course book 4

Quartet 4Course Book

Quartet 4III

Introduction

Quartet 4

Welcome to Quartet Course Book 4. The Quartet Course Book 4 includes avariety of reading texts that revolve around the theme of world travel, as well asreading comprehension activities, guided writing, speaking activities, grammar,and vocabulary exercises. The book is organized thematically, following the topicson Quartet Online. The result is a fully integrated language learning course. Wehope that you will enjoy learning with Quartet Course Book 4.

Quartet 4IV

Map of Quartet 4

Unit 1Animals

The Dragon: A Mythical Animal thatLives on

The Komodo: A Modern Day Dragon

Unit 2Fame – At What Price?

Tribute to Harry Houdini, the GreatMagician(Parts 1 & 2)

What is Your Claim to Fame?

Unit 3Going Somewhere?

Learning Foreign Customs

A Letter from Venice

Unit 4Mind and Emotions

Della’s Problem(Parts 1 & 2)

The Temper Test

Pages 2-20

Pages 22-40

Pages 42-61

Pages 64-86

• Activating background knowledge

• Compare and contrast• Close reading• Identifying topic• Getting the facts

• Understanding opinions• Prediction• Inference• Scanning

• Understanding explicit and implicit information

• Identifying positive connotations

• Scanning

• Prediction• Inference• Identifying tone

Reading skills

Quartet 4V

• Connecting words: although,yet, despite, unlike

• Guessing word meaning from context

• Using part of speech to understand word meaning

• The prefix en-

• Gerunds• Comparative and

Superlative Adjectives• Guessing word meaning from

context• Expressions with the word

record• The prefix super-

• Connecting words of contrast: however, on the other hand, despite

• Connecting words of result: so, as a result, consequently

• Clauses of Result• Travel words

• Adjectives ending in -edand -ing

• Adjectives and Adverbs• Emotions: Nouns and

Adjectives• Words about health and

medicine• Words describing family

relationships

• Making up a story together• Presenting information to

others

• Expressing opinions• Discussing advantages and

disadvantages

• Discussing rules of etiquette

• Discussing a survey

• Writing a letter• Describing a creature

• Writing facts• Writing a descriptive

passage• Preparing questions for

a trivia contest• Writing persuasively• Writing questions for an

interview

• Writing a magazine advertisement

• Writing a letter and expressing likes and dislikes

• Writing an essay• Writing travel tips

• Writing a diary entry• Writing a survey• Writing an answer for

an advice column• Writing a description of

feelings• Writing a report

Language Review Speaking Writing

Quartet 4VI

Unit 5Something to Eat

Miracle in a Glass (Parts 1 & 2)

Rich, Delicious Chocolate ChipBrownies

Pages 88-110 • Inference• Sequencing

Reading skills

Quartet 4VII

• Time clauses• Polite requests• Words about food, cooking,

and nutrition• Adjectives

• Role playing• Debating• Discussing food habits

• Writing an introduction to a survey

• Writing an advertisement• Writing a short article• Writing a recipe• Writing an essay• Reporting research findings

Language Review Speaking Writing

U N I T

1A n i m a l s

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Before You Start

Can You Imagine?

• All the insects on the earth together weigh twelve times as much as all the human beings on the earth!

• The memory of a goldfish lasts only three seconds!

A What animal trivia do you know? Fill in the name of the animal in eachtrivia fact below. You can check your answers by looking at the key on page 3.

antscamelscatsgiraffes

kangaroosmonarch butterfliesmosquitoesostriches

parrotssharksspidersturkeys

1. __________ never sleep. (Hint: These animals are insects.)2. __________ have 32 muscles in each ear. (Hint: These animals are

mammals.)3. __________ are about one inch (2.54 cm) long at birth. (Hint: These

animals are mammals.)4. The eyes of __________are larger than their brain. (Hint: These animals are

birds.)

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5. __________ have three eyelids, which protect their eyes from sand. (Hint: These animals are mammals.)

6. _____________ are more likely to bite a child than to bite an adult, and brunettes get fewer bites than blondes. (Hint: These animals are insects.)

7. __________ can eat the same food that people eat, except for chocolate and avocados. This food can kill them. (Hint: These animals are birds.)

8. __________ seem to be the only animals that never get ill. (Hint: These animals are fish.)

9. __________ can be over 5 feet 10 inches (1.80 meters) tall at birth. (Hint: These animals are mammals.)

10. __________ were named after a country. People mistakenly thought that these animals came from that country. (Hint: These animals are birds.)

11. __________ have poor eyesight. They locate their prey by feeling the animals' vibrations. (Hint: These animals have more than 6 legs.)

12. __________ eat a kind of plant that makes the animals taste bitter. As a result, their enemies learn not to eat these animals. (Hint: These animals are insects.)

B The behavior of an animal or the shape of its body can help protect it. Which two animal facts are examples of this? Write the numbers: ______

C Write the numbers of two facts that you found surprising:______

D Hold an animal trivia contest in class. Each group should find five surprising facts about animals and write questions about them. Look for information inbooks or on the Internet.

Example: Which animals cause most humans deaths worldwide?(Answer: mosquitoes)

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What Do You Know?

Throughout history, people have invented animals and believed that the animals really exist. These imaginary animals often looked like real ones but had a strange feature, such as two heads or a human body.

Which animals are real? Which are imaginary? Write R or I.

1. An animal that breathes fire ___2. An animal whose tongue is twice as long as its body ___3. An animal that eats dead animals of its own kind ___4. A bird that can fly backwards ___5. An animal that can be reborn after death ___6. An animal that has a horn on its head. 7. An animal that can have 100 legs or even more ___8. An animal that can imitate sounds ___

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Some Words

A Read the sentences and examples below, and answer the questions.

1. Eager to attack, it stares angrily ahead with huge, bulging eyes.

Examples:• The children's eyes bulged as they looked at the large display of toys in

the shop window.• I tried not to look interested, but my eyes bulged as I heard the shocking

details of the story.

When might our eyes bulge? Mark your answers.

___ a. when we're excited___ b. when we act violently___ c. when we're sad ___ d. when we're about to fall asleep___ e. when we're extremely curious

2. Anyone else who wore a picture of the dragon faced the cruelest of punishments-execution.

Example: The execution of criminals, called capital punishment, is a highly debated topic.

Can you guess the meaning of execution? _____________________________________________

3. Dragons in the West were often portrayed as evil.

From the context we can understand that to portray means __________.

4. You can enrich your knowledge about ancient and modern dragons through books and the Internet.

Example: A cereal enriched with vitamins may make you healthier.

To enrich is to make richer or to _________ the quality of something or someone.

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5. Europeans first discovered Komodo dragons in 1912. That was one of the greatest achievements of 20th century zoology.

A word that can replace discovered is ___ created___ found

6. Read these sentences and then answer the question below.a. They are usually grayish brown, but their rough hide can also change

color with age.

b. Hide the sweets so the children won't see them.In this sentence, hide is a verb.

c. Native Americans used animal hides to make clothing and build tents.In this sentence, hides is a noun.

In sentence a above, what does hide mean?___ color___ skin___ personalities___ behavior

7. The Komodo dragon's saliva contains bacteria that can kill prey after only one bite. Even if the prey does not die immediately and manages to flee, it will usually die soon after from a bacterial infection caused by the bite.

What does the noun prey mean? __________________________________

B Try to understand the meaning of the words that begin with en- in section I below. Then complete each sentence logically by filling in the number of a phrase in section II.

I.

a. My friend encouraged me to study piano again ___b. It was an enchanting performance, ___c. The police must enforce the laws more strictly, ___d. We decided to enlarge our house ___e. Karen was enraged ___f. To ensure the safety of the workers, ___

g. With noise and air pollution all around us, we tried to envisage ___

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II.

1. since many drivers pay no attention to the speed limit.2. life on an island far from civilization.3. when she saw the damage to her car.4. even though I had forgotten nearly everything I had learned as a child.5. the factory manager replaced all the old, faulty equipment.6. when we had a third child.7. filled with imaginative, colorful costumes and sets.

What Do You Think?

Throughout history, people all over the world have believed in animals with unusual bodies and powers.

With your partner, talk about why people invented such animals. Discuss why fewer people believe in them today.

The Mythical Dragon

• Its long tongue unrolls to catch helpless young girls, surprised sailors, and entire ships.

• Fire rises wildly from its large nostrils.• Eager to attack, it stares angrily ahead with huge, bulging eyes.• Its huge tail slaps the ocean's waves high into the air.• Hard, green scales cover its body and protect it.

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Something to Read

The Dragon – A Mythical Animal That Lives On

Today few people, if any, believe that dragons actually exist; yet not too long ago, the powers of dragons were a central theme in the beliefs of many cultures.

Although some legends show dragons as fierce, Chinese tradition tells of good, intelligent dragons called lung. The Chinese believed in several types of lung.Each one controlled an area of the world. One lung, for instance, was responsiblefor all the water on earth. When a terrible flood came, people thought that the dragon was angry at something they had done. The five-toed lung was a symbol of power. Only the Chinese emperor was allowed to use images of this dragon onjewelry or clothing.

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The ancient Chinese dragon was brightly colored and had a graceful body. Unlikethe popular Western image of dragons, it did not breathe fire. This Easternversion of the dragon was intelligent and inspired respect. It was to be celebratedand not feared. The celebration continues each year when colorfully-decorateddragons appear in traditional Chinese New Year parades.

Despite their differences, the dragons of the East and the West were surprisingly similar in some ways. Both resembled modern-day reptiles in shape, and a thick layer of pointed scales protected their skin.

The Western dragon had several unique features. It could change color, it had two large, batlike wings, and, of course, flames came out of its nostrils. Unlike thenoble dragons of the East, dragons of the West were often portrayed as evil.People also believed that dragons owned huge quantities of gold and jewels. At atime when war, poverty, and disease were common, the dragon was a convenientway of explaining all the sorrows of the world. However, these creatures did havesome positive qualities. According to some legends, eating a dragon's tonguehelped people win arguments. The Vikings believed that decorating their shipswith dragons improved the sailors' eyesight and made them better warriors.

But fierce or noble, we must remember that dragons are an important part ofmany cultures.

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What Do You Think Now?

A Which dragons do these descriptions refer to? Mark one or both columns foreach description.

Description Dragons of the East Dragons of the West

1. fire-breathing

2. noble

3. greedy

4. intelligent

5. scaly-skinned

6. reptile-like

7. imaginary

8. powerful

9. winged

10. brightly colored

11. mythical

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B In which book would you be more likely to read the following quotations? Mark one column for each quotation.

1. "It hasn't stopped raining for three days! We must have made him really angry this time!"

2. "The people of my country are starving, and he fills his cave with gold and jewels!"

3. "Get ready quickly! The whole village is gathering to give thanks to the dragon."

4. "The creature continued to attack wildly, though my sword had struck one of its wings."

Brave English Knights of the Round Table

Quotation Tales of the Lung

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C Answer the questions.

1. Why is it surprising that Eastern and Western dragons shared some similarities?

__________________________________________________________

2. Which real animal most closely resembles the mythical Western dragon?a. a snake b. a tiger c. a lizard d. a whale

__________________________________________________________

3. What characteristics do Eastern and Western dragons share?

__________________________________________________________

4. Which characteristics of dragons are we unlikely to see in real animals?

__________________________________________________________

Talk with your partner about dragon stories that you remember. Then make up a dragon story together. One of you begins the story, and the other continues it.

Something to Talk About

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Something More to Read

Tip:When you read passages with many facts and numbers, write down a few words about each paragraph to help you remember the information.

The Komodo – A Modern-Day Dragon

1We have all heard stories about dragons and young maidens in fairy tales and bedtime stories, but did you ever think that dragons were real? In Indonesia, Komodo dragons are very real, indeed. Komodo dragons are the world's largest lizards. The average Komodo male is 8.5 feet (2.5 meters) long and weighs 200 pounds (90 kg). An average female is about 6.5 feet (2 meters) long and weighs 150 pounds (68 kg). The largest Komodo ever recorded weighed 365 pounds (165 kg)-almost as much as three people!

2There are about 3,000-5,000 Komodos today, although scientists say that there were never many more than that. They all live on four tiny islands in Indonesia, called Komodo, Flores, Gili Motang, and Rinca. Although the island people have known these huge lizards for centuries, Europeans first discovered them in 1912. That was one of the greatest achievements of 20th century zoology. And these awesome creatures still fascinate people today.

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3Komodo dragons are usually grayish brown, but their rough hide can change color with age. Komodos are strong and fast, and they have good eyesight. Their long claws and powerful tails help them climb trees and swim. The teeth of a Komodo look like a shark's teeth. In one year, 200 new teeth grow, and each one is as sharp as a steak knife. They are ideal for tearing through flesh and bone.

4Komodo dragons have a tremendous appetite. They can eat 5 pounds (2.5 kg) of food per minute! At a single meal, they have been known to take in as much as 90% of their own body weight. For an adult human, that would mean eating 400 hamburgers in 20 minutes! Komodos will eat any sort of live animal, including insects, mice, fish, birds, goats, and even baby Komodos. The young live up in trees, which keep them safe from the hungry adults below. The Komodo dragon'ssaliva contains bacteria that can kill prey after only one bite. Even if the prey does not die immediately and manages to flee, it will usually die soon after from abacterial infection caused by the bite. Then the Komodo follows the smell of the dead animal and locates its meal.

5Komodo dragons can live in different kinds of environments. However, areas with trees suit them well, since the shade helps keep their body temperature fromgetting too high.

6These dragons may not breathe fire or capture young girls, but they are still extraordinary. The Indonesian government considers Komodo dragons a national treasure. If any zoo or nature reserve wishes to export one of these beauties, the President must give special permission. In addition, the area where the Komodos live is protected as a national park.

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A Answer the questions by filling in the numbers of the paragraphs.

1. Which two paragraphs describe the Komodo dragon's appearance?__ and __

2. Which paragraphs tell you where Komodo dragons live? __ and __3. Which paragraph mentions people who are trying to prevent the

disappearance of the Komodo dragon? __4. Which paragraph gives information about the Komodo dragon's eating

habits? __

B What did you learn about Komodo dragons from the passage? Fill in the chart.

How do they look? What is their prey? Where do they live?

C If you wanted to bring a Komodo dragon to a zoo in your country, what would you need to do?

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You are a tour guide at a zoo. Tell a group of school children about Komodo

dragons. Think about the information you want to present, and try to find an

interesting way to present it.

Something to Write About

Choose a letter to write:

1. Imagine that you are a tourist on vacation in Indonesia. You've just seen

your first Komodo dragon on a nature reserve on the island of Flores.

Describe your impressions in a letter to your best friend at home.

• Begin your letter with something personal to your friend.

• Then explain where you've been and what you've been doing.

• After that, give details about the Komodo dragon that you saw.

• Finally, end your letter with a personal closing.

2. Imagine you are the director of a zoo. You think that a Komodo dragon

would be an exciting addition to your animal population. Write a letter to the

President of Indonesia to ask for permission to buy a Komodo. Promise that

you will care for the animal just as it is cared for in its native land.

• First, explain how you heard about the Komodo dragon.

• Next, write some words of praise about Indonesia's efforts to protect the

Komodo.

• After that, state your request.

• At the end, explain how you will care for the Komodo in your zoo.

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Language in Use

Although: A Connecting Word

The word although connects two opposite ideas. The two ideas are separated by a comma. Although can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

• There are about 3,000-5,000 Komodos remaining today, althoughscientists say that there were never many more than that.

• Although the island people have known these huge lizards for centuries, Europeans first discovered them in 1912.

A Complete these sentences so that they agree with the passage.

1. Although most people think of dragons as mythical creatures,

_________________________________________________.

2. Although many female animals protect their babies,

_____________________.

3. Some animals manage to escape after being bitten by a Komodo dragon,

although ______________________________________________.

4. Although the Indonesian government is willing to let other countries buy a

Komodo dragon, ________________________________________.

B With a partner, brainstorm and write down five facts that others may not

know about animals. You can find information in encyclopedias, books, or

the Internet. Use although in your sentences.

Example: Baby spiders can make a perfect web on their first try, although they

have never been taught how to do it.

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More Connecting Words

A Underline the words that connect two ideas in the following sentences:

1. Today few people, if any, believe that such animals actually exist; yet not too long ago, the powers of dragons were a central theme in the beliefs of many cultures.

2. The five-toed lung was a symbol of power, and only the Emperor was allowed to wear its image.

3. Despite their differences, the dragons of the East and the West were surprisingly similar in some ways.

4. Unlike the noble dragons of the East, dragons of the West were oftenportrayed as evil.

B Which of the words or phrases that you marked in section A connect opposing ideas? Which of them are used to add one idea to another?

C Pet lovers often argue about which is better, a cat or a dog. Based on yourknowledge or experience, think of three qualities of each animal. Then write three sentences. In each one, combine two ideas about these animals. Use a different connecting word in each sentence.

Example: Although a cat may live with you for years, it will never be as loyal as a dog.

Some More WordsThe passage about the Komodo dragon contains a lot of information given in numbers. Do you know how to say those numbers aloud?

A Practice saying these numbers:

a. in 1947 in nineteen forty-sevenb. 68% sixty-eight percentc. 78.5 lb seventy-eight point five poundsd. 9,000 nine thousande. 1,413 one thousand four hundred and thirteenf. 17th century seventeenth centuryg. 10,000-12,000 ten thousand to twelve thousand

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B These numbers are in the passage about Komodo dragons. Try to say them.

Project

Write about a creature that exists only in legends or myths. Follow these steps:

1. Choose one of the following creatures:

• the Minotaur: a monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull• a unicorn: a horselike animal with one horn growing out of its forehead• a mermaid: a sea creature that is half woman and half fish• the Hydra: a great snake with many heads• the Gorgons: three snake-haired sisters• a thunderbird: a giant bird, sometimes portrayed with two heads• the Sphinx: a creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human

2. Get information from books, encyclopedias, magazines, or the Internet.

3. Write a few paragraphs about the creature. Organize your report as follows:

Paragraph 1: Describe the appearance of the creature.Paragraph 2: Talk about the people who believed in the creature.Paragraph 3: Describe the stories or beliefs connected with the creature.

a. 150 poundsb. 3,000-5,000

c. in 1912d. 20th century

e. 5 poundsf. 90%

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Word Meaning

What Did You Learn?

Words:

Facts:___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

U N I T

2Fame – At What Price?

Quartet 422

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Before You Start

"In the future everyone will be world-famous for fifteen minutes."Andy Warhol, American painter

"Fame is an illusive thing – here today, gone tomorrow."Henry Miller, American author

Most people are known throughout their lives only by their families, their friends, their neighbors, the people they work with, and a few others. Other people appear in the media and in history books, and they are known by millions of people around the world. Is it good to be famous?

A Which of these quotations express a positive opinion of fame?

1. ___ "Being a sex symbol was rather like being a convict." (Raquel Welch)2. ___ "Sometimes I wish I weren't famous." (Tammy Wynette)3. ___ "Don't confuse fame with success. Madonna is one; Helen Keller is the

other." (Erma Bombeck)4. ___ "I want to be famous everywhere." (Luciano Pavarotti)5. ___ "Heartthrobs are a dime a dozen." (Brad Pitt)6. ___ "Fame is proof that the people are gullible." (Ralph Waldo Emerson)7. ___ "It is better to be a has-been than a never-was." (Cecil Parkinson)8. ___ "A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well

known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized." (Fred Allen)

9. ___ "Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds." (Socrates)

B Discuss the quotations with your partner.

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What Do You Know?

A Choose three quotations from the list in Before You Start. Continue each quotation with one or two sentences that explain the author's point of view.

Example: "Being a sex symbol was rather like being a convict. I couldn't leave my house without being surrounded by a hungry pack of photographers.I probably ate better than the average prisoner, but I didn't have much more freedom."

B In recent years, Madonna has become a very a popular singer. Who was Helen Keller? According to Erma Bombeck, how does Helen Keller's fame differ from Madonna's?

C Brad Pitt has been a popular actor for a number of years. He was thought tobe extremely handsome - a real "heartthrob." What does he mean by his “hearthrob” comment?

D Finish each of the following stories. Write an ending that agrees with the statements by Andy Warhol and Henry Miller in Before You Start.

1. Harry Brown was the sole winner of the $3,000,000 lottery. Within a year, __________________________________________________________.

2. Candy Cane was the hottest star in Hollywood after her first movie broke all box office records. _______________________________________________.

3. Up until election day, Franklin Lopez led in the polls, and every major newspaper and television network interviewed him daily. _________________________________________________________.

4. Everyone at the beach was reading Murder in Santiago, last summer's best-selling novel that brought fame and fortune to its author, Carmen Torres. ___________________________________________________.

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E With a partner, choose a famous person from the present or the past – for example, Albert Einstein, Agatha Christie, Mozart, or Picasso. Prepare a two-minute presentation about the person. One partner will talk about the positive aspects of the person's fame, and the other partner will talk about the negative aspects.

F Choose a famous scientist, political leader, or author who is no longer alive. Look for information about the person in an encyclopedia or on the Internet. Then write five factual sentences about the person.

borndate of birthplace of birthname at birthparentsgeneration

familychildhoodstudiedworkedgot marriedchildren

movedfamesuccesstragedyinventedcreated

wroterememberhistorydied

Words to help you:

Planning tips:• Begin by making a list of what the person might consider the advantages

and disadvantages of being famous.• Think of examples, real or imaginary, that illustrate the points on your list.• Finally, think about how to organize your ideas and present them in a

lively and interesting way to the class.

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Some Words

A The first passage in this unit is about one of the world's most famousmagicians. Try to guess the magician's name as you answer these questions about words in the passage.

1. Which of these are restraints?

…the ability to escape from any restraint or difficult situation.

__ a rope __ chains__ a prison cell __ a straitjacket__ a crowded room __ a heavy book__ handcuffs

2. Which word is not related in meaning to the word memoirs?

The Memoirs of Robert Houdin was an autobiography of one of the world's greatest magicians.

__ memory __ remember__ memorize __ memorable__ member

3. Who was the author of Robert Houdin's autobiography?

4. What do we learn from this sentence? Mark all the statements that we know are true.

In 1916, he ventured into the world of movies and, over the years, wrote and acted in a number of silent movies.

___ He became a director of silent movies.___ His career took a new turn in 1916.___ He dared to try his hand at writing movies.___ He acted in silent movies as well as in "talkies."

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5. The prefix super- often means "greater" or "more than normal." The words in the box have the prefix super-. Use them to complete these sentences.

The magician never claimed to have any supernatural powers.

1. A large store that sells a wide variety of foods and other items is a ____________.

2. The person in charge of a project or a large staff of workers is a ____________.

3. An object of higher quality than other objects is ______________________.4. An extremely popular person in sports or entertainment is a ____________.5. An exaggerated feeling of self-importance is a _______________________.6. A road designed for high-speed travel is a _________________________.

What Do You Think?The famous magician you will read about wrote books in which he tried to explainphenomena such as telepathy. He claimed that these phenomena could all be explained in the same way as magic tricks.

Some Words

super highwaysuperior

superiority complexsupermarket

superstarsupervisor

1. Sawing a woman in half

2. Making objects move without touching them

3. Putting a live bird in a hat and pulling out a rabbit

4. Sticking swords straight through abox which holds a woman

5. Accurately predicting thefuture through dreams

6. Suddenly being able to lift or move a heavy object

7. Staying alive under waterwithout special equipment

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A What do you think about the following kinds of "magic"? Mark one column for each.

B Compare your answers with your classmates' answers.

I know how it’sdone

I don’t know howit’s done

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C With a partner, talk about magic tricks that you've seen performed by professional magicians, as well as tricks that you can do. Make two lists as follows:

Tricks We Have Seen Magicians Do Tricks We Can Do

D With your partner, choose one trick from the list you made in section C. Explain how it’s done (or how you think it’s done). Share your explanation with the rest of the class.

Something to Read

Tribute to Harry Houdini, the Great Magician

Part 1Many people say that Harry Houdini was the most famous magician of all times. Today, when people hear the name Houdini, they think of the ability to escape from any restraint or difficult situation. It should come as no surprise that, as with most extraordinary people, Houdini's life had a remarkable beginning and end.

Houdini's early childhood is full of mystery. His original name was Ehrich Weiss. He was born on March 24, 1874, in Budapest. When Houdini was four years old, his parents, Mayer Samuel and Cecilia Weiss, came to the United States.

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Houdini often claimed that he was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. Historians,however, later concluded that he was born in Hungary. Even today, people fromAppleton claim that their city was Houdini's birthplace.

Houdini had a poor childhood. His father was a rabbi, but since neither of his parents spoke English, it was hard for them to earn a living in the United States. The Weiss children had to work from an early age. By the time he was eight years old, Ehrich was already selling newspapers and working as a shoeshine boy. Just four years later, he decided to leave home so that he could earn more money to send to his family.

Eventually Ehrich ended up in New York, when he was about 13 years old, and the Weiss family soon joined him. Young Ehrich was extremely athletic. His athletic abilities would make an important contribution to his future success.

As a teenager in New York, Ehrich became interested in magic. Calling himself Ehrich the Great, he began performing card tricks and other simple tricks for money. Then one day, he read a book that changed his life. The Memoirs of Robert Houdin was an autobiography of one of the world's greatest magicians. Ehrich was so influenced by what he read that he changed his name to Houdini. He wanted to be just like his new hero. Little did he know that he would eventually become even more famous than Robert Houdin.

From simple magic and card tricks, Houdini moved on to tricks with handcuffs. In 1892, soon after his father died, Houdini's younger brother, Theo, joined the act. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. A year later they were already performing at places such as amusement parks and the Chicago World's Fair.

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Answer the questions.

1. Why did Ehrich Weiss change his name to Houdini?2. How old was Ehrich when he decided to leave home?3. Why do you think that being athletic would serve Houdini well in the future? 4. How did a book change Houdini's life? Is there any book that has had a

great influence on you? Explain.

Something to Read

Part 2

In 1894, while Houdini was working on Coney Island, he met the woman who became the love of his life. Wilhemina Rahner – Bess for short – married Houdini after a brief, two-week courtship. At that time, Bess replaced Theo in the magic act. For decades to come, she traveled with her husband and participated in his tricks.

Early in their career, Houdini and Bess performed throughout the United States. But simple magic was not enough for Houdini. He bet his audience that he could escape any handcuffs they put on him. Eventually, he moved on to restraints such as crates, coffins, milk cans, leg irons, straitjackets, prison cells, and, finally, the famous "water torture cell." Houdini had devised a new kind of show – the "challenge escape." Usually the audience could see no trace of the methods that Houdini used to escape. In 1899, an agent discovered Houdini and booked him into the biggest theaters in the country. His escape acts quickly madethe headlines.

In 1900, Houdini went to Europe to try his luck there. After making headlines in London, he went on to travel all over Europe. He stayed there for five years, and his fame grew. But as much as he enjoyed his success abroad, Houdini wanted to go back home. He soon returned to New York, where he bought a house. However, for the rest of his career he continued to travel to Europe to perform.

Houdini's career was not limited to the stage. In 1916, he ventured into the world of movies and, over the years, wrote and acted in a number of silent movies.

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Hollywood later honored Harry Houdini's contribution to the movie industry. His creative nature also found expression in his many writings, such as his famous book on the history of magic, The Unmasking of Robert Houdin.

In October 1926, Houdini had several performances in Montreal, Canada. One evening as Houdini was resting, a young man came into the theater dressing room. He had heard about Houdini's ability to endure stomach punches and wanted to put it to the test. Without warning, the young man hit the magician in the stomach. Because Houdini was unprepared, he was seriously injured. A weekand a half later, on October 31, 1926, Harry Houdini died from an infection in the lining of his stomach. The greatest escape artist of all times could not escape his death.

Houdini never claimed to have any supernatural powers. On the contrary, he worked hard to convince people that magic tricks are based on science. Harry Houdini will always be remembered as the magician who did the most to bring magic to the stage.


A Scan the passage to find the date for each of these events.

_____ Houdini started making movies.

_____ An agent discovered Houdini.

_____ Houdini met his future wife.

B Scan the entire article again, and put the following events into chronologicalorder. Number them from one to nine.

___ Houdini began to share his act with a woman.___ Houdini began a career as an actor and movie writer.___ Houdini was caught by surprise by a young man.___ Houdini's family emigrated to the United States.___ Houdini developed an internal infection.___ Houdini grew homesick for America.___ "Houdini" became the magician's name.___ Houdini shined shoes as a part-time job.___ Houdini became famous as an escape artist.

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C Biographies sometimes include the author's feelings and opinions. Find a sentence in the passage that shows how the author feels about Harry Houdini.__________________________________________________ .

Did you know?

Houdini knew that people who claimed to have supernatural powers would tell the world they had communicated with him after his death. Before he died, he gave his wife a secret message. Then he told the press what he had done. As he predicted, people tried to communicate with him after he died, but no one could prove that they had been successful. No one knew the secret message.


A Imagine that you were in the room when Harry Houdini received his fatal blow.

1. Write a description of the setting.2. Describe exactly what happened.3. Describe your reactions.

B Why do many people who want to be famous change their names?

1. Find the original names of three famous people who changed their names before or after they became famous.

2. Use the information to write questions for a trivia contest in class.

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Language in Use

A Go back to the table on page 27. Circle the gerunds.

B Complete the following sentences about magic. Use suitable gerunds.

1. ______________a person in half is a common trick.

2. Houdini told everyone that ______________ things move without them

was a trick.

3. He had no problem ___________from straitjackets or prison cells.

Gerunds with Objects

• A gerund comes from a verb and is used as a noun.• Gerunds end in -ing.• Like verbs, gerunds can take objects.

Example: Annie Kremmel set a world record in throwing Frisbees.

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1.Name: Norman JohnsonCountry: U.K.Specialty: SlicingRecord: sliced a cucumber

into 264 slices in 13.4 seconds

2.Name: Eddie McDonaldCountry: CanadaSpecialty: Yo-yoingRecord: completed 21,663

full yo-yo cycles (up and down) in three hours

3.Name: AlfredCountry: U.S.A.Specialty: KissingRecord: kissed 10,504

people in eight hours

4.Name: Horst OrtmanCountry: GermanySpecialty: Spitting cherry

stonesRecord: spit a cherry stone

95.07 feet (28.98 meters)

5.Name: Annie KremmelCountry: U.S.A.Specialty: Women's

Frisbee throwingRecord: threw a Frisbee

447.21 feet (136.31 meters)

6.Name: Brian BergCountry: U.S.A.Specialty: Building with cards Record: built a house of

cards 100 stories tall; it reached a height of 19.19 feet (5.85 meters)


What Is Your Claim to Fame?Here are some records that were set in the 1990s.*

*The Guinness Book of Records. Guinness Publishing Ltd. London: 1997

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7.Name: Tony DowdswellCountry: U.S.A.Specialty: EatingRecord: ate 3.37 pounds

(1.53 kilograms) of frozen ice cream in 31.67 seconds

8.Name: Frances Van HerlCountry: BelgiumSpecialty: CollectingRecord: collected 58,259

different cigarette lighters

9.Name: Dean GouldCountry: U.K.Specialty: Licking stampsRecord: licked 450 stamps in

four minutes

10.Name: Joseph LoveCountry: KenyaSpecialty: Milking cowsRecord: milked 30 cows in 12

hours, which produced 561.1 quarts (531 liters) of milk

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A Look at the record cards in Something More to Read, and answer the questions. Write the number of the card(s) in the blank.

1. Which records involved timing with a stopwatch? ____________________2. Which records involved measuring distances? ____________________3. Which record do you think required the most patience? _______________4. Which record do you think required the most skill? ___________________5. Which record do you think you would be able to beat? _______________6. Which record-breakers probably relied on the help of other people?

____________________

B Which of the record-breakers would you most like to interview? Write three questions you would ask.

C Answer these questions. Use the example as a model.

Example:How did the ten record-breakers become famous?They became famous by breaking a record.

1. How did Mahatma Gandhi become famous?

__________________________________________________________.

2. How did William Shakespeare become famous?

__________________________________________________________.

3. How did Harry Houdini become famous?

__________________________________________________________.

D Of the ten record-breakers and the three people in question C, who do you think will have the longest-lasting fame? Explain your choice.

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A Imagine that you are the agent who discovers Houdini. Write a letter to Houdini. Tell him that you would like to promote his career as a magician.

• Write about your impressions of the magician.• Describe your plans for him.• Convince him to let you be his agent.

B You are interviewing a girl who hopes to set a world record by walking on her hands. Write down your questions and the girl's answers.

Ideas for your questions:

• her reasons for trying to set a record • her training program• the techniques she is going to use• her plans if she succeeds or fails

Language in UseComparatives and Superlatives

What did the record-breakers do that made them famous?

Complete the sentences using suitable comparatives and superlatives.

1. Tony Dowdswell ate the most ice cream in the __________ amount of time.

2. Horst Ortman spit a cherry stone __________ than anyone had before.3. Eddie McDonald completed __________ yo-yo cycles than anyone had

previously.4. Dean Gould took four minutes to lick __________ stamps than anyone

else.5. Brian Berg made the __________ house of cards that had ever been

built.6. In eight hours, Alfred Wolfram kissed the ___________ number of

people.7. Frances Van Herl collected ___________________________________.8. Annie Kremmel threw ___________________________________.

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Some More Words

A Fill in the chart with the words in the box.

Restraint Description of Houdini Occupation

B Learn these expressions with the word record, and answer thequestions.

• You can set a record.• You can break a record.• You can tie with a record.

1. How far must you throw a Frisbee to tie with the world record? _________________

2. How many stamps must you lick to break the record set by Dean Gould? _________________

3. Where was the current cow-milking record set? _________________

athleticcoffincratedirector

entertainerextraordinaryfamoushandcuffs

legendaryleg ironsmagicianperformer

prison cellshoeshine boystraitjacket

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C Here are some more "record" expressions. If you don't know what they mean, look them up in your dictionary.

criminal recordgo on recordkeep a recordoff the record

D Use one expression in each sentence:

1. If you don't _______________ of what you spend, you may end up in debt.2. The mayor refused to _______________ as saying that he supported

building the new highway.3. Although I wanted to hire him for the job, I found it hard to ignore his

_______________.4. After the newspaper interview, the candidate agreed to speak

_______________ about issues he did not want mentioned in print.

Choose one of these projects.

1. Find out about the first successful attempt to climb Mt. Everest. Write an account of it.

• Include biographical information about the climber.• Describe the difficulties and how the climber overcame them.• Describe previous attempts.• Discuss current attempts to climb Mt. Everest. How have conditions and

equipment changed?

2. Using books or the Internet, read more about Houdini's water torture cell and straitjacket trick. Describe the tricks and how they worked. You can draw diagrams to accompany your descriptions.

Project

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Word Meaning

What Did You Learn?

Words:

Facts:___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

U N I T

3Going Somewhere?

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Before You Start

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do."

This familiar advice to travelers is not always easy to follow. Unless youhave done your homework on how people in other places behave, you arelikely to find yourself in some embarrassing situations.

A Etiquette refers to the rules of behavior of a society. Write two rules of etiquette for your country. (Think about eating, driving, traveling by bus, talking on the telephone, and shopping.)

Example: When you are introduced to a person, extend your right hand to shake hands with the person.

B Share your answers in section A with a partner. Together, act out a situation for the class in which a person breaks one of your culture's rules of behavior. The other students have to guess the rule.

C People all over the world who use the Internet should observe some rules ofetiquette (or "netiquette"). Write down two of these rules.

What Do You Know?

A Rober and Kara invited several friends to their home to see slides from their recent trip to Scandinavia. Read their explanations and answer the questions below.

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Some Words

Slide One"Here we are packingour luggage. I tried toget Robert to take less,but he was sure he'dneed everything but thekitchen sink."

1. Number these pieces of luggage from small (1) to large (5).

❒ handbag

❒ suitcase

❒ trunk

❒ wallet/purse

Slide Two

"Here's a picture of thedeparture and arrivalsboard. You can see ourflight to Oslo listedthere, at the top."

2. When do you need to check the departure and arrivals board?

_____________________________________________________________

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3. When Kara and Robert reach the first city on their itinerary, what do you think they will do? Check the activities that they are likely to do on their first day there.

❒ check into their hotel

❒ change money

❒ confirm their departure time

❒ buy presents for the family

❒ pick up their rental car

❒ buy a map

❒ develop film

❒ sign up for a free introductory bus tour of the city

❒ write postcards to their friends and family

4. What are some of the ways you can make reservations in a major hotel?

5. What is the furthest you’ve ever traveled from your home? What different means of transportion did you use to get there?

Slide Three"Now Kara is checking tomake sure we’ve taken allour documents: planetickets, passports,itinerary, and confirmations of our hotelreservations."

Slide Four"Now you see us getting off the plane atOslo, our first destination. We weretotally exhausted fromthe long flight."

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7. With a partner, complete this currency table. Compare with other groups in the class to fill in what you don't know.

Country

The United States

Denmark

Brazil

Russia

Australia

Egypt

India

Saudi Arabia

Currency

zloty

yen

dinar

rand

shekel

won

baht

Slide Five"In this slide, we've justcome out of a bankwhere we changed ourmoney into the localcurrency."

6. Which is probably more exhausting, a ten-hour flight from east to west, or a ten-hour flight directly north or south? Why?

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10. Name three famous buildings in the world that offer a stunning viewof the surrounding area.

a. ____________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________

8. What souvenirs might you bring home from Paris? from Cairo? from New York? _______________________________________________________

9. What is another word for costly? ____________________

Slide Six"Here's a close-up of our first pur-chase in the Oslo city market.Almost everything we saw wastoo costly for our budget, but wefinally decided to buy this littleglass ball. When you shake it,you see a beautiful scene offalling snow. Isn’t that a greatsouvenir of Scandinavia?”

Slide Seven“If you look carefully, you cansee a fjord way off in the distance. Robert is blocking theview a bit. The sights we sawon our boat trip were absolutelystunning. It’s a shame we ranout of film right at this point.”

B Which of these activities are usually done before a trip abroad? Which are usually done during the trip? Write B for Before or D for During.

1. _____ Buy souvenirs2. _____ Try the local food3. _____ Make reservations4. _____ Find out about the climate5. _____ Reserve a rental car6. _____ Leave a tip for the porter7. _____ Make an itinerary8. _____ Listen to a weather report9. _____ Order room service

10. _____ Buy reading material for the flight11. _____ Make a list of addresses of friends and relatives12. _____ Purchase traveler's checks13. _____ Get directions to the nearest post office

A What do you think is the most popular tourist destination in the world?

1. Name three features that attract a record number of tourists to thisplace, and explain why.

2. Compare your choice and explanations with your classmates'. Was there a place that many of the students chose? Why do you think it's popular? Which place came second?

B Who do you think spends the most on tourism? Explain.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

What Do You Think?

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C With your partner, choose a place that is not usually considered a tourist attraction. Use the Internet, books, magazines, and your imagination tocreate a magazine advertisement promoting tourism to that place.

D Which of these phrases would be the most effective in a magazine advertisement promoting tourism to Venice, Italy? Why?

• a city without cars• the city of poets and painters• the city of colorful blown glass• a romantic gondola ride• an architectural paradise

E Describe the interests of the people who might be attracted by each of the phrases in section D.

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Tips:

• First decide which of the place's features you want to emphasize.• Try to find a photograph or produce a graphic design that suits your

purpose.• Use words and phrases that will capture your readers' attention and create

a positive image in their minds.

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Read the passage about some uncomfortable situations involving visitors in foreign countries. Have you ever been in a similar situation?

Something to Read

Learning Foreign Customs

1. "I get a bit nervous when I meet new business associates. I never know what to do with my hands, so I keep them in my pockets most of the time. Why didn't anyone warn me to take both hands out when I greeted my company's chief executive in Berlin with a handshake? I made a very bad first impression."

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2. "My Greek guide kept smiling at me. How was I supposed to know she was angry that I'd gotten to the bus half an hour late that morning?"

3. "I felt exhausted after my long international flight. As I sat in the restaurant with my Japanese colleague, I couldn't help but yawn several times. He stared at me in disgust. And this happened after we'd already gotten off to a bad start. He'd told me that the color of my dress was especially flattering, and I’d said, 'Thank you!'"

4. "As I sat in my hosts’ living room in Ankara, I crossed one leg over the other to be more comfortable on the sofa. The entire family stared at the soles of my feet in horror. I thought perhaps I'd dirtied their carpet with mud, but I hadn't."

5. "Crossing legs in Madrid turned out to be a real mistake. As the only businesswoman in a room filled with men with crossed legs, I couldn't understand why everyone started clearing their throats when I did the same."

6. "It was the first meal I had shared with my Finnish relatives, and I was beingespecially careful to mind my manners. I thought I was being polite when mycousin asked me to pass the salt and I handed the salt shaker to him directly. They are now all waiting for a wave of bad luck to come."

7. "When I politely asked, 'Do you mind if I take this chair?' the Bulgarian in therestaurant shook her head from side to side. So I pulled the chair over to mytable for my companion. The Bulgarian woman immediately called the waiterto complain."

8. "I had just returned from a two-week business trip to Rome, where every meeting with a new client began with kisses on both cheeks and a long hug.The clients at my next stop, Warsaw, backed away quickly when I greeted them in the same way."

9. "I started eating my tuna sandwich before everyone else on the flight out of Paris because I hadn't had any breakfast. But I stopped immediately when I saw the Parisian passengers begin eating theirs with a knife and fork."

10. "While we were waiting for our dessert in a lovely restaurant in Amsterdam, I told my Dutch friend that I'd be back in a minute. When I returned from the rest room, I saw that I'd embarrassed her greatly."

A Next to each rule of etiquette, write the name of the appropriate country. Choose from the countries in the box.

1. Never leave the table in the middle of a meal. The other guests will think you are rude. ____________

2. Smile at people even when they have done something that has disturbed you greatly. ____________

3. Do not clear your throat, blow your nose, or yawn in public. ____________4. Don't pass the salt directly to the person who asked for it. Lay it on the

table for the other person to pick up. ____________5. Move your head left and right to show that you mean "yes." To show that

you mean "no," move your head up and down. ____________6. When greeting people, even for the first time, hug them and kiss them on

the cheek. ____________

B Write down other rules of etiquette that you know about.

C Which of the rules of etiquette in section B apply to your country? Do you know of a rule in your country that is the opposite of another country's rule?

Country Rule

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Some Words

BulgariaFinland

GreeceItaly

JapanThe Netherlands

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A Use connecting words to express contrast.

Example: Most business people shake hands with foreign visitors. However, for some, this custom is inappropriate.

Fill in the blanks with however, on the other hand, or despite.

1. I felt uncomfortable when my client in Rome kissed me. ___________, I smiled politely and hid my embarrassment.

2. On my business trips around the world, I've learned that in some countries meetings never begin on time. ___________, there are countries where people always arrive on time.

3. ___________ its high price, we decided to buy the little glass ball as a souvenir.

B Fill in the blanks with connecting words to express result: as a result, so, or consequently.

Example: I never know what to do with my hands, so I keep them in my pockets most of the time.

1. ___________ of great changes in the country, tourism in South Africa has grown tremendously.

2. Our city has a lot of noise and air pollution from cars, ___________ we were especially delighted to visit Venice, where canals replace streets.

3. We heard that the weather was about to turn cold and rainy. ____________, we canceled our plans for a walking tour of the city.

Language in Use

Discuss these questions in a group. Explain your opinions.

1. Will travelers of the future have to worry less about etiquette? 2. Will global forms of communication, such as television and the Internet,

erase regional customs and traditions? Will it create a world in which all people behave similarly?


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C What is the logical connection between the two parts of each of these sentences, contrast or result? Write an appropriate connecting word for each.

1. Flying to Madrid was too costly for us. _______________, we decided to travel by train.

2. ________________ our itinerary did not include time for shopping, wemanaged to buy a few souvenirs before leaving for the airport.

3. I couldn't wait to open the gift that my Japanese host gave me. ________________, I knew that in Japan it is considered impolite to open a gift in front of the giver.

4. ________________ the warnings about crime and danger, we enjoyed a quiet, pleasant vacation abroad.

5. I think it's too risky to carry a lot of cash on foreign visits. ________________, I always use traveler's checks.

D Complete these sentences logically. Some will show contrast and others will show result.

1. Despite its image as a part of the world untouched by modern

civilization,___________________________________________

___________________________________________________.

2. The local people are friendly and helpful, so ___________________

______________________________________________________.

3. I forgot to confirm my return flight to Frankfurt. As a result, _________

__________________________________________________.

4. Although it's customary in some places to eat sandwiches with one's

hands, ____________________________________________

5. The road map that I bought was quite outdated. Consequently,

_________________________________________________________.

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A Letter from Venice

Dear Mom and Dad,

Here we are in Venice! Nicole and I arrived just two days ago, and I'malready exhausted from everything we've seen and done so far. I can't begin to tellyou how beautiful and romantic this city is, with its long canals instead ofstreets. It's quite strange to see houses and buildings with stairs thatlead right into the water. We thought we would get lost in all the little,winding streets and canals, but we seem to be managing. The local peopleare very friendly and helpful, so we've had no problem getting directions.Besides, Nicole isn't shy about asking people for help! The most amazingthing is how quiet the city is. No cars are allowed here, so all you can hearare the sounds of voices, footsteps, church bells, and the occasionalfaraway motorboat. I'm not used to this type of lifestyle after living inbusy Toronto all these years.

Every corner seems to present us with another little surprise. In Venice,it isn't rare to suddenly come upon a five hundred-year-old church or amagnificent building with carvings and sculptures across the front. Wekeep bumping into artists sitting by their easels, painting the reflectionsof old buildings and bridges in the waterways. The city has Gothicpalaces, museums, galleries, and classical music events.

I can tell that I won't be bored here _ there are plenty of things to seeand do. I just hope we won't run out of money. Everything is very expensive!

So far, we've been very busy just looking around. Yesterday we went on acity bus (which is really a boat) and stayed on until the end. It's thecheapest way to get a really good view of the city. The bus goes down theGrand Canal and passes many of the grand buildings of Venice. In theevening, we went on a ride on one of Venice's famous gondolas. I felt as if I

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were in a movie _ a man in a striped shirt stood on the back of the boatrowing while another man played the accordion and sang an aria from anItalian opera. It was fantastic! We ended this special day by sharingpasta in a charming little restaurant.

Today we spent the day in Piazza San Marco, one of the most famoussquares in the world. The square was packed with thousands of touristsand just as many pigeons. Naturally, we visited the famous Basilica di SanMarco. We had to stand in line for about an hour to get inside, but it waswell worth it. The basilica has the most outstanding exterior that Ihave ever seen. We read that it was constructed to house the body of St.Mark, which had been stolen from its burial place in Egypt by two Venetianmerchants. The basilica was built in the 11th century. I couldn't believe Iwas looking at something so old! When we entered the cathedral, we wereboth speechless. The whole interior is decorated with the mostmagnificent mosaics. The guidebook said that these mosaics were addedover a period of five centuries. The saint's body is buried in the churchunder the high altar. Behind the altar is a gold altarpiece that isdecorated with silver and precious stones. It was just stunning.

On our way back from San Marco, I picked up a necklace made out ofVenetian glass for you, Mom, and a leather-bound diary made with thelegendary Venetian marbled paper for you, Dad. I also got a leather pursefor Robyn. I hope you'll all enjoy these gifts. We'll be staying here foranother couple of days, and then we'll head off to Rome. Hope everythingis fine there. Send my love to Robyn, too.

Love, Steve

P.S. Nicole sends her love.

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A Some of the information in Steve's letter is explicit (clearly stated), and some is implied (stated indirectly). Write E (explicit) or I (implied) next to these statements.

1. _____ Steve likes art and music.2. _____ Steve has been in Venice for two days.3. _____ Steve and Nicole are not wealthy.4. _____ Steve bought gifts for his family.5. _____ The Basilica di San Marco was built in the 11th century.6. _____ Steve has a sister named Robyn.7. _____ No cars are allowed into Venice.8. _____ Steve lives in Toronto.9. _____ Steve and Nicole are going to Rome.

B Steve appears to be enormously impressed by Venice. Many adjectives demonstrate this positive impression.

1. Make a list of adjectives that demonstrate Steve's positive impressions of Venice.__________________________________________________________

2. Which three adjectives on your list are the strongest ones used by Steve?

3. Use five of the adjectives in sentences about people. Include information in each sentence that shows why the adjective is appropriate.

Example: When Cinderella opened her eyes, she saw that her rags had magically turned into a magnificent dress, decorated with precious jewels and delicately embroidered flowers.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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C Write a one-paragraph description of Steve. Base your description on what is stated or implied in his letter. Use your imagination to fill in the details. Include information about his family and education as well as about his tastes and lifestyle.

D Scan the letter in Something More to Read to determine Steve and Nicole's itinerary for their first two days in Venice. Write it down.

E Write a two-paragraph letter from a tourist who had exactly the same itinerary as Steve and Nicole but did not enjoy his two-day stay in Venice.

Choose one of these topics.

1. Write an account of your own visit to a foreign country or a place in your own country.

• Choose some of the sites you saw and experiences you had.• Describe them in detail, and include your impressions.

2. Within five years half of the world's population will live in cities. By 2030 the urban population will reach 4.9 billion - 60% of the world’s population. Write an essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.


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A Use so...that or such...that. Complete the sentences logically.

1. _____________________________ that I just had to buy it for you.

2. _____________________________ that we decided to walk rather than

get the bus to the museum.

3. _____________________________ that I couldn't fit them all in my

luggage.

4. _____________________________ that our departure from New York

was delayed for four hours.

5. _____________________________ that we asked our waiter to help us

choose something to eat.

B Write three pieces of advice for a foreign visitor to your country. Use some of the following connectors: so, as a result, however, although, therefore, despite.

Language in Use

So...that and such...that are two ways of connecting two parts of asentence to express result.

Examples:• The cost of a restaurant meal was so high that we decided to buy our

lunch in the market.• Prague was such a beautiful city that we used three rolls of film on our

very first day there.

so + adjective + thatsuch + adjective + noun + that

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Complete the table. You can use your dictionary to help you.

Some More Words

Country

Argentina

Australia

Brazil

Canada

Denmark

Finland

Greece

Japan

Morocco

The Netherlands

Switzerland

Syria

The United Kingdom

The United States

People

Argentineans

Language(s)

Spanish

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Choose one project. Use the Internet or other sources of current information.

1. Do research on urbanization.

• Present statistics on the numbers of people moving from rural areas to cities. In which countries is this trend most noticeable, and what are the reasons?

• Describe the consequences of rapidly growing urbanization. What might a visitor to one of the world's fastest growing cities see in the year 2025?

2. Write a list of travel options for a tourist who wants to visit your country for a week.

• List the various methods of transportation and their costs.• List a number of sites to visit, including descriptions of buildings,

monuments, and museums.• Provide information on accommodation and group tours.• Include travel tips from people who have already visited the country.

Project

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What Did You Learn?

Word Meaning

Words:

Facts:

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

U N I T

4Mind and Emotions

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Before You Start

A Read the conversations below, and answer these questions for each conversation.

1. Where does the conversation take place?2. What is the relationship between the two people who are talking?3. How does each person feel, and why?

Mrs. Hernandez: Excuse me, sir. I don't usually speak frankly to people I don't know, but you haven't stopped staring at me since we took off.

Mr. Smithson: Oh, I'm so sorry. I didn't realize –

Mrs. Hernandez: If this were a short journey, I would never mention it, but we're obviously going to be sitting next to each other until we reach Los Angeles. I get nervous enough on journeys like this. Your staring at me is not helping matters at all.

Mr. Smithson: Well, I'm not a person who usually stares at people. It's simply that you bear a great resemblance to my wife, who passed away two years ago. I'm just beginning to get over the loss. In fact, this vacation is my first attempt to make a fresh start in life. Seeing you has brought back a lotof painful memories. Perhaps we should ask to change seats.

Conversation One

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Mrs. Hernandez: I'm extremely sorry about your loss, and I can understand why you were staring. Perhaps a new seat will solve the problem. But it may help you more to talk about your feelings. I'm willing to listen and help in any way I can if youdecide to stay.

Tim Daddy! There's an ice cream stand! Can I have some ice cream?

Mr. O'Neill Not now, Timmy. We're going to have our picnic lunch soon.We'll have those lovely sandwiches that we made together. Ice cream will only spoil your appetite.

Tim: But I want some ice cream now. Please, please, PLEASE!

Mr. O'Neill: No, Tim, not now. Look, they're about to feed the monkeys. If you don't stop nagging me, we're going to miss it. Now run and find a good place to stand near the cage.

Tim: Daddy, please get me some ice cream!

Mr. O'Neill: Timothy! Stop it this instant! You are not getting any ice cream now, and that's final! Now march over to that cage and learn a few things from that nicely-behaved baby monkey!

Stacey: Oh, no! There's a dog ahead of us! Let's turn around quicklyand walk a different way!

Marissa There's no time. The bell is going to ring in another five minutes, and we'll be late. You don't want your parents to get another letter, do you? Just try to act calm and it'll go away.

Stacey: I can't! You know how I feel. It's coming right toward us! Quick, do something!

Conversation Three

Conversation Two

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Marissa: Stacey, you're embarrassing me. Everyone's looking at us. Can't you get over this terror you have of dogs? This one even looks pretty friendly.

Stacey: No, it doesn't. It's a nasty dog and it's coming closer and I know it's going to attack us and do something awful! Help!

Marissa: Stacey, I've had enough of this childish fear of yours! It's time to grow up!

B Which of the emotions expressed in section A have you experienced? What did you do to deal with these emotions?

C Brainstorm other situations in which emotions are involved. For each situation, discuss the possible sources of the emotions.

Example:Parking a car: Another driver quickly pulls into the space where you intended to park.

D With a partner, choose one of the situations discussed in section C, or think of a situation not mentioned in class.

• Write a conversation between two people in that situation. Show their emotions.

• After you have read your conversation to the class, the other students have to determine the location of the conversation, the relationship of the people, and the sources of their emotions.

E Which person in the conversations in section A is most in need of help in dealing with his or her emotions? What sort of help would you recommend?

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What Do You Know?

A Choose eight of the feelings and emotions listed in the box, and describe situations in which you might experience them.

affectionamazementangerannoyanceanxietyappreciationapprehensionastonishmentboredomconcern

curiositydelightdepressiondisappointmentdisillusionmentembarrassmentexcitementfascinationfearfrustration

guiltimpatienceinterestirritationjealousylonginglovenervousnesspatiencepleasure

regretreliefsatisfactionshocksurprisesympathyterrorworry

B Read the sample situation and use it as a model to complete the others.

Sample SituationThe person sitting next to you in class constantly chews her pencil.

• If you are annoyed, you might say, "Your chewing is beginning to bother me. Could you please stop?"

• If you are angry, you might say, "Can't you see you're bothering me? Stop chewing that pencil!"

1. It's your birthday. Your best friend has just given you a particularlyunfashionable shirt as a present. You tell another friend about it.

• If you are disappointed, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

• If you are surprised, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

2. A lost child has just approached you in a large supermarket.

• If you are concerned, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

• If you are sympathetic, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

3. The pilot has just told the passengers to fasten their seat belts, since the plane is about to fly through storm clouds and strong winds.

• If you are worried, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

• If you are afraid, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

4. The political candidate that you were going to vote for has just been accused of taking bribes.

• If you are disillusioned, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

• If you are shocked, you might say, "__________________________________________________"

C Read the names of the professions in the box, and look up words that you don't know.

1.a. What do these professions have in common? b. How do they differ from one another? c. Which profession is most closely related to the mind and emotions?

2. Which professional would you contact in each of these situations?

• Your ex-husband or ex-wife refuses to pay child support.• Your nine-year-old child consistently confuses the order of the letters in

the words she writes.• Your fear of being in crowded areas makes your daily bus journey to and

from work unbearable.

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business consultant

clinical psychologist

occupational therapist

psychiatrist

social worker

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Some Words

A What do you know about the following disorders:

1. eating disorders _______________________________________________2. learning disorders ______________________________________________3. nervous disorders ______________________________________________4. attention disorders _____________________________________________5. sleeping disorders _____________________________________________

B In the passage below, a doctor is talking to a patient about a possible treatment. Fill in the blanks with words from the list. Use your dictionary if you need help.

I recently read about a new drug in an excellent 1. ____________ journal.

I recommend that we try to 2. ____________ your problem with it. It is still an

experimental medicine, and you may experience some negative

3. ____________, such as headaches. However, there is a very good chance

that your 4. ____________ will improve with this medication. According to the

chart, the 5. ____________ for your age and weight is two 6. ____________ per

day. If you want to try the treatment, I will write you a 7. ____________ now. I'm

sure that you'll be able to get it at any 8. ____________. I assure you that

several of my 9. ____________ have already benefited greatly from this

treatment, and I hope you will, too. If I had any serious doubts about it, I wouldn't

10. ____________ it.

pharmacyconditiondosagemedical

patientspillsprescribeprescription

side effects treat

SundayMay 5

MondayMay 6

Dr. Bacca3 p.m

TuesdayMay 7

WednesdayMay 8

Dr. Bacca4 p.m.

ThursdayMay 9

Friday May 10

SaturdayMay 11

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C Look at the page from David Kim's calendar, and then answer the questions.

1. On which day did David originally make an appointment with Dr. Bacca?

2. What did David say when he called Dr. Bacca's office to change his appointment? Tell your partner.

In 1965, Namita and Ivan got married, and by 1971 they had two children, Elizabeth and Alex. The couple got divorced in 1980, and each married someone who already had a child. Namita married Jim, April’s father. Ivan married Tammy, Joel’s mother.

biological fatherbiological motherstepfatherstepmother

stepsisterstepbrothermotherfather

sondaughter

D Read the paragraph below and write sentences about the people. Use the words in the box.

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E Read the sentences, and answer the questions about the expressions in bold.

1. In all my years as a clinical psychologist, I have never encountered an eating disorder as difficult to treat as this one.

What word could replace encountered?

2. Most people experience some kind of fear. A fear of heights or darkness, for example, is not out of the ordinary.

When would these common fears be considered out of the ordinary? Describe situations in which the following normally ordinary fears might require professional treatment:

• fear of dogs• fear of drowning• fear of heights• fear of spiders

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A The writer of the passage you are going to read is a social worker. What do you know about the responsibilities of social workers? Mark the items that you think are relevant.

Social workers1. ___ help people get a place to live and a job.2. ___ provide medical treatment.3. ___ often visit people at home.4. ___ have the authority to arrest offenders such as child abusers.5. ___ help people with physical, mental, social, or emotional disabilities.6. ___ help released prisoners get back into society.7. ___ refer people to psychiatrists or psychologists.8. ___ diagnose mental health problems.9. ___ deal with social welfare problems.

B Who do you think made the following statements, a social worker or her client? Write S or C.

1. ___ "Tears began to roll down my cheeks."2. ___ "I had never encountered a problem like this."3. ___ "I never expected the answer I was about to receive."4. ___ "She never showed up for her appointment."5. ___ "I began to research disorders in which people constantly pull out their

hair."6. ___ "She kept looking at her feet."7. ___ "I didn't quite understand what she was telling me."8. ___ "She mentioned her biological father."9. ___ "She must think I'm crazy."

C Look at your answers in section B. When might a social worker say something that we would normally associate with a client, and vice versa?

D After reading the statements in section B, what do you think is the client's problem? How did the social worker begin to look for a treatment for the problem?

What Do You Think?

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Della's Problem

Part 1

1I have been a social worker for a number of years. I have met many people andheard about many problems: difficult relationships, drugs, alcohol, and general unhappiness in everyday life. However, I had never encountered a problem like Della's.

2Della came to me when she was eighteen. Her parents had gotten divorcedwhen she was only ten. About six years later, Della's mother remarried. Shortlyafterwards, Della became very nervous. She felt she couldn't get along with hernew stepfather, no matter how hard she tried. Her doctor suggested that sheshould make an appointment with me for counseling.

3Della looked unclean, her hair was unwashed, her clothes were creased andtorn, and she was quite overweight. Another noticeable feature was the top of herhead, which was covered with very little hair. I didn't think this was out of the ordinary. Some women lose hair, much as men do, at an early age.

4Della and I met several times. We discussed her feelings about her biologicalfather, who had left home when she was just a young child. We discussed hertroubled teenage years. We talked of her feelings toward her new stepfather andhow she felt about living under the same roof as him.

5In the middle of our ninth session, Della became very upset. I asked her whatwas upsetting her so much. "In all the times we've met, we haven't even touchedon the most important problem I have," Della said tearfully. "I'm sorry, Della, but Idon't quite understand what you're telling me."

Something to Read

Something to Read

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Answer the questions

1. What effect did the first paragraph have on you? Were you

__ bored?__ interested?__ curious?

2. What problem does Della discuss with the social worker?

3. In the third paragraph, the writer describes Della. What does her messy appearance tell you about her?

4. What do you think Della's most important problem is?

_____________________________________________________________

Part 2

1Della continued, "You never once mentioned my hair."

"Della," I explained, "I didn't mention it because I assumed it was just a naturalpart of you, like your height or the shape of your nose. Was I mistaken?"

Della immediately became angry. "Yes, you were wrong!"

"Della, what is the matter with your hair?" When I asked this, I never expectedthe answer I was about to receive.

Della began shifting around nervously in her chair. She looked down at her feet,brushed a piece of dirt from her pants leg and said, "At night, when I feel upsetand lonely, I go and sit on the floor of my closet." Della paused, took a deepbreath, and tears began to roll down her cheeks. I waited. "I have a small lightbulb in there, and I have a mirror. I touch the top of my head, and wherever I feelhair, I pull it out."


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2I had read about people who suffer from certain nervous disorders that causethem to pull out their hair, but I didn't have any experience of helping someonewith this problem. Della continued to look at her feet as we sat in silence. Finally,she said, "You think I'm crazy, don't you?" "No, Della, I don't think you're crazy. I'm not sure how to help you yet. However, ifyou give me some time, I'll find out all I can about your problem and come backto you with an answer."Della clearly felt better that she had finally been able to tell someone her secret.I, however, was quite upset. I had completely missed the issue. I managed to putmy feelings of uncertainty aside and began to research the matter carefully.

3I found articles in the library about trichotillomania, an uncommon disorder inwhich people constantly pull out their hair. Fortunately, various forms of treatmentwere available. I would present the possibilities to Della at our next session.

4I found Della calmer and somewhat more cheerful than she had been. "So didyou find anything out?""Yes, Della, I did. I can refer you to a very good psychiatrist who will decide ifmedication is an appropriate treatment for you."Della was not pleased, but she took the phone number of the psychiatrist andsaid she would call. We arranged a follow-up appointment, but she never showedup.

5Five years later, as I was shopping, I saw a woman who looked familiar. I realized that it was Della. I hardly recognized her with her head of beautiful curlybrown hair. I smiled to myself and walked by.

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1. When Della finally began to discuss her problem openly, her body language changed. Describe how.

2. Della waited until her ninth session with the social worker to raise the subject of her hair. Mark the reasons for this below, and find evidence for them in the passage.

a. _____ She was afraid the social worker would think she was mentally disturbed.

b. _____ She didn't like the social worker.c. _____ Her appearance didn't bother her.d. _____ She was afraid the social worker would recommend psychiatric

help.e. _____ She was afraid she would break down in tears.f. _____ She knew that her hair was not her real problem.

3. Why did Della feel better after telling the social worker about her hair?Why did the social worker then begin to feel upset?

4. Look again at the list of feelings and emotions on page 67. Write down five that Della felt and five that the social worker felt. For each one, write a phrase from the passage that explains your choice.

5. Do you think the social worker is a man or woman? Explain your answer.

6. Why wasn't Della pleased when the social worker gave her the psychiatrist'sphone number?

7. Do you think Della went to the psychiatrist? Explain your answer.

8. Why do you think the social worker walked past Della without greeting her?

9. Do you think this is a true story? Why or why not?

10. Do you think, as Della did, that her hair was her most important problem? Explain.

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The story about Della does not give details about her life with her stepfather. Fill in these details by writing a diary entry in which Delladescribes her relationship with him and with her biological family.


Dear Diary,

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Della

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A In the example above, which word describes how Marie felt? Which word describes the trip that caused her to be excited?

B Three friends have just come out of a movie theater. Complete their conversation by changing the nouns in the box to adjectives. Use -edand -ing. There may be more than one correct answer.

Jamal: After reading that horrible review in the newspaper, I was (1)____________ that it was really a wonderful movie.

Thomas: The special effects were (2)____________, weren't they? I'm definitely (3)____________ in seeing the movie again soon.

Carol: But weren't you both (4)____________ by the lead actress? I thought she was much better in her last movie. The British accent she used was very (5)____________. If she couldn't get it right, she shouldn't have taken the part.

Thomas: I actually wasn't paying much attention to her. I loved the action scenes. I wasn't (6)____________ for a minute. Just when things began to get dull, the director put in some (7) ____________ special effects. For most of the movie, I sat with my mouth open, (8)____________.

Jamal: The only thing I found (9)____________ about the movie was the admission price.

Carol: Yes, I was (10)____________ when the cashier told me the price. The (11)____________ part is that we're too old for student prices and too young for senior citizen prices. How _____________ !

amazementannoyanceastonishment

boredomdepressiondisappointment

fascinationfrustration interest

irritationsatisfactionshock

Language in Use

Adjectives ending in ed and ing

As she boarded the plane for her flight, Marie was more excited than she could ever remember being. What could be more exciting than a first trip abroad?

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This month's Modern Life Magazine survey:

The Temper Test


Do you get red-hot angry at the smallestthings? Do you have trouble cooling off aftera fit of anger? Take the Temper Test to see how high yourtemperature can rise.

Mark a, b, or c:1. Your brother borrows your favorite

jacket and returns it stained and torn. You react by:a) instantly calling him an irresponsible

slob and threatening to never lend anything of yours to him again.

b) understanding that the damage was not intentional and forgiving him.

c) being upset for a day but then accepting his apology.

2. You have been waiting twenty minutes for the drink you ordered. When the waitress finally brings it, you:

a) tell her what a terrible job she's doing and call the manager to complain.

b) say "Thank you" a little coldly and start to drink your drink.

c) point out that you waited 20 minutes for your drink and hope she won't forget to bring the dessert you're going to order now.

3. As you sit on a crowded bus, the large shoulder bag of a man standing next to you is uncomfortably close to your face. You decide to:a) push the bag forcefully away and tell

the man to stay far away from you.b) move as close as you can toward the

woman sitting next to you, without invading her privacy, of course.

c) gently tap the man's shoulder and ask him to try to hold his bag in a different way.

Temper Types• If your score was mostly "a"s, you're a Red Hot. If someone lights a match under you,

you'll blast off into outer space. If you want to preserve good relations with your friends, relatives, and colleagues, you must learn how to cool off. Try counting to ten next time. Remember that you're likely to regret half the things you say and do in your fit of anger.

• If your score was mostly "b"s, you're a Softie. Don't be too proud of controlling your anger. By avoiding your angry feelings, you're just storing them all up. One day they will explode like an over-inflated balloon. Someone may innocently step on your foot, and you'll respond like a loaded cannon. Learn to feel comfortable expressing yourself whenever someone angers you, even if your message may not be a pleasant one.

• If your score was mostly "c"s, you are an Anger Ace. You know how to deal with your anger in a healthy way. You know how to let it out in the right degree and stop before you do or say something you'll regret. You control your anger; it doesn't control you. Things and people will continue to annoy you, but you'll know when and how to let your steam out at them.

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A Write three questions for the survey in Something More to Read. Use the same system for presenting the three solutions for each situation.

B Swap surveys with a partner. Check your partner's answers, and calculate your partner's temper type. Discuss the results together.

C Do you agree with the temper type that your survey indicates? Use examples to explain to your partner how well the description fits you.

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1. Surveys like the one in Something More to Read are popular among teenagers. What do you think is the reason?

__________________________________________________________

2. Who do you think wrote this survey? Were professionals involved? How scientific do you think the diagnosis is? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



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1. Write a survey like the one in Something More to Read. Make your survey about a different feeling or emotion, such as jealousy, patience, fear, guilt,or affection. Write questions and three answer choices for each. Include explanations of the personality types and recommendations.

2. You are a psychologist who writes an advice column in the newspaper. You have received a letter from a person who cannot express anger. Write an answer that gives the person advice. Mention the examples in the person's letter, and recommend ways to improve the situation.


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Adjectives and Adverbs

We use adjectives to give more information about nouns (people, places, and things).Examples:It's a nasty dog.Della had a very serious problem.

We use adverbs to give more information about verbs (actions), adjectives, and other adverbs. Examples:Someone may innocently step on your foot.I was quite relieved to hear the news.Della looked down rather nervously.

A Complete this passage about hypnosis by circling the correct words.

Most people can be (1. easy / easily) hypnotized. People who are in a trance may answer questions (2. automatic / automatically). They may also show (3. strange / strangely) behavior. They might do things they would not normally do while fully conscious, such as crowing (4. loud / loudly) like a rooster. When they come out of the trance, they begin to act (5. normal / normally) and may not even remember anything that happened during the session.When hypnosis is performed (6. good / well), it can be far more than an (7. entertaining / entertainingly) show. Psychiatrists can use hypnosis to treat a variety of (8. physical / physically), emotional, or (9. mental / mentally) problems. If used (10. careless / carelessly), however, it can do more harm than good.

B How do different people react to animals? Use adjectives and adverbs to give several examples.

Example: Children usually react excitedly when they are allowed to stroke sweet baby animals.

Language in Use

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C Fill in the correct adjective form in each sentence. Use your dictionary tohelp you.

1. A person who feels anxiety is _______________.

2. An experience that gives pleasure is _______________.

3. A person who feels sympathy is _______________.

4. A movie that gives us great delight is _______________.

5. A person who does not have any patience is _______________.

6. A person who can show a great deal of affection is _______________.

D Choose one of the following imaginary situations. Use adjectives and adverbs to describe your feelings.

• You have been planning a vacation for a long time. You are ready to leave when something comes up. You must cancel all your plans and put the vacation off for another few months.

• You have a lot of work to do at your office. However, you must leave it all to go to a doctor's appointment. Although you arrive on time, the receptionist says that you'll have to wait at least an hour to see the doctor.

• Your best friend has just left the country for two years. Neither of you can afford to visit the other or to make frequent phone calls abroad during that time.

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Some More Words

A With a partner, choose four of the groups of emotions below. For each group, think of a situation in which you would feel all of the emotions in the group, and write it down.

1. curiosity, delight, and surprise2. depression, sympathy, and disappointment3. embarrassment, amazement, and confusion4. irritation, discomfort, and worry5. anticipation, impatience, and admiration6. confusion, disbelief, and shock.

B Choose a situation that you described in section A. With your partner, act it out before the class. Your classmates must try to guess both the situation and the feelings and emotions you display.

C Rank the feelings from the weakest (1) to the strongest (3). Use your dictionary to help.

1. ___ angry ___ furious ___ annoyed

2. ___ ecstatic ___ thrilled ___ delighted

3. ___ willing to ___ dying to ___ wouldn't mind

4. ___ hurt ___ deeply offended ___ insulted

5. ___ sick of ___ fed up with ___ tired of

6. ___ curious ___ interested ___ fascinated

D Choose the strongest feeling in each row, and describe a situation in which you might experience it.

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Choose one project.

1. Collect photographs of people from magazines and newspapers. Choose people who clearly illustrate a variety of emotions. For each photo, write a imaginary description of the feelings and emotions of the person, as well as the situation that led to those emotions. Include at least 10 photos.

2. Choose one of the topics below. Write a report on one aspect, such as new research findings, common misconceptions, or unusual stories. Use any relevant source for information – encyclopedias, the Internet, books, magazines, and newspapers. Make sure you mention your sources in your report.

• The Meaning of Dreams• Brainwashing• Telepathy• Intelligence

Project

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What Did You Learn?

Words:

Word Meaning

Facts:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

U N I T

5Something to Eat

Always Sometimes Never

1. Before I go food shopping, I make a list of the things I need.

2. While grocery shopping, I read the labels on the packages and cans of food.

3. I avoid grocery shopping when I'm hungry.

4. I avoid eating when I'm stressed or frustrated.

5. I finish everything on my plate.

6. I try not to "eat on the move."

7. I eat a big breakfast.

8. I avoid adding salt to my food before tastingit.

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"I do not like broccoli. And I haven't liked it since I was a little kid and my mother made me eat it. And I'm President of the United States and I'm not going to eat any more broccoli."

George Bush, U.S. President, 1980

"Health food makes me sick."Calvin Trillin, American writer

Before You Start

A Describe your own eating habits by filling out this nutrition survey.

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B Few of us are perfect eaters. Choose two items from the survey that presenta great deal of difficulty for most people. Choose another two items for which most people are likely to answer "Always."

C Using what you already know about food and nutrition, write explanations for eight of the items on the survey.

Example: Item 17: Vitamins are not a substitute for food; people should only use them as a supplement under a doctor's recommendation.

D Write a one-paragraph introduction to the survey that explains its purpose and encourages people to respond.

9. I drink at least eight glasses of water per day.

10. I eat no more than three servings of meat, fish, eggs, beans, and nuts per day.

11. I steam vegetables rather than boil them in water.

12. I limit coffee and tea to two cups a day.

13. I put no more than a teaspoon of sugar in my coffee and tea.

14. I can enjoy eating a baked potato without adding butter or sour cream.

15. When drinks and snacks are served on airplanes, I leave the small packets of salted peanuts unopened.

16. I avoid eating when I watch TV.

17. I rely on food, rather than vitamins, to keep me healthy.

18. I am aware of how many calories I eat eachday.

19. I can easily say "no" to an offer of chocolate.

Always Sometimes Never

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Food Trivia Quiz

Test your knowledge about food! Choose answers from the box. For an extra challenge, try to think of the answers without looking at the box.

What Do You Know?

1. It's a known cancer fighter. It's also rich in vitamin C. In a small piece there is more vitamin C than in two pounds (about a kilogram) of oranges.

2. People think it contains a large amount of caffeine, but a small piece contains the same amount of caffeine as one cup of decaffeinated coffee.

3. It was invented at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis when a food stand ran out of dishes and got help from a nearby waffle stand.

4. Its original color was green. 5. In an effort to cut its budget, an airline company stopped putting these in the

salads of its first-class passengers. The company saved $40,000 that year as a result.

6. It is the only food that doesn't go bad.7. The estimated percentage of Americans who go on a diet each year is

_______.8. The estimated percentage of dieting Americans who fail to stay on their diet

each year is _______. 9. The taste to which humans are most sensitive is __________.

10. The percentage of people who think they have food allergies is _____.11. Its name probably comes from the Chinese language.12. The playwright George Bernard Shaw and the painter Leonardo da Vinci

had this characteristic in common. _______________13. The herb that is mentioned as "for remembrance" in Shakespeare's Hamlet

is ____________.

0 bitter cola salty

20% broccoli honey sour

25% chamomile ketchup sweet

44% chocolate olives vegetarianism

95% ice-cream cone rosemary

14. Tea made with this herb is supposed to help people relax and fall asleep.15. Of the 44 nutrients needed to sustain human life, how many are provided by

sugar? ______________16. One popular fad diet is a high-protein diet. In fact, proteins should make up

no more than this percentage of our daily calories. ______________

Bonus question

Which food is most likely to cause tooth decay?

a. a slice of breadb. potato chipsc. a chocolate bard. None of them is likely to cause tooth decay.e. None is more likely to cause tooth decay than the others.

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5

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A Fill in the food pyramid with the food groups listed below. Do your own eating habits match the arrangement of the food groups in the pyramid?

• meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts• vegetables• bread, cereal, rice, and pasta• milk, yogurt, and cheese• fruits• fats, oils, and sweets

Some Words

appetizersbakebeverageblandboildessertdietfatteningfattyfresh

frygain weightgo off a dietgo on a dietgreasyingredientleanlose weightmain coursemenu

overcookedpreservedpyramidreduceroastrottenside dishspicyspoiledsteam

sautétastyundercookedutensilweightweight losswillpower

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B Many people prefer fresh food to preserved food. What are the advantages of each? What are the ways of preserving food so that it doesn't go bad?

C Some foods, like potatoes, can be cooked in a variety of ways. Find out about these different cooking methods. Which do you prefer? Which do youthink are the healthiest?

D Each of the following dishes has a problem. If you need help understanding the problem, use your dictionary.

a. bland vegetablesb. undercooked ricec. overly spicy chickend. an overcooked hamburgere. fatty roast beef

1. For each dish, write a sentence that explains how you can avoid the problem. Example:a greasy omeletteUse less butter or margarine when you fry the egg. Or: Don't fry the egg in a lot of butter or margarine.

2. Which of the words above is the opposite of lean?

E In many restaurants, the menus are divided into five sections. In what order would you find the sections below? Number them from 1 to 5.

___ appetizers___ beverages___ desserts___ main courses___ side dishes

bakingboiling

fryingroasting

sautéingsteaming

F In which section of a menu would you find each of these items? Some items can go into two sections.

G Which ingredients and cooking utensils do you need to prepare and serve the following dishes? For help, look at the words in the box.

1. a salad ____________________________________________________2. fresh orange juice ___________________________________________3. a tuna fish sandwich ________________________________________4. chicken soup ______________________________________________-

H Do you know anyone who has gone on a diet to either lose or gain weight? Was their diet successful? Why or why not, in your opinion?

I How do you think people might keep their weight stable?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

J Many people blame their lack of willpower when they fail to lose weight on a diet. What is willpower? In what situations might people need willpower?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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___ apple pie___ baked veal___ cappuccino

___ french fries___ fried chicken___ iced tea

___ minestrone soup___ rice___ stuffed mushrooms

a bowla chopping boarda frying pan a glassa jug

a knifea ladlea platea pota spoon

a spatulaa squeezera stovea strainera can opener

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What Do You Think?

A Do you agree with this statement? Discuss your ideas with your classmates.

B "Before" and "After" photographs are one of the most familiar devices in advertisements for diet programs. What idea is expressed in the pictures below?

"Not only don't diets work, they're actually designed to fail. It's not you or your lack ofwillpower that's the problem. It's that diets by their very nature simply don't work."

Bob Schwartz, a frustrated dieter

1. Describe a typical “Before” and “After” advertisement.

The advertisement has two photographs. They_______________________________________________The photographs ______________________________________The advertisement ___________________________________

2. Do you find such advertisement convincing? Why or why not?________________________________________________

BEFORE AFTER

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C Read the diets in the box. Which diet do you think would be the best weight reducer? The worst? Give your reasons.

a. Eat three grapefruits a day. The juice in them will "melt" away extra fat in your body.

b. Eat all you want each day, and spend a whole hour swimming or running.

c. Eat all you want on Sundays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. Fast (don't eat anything) on Mondays and Thursdays.

d. Drink a specially prepared, tasty mixture before each meal that will allow you to eat as much as you want without gaining weight.

e. Drink three large glasses of water with each meal.

D With a partner, write a magazine, a radio or TV advertisement for a dieting method.

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Something to ReadMiracle in a Glass

Part 1

Dieter'sReport

by Stuart Rich

Can you really lose unwantedpounds without giving upcookies, cake, and sweets?Read on and find out!Mr. M. had struggled with hisweight since he was a teenager.

"I wasn't very popular in highschool. I was always chubby,my clothes never fit properly,and I never went out on dates.Feeling sorry for myself justmade me eat more and more."

One year ago, at age 38, Mr. M. reached a turning point.At five foot nine and twohundred and eighty-eightpounds, Mr. M. felt that thetime had finally come tochange his ways. The questionwas how. The answer came inan article in Diet Magazine. He

read about Dr. North, whopromised overweight people anew chance in life.

"It was exactly what I waslooking for. Dr. North was theanswer to all my problems,"Mr. M. said. "He gave me anew lease on life. Here I am,just one year later, and I weighonly one hundred and fortypounds. I've lost more than halfof myself in the past year - thehalf I didn't need!"

Julia was sitting in the doctor's waiting room. She put down the magazine andtook another bite of her chocolate bar. She couldn't believe the kind of garbagethat was printed in those magazines. But, she had to admit, it was quite interesting. It wasn't the first time Julia had heard about Dr. North’s new diet. Asboth a journalist and someone who had always struggled with her weight, Juliawas curious about Mr. M.'s great success. She decided to investigate Dr. North'sdiet more closely and perhaps write her own article about it.

Julia spoke to the editor of The Network Daily, the newspaper she wrote for, andasked to travel to California to cover the story. As soon as she got the green light,she called Dr. North's office to arrange an interview with the man himself. He wasmore than happy to be interviewed.

When Julia arrived at the posh Beverly Hills office building, she was amazed atthe luxurious surroundings. She was told that the doctor's office was on the topfloor. When the elevator doors opened, Julia found herself in a magnificent office.The carpeted waiting room was filled with big leather couches and mirrors everywhere. On one wall was a poster showing Dr. North himself. Actually, itshowed two pictures: a "before" and an "after" shot. Julia was shocked. It lookedlike two different people. Dr. North had been huge. And now he was…well, thin.And extremely handsome. As Julia stood staring at the "after" picture, a manmoved in between her and the poster. She looked up. There stood the real-lifeDr. North!

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1. After reading the article in her doctor's waiting room, Julia decides to write an investigative news story about Dr. North. How do you think her story will be different from the one she read in the magazine?

2. Julia wanted to meet Dr. North for two reasons. What are they?

3. Articles like the one about Mr. M. are often placed in magazines back-to-back with recipes for rich, fattening meals and desserts. What does this say about the readers of the magazines? What does it say about the companiesthat advertise diets?

Miracle in a GlassPart 2

"Hello, Julia. Welcome." Julia couldn't help staring. Dr. North was even more gorgeous in real life.

"You are Julia Carter, the journalist for The Network Daily, aren’t you?" he asked.

Julia turned red, realizing that she was standing with her mouth open. "Uh, yes,yes, I am Julia Carter. It's a pleasure to meet you," she stammered and shook hishand.

"Won't you come into my office?" Dr. North said. He turned and walked throughan ornate wooden door. Julia took a deep breath and followed. Dr. North satdown in a plush leather chair and motioned for Julia to take one of the other stylish, comfortable chairs across from him. "Before we begin, Julia – may I callyou Julia?"

"Yes, of course," Julia coughed a bit.

"Julia, before we begin, may I offer you a drink?" he asked.

"That would be wonderful. I am a bit thirsty," she replied.

Something to Read

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Before Julia could blink, in walked a gorgeous woman with the longest pair oflegs Julia had ever seen. Julia wished she had put on a nicer dress or something. With all these thin, beautiful people around, she was beginning tofeel…well, ugly. The woman was carrying a tray with a large glass of a white liquid.

"Your drink, Ms. Carter," the woman said.

"Thank you," Julia said and took the drink from the woman. Julia brought theglass to her lips and took a sip. It was the most delicious drink she had ever had.She took another sip and another until she had drunk the entire glass. "I musthave been thirstier than I thought," she smiled, feeling a little embarrassed.

"Well, Julia, you have just tasted what has made thousands of people skinny!"Dr. North said.

"Really?" Julia said. "How could something so delicious make me skinny?"

"I obviously cannot tell you the contents of the drink. However, now that you havehad that glass of our special diet nectar, you can eat whatever you want. Yourbody will not absorb any of the calories. The extra fat on your body will begin tomelt away. You won't even have to exercise! Just drink one glass before everymeal for a month, and you will be skinny in no time. To keep your weight stable,all you need to do is drink one glass every week for the rest of your life. Thinkabout it, Julia. It's a miracle in a glass!"

Julia couldn't believe it. Could it be true? Was it this easy? If so, this was thegreatest invention in the world. She was ecstatic, thrilled, and overcome with joy.This was the answer for her and for millions like her. "Dr. North, I want to sign upfor your program today!"

"Julia, relax, of course you can sign up," he smiled.

"I want to write the article tonight and take it to the newspaper tomorrow. I'll callthe article 'Dr. North, Miracle Man of the Twenty-First Century,'" Julia said.

"That is most flattering, Julia. The publicity would be wonderful."

"Doctor…" Julia said.

"Yes, Julia?" Dr. North answered.

"How do I sign up?" Julia was anxious to begin.

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"If you have a credit card, we can charge you for the first month's supply of the diet nectar, and you can begin right away." Dr. North's grin grew wider.

As Julia looked through her wallet for her credit card, she asked, "Oh, how much does one month's supply cost?"

Dr. North looked at her. "Julia, how important is losing weight to you?"

"What do you mean?" Julia didn't quite understand the question.

"Why are you asking me about cost?" The doctor was getting a little annoyed.

"Well, it's just that I am on a budget and..." Julia began.

"Julia, if this is important to you, you will find the money. The cost is one hundreddollars a glass for the diet nectar. A small price to pay for happiness and a slim body."

Julia quickly calculated out that at that price, she would be paying three hundreddollars a day. Multiplying that by thirty for the first month's supply, she calculatedthat she would have to come up with nine thousand dollars, plus another hundreddollars a week after that. Absurd!

"Dr. North, I cannot afford the diet. How can anyone?"

"Anyone who is serious about losing weight would not ask that question. I have an appointment now. Lucille will see you out." And with that, Dr. North got up andwalked out.

Five minutes later, Julia found herself outside on the street. "Do I need to spend most of my hard-earned salary for the rest of my life just to lose weight?" she asked herself. It seemed crazy.

When Julia got home, she sat at her computer and wrote an article. Her conclu-sion appears in the last paragraph of her article. "Maybe Dr. North is the miracleworker he claims to be, or maybe he just forces us to look at our own behaviorand at what's most important to us. I, for one, think I need to start eating sensiblyand exercising. I'll leave the miracles to the few who can pay to see them hap-pen!"

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A The author uses a variety of words and phrases to show how impressive Dr. North and his surroundings are.

1. List the expressions that the author uses for this purpose.

2. Which adjectives in the box could you use to describe the staff in Dr. North'soffice, the rug, the view from the window, and the paintings on his walls?

attractivedazzlingextravagant

famousloyalsplendid

sublimesuperbvelvety

3. Use the adjectives you chose in question 2 to write three sentences that you could add to the story.

B Why did Julia stammer when she greeted Dr. North? At what other point in the story does her self-confidence slip? Why?

C Which information about Dr. North's diet is missing in the article about Mr. M.? Check the boxes.

❒ the method ❒ the advantages❒ the creator ❒ the cost❒ the results ❒ the disadvantages❒ the ingredients of the diet nectar ❒ the place where Mr. M.

found out about the diet

D Write the first paragraph of Julia's article in which she refers to her experience in Dr. North's office.

E With a partner, write a dialog between Dr. North and his assistant after Julia leaves his office. The dialog reveals his views about his meeting with Julia and his plans for the rest of the day. Present your dialog in class.

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F Choose one of the following dieting methods, and write an article or advertisement about it like the article on Mr. M.

• eating combinations of foods• taking diet pills• fasting according to a plan

G Prepare a debate on the question "Wonder Diets: Yes or No?" with your partner.

Procedure:1. Choose the side you want to defend.2. List all the possible arguments in favour of your side.3. Think about how to present the arguments in the most convincing way.4. Try to anticipate your partner's arguments, and think of ways to respond.5. Set a three-minute time limit for the debate. Each of you has one and a half

minutes to speak.

Hint: Don't say too much about the dieting method. The readers willhave to sign up to get specific details.


Discuss food habits with your partner. Think about these questions:

• What do you consider good eating habits? Why? • Do you both agree? • How many meals do you eat a day? • What is your favorite food?

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Language in Use

These words introduce time clauses:

after before the moment untilas soon as once till when

Examples:

When Alicia finishes school, she will get a job.Until Terry finishes school, he won't get a job.Bert will help us when he finishes eating.

A Underline the time clauses in these sentences.

1. Before you begin the diet, you will have to buy Dr. North's special drinks.

2. When I'm ready to start making the bread, I'll turn on the oven.3. As soon as you remove the baking tray from the oven, you'll need to

cut the brownies into squares.

B Complete these sentences. Pay attention to the verbs.

1. As soon as you go off a fad diet, ______________________.

2. When Julie writes her article, _______________________________.

3. After people sign up for Dr. North's new diet, ___________________.

4. When you leave, ________________________________________?

5. You'll get your dessert the moment _________________________.

6. The class won't understand the story until _________________.

7. As soon as we get to the doctor’s office _______________________.

8. Before you go out, _____________________________________?

9. I'll fix the computer as soon as ______________________________.

Time clauses give information about time and sequence.

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Rich, Delicious Chocolate Brownies

Yield: 24 brownies

Ingredients:

3/4 cup (about 200 g.) unsalted butter* 2/3 cup unsweetened cocoa2 cups sugar1 tbs. vanilla extract4 eggs1 1/4 cups flour1 tsp. baking powera pinch of salt1 cup chopped walnuts

*You can substitute margarine if you like.

Method:

• Preheat the oven to a moderate heat (350 degrees F, or 180 degrees C).

• Melt the butter in a small pot.

• Combine the cocoa with the sugar and vanilla in a large bowl. Mix them together well.

• When the butter has melted, add it to the cocoa mixture and mix until blended.

• Add the eggs one at a time. Continue to beat for about 2 minutes with an electric mixer or 3 minutes by hand.

• Next, sift the remaining dry ingredients (except the nuts) into a separate bowl. Then add the nuts to the dry ingredients.

• Finally, add the dry ingredients gradually to the cocoa mixture, and mix by hand until they are fully absorbed. The batter will be thick.

• Pour the batter into a greased 10 x 15 inch (26 x 38 centimeter) baking tray.

• Bake for 35-40 minutes. The brownies will develop a crust on top, but they will not be entirely dry underneath.

• As soon as you remove the baking tray from the oven, cut the brownies into squares and allow them to cool completely in the tray. Remove them with a spatula after they have cooled.

Abbreviationsg. = grams tbs. = tablespoon tsp. = teaspoon

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A Why are the following steps necessary?

1. preheating the oven2. greasing the baking tray before pouring the batter into it3. letting the brownies cool in the baking tray

B Fill in the chart with words from the recipe.

Utensilspot

Activitiespreheat

C What are all the "dry ingredients" in the recipe?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

D Look at the connecting words below. Which appear in the brownie recipe?

afterwardsas soon asbeforeeventually

nextfinallyfirstthen

afteruntilwhilewhen

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1. Write out one of your favorite recipes.

• List the ingredients.• Describe the method clearly.• Use connecting words to link the instructions.

2. "My mother's menu consisted of two choices: take it or leave it."Buddy Hackett

Write an essay in which you:

• describe the mistakes made by adults in developing good eating habits intheir children.

• give examples of the results of those methods.• recommend better methods.

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Language in Use

Polite Requests

Just as we expect efficient and polite service from waiters and waitresses when we eat in restaurants, they expect a reasonable degree of politeness from us, the guests.

A polite request or complaint can begin in a number of ways.

Excuse me, could you…Would you please…I'm sorry to bother you, but I'd... Would it be possible...

I'd appreciate it if…I'm very sorry, but I think…Do you mind…Perhaps you could…

With a partner, write polite sentences for each of these situations.

1. You want more ice in your water.2. You need directions to the restrooms.3. You see a mistake on your bill.4. Your soup is cold.5. You've been waiting twenty minutes for the main course you ordered.6. The rare steak you ordered is overcooked.7. The waitress brought sugar rather than the artificial sweetener you

requested.8. The music in the restaurant is annoyingly loud.

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Some More Words

Write sentences according to the instructions below. You can use the words in the box or other words you've learned.

Adjectives todescribe food: delicious, fattening, sour, sweet, unsweetened

Adjectives todescribe people: obese, overweight, slender

Cooking words: boiled, fried, batter

Dieting words: miracle, diet, starvation, gain, lose, melt

Menu words: appetizer, beverage

Ingredients: caffeine, herbs

Meals: breakfast

Occupations: dietician

1. Write a sentence that gives advice about nutrition.

2. Write a question for a waiter in a restaurant.

3. Write a criticism of fad diets.

4. Recommend something good to eat.

5. Encourage a friend to stay on a diet.

6. Write a statement that a doctor or dentist is likely to make.

7. Describe something you don't like to eat.

8. Describe an eating habit you'd like to change.

9. Describe a situation in which some people tend to overeat.

10. Give advice for people who go shopping for food.

Facts:

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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Project

Choose a project.

1. What is the history of pizza? Write about its origins, and include interesting stories about the dish. What different kinds of styles are there? Add a list of pizza trivia.

2. Find out whether there is physiological and medical evidence that humans are "programmed" to eat mainly seeds, nuts, berries, and roots rather than animal protein. Write a summary of your findings.

What Did You Learn?

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Word Meaning

Words:

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AppendixList of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Past Simple Infinitive Past Simple

be was/were send sentbeat beat set setbecome became show showedbegin began sing sangbite bit sleep sleptblow blew slide slidbreak broke smell smelledbuild built speak spokeburn burned/burnt spend spentbuy bought spill spilledcan could stand stoodcatch caught steal stolechoose chose strike struckcome came swim swamcost cost swing swungcut cut take tookdig dug teach taughtdo did tear toredraw drew tell tolddream dreamed/dreamt think thoughtdrink drank throw threwdrive drove tread on trod oneat ate understand understoodfall fell wake up woke upfeed fed wear worefeel felt win wonfind found wind woundfly flew write wroteforget forgotforgive forgaveget gotgive gavego wenthave hadhear heardhide hidhit hithurt hurtkeep keptknow knewlay laidlead ledlean leanedlearn learnedleave leftlend lentlet letlie laylight litlose lost

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Adjectivesand Adverbs 82-83Comparatives and Superlatives 37Ending in –ed and –ing 78

Adverbs 82-83Clauses

Result: so...that, such...that 58Time 103

Connecting wordsalthough, yet, despite, unlike 17-18Contrast: however, on the other hand, despite 52-53Result: so, as a result, consequently 52-53

Gerunds, with objects 33Prefixes

en- 6-7super- 26

Requests, polite 107Vocabulary focus

Animals 2-20Fame 22-40Food 88-110Mind and Emotions 64-86Travel 42-61

Index of Language Review

course book 4

Documents

guided writing

creature writing facts

essay writing travel

adjectives words

words of result

quartet course book

medicine words

ivmap of quartet