course 2-day 2 high-tech operator certificate program course 2: application and tools

Course 2-Day 2

High-Tech Operator Certificate Program Course 2: Application and Tools

Copyright © 2009 AWWA 2

Welcome Back & Review

Image Types & Layers

CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Mobile Operator Devices

Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – Image Types & Layers


This is day 2 of the second course in a series of three that leads to a High-Tech Operator Certificate

Welcome Back


Before we begin let’s review. What did you learn yesterday? Introduce yourself

Your name Where you are from Share one thing from yesterday that really stuck

out for you

Introductions and Review


By the end of today, you will be able to: Identify characteristics of 4 common image

formats Describe how layers are used in CAD and GIS

applications Explain what a GIS does Describe how GPS navigation works List 3 types of mobile devices Identify 3 communication technologies

Goals




CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data



Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – Image Types & Layers


Two Basic Concepts

Two concepts are important in both CAD and GIS applications: Raster and vector images Layers

We’ll look at each before getting into CAD and GIS details


Two Basic Image Types

Raster images – made up of dots of color More like painted pictures

Vector images – made up of mathematical equations More like drafted drawings


Vector ImagesRaster Images

Raster vs. Vector Images

Use grids of pixels (points of color) to represent a picture

Images defined by: No. of pixels per inch

(resolution) No. of bits per pixel

(color depth) Viewable on monitor

screens or paper

Use geometrical primitives (points, lines, curves, & shapes)

Images defined by mathematical equations

Viewable on monitor screens or paper


Raster Characteristics

Not scalable without loss of quality Image quality improves with increased resolution

and color depth, but with an increase in file size Compression decreases file size, but often with

a loss of some data Different formats provide different advantages &

disadvantages


Vector Characteristics

Completely scalable without loss of quality Will always display or print at the best resolution

for any output device Different formats provide different advantages &

disadvantages Best at representing drawings Lends itself to 3D modeling


Raster vs. Vector


Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)

8-bit color depth (only 256 colors) Compresses files without losing data or

distorting the image Is very good for design graphics, poorer for

photographs Is very good for Web-based applications


Common Raster Formats - Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)

24-bit color depth (“true” color) Uses a sliding compression scale, allowing you

to choose file size & image quality Compression loses data & lowers quality Is very good for photographic images, poorer for

design graphics Is very good for Web-based applications


Portable Network Graphic (PNG)

Full range of color depths Can hold a text description of image content Compresses files without losing data or

distorting the image Is very good for both photographic images &

design graphics Major Web browsers do not yet support all of

PNG's features


Vector File Formats

Many are proprietary (AutoCAD’s DWG, DWF & DXF, Microstation’s DGN)

SVG open source, Web ready


When Each Is Used

Raster formats work best with blended colors or shades of gray (photos, for example).

Vector formats work best with engineering drawings (structures, utilities, etc.).

There are times when both formats come together (GIS maps, for example).


CAD Layers

Both CAD and GIS applications make use of layers.

In CAD a layer is a graphic property, like COLOR or LINE TYPE.

But, unlike other properties, the LAYER property can be used to control visibility. You can view one layer at a time or any combination of layers.

The choice of layers used in a CAD drawing is arbitrary, often defined by the types of systems being drawn.


GIS Layers

A GIS layer is used as a logical name for a group of features in a map or geoprocessing operation.

A layer can denote a selection set of similar features.

It may include joined tables, and may also include information on how the features are to be displayed.


Marrying the Two

When CAD data are organized by layers, each layer or combination of layers can be converted to GIS layers.


CAD Layers

Storing different types of graphical information in different layers allows you see each type of information alone or in combinations of types.

If a CAD drawing has STRUCTURE, TREE, WATER (and other) layers, you can view: All layers Just the structures Structures and trees Structures, trees, and water lines Any other combination of layers


All Layers ON


STRUCTURES Layer Only


Add TREES Layer


Add WATER Layer


GIS Layers

Layers in a GIS application typically include TOPOGRAPHY, ROADS, WATER, and many others.

You can view: All layers Just the topography Just the roads Just the water Any other combination of layers




CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data



Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – CAD Drawings


Computer Aided Drawing (CAD)

Creates vector images Uses X-Y (2D) or X-Y-Z (3D) coordinate systems Enables dimensioning Provides a large selection of drafting tools Allows information to be stored in layers


CAD Characteristics

Relates objects to each other through its coordinate system, but not to locations on earth (that’s coming up in the GIS section)

Calculates areas & volumes Allows you to see different combinations of

information through layering


CAD Has Many Drawing Tools


Including 3D Tools


Blocks = Reusable Object + Attribute


Object Snap


Layers with Properties

Different information can be stored in separate layers, allowing users to see one or more layers together.

DIMENSION LINE LAYER OFF DIMENSION LINE LAYER ON


Properties ID Different Types


Demonstration

A simple CAD demonstration


CAD Coordinates

CAD models things in the real world. CAD coordinates are relative to the object being

modeled and are not usually relative to any particular place on earth.

CAD objects include lines, circles, arcs, text, etc. using layers, blocks, internal data, and dimensions.

CAD objects don't know about each other, even though they may touch or overlap.




CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data



Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – Map and GIS Data


What is a GIS?

Geographic Information System A computer-based mapping

system tying assets to location AND attribute information.

Integrates hardware, software, & data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

Used to create, produce & maintain map information, graphs, lists and reports.

DATA

SOFTWARE HARDWARE

GISGIS


Different from CAD

CAD GIS

Models things in the real world Models the world itself

Uses geographic coordinates Uses model x-y coordinates

No relationships between objects Relationships between objects through topology


Why Have a GIS?

Quickly helps determine the valves to close for a water main break.

Eliminates the time & errors associated with transcribing manual field updates to original maps.

Minimizes inconsistencies, redundant entries, & access limitations caused by maintaining similar information (IDs, addresses, etc.) in siloed systems.

Helps locate buried infrastructure and relates it to other assets when managing R&R activities.

Provides prompt, correct, & consistent data for modeling, CISs, & other specialized software.


How a GIS Does What It Does

A GIS stores information in layers

Any combination of layers can be displayed together

Layer information can come from any number of sources

Topography

Coordinates

Water

Boundaries

Sewers


Topography


Latitude & Longtitude


Surface Water


Population Density


Service Call Locations


Service Request Routing


Utility Networks


One Map Meets Many Needs

The map-based interface of a GIS can be customized to deliver information and detail a viewer’s needs based on one's job function – whether at a desk or in the field. A maintenance crew might need manhole locations

and information about the associated pipe segments (age, depth, condition, etc.).

Customer service could select addresses of customers near a work site.

A service manager might lay out meter-reading routes.

A maintenance scheduler could identify work orders in a given area to schedule repairs in a single trip.


One Set of Data Serves Many Users

Since GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework, data and information can be stored only once, but used by many groups.

PM & PdM

Modeling

Mapping &Engineering

CustomerService

EmergencyMaintenance

Operations

CommonDatabase


Three Views of a GIS

While a GIS is most often associated with a map, it provides other tools for working with geographic data.

A GIS provides far more problem-solving capabilities than a using a simple mapping program or adding data to an on-line mapping tool.

A GIS can be viewed in three ways:


The Database View

A GIS is a geographic database of the world.

It relates each asset to a global set of coordinates (and therefore to all other features).

Besides an asset’s location, it can contain (or be linked to) information about its materials, dimensions, maintenance history, etc.


The Map View

A GIS is a set of intelligent maps, photos, drawings, and other components that show assets and their relationships on, and below, the earth's surface.

GIS map assets (roads, water mains, sewers, etc.) are tied to databases holding information about those assets.

The maps, then, provide graphic access to those databases to support queries, analysis, and editing of the information.


The Model View

A GIS is a set of information transformation tools that derive new geographic datasets from existing datasets. These geoprocessing functions take information from existing datasets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived datasets.


By combining data and applying some analytic rules, you can create a model that helps answer the question you have posed. In the example below, GPS and GIS were used to accurately model the expected location and distribution of debris from the Space Shuttle Columbia, which broke up upon reentry over eastern Texas on 2/1/2003.


GIS Information Types


Sources of GIS Information


Federal GIS Data Sources

Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency (FSA) Forest Service (FS) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) National Park Service (NPS) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)


Federal GIS Data Sources

Other Federal Agencies Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA) National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA) U.S. Census Bureau


State GIS Data Sources

State of Arizona Geographic Information Council California (southern border area only) Map and Geographic Information Center State of Illinois Maine Geographic Information Massachusetts Geographic Information Montana State Library New Hampshire State Data Center New Jersey Geological Survey New York State Spatial Data

http://agic.az.gov/


State GIS Data Sources

Oregon Geographic Information Council Pennsylvania Geographic Information Rhode Island Geographic Information State of Texas Geographic Information Vermont Geographic Information West Virginia GIS Technical Center Wyoming Bio-information Node Oklahoma State University GIS links


Educational Spatial Data Sources

Massachusetts Digital Orthophotos Site at MIT for metadata and digital orthophotos for parts of Massachusetts

Edinburgh Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Server Home Page Large site - points to data sites worldwide including U.S. - also lots of other GIS info

Geodata Information Sources Extensive and easy to use list of data sources; national, local, state - good site.

GIS and Base Map Data for the U.S. Lists of data located at University of Arkansas - many references

GISC at the University of California - Berkeley Geospatial Data Clearinghouse Gateway

Managed Areas Database including federal, state, and other managed lands


Nongovernment GIS Data Sources

Oddens's Bookmarks Extensive list of digital and other map products

The Nature Conservancy General home page Selected Nature Conservancy Scientific Data

Sets Some data - not all GIS Other Bio-diversity World-Wide Web Servers

Extensive list of natural resource agencies, private organizations, etc.


Commercially Sponsored GIS Data

(mostly free) GIS Data Depot

Commercial site with links to data world-wide. Data that can be downloaded is free. If you want data placed on a CD there is a minimal charge. Data is organized by country, and then by state within the United States.

ESRI On-Line DataESRI provides both an on-line mapping application and data downloads for a variety of mostly national data sets. There is an excellent data translation tool for TIGER 95 data from the Census Bureau, which allows you to select data by layers or counties and download it for free in shapefile format.

Mercator GIS and Environmental Corporation Source for digital aerial photography and other GIS services.


Moving Information


Demonstration

A simple GIS demonstration




CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data



Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – GPS



Photo courtesy U.S. Department of DefenseArtist's concept of the GPS satellite constellation

Based on a network of satellites that continuously transmit information

Pinpoints locations on earth by measuring distances from the satellites

Developed by the Department of Defense and made available for civilian use in the 1980s


3 Segments of GPS

ControlSegment

UserSegment

Space SegmentSpace Segment 24 Satellites - 12,000 miles up Each transmits its own ID and the time Arranged so a GPS receiver gets

signals from at least 4 at all times The receiver determines the distance

from each satellite

Control Segment 5 control stations – 1 master and 4

remotes Track satellites and check their data Send corrected orbital and time data to

the satellites

User Segment You and your GPS receiver Receiver gets satellite position and

time data Receiver uses D time btw. its clock

and the time signals received to calculate distance.

Using 4 satellites’ data allows receiver to pinpoint location on earth.


Sources of Errors

Ionosphere/troposphere delays

Signal multipath

Receiver clock errors

Orbital errors

Blocked signals

Satellite geometry

Result: accuracy of 20-40 feet


Improving Your Chances

Parallel, multichannel receivers lock on quickly and receive signals in tough surroundings

Receivers have 5 to 12 channels

Each channel is dedicated to a single satellite

Accuracy improves as the number of satellite signals received increases

CH1 CH2 CH4CH3


Differential GPS

GPS receives signals

Land-based reference station receives signals

Station corrects against its known location

Station transmits a Differential GPS correction signal…

Accuracy of 3-16 feet


Wide Area Augmentation System

Differential GPS + Network of 25 ground reference stations at

precisely surveyed locations Tied to a master station that broadcasts

correction data


GPS Maps

Detailed street maps are available through the GPS unit providers

Many GPS units can work with a city’s and/or utility’s GIS




CAD Drawings

Map and GIS Data



Communications

Other Applications

Course Conclusion

Agenda – Mobile Devices



Mobile devices are the hardware that users take to the field and include: PDAs (Pocket PC, RIM Blackberry, etc.) Tablet PCs Laptops

Mobile software includes: A field user interface that resides on the device A mobile server, which allows communication

between the enterprise applications and the mobile device.


The mobile device allows field personnel to access and update data such as work orders, catalogs, spec sheets, inventory data, customer information, order forms and more.

Users navigate and update data using the device's keypad or stylus pen.


Mobile Communication

Mobile devices require a means to send and receive mobile application updates

Most use a wireless network connection to enable communication on an ongoing or on-demand basis Local Area Networks (LANs) – deployed within a

specific facility, structure or campus area Wide Area Networks (WANs) - distributed in a

large geographic area (networks of cellular carriers, for example). Since customers are billed by the time spent or amount of data transmitted over most WANs, data compression is important.


Additional Features

Mobile devices can include functions such as: GPS navigation and an interface to the utility’s

GIS database Bar code reading of equipment and parts tags Communication with data storing “smart” valves,

motors, etc.


Car Based GPS Units

Locates your position in relation to sites & landmarks.

Allows adding waypoints. Contains preloaded maps with

Points-of-interest (POI) May include a WAAS, High

Sensitivity GPS Receiver. May include real time traffic alerts. May sync with Bluetooth phone for

hands free calling.


Handheld GPS Units

Locates your position in relation to sites & landmarks.

Allows adding waypoints. Contains preloaded maps with Points-of-

interest (POI). May include microphone and speaker for

waypoint audio tags. May include a WAAS, High Sensitivity GPS

Receiver. May include a digital camera for waypoint

photos. Built-in basemap of North America with

Worldwide Geographic Boundaries.


Handheld GIS Unit

Can attain subfoot accuracy in the field

Bluetooth and wireless LAN connectivity options

Lots of onboard storage Most have removable storage cards Has mobile operating system Ruggedized Long battery life


PDA

Provides internet access Includes cellular phone Typically Bluetooth enabled May include GPS


Mobile Computer

Provides internet access Typically Bluetooth enabled May include GPS Many connectivity and

communication options available


AMR Devices

Plugin Reader & Handheld Collects readings at receptacle Transmits readings and ID# to

handhelds via RF May use probe or wand


AMR Devices

Plugin Reader/Tester Collects readings within a

limited range Transmits readings and ID# to

handhelds via RF Includes diagnostic

capabilities


AMR Devices

Mobile Data Collector Can be mobile mounted Can be used as a walk-by May be capable of reading RF,

manual keyed entry and probed accounts

Can initiate service work orders Powered by the vehicle’s power

source


AMR Devices

Features as previously described GIS mapping option Capable of processing meter

readings in dense populations Improved range


AMR Devices

Fixed Network Data Collector Collects readings within a fairly large

range Transmits readings via wireless

modem Weatherproof enclosure AC power supply (solar cell optional)

course 2-day 2 high-tech operator certificate program course 2: application and tools

Documents

basic image typesraster

common image formatsdescribe

gis doesdescribe

gis details

gis applicationsexplain

color depth true coloruses

pixel color depthviewable

usedraster formats