counseling skills for managers-session 2

8/2/2019 Counseling Skills for Managers-Session 2

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SESSION 2


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Important periods in the development of Counseling

Period 11850-1950

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

First psychological laboratory in Leipzig, GermanyWas a German medical doctor, psychologist,

physiologist, philosopher, and professor,known today as one of the founding figures

of modern psychology

By creating this laboratory he was able toexplore the nature of religious beliefs, identifymental disorders and abnormal behavior, and

map damaged areas of the human brain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wundt.jpg


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1850-1950

Stanley Hall(1844-1924)

Started the first psychological laboratoryin USA in 1883

Was a pioneering American psychologistand educator. His interests focused on

childhood development andevolutionary theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G._Stanley_Hall.jpg


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Lightner Witmer

1850-1950

Regarded as the inventor of the term Clinicalpsychology and the co-founder of the world's first

Psychological Clinic in 1896 at the

University of PennsylvaniaStarted the beginning of the counselling movement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WitmerYoung.jpeg


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Jesse B.Dabis

He was the first to use the termCounsellingSet up an educational

career counseling centre in Detroit in 1898.

1850-1950


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Period 21900-1930

Movements boosted theefforts to develop

knowledge & services-

to assist others

Wrong impression/conceptions about

Counselling

Plenty of vocational guidance-retardedlearning, truancy, special problems

Help them learn efficiently & effectivelyRemedial measures had to be devised

and implemented: It was tall order for teachers

Help in choice of occupation

Guidance movement was started out ofsociety's concern for the youth


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James Burt Miner developed the first ever known questionnairein 1908.

R.S Woodworth & F.L Wells in 1911

E.L Thorndike & Robert Yerkes developed the Army Alpha &Army BetaTest in 1917 for screening the defense personnel.

Later published as Personal Data Sheet (1920)

1900-1930


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1900-1930

The war-they had to leave their normal life and jobs.

After the war, they need rehabilitation. New jobs had to befound.

Members of the defense services, they have received a

different kind of training.

This has given a lot of room for the development of theGuidance Movement.


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Period 31930-1940

Looked for a suitabletools & techniques

Psychometric movementattracted attention

Vocational guidancemovement (their abilities

and skills)

Vocational maladjustment resultedFrom an inappropriate choice-

Capacities & potentialities

Psychometric test was not

appreciably felt

There were few test- & few trainedpersons to use it

Therefore during this period, focuswas on just providing edu.vocational guidance


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Period 31930-1940

Harry Kitsons-Psychology of

Vocational adjustment

Clark Hull-Aptitude testing

E.K Strong-

Strong vocationalinterest blank

Robert Hoppock-Job Satisfaction

Compared to previousperiods, guidance movementbecame more psychologically

oriented because of Hoppocks publication


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1930-1940 Thurstone-Tests of Primary

Mental Abilities (1938)

1939-Dictionary of occupationalTitles- listed 18,000 jobs

Donald Paterson &E.G.Williamson-Uni. of

Minnesota-largely concerned

with the objectiveassessment of individual

AbilitiesMeaningful choices-max. job

satisfaction


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Period 42nd World War &

After

Major breakthrough, which finallyestablished counselling as a science is

Carl Rogers book (Counselling and

Psychotherapy 1942)

Before this publicationthere were hesitation regarding acceptingCounselling as a form of psychotherapy.

1944 Army Separation and Classification andCounseling program was initiated and the

United States Employment Services publishedthe General Aptitude Test Battery


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2nd World War &After

Veterans Administration Authority became moreconcerned with the provision as part of

the rehabilitation programme.

Yamamoto (1963) concluded-counselling aspecialized field in psychology

Writer Brayfield (1961)-uncertain about the futureof counselling psychology as a specialized field.

Recognition by American Psychological

Association (APA)

Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 1951-60 leading psychologists attended.- recommended counselling-

independent divisionVerification for counselors


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The 1st

Journal of Counselling Psychologypublished in 1954

Counselling-a specialized field of psychology

17th division (Counselling & Guidance)

Those in medical & general had their doubts.

Mesters work had an effect: Introduced certification

and professional examination for Counselling

Psychologists


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Need to get certification as a counselor

Early innovators more concerned with practicethan theory building

Developed in schools, community, personnelservices, rehabilitation.

Today several theories/approaches are there

Early innovators- impatient for the practicalresult therefore less theory building

counseling skills for managers-session 2

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