- During hydrotreatment of petroleum fraction, pyridine is denitrogenated
to ------and ----------
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Lecture no. 6
Refinery Products
Overview
This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product
from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as petroleum gas, naphtha and gasoline
and the major uses of these component.
1-Petroleum gas (low-boiling products)
The classification low-boiling products encompass the compounds which are in the gas
phase at ambient temperatures and pressures: methane, ethane, propane, butane, and the
corresponding olefins.
Used for heating, cooking, making plastics.
It is small alkanes (1 to 4 carbon atoms) ( C1-C4).
Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane .
The boiling point range 104 ˚F (40
˚C).
Often liquefied under pressure to create LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).
Ref [5]
2- Naphtha:-It is a generic given to light hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range.
mix of (5 to 9 carbon atom alkanes) (C5-C9)
Naphthas are usually classified as light, intermediate and heavy naphthas. If the
naphtha fraction boils below 100˚C, it is classified as light naphtha. Heavy naphtha
boils above 150˚C. For intermediate naphtha the boiling range lies between 100
˚C
and150˚C. [6]
The major end-uses of naphthas are listed in table 4-1
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 15
Tabe (4-1) Major end- uses of Naphthas
Type of naphtha End- uses
Light naphtha a- Gas making gasoline
b-Special gasoline
Intermediate
naphtha
a-Aviation gasoline
b-Motor gasoline
c- Marine gasoline
d- Commercial solvent- Rubber, lacquer and pesticide diluens
e-Benzene-High octane gasoline component, solvent petrochemical manufacture
f-Xaylene- High octane gasoline component, lacquer and enamels, chemical
intermediate
g-Toluene- Solvent, high octane gasoline component, chemical intermediate,
explosive
h- Olefins and diolefins
i- Ammonia production
Heavy naptha a- VM&P(Varnish manufacture and paints) naphtha
b- Thinner for paints, varnishes, lacquers
c-Standard solvent – Special solvent for dry cleaning trade
d- Mineral spirits- Thinner for paints and varnishes, turpentine substitute.
Ref. [1]
3. Gasoline:-It is call motor fuel or patrol and it is employ in spark-ignition engines.
It is a light distillate and consists of the fractions within the boiling point range (40˚C
to 205˚C)
Mix of alkanes ( normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins and aromatics that they
consist (5 to 12 carbon atoms) as show in the table (4-2) [6]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref
[1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –
James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk
[5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary
Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting
Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado
[6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of Examination
1- In one of uses of heavy naphtha are -------------
2- Gasoline fraction is mix. Of alkanes (normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins
and aromatics, True or false? Correct if false
--------------------------------------------------------------
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 16
Lecture no. 7
Refinery Products
Overview
This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product
from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as Kerosene, Gas oil or diesel oil,
Lubricating oil, Heavy gas or fuel oil, Residuals, Petroleum wax , Betumen, Asphelt and
the major uses of these component.
4- Kerosene :- It is used as domestic fuel. it is used for cooking and lighting.
Kerosene are distillate fraction of crude oil and it cannot be burning in the liquid
state. It has to be in the form of vapor and mixed with the oxygen in the air in the
correct ratio to form a combustible ratio.
Boiling point range ( 150˚C to 250
˚C)
Various type of hydrocarbons present in kerosene are:-(paraffins, naphthenes,
aromatics and non- hydrocarbons compounds containing sulphur, oxygen and
metals
Carbon number of the hydrocarbons present varies from(10 to 14)
For the same carbon number, paraffins have the least tendency towards smoke
formation and aromatics the greatest. Nephthenes are intermediate between
the other two so hence a good quality kerosene must contain a sufficiently
high proportion of paraffinic hydrocarbons relative to aromatics [6]
5. Gas oil or diesel oil
Gas oil ( high speed oil(HSD)) is widely used in diesel engines for automotive
purposes, as in buses, lorries, diesel locomotives, while the diesel distillate
used for stationary and marine diesel engines as installed in ships or used for
electricity generation.
Boiling point range (250˚C to 350
˚C)
The hydrocarbonspresent in the diesel fuels include paraffins, naphthenes,
olefins, and aromatics
Carbon number of these fuels range from 12 to 18
Diesel fuel can contain both saturated and straight or unbranched chain
unsaturated hydrocarbons, but the latter are not present in large enough
amounts to make fuel oxidation a problem
The aromatics that are present generally are oxidation resistant [6]
6. Lubricating oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants
Boiling point range ( 300˚C to 370
˚C)
The hydrocarbons present in the lubricating oil include paraffins, naphthenes and
aromatics
Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 50 [6]
7. Heavy gas or fuel oil: Fuel oil are essentially made up of remaining from
atmospheric, vacuum distillation and conversation processes after the removal of the
lighter hydrocarbons. Fuel oils used in industrial furnace and boilers.
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 17
Boiling point range ( 370˚C to 600
˚C)
The hydrocarbons present in the fuel oil include paraffins, naphthenes and
aromatics
Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 70 [6]
8. Residuals consist of wax, coke, asphalt, tar
1.Petroleum wax
i. These are hydrocarbons waxes and consist of normal
and iso-paraffins and alkylated naphthenes range of C18-C70
ii. The commercial petroleum waxes can be broadly classified as paraffin
waxes, microcrystalline wax and petrolatum(Vaseline)
Ref [6].
2. Betumen:- is a viscous liquid or a soild consisting essentially
hydrocarbons and their derivatives which is soluble in carbon
disulphide. It is substantially non-voatile and softens gradually
when heated. It is black or black brown in color and possesses
waterproofing and adhesive properties. [6]
3.Asphelt:- Is a combination of bitumen and mineral matter [6]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref
[6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of Examination
1- Define the asphalt?
2- The boiling point of gas oil is large than the boiling point of kerosene?,
True or false? Correct if false
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lecture no. 8 & 9
Classification of Crude oil
Overview
This lecture include study the methods of classification of crude oil by several
methods (e.g. Correlation Index) to the original base which classified as Paraffinic
base, Naphthenic, Intermediate base and Aromatic base.
Introduction
Crude oils which on distillation yield residues containing paraffin waxes are
called paraffinic crude.
If the residues on atmospheric distillation of crude oil contain asphaltic
material, the crude oil are classified as aromatic base.
Many crude on atmospheric distillation yield residue contain both paraffin
waxes and aromatic material, these termed as intermediate base crude
Naphthenic base crude are those crude whose residue on atmospheric
distillation contain aromatic material with small amount of paraffin wax. [6]
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 18
Classification of crude oil by Correlation Index
Correlation Index
The correlation index (CI) developed by US Bureau of mines, is given by the
following empirical:
8.4567.47348640
GT
CIB
Where TB is the average boiling point ,◦K determined by the standard Bureau of
mine as distillation method and
G is the specific gravity at ( 60/60)◦F or ( 15.6/15.6)
◦C
CI values of petroleum fraction between (0-15) indicate that the components of the
fraction are paraffinic in nature,
CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of
paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction.
CI values above 50 indicate a predominance of aromatics in the fraction
Example 2
8000 BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type furnace at 650
ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column
Where spg at 45 ºC equal to 0.75
TBP (ºC) 55 83 95 110 115 125 130 135
Vol. distillate 1 5 7 11 14 18 24 28
Classify the crude oil according to API degree using The Correlation index
Solution
8.4567.47348640
GT
CIB
Where TB = K382273109
773.)6.15(.. Catgrsp
67.368.456773.0*7.473382
48640CI
CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of
paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ref
[6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 19
Example of Examination
1-7000 BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type
Furnace at 600 ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column
Where spg at 20 ºC equal to 0.88
TBP (ºC) 91 99 109 118 126 131 134 138
Vol. distillate 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Classify the crude oil according to API degree using
The Correlation index
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lecture no.10 & 11
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: Volatility,
Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point, Oxidation, Corrosion and protection
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lecture no.12 & 13
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil
Overview
This lecture include study the physical properties of crude oil and its derivatives by
some of laboratory tests such as API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor
Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, etc.
So the laboratory tests can be site as the following;
1. API Gravity and Specific Gravity
2. Reid Vapor Pressure
3. ASTM Distillation
4. Flash point and Fire point
5. Salt Content
6. The weight percentage of sulfur content
7. Pour point and Cloud point.
8. Ash Content
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Ref
[5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary
Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting
Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado
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Example of Examination
1- Closed Penesk-Maertens test is use to determine flash point for heavy cuts? True or
false? Correct if false
2- Ried vapor pressure test is important with respect to ----------, ------------, ------------
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Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 21
Lecture no.14 & 15
Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil
Overview
9. Sediments and water content
10. Self Ignition point
11. Thermal decomposition point
12. Viscosity
Viscosity:-It is a very important of physical properties for attentive petroleum, especially
for greasy oil, and it is mean or internal friction for liquid on the liquid resistance to
displace one of layer in order to another layer under effect of external force.
There are two type of viscosity:-
1-Absolute viscosity:-And there are two type
a-Kinematics viscosity
b-Dynamic viscosity
2-Relative viscosity
There ar some types of relative viscosity as explain below
a-Engler Viscosity : it is the ratio between the time of flow 200ml of sample in the test of
temperature (20◦C) and the time of flow the same size of distillate water.
b- Saybolt second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 60 cm3 of oil at
a constant temperature by using the Saybolt universal viscosity instrument or by furol that
have large calibrated orifice.
c- Redwood second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 50 cm3 of oil
at constant temperature by using the redwood universal viscosity instrument I or II that
have large calibrated orifice.
There is relation between kinematics viscosity and saybolt universal viscosity as the
following equation:-
t
tGrSp
visosityabsolute
s
zityiskinematicv
7.149219.0
..cos
Where:-
t : Saybolt Universal Viscosity (sec)
z : viscosity in centipoise ( absolute viscosity)
S : Specific gravity
All these factors taken at the same temperature
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 21
Example1
The saybolt viscosity is 1000 sec at 210◦F , what is the furol viscosity at 210
◦F ( use the
viscosity conversion chat
* The lower and the left scales are used for saybolt universal viscosity up 8000, for
higher viscosity the upper and right scales are used.
Solution:
Trace the 1000 time line to the intersection with the saybolt universal line. Follow the
horizontal line ( kinematics viscosity of approximately 215) to the saybolt furol line. Read
down from the intersection the saybolt fuorl line at 210◦F is approximately 103 sec
Viscosity Index This index is a series of numbers ranging from 0 to 100 which indicate the
rate of change of viscosity with temperature.
A viscosity index of 100 indicates oil that does not tend to become viscous at low
temperatures or become thin at elevated temperatures.
Typically paraffin base lubricating oils exhibit a viscosity index of nearly 100
Naphthene base oils on the market show about 40 viscosity index
Some naphthene oils have a viscosity index of zero or lower.
Fig.
4-1
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 22
Fig. (4-2) indicate the relationship between viscosity index and saybolt universal viscosity
at 100◦F and 210
◦F
Example 2
Oil has a viscosity of 1600 sec at 100◦F and 80 sec at 210
◦F. determine the viscosity index
Solution
Reading from 1600 on the left to the slanting line marked 80 at the right , the viscosity
index on the bottom scale will be seen to be about 3
13- The Carbon residue
14- The acidity
15- Octane number
16-Cetane number
17- Aniline point
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 23
References
1-Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –
James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk
2-Internet /www.iraqrevenuewatch.org/reports/052706.pdf
3- Physical Chemistry
4-Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere
Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p. 108.
5-Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado
School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer
Golden, Colorado
6-Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)
Sample of Examination Q.1/ Define the following (25 M)
Paraffin hydrocarbon, condensed rings, BTX aromatic component, Cis-2-Butene, olefins
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Q.2/ Answer only (two) of the following? (25 M)
1-What are the factors that the proportions of gas/oil ratio depending on them?
2-What is the composition of crude oil?
3-What are the theories of formation oil and gas?
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Q.3 / Fill the following blanks :- (25 M)
1- Heavy oil has an unpleasant odor (garlic like) due to ---------
2- The general formula of condensed aromatic is -----------
3- Asphaltenes material is a complex of ------- and heterocyclic ---------?
4- In Sulaimania 2 gas fields, which are ------------ and ------------
5- The greatest Oil reserves and production from the developed current field
are finding in Province ------------ which have number of field ----------
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Q.4/ Put true or false and correct the false for the following (25 M)
1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan
2- Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are finding in heavier fractions than naptha?
3- Ibrahim and Butma fields locate in Dahouk Province?
4- Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons can be branched to polyenes, alkynes and alkenes ?
5- The first four of alkenes (C1-C4) are liquid at normal pressure and temperature?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department
Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 24
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Properties of Oil :تەباب ىناونيشان ىبروسك فريا عل: ستاۆمام ئاستي بابةت ثرسياري هةلَسةنطاندن
1-5 بةشيوَةيةكي –تيبَيني زياتر
بابةتيانة
ئامانجةكان و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة رِوون 1 وئاشكرا بوون
بوو و ثةيوةندي بة ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة سوودبةخش 2 ئامانجي سةرةكي كؤرِسةكةوة هةبوو
ثةرِاوي بابةتةكة بة ثيَي ثيَويست ئامادة كرابوو 3
مامؤستاكة لة كاتي وانة وتنةوةدا هةولَي دا ثرينسيث 4و ناوةرؤك و خالَة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و
بة سادةيي شيَ بكاتةوة
تةركيزم لةسةر بابةتةكة لانةكةويَمامؤستا هةولَي دا 5
مامؤستا لة كاتي خؤيدا هاتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا 6 وانةكةي تةواو كرد
مامؤستاكة بة نةرمي و بة هيَمني و بة رِيزَلينَانةوة لة 7 كاتي وانة طوتنةوةدا هةلَسوكةوتي دةكرد
سلايدةكاني بةكار هيَنران رِوون و ئاشكرا و سةرنج 8 رِاكيَش بوون
مامؤستا كاتي ثرسيار كردني هيَشتةوة و هةولَي دا 9 ثرسيارةكان بة تيرَو تةسةلي وةلآم بداتةوة
سةرضاوةكاني خوينَدنةوة نويَن و لةطةلَ ناوةرؤكي 11 بابةتةكة دةطونجيَن
كؤي ئاستةكان
ثيَوةري هةلسَةنطاندني ئاستي ناوةرؤك
1 2 3 4 5 زؤر باش باش مام ناوةندي خراث زؤر خراث