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2 Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: SPACE I – 2012

Strasbourg, 28 April 2014, pc‐cp\space\documents\pc‐cp (2014) 5 PC‐CP (2014) 5

This report has been written by Marcelo F. Aebi and Natalia Delgrande on behalf of the Council forPenologicalCooperation(PC‐CP)oftheCouncilofEurope,Strasbourg,France.

The report has been prepared under a contractwith theActionagainstCrimeDepartment,InformationSocietyandActionagainstCrimeDirectorate,DGI ‐DirectorateGeneralHumanRightsandRuleofLaw oftheCouncilofEurope.IthasalsoreceivedsupportfromtheUniversityofLausanne,Switzerland.

CountrybasedinformationonpenalinstitutionsandprisonpopulationswascollectedthroughtheSPACEI2012questionnaire(Ref:PC‐CP(2013)10)andanalysedbytheauthorsofthisreport.Inaddition,duringthepreparationofthereport,threevalidationprocedureswereapplied:internal,cross‐nationalandpeer‐review.

Theresponsibilityforthecontentofthisreportlieswiththeauthors,andthecontentdoesnotrepresentthe views of the Council of Europe; nor is the PC‐CP responsible for any use thatmay bemade of theinformationcontainedherein.

Suggestedcitation[APAnorms]:

Aebi,M.F.&Delgrande,N. (2014).SPACEI–CouncilofEuropeAnnualPenalStatistics:Prisonpopulations.Survey2012.Strasbourg:CouncilofEurope

©CouncilofEurope&UniversityofLausanne,2014

Reproductionisauthorised,exceptforcommercialpurposes,providedthatthesourceisacknowledged.

Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics – SPACE I – 2012 3


Executive summary of SPACE I 2012 1. Theparticipationrateinthe2012SPACEISurveywas90%:47outofthe52PrisonAdministrationsofthe47

MemberStatesoftheCouncilofEuropeansweredthequestionnaire.

2. ThemedianEuropeanPrisonPopulationRate[PPR]was126inmatesper100,000inhabitants.Therewasnotedanincreaseof+2.7%comparedto2011(122inmatesper100,000inhabitants).Asmediancalculatedvaluesarelesssensitivetotheextremefigures(i.e.verylowprisonpopulationratesinsmallcountrieswithlessthan1mlninhabitants),itispreferabletousethesevaluesasamorereliablealternativetotheaveragefigures.

3. On1stSeptember2012,therewere1,737,061inmatesheldinpenalinstitutionsacrossEurope.Onthesamedatein2011,therewere1,825,356inmatesand,in2010therewere1,861,246inmatesrespectively.Yet,thevisibledecreaseinrawfiguresisnotreliable.Thetotalnumberofinhabitantsineachcountryfluctuatedwidelywhichmayexplaintheseparadoxicaltrends(increaseinthePPRanddecreaseintherawfiguresofinmates).

4. Onaverage,on1stSeptember2012,Europeanprisonswereatthetopoftheircapacity,holding98inmatesper100places(averageandmedianvaluesareidentical).Inparticular,abouthalfofthePrisonAdministrationswereexperiencingovercrowding.Since2009,theEuropeanprisondensityremainsclosetofull.

5. Themedian age of theEuropeanprisonpopulationwas34 years,which ismore than in 2011 (with33 yearsrespectively).

6. The median proportion of female inmates was 5.0% of the total prison population. Compared to the sameindicatorin2011(4.9%),thereisnochange.Onefourthoffemaleinmateswerepre‐trialdetainees.

7. Themedianproportionof foreign inmateswas13%of the totalprisonpopulation.Theaveragevaluebeingof21%.Yet,thereareverybigdifferencesbetweencountries.

a. The lower numbers of foreign inmates are found in Eastern European countries,where they seldomrepresentmorethan2%oftheprisonpopulation,andthehighestareinWesternEuropeancountries,wheretheyusuallyrepresentmorethan30%.

b. AroundonequarteroftheforeigninmateswasconstitutedofcitizensofEUMemberStates.

8. About 16% of the inmates in Europe were pre‐trial detainees. This percentage rises until 22% when thoseinmatesheldincustodywithoutafinalsentencearealsoincludedinthecalculation.

9. Lengthofcustodialsentences:

a. Themedianproportionofsentencedprisonerswhowereservingsentencesshorterthanoneyearwas15%,whichislowercomparedto2011(19%respectively).

b. Themostcommoncategoryoflengthsofsentenceswastheonelastingfromonetolessthanthreeyears(themedianpercentageofsuchinmateswas25%).

c. Around12%wereservingverylongsentencesof10yearsandover.Thisproportionremainedexactlythesameasin2011(12%).

10. Inmatesweresentencedmainlyforthefollowingtypesofcriminaloffences:theft(17.1%),drugoffences(16.7%),robbery(12.5%),andhomicide(11.6%).

11. Theaveragelengthof imprisonmentin2011was8months,whichisshortercomparedto2010(9months).Incontrastwiththisimprovementofthegeneral length,thepartofthepre‐trialdetentiondurationisonemonthlongerthanin2010.Consequently,thepre‐trialdurationincreasedfrom5monthsin2010to6monthsin2011.

12. Themedianmortality rate in2011was26deathsper10,000 inmates.There is a slight increase compared to2010whenthisindicatorwasat25deathsrespectively.

13. Theaverageamountspentperdayandperinmatein2011was103Euros.Itis10Eurosmorethanin2010(93Euros).Butthemedianamountisactually42Euros,anditislowerthanthepreviousmedianamount(50Euros).TheamountsvarywidelyacrossEurope:from3to750Euros.The42PrisonAdministrationsthatprovideddataonthisitemhadspentmorethan16.000millionEurosin2011.

14. Onaverage,therewereabout3inmatesperonecustodianin2012.Thisratioremainedthesameasin2011.

15. The most recent data (stock figures on 1st January 2013: total number of inmates, total capacity of penalinstitutions, prison density per 100 places, and prison population rates) are available here:http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/space/space‐i/prison‐stock‐on‐1st‐january‐2013/.



Contents Executive summary of SPACE I 2012 ____________________________________________ 3

Contents __________________________________________________________________ 4

Survey Background _________________________________________________________ 7

0.1 General overview _____________________________________________________________ 7

0.2 General notes ________________________________________________________________ 8

0.3 Main modifications made in the latest SPACE I surveys (2008‐12) ______________________ 9

Explanatory notes to the Report ______________________________________________ 10

A. Global Indicators of Prison Populations on 1st September 2012 ______________________ 10

B. Prison Movements during 2011 ________________________________________________ 16

C. Prison Staff ________________________________________________________________ 20

C.1 Annual Module: Prison Staff (detailed) ___________________________________________ 21

Conventions and Statistical Measures _______________________________________________ 23

Conventions used ___________________________________________________________________ 23

Measures of central tendency _________________________________________________________ 23

Demographic Data _______________________________________________________________ 24

Data Validation Procedure ________________________________________________________ 25

Statistical Tables __________________________________________________________ 26

A. Prison Populations: Global indicators on 1st September 2012 ________________________ 27

A.1. Legislative or other measures which directly influence trends in the number of prisoners ______ 28

Table 1: Situation of penal institutions on 1st September 2012 ________________________________ 39

Table 1.1: Categories included in the total number of inmates in table 1 _______________________ 40

Table 1.2: Capacity of penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (by categories) __________________ 49

Figure 1.a: Countries with more than 100 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants (highest prison population

rates) _____________________________________________________________________________ 56

Figure 1.b: Countries with prison population overcrowding (more than 100 prisoners per 100 places) 56

Table 1.3: Situation of penal institutions on 1st Sept. 2012. Adjusted figures _____________________ 57

Table 1.4: Situation of penal institutions on 1st September 2012 by decreasing prison population rates

(non‐adjusted and adjusted figures) ____________________________________________________ 58

Table 1.5: Evolution of prison populations between 2003 and 2012 ___________________________ 60

Table 1.6: Year‐to‐year percentage change of prison population rates between 2011 and 2012 _____ 62

Map 1: Prison population rates per 100,000 inhabitants ____________________________________ 65

Table 2: Age structure of prison population on 1st September 2012____________________________ 66

Table 2.1: Age and criminal responsibility ________________________________________________ 68

Table 2.2: Minors and persons between 18 and 21 of age on 1st September 2012 ________________ 74

Figure 2: Countries with the youngest (less than 34 years) prison population classified by decreasing

median age ________________________________________________________________________ 76

Table 2.3: Median and Average ages of the prison population on 1st September 2012 _____________ 76

Map 2: Age of criminal responsibility and percentages of inmates less than 18 years of age in European

countries __________________________________________________________________________ 77

Table 3: Female inmates on 1st September 2012 ___________________________________________ 78



Table 4: Foreign inmates on 1st September 2012 ___________________________________________ 80

Table 4.a: Asylum seekers and illegal aliens held for administartive reasons among foreign inmates on

1st September 2012 __________________________________________________________________ 82

Table 5: Legal status of prison populations on 1st September 2012 (numbers) ____________________ 84

Table 5.1: Detainees not serving a final sentence on 1st September 2012 (percentages and rates) ____ 88

Table 5.2: Dangerous offenders under security measures on 1st September 2012 (numbers and

percentages) _______________________________________________________________________ 90

Table 6: Main offence of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) on 1st September 2012 (numbers) ____ 93

Table 6.1: Main offence of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) on 1st September 2012 (percentages) 94

Table 7: Length of sentence of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) on 1st September 2012 (numbers)

__________________________________________________________________________________ 98

Table 7.1: Length of sentence of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) on 1st September 2012

(percentages) ______________________________________________________________________ 104

Table 7.2: Length of sentence of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) on 1st September 2012

(cumulative percentages) ____________________________________________________________ 105

Table 7.3: Length of sentence of prisoners sentenced to less than one year (final sentence) on 1st

September 2012 (percentages) ________________________________________________________ 106

Figure 3: Countries with highest percentages of prisoners sentenced to less than one year ________ 107

B. Prison Movements during 2011 _______________________________________________ 108

Table 8: Flow of Entries to Penal Institutions in 2011 ______________________________________ 110

Table 9: Flow of Releases from Penal Institutions in 2011 ___________________________________ 114

Table 10: Turnover Ratio of inmates IN 2011 _____________________________________________ 120

Figure 4: Countries with lowest turnover ratios In 2011 ____________________________________ 121

Table 11.1: Indicator of Average Length of Imprisonment in 2011, based on the total number of days

spent in penal institutions ____________________________________________________________ 122

Table 11.2: Indicator of Average Length of Imprisonment in 2011, based on the total stock of inmates in

penal institutions on 1st September 2011 ________________________________________________ 125

Table 12: Escapes from penal institutions during 2011 _____________________________________ 126

Table 13.1: Deaths in Penal Institutions in 2011 (by type of registered death) ___________________ 129

Table 13.2: Suicides in Penal Institutions in 2011 __________________________________________ 131

Table 13.3: Types of deaths and suicides in Penal Institutions in 2011 _________________________ 132

Map 3: Suicide rate per 10,000 inmates in Penal Institutions in 2011 __________________________ 135

Table 14: Expenses in penal institutions in 2011 (in €) ______________________________________ 136

Table 14.A: Categories included in the calculation of custodial expenses in 2011, in Table 14 ______ 138

C. Prison Staff _______________________________________________________________ 143

Table 15: Staff working in Penal Institutions on the basis of Full‐time equivalents (FTE) on 1st September

2012 (numbers) ____________________________________________________________________ 144

Table 15.1: Staff working in Penal Institutions on the basis of Full‐time equivalents (FTE) on 1st


Table 15.2: Staff working inside Penal Institutions on the basis of Full‐time equivalents (FTE) on 1st


Figure 5: Staff working inside penal institutions On 1st September 2012, Percentages ____________ 151

Table 16: Staff (FTE) working in Penal Institutions but not employed by the Prison Administration on 1st

September 2012 (numbers and percentages) ____________________________________________ 152

Figure 6: Highest ratios of inmates per one custodian On 1st September 2012 __________________ 156

Table 17: Ratio of inmates per categories of staff on 1st September 2012 ______________________ 157

C.1. Annual Module ____________________________________________________________ 158

Table AM1: Special categories included in the total number of staff on 1st September 2012 (numbers)

_________________________________________________________________________________ 159



Table AM2: Special categories included in the total number of staff on 1st September 2012

(percentages) _____________________________________________________________________ 160

Table AM3: Uniformed staff (FTE) working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (numbers)

________________________________________________________________________________ 162

Table AM4: Uniformed staff (FTE) working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012

(percentages) _____________________________________________________________________ 163

Figure AM1: ratios of uniformed staff working inside penal institutions per 100 inmates On 1st

September 2012 ___________________________________________________________________ 165

Table AM5: Civilian staff (FTE) working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (numbers) __ 166

Table AM6: Civilian staff (FTE) working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (percentages)

________________________________________________________________________________ 167

Table AM7: Uniformed staff (FTE) working outside penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (numbers)

________________________________________________________________________________ 170

Table AM8: Civilian staff (FTE) working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012 (numbers) __ 171

List of Tables and Figures __________________________________________________ 175



COUNCIL OF EUROPE ANNUAL PENAL STATISTICS – SPACE I 2012:

SURVEY ON PRISON POPULATIONS

MarceloF.AebiandNataliaDelgrande1

Survey Background

0.1 General overview

TheSPACEI2012annualreportispartoftheSPACEproject2.Thisprojectproducesannualoverviewonmainindicatorsofcustodialandnon‐custodialactivitiesinallMemberStatesoftheCouncilofEurope.

The firstpartof theproject(SPACEI)providesdataonthepopulationsheld incustodyand/or inothertypes of penal institutions across Europe.Moreover, this report contains useful information about theconditions of detention (e.g. capacity, expenses, staff), as well as about the custodial movement (e.g.entries,releases,deaths,escapes).

Thesecondpartof theproject (SPACEII), concentratesonpersonsservingnon‐custodial sanctionsandmeasures. A separate report3is produced on these categories of penal populations supervised incommunity.

Both reports have the common goal of ensuring as much as possible the collection, analyses andinterpretationofreliabledatathroughacommonmethodology.Inparticular,thequestionnairesusedforthe collection of the data were designed to allow the maximum comparability between Prison andProbationagencies,aswellasamongMemberStatesoftheCouncilofEurope(CoE).

For writing this report, national raw data and comments were collected by means of the standardquestionnaire,whichwasansweredbycorrespondentsineachCoEMemberState.Generally,thenationalcorrespondentsinchargeofcollecting,explainingandvalidatingtherawdataarerepresentativesofthePrisonAdministrations.

Aseveryyear since2004, theSPACE I2012questionnairehasbeen improvedon thebasisofpreviousexperiencesandaccordingtotheassessmentsandCoErecommendations;butensuringasfaraspossiblethecomparisonwiththehistoricalSPACEIseries,startedin1983.

Themodificationsmadesince2004allowabettervisibilityofthecategoriesincludedbyeachcountryintheirstatistics.Thisimpliescollectingmetadataonthenationalrulesappliedforcollectingdataforprisonstatistics. The answers to these questions –presentedmainly in Table1.1– suggest that cross‐nationalcomparisonsofprisonpopulationsmustbeconductedcautiouslyas thecategories included in the totalnumberof inmatesvary fromcountry tocountry.Thesame is true forcomparisonsofprisonmortalityand,morespecifically,ofsuicidesoccurredinpenalinstitutions.

1MarceloF.Aebi,ProfessorandNataliaDelgrande,Part‐timeLecturer:InstituteofCriminologyandPenalLaw,SchoolofCriminalSciences,UniversityofLausanne,Switzerland2WebsiteoftheSPACEProject:www.unil.ch/space3Aebi, M.F. & Marguet, Y. (2014). SPACE II –Council ofEuropeAnnualPenal Statistics:Persons serving non‐custodial sanctions andmeasures.Survey2012.Strasbourg:CouncilofEurope



Since the conceptualisation of the categories in national statistics is crucial for cross‐nationalcomparisons, thisSPACEI2012 survey initiates the collectionof additional information throughAnnualModules.Thesemodulescorrespondtotopicalissuesapprovedtobeansweredbyamajorityofnationalcorrespondents. This year, the Annual Module examines the topic of staff employed by PrisonAdministration. Given the reforms initiated mostly in Eastern and Central European countries, thequestions on the uniformed and non‐uniformed categories of staff are important to be answered in acomparativeperspective.

Asidefromthedatapresentedinthisreport,itispossibletoaccessontheWebsiteoftheSPACEprojectsomeotheruseful informationoncustodialactivitiesacrossEurope(e.g. recidivismstudies,useful linksandaddresses).Moreover,therearepresentedthemostrecentdataonthenumberofinmates,theprisondensityandtheprisonpopulationratesavailableon1stJanuary2013.

ConcerningthedeadlinesoftheSPACEI2012survey,itshouldbestatedthatthedatacollectionstartedmid‐August 2013, when all CoEMember States received the questionnaire. The deadline for the data‐collectionwasseton1stOctober2013.Atthisdate,onlyonehalfofallconcernedcountriesansweredthequestionnaire. The data collection lasted until 15th March 2014. In the meantime, almost 2/3 ofrespondingcountrieswerecontactedwithdiverserequestsrelatedtothedata‐validation.

0.2 General notes

Figuresonprisonpopulation(stock)aswellasonstaffemployedbyprisonadministrationsrelateto1stSeptember2012;whilethenumberofentries/releasesinto/frompenalinstitutions(flow),totalnumberofdaysspent in these institutions,and incidentsthatoccurredduringtheyear(i.e.escapes,deathsandsuicides)relatetothewholeyear2011.

Whendataon1stSeptember2012werenotavailable, theMemberStateswereaskedtousetheclosestpossibledateofreference.TheexceptionsareexpresslystatedinthenotestotheTablesconcerned.

Theforty‐sevenMemberStatesoftheCouncilofEuropein2012countedfifty‐twoPrisonAdministrationsundertheircontrol.Forty‐seven(90%)ofthesePrisonAdministrationsansweredthe2012SPACEIQuestionnaire.OnlyfivePrisonAdministrationsdidnotanswerthesurveydespiteseveralreminders:

(1) BH:BosniaandHerzegovina(statelevel)hasnotansweredthequestionnairebecauseof theacutelackofhumanresources(onlyonepre‐trialinstitution).

(2) Georgia:nationalcorrespondenthasnotbeenappointedforthissurvey.

(3) Greece:nationalcorrespondenthasnotbeenappointedforthissurvey.

(4) Malta:nospecialexplanation.

(5) RussianFederationhasnotansweredtheSPACEIquestionnairesince2006,andalloureffortstoobtainananswerfromthatcountryprovedunsuccessful.

Data were not available for the following geopolitical entities: northern part of Cyprus (see “Cyprus”underI.1GeneralNotes),Kosovo,Transdniestria,Abkhazia,SouthOssetiaandNagorno‐Karabakh.

Themajorityof thecountriesanswered thequestionnaireon time (thedeadlinewasseton1stOctober2013). Yet, some countries delayed the supply of their responses; therefore, 1/3 of the questionnairesarrivedduringthefirstmonthsof2014.LastquestionnairearrivedinMarch2014.Atthesametime,forsomeofthecountriesthatansweredthequestionnaireontime,thedatavalidationprocedure(seebelow,pointE)tookseveralmonths.Finally,forafewcountries(andinparticularforsomespecificfigures)thedatavalidationprocedurecouldnotbeachieved.Forthisreasonthenon‐validatedfiguresarepresentedbetweenbrackets.Asmallpartofthefigureswhichseemedtobetotallyunreliablewereexcludedfromthepresentreport,butareavailableinthedatabaseandcanbeprovidedonrequest.



0.3 Main modifications made in the latest SPACE I surveys (2008-12)

Sincethe2008survey,thequestionnaireistranslatedintoRussianlanguage.Theaimofthetranslationisto facilitate the data collection in certain countries and to allow the inclusion of comments on theparticularities of the national data. This version, used relatively sporadically, increased the number ofresponsesreceivedfromMemberStatesandimprovedthereliabilityoftheprovidedinformation.

Prison population

•New item on private facilities was added in the SPACE I 2011 questionnaire.•An item has been added in order to measure the number of persons under security measures and those servingpreventive detention for dangerous offenders (SPACE I 2011).•Regarding the legal status of prisoners, two additional subcategories have been included: persons detainedbecause of the revocation, suspension or annulment of the conditional release or probation and persons detainedas a consequence of the conversion of a fine (fine defaulters). This item was firts used in the SPACE I 2009.•The following categories of offences have been added in the SPACE I 2009 questionnaire: economic andfinancial offences, terrorism and organised crime.•Under the category of juvenile offenders held in special institutions, an additional item (introduced in theSPACE I 2009) allows getting information on the number of the persons aged 18 and over.• Until SPACE I 2009, only general questions on foreign inmates were asked. In the SPACE I 2010, an item onforeign prisoners who are citizens of Member States of the European Union has been added.•Since the SPACE I 2010, the questionnaire allows a distinction between male and female deaths.

Conditions & Metadata

•Since the SPACE I 2010 and revised in 2011, a new breakdown by categories was designed for the capacity ofpenal institutions. More reliable information has been collected on institutions for pre‐trial detention, places forpersons serving custodial sentences and for juvenile offenders, and places in other types of institutions for thedetention of inmates.•In former SPACE questionnaires ‐before the SPACE I 2008‐ there was a slight difference between the Frenchand the English definitions of assault and battery. While the English version referred to assault, the Frenchversion referred to assault and battery (coups et blessures volontaires). This problem has been solved and bothversions refer now to assault and battery.•Former SPACE questionnaires ‐before the SPACE I 2008‐ referred to rape, but an analysis of the answersreceived suggested that some countries were including other sexual offences under that heading. As aconsequence, sexual offences have been divided in two categories: rape and other types of sexual offences.•In order to avoid as far as possible the misinterpretation of the figures, special attention has been given to thecodes used to answer the questions when no data were available (i.e. NA, NAP).

Custodial events

•Since the SPACE I 2011 and 2012, the former item on the number of deaths was slightly improved: specificcategories on the causes of death have been used (homicides, accidents, drug/alcohol intoxications, suicides,other causes).•In the questionnaires SPACE I 2010, 2011 and 2012, some clarifications were introduced in the definitions ofother items, such as the counting units used in each country and the date of reference for the information.•Since the SPACE I 2008, the category of entries to penal institutions has been completed with several follow upquestions in order to distinguish transfers from the rest of the entries. In the SPACE I 2010, this item was fullyrevised and allows taking into account international tranfers.•In the SPACE I 2010, an item with 5 sub‐categories has been designed in order to collect information onreleases from penal institutions (including conditional releases and external placements).

Prison policies

•The item foreseen for the information on the changes in national prison policies and on the events that mayhave had an influence on the number of inmates was divided in several categories and allows a more reliablecomparison among countries (since the SPACE I 2008 questionnaire).•Since the SPACE I 2010, special attention was given to the issue of the age of criminal responsibility and theminimal age for the application of custodial sanctions and measures.



Explanatory notes to the Report PartAoftheSurveyincludesglobalindicatorsoftheprisonpopulationson1stSeptember2012(SectionA.1)aswellasdataontheflowofentries,flowofreleases,lengthofimprisonment,escapesanddeathsforthe whole year 2011 (SectionA.2). In order to ensure as much as possible the comparability acrosscountries,somefiguresareincludedonlyintherawdatatables.Therefore,figuresthatdidnotseemtofitthedefinitionsusedinthequestionnairewerenotintegratedinthetableswithcalculationsofratesandpercentages.

A. Global Indicators of Prison Populations on 1st September 2012

Thesituationofprisonpopulationsonagivendateoftheyear(stockstatistics)issetinTables1to11.Thenumberofinmatesvariesovertimeundertheinfluenceofthenumberofentriesintoandreleasesfrompenalinstitutionsandthelengthofthestaysintheseinstitutions.

Table1:Situationofpenalinstitutionson1stSeptember2012

(1) Total number of inmates (including pre‐trial detainees). This indicator is commonly known asprison stock. Usually, in the total number of inmates are included the standard categories ofinmates, suchaspersonsheld insideapenal institutionsatagivendateand,more specifically,pre‐trial detainees and sentenced prisoners. Sometimes countries include as well juvenileoffenders.Nevertheless,itbecomescommontoobserveinsideprisonstockthefollowing:personsunderpenal(therapeutic)measures,personsheldinprivatefacilities,orthoseheldinopenpenalinstitutions.Moreover,inprisonstockmayalsobeincludedinmatesdetainedforadministrativereasons,undersecuritymeasure,recalledfromprobation,fine‐defaulters,etc.

(2) Prison population rate4per 100,000 inhabitants corresponds to the ratio of the number ofinmates (including pre‐trial detainees) per 100,000 population of each country, as of 1stSeptember2012.Takingintoaccountthattheinformationonthepopulationsofthecountriesisavailableon1stJanuaryofeachyear,thefiguresonthepopulationsusedforthecalculationsarerespectivelyon1stJanuary2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

(3) Capacity of penal institutions: number of places available in penal institutions for theaccommodationof the inmates (excludingall spaces thatprimaryaredesigned forotherneedsthantheproperaccommodationoftheinmates).

(4) Surface area per inmate (calculated in squaremeters). This indicator corresponds to the legalstandard in each Member State. According to legal provisions, each inmate should dispose ofindividual area inside the cell, excluding commonplaces suchas shower enclosures,WC, sportareas,classroomsandothercommonspacesinsideapenalinstitution.

(5) Prison density per 100 places of the regular capacity. This indicator corresponds to the ratiobetweenthenumberofinmates(includingpre‐trialdetainees)andthenumberofplacesavailablein penal institutions. Generally, the indicator of prison density is used for assessment ofovercrowding.

4Thisindicatorissometimesreferredtoas“detentionrate”,or“prisonerrate”,or“imprisonmentrate”,butthesetermsareambiguous.ThereforetheCouncilofEuropehasadoptedtheterm“prisonpopulationrate”.

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– SPACE I – 2012

C‐CP (2014) 5

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Table1.5:Evolutionofprisonpopulationsbetween2003and2012

This Table presents the total number of prisoners (including pre‐trial detainees) and the prisonpopulation rate per 100,000 inhabitants on 1st September of each year from 2003 to 2012. Data areretrieved from the relevant SPACE I reports.TheTable indicatesalso the evolution (inpercentages)ofprisonpopulationratesbetween2003and2012aswellasbetween2011and2012.

Table1.6:Year‐to‐Yearpercentagechangeofprisonpopulationratesbetween2011and2012

This Table shows the evolution of prison population rates between 2011 and 2012. Countries areclassified in three categories according to the increase, the stability or the decrease of their prisonpopulationratesbetween1stSeptember2011and1stSeptember2012:

Increaseofmorethan5% Between–5%and+5% Decreaseofmorethan5%

Map1:Prisonpopulationratesper100,000inhabitantson1stSeptember2012

ThismappresentstheprisonpopulationratesineachMemberStateoftheCouncilofEuropeandallowsavisualcomparisonoftheofficialfigures(non‐adjusted)forthewholeEuropeangeographicalarea.AlltheratespresentedonthemaprefertothedataincludedinTable1.

Table2:Agestructureofprisonpopulation(includingpre‐trialdetainees)on1stSeptember2012

(a) Lessthan14years (g) From30tolessthan 40years;(b) From14tolessthan16years; (h) From40tolessthan50years(c) From16tolessthan18years; (i) From50tolessthan60years(d) From18tolessthan21years; (j) From60tolessthan70years(e) From21tolessthan25years; (k) From70tolessthan80years(f) From25tolessthan30years; (l) 80yearsandover

Table2.1:Ageandcriminalresponsibility

Ageofcriminalresponsibility:startingfromthisage,juvenilesareconsideredasoldenoughtoberecognised as responsible and to be tried under a criminal justice systemwhich is specific tothem;

Minimalagefortheapplicationofcustodialsanctionsandmeasures:startingfromthisage, itispossibletosentenceajuveniletocustodyortoeducationmeasuresinclosedpenalinstitutions;

Ageofcriminalmajority:startingfromthisagethepersonshouldbetriedundercriminaljusticesystemforadultsanddonotbenefitofnospecialconditionofjuvenile.

Table2.2:Minorsandpersonsbetween18and21ofageon1stSeptember2012

InthisTableareincludedrawdataandcalculatedpercentagesofinmatesunder18yearsofage,aswellasinmatesbetween18and21yearsofage.Normally,inthesefiguresarealsoincludedpre‐trialdetainees.

Table2.3:MedianandAverageagesoftheprisonpopulationon1stSeptember2012

This table includes the median and average values calculated by national Prison Administrations.However, somecalculationshavebeenmadeby theauthorsof this reporton thebasisof the rawdataprovidedbynationalcorrespondents.Theparticularitiesof thesecalculationsarestated in thenotes totheTable.

One additional graph (Figure 2) completes the table with the distribution of the countries with theyoungestprisonpopulations(thedistributionisbasedonthemedianvalues).

Map2:Ageofcriminalresponsibilityandpercentagesof inmates lessthan18yearsofageon1stSeptember2012:

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– SPACE I – 2012

C‐CP (2014) 5

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In order to calculate indicators (a) and (b) for Table 5.1, the number of detainees not serving a finalsentenceisobtainedbyaddingheadings(a),(b),(c)and(d)ofTable5.

(c) Percentageofuntrieddetainees(nocourtdecisionyetreached):numberofuntrieddetainees (notyetconvicted),presentatthatdate,expressedasapercentageofthetotalnumberofinmates;

(d) Rate of untried detainees (no court decision yet reached) per 100,000 inhabitants: number ofuntrieddetainees(notyetconvicted)inrelationtothenumberofinhabitantsatthesamedateexpressedper100,000inhabitants.

In order to calculate indicators (c) and (d) for Table 5.1, only persons under heading (a) "untrieddetainees(nocourtdecisionyetreached)"ofTable5aretakenintoaccount.

Table5.2:Dangerousoffendersplacedundersecuritymeasureson1stSeptember2012(numbersandpercentages)

ThisTableconcernsprisonersplacedunderspecialpenalmeasures.Theseinmatesareusuallydefinedasdangerousoffenders. Themeasures applied to themmay takedifferentnames suchas securitymeasure,secure prevention detention or preventive supervision. According to the (Draft) RecommendationCM/Rec(201X)XX5(Strasbourg,12thApril2013):

“Dangerousoffender isapersonwhohasbeen convictedofavery serious sexualorviolent crimeagainstperson(s)andwhopresentsahighprobabilityofre‐offendingwith furtherserioussexualorviolentcrimesagainstperson(s).

Securepreventivedetentionmeansdetention imposedby the judicialauthority toapersonafter the fixedtermofimprisonmenthasbeenserved.Itisnotimposedasthepunishmentforacrime,butonthebasisofanassessment revealing that the offendermay commit other serious offences in future and is therefore ameasureforpublicprotection.

Preventive supervision means measures of control, monitoring, surveillance or restriction of movementimposedbythejudicialauthorityatthetimeofsentencingtoapersonafterhavingcommittedacrimeandafter having served a prison sentence or instead of, but in all these cases on the basis of an assessmentrevealingthattheoffendermaycommitotherseriousoffencesinfutureandisthereforeameasureforpublicprotection.”

Each Member State has its own legislation concerning the special requirements and conditions forinstitutional placement/imprisonment of this category of offenders. Yet, only the following comparablecategorieshavebeenincludedinthisTable:

Total number of persons under security measures/preventive detention for dangerousoffenders.Ofwhich:

Personsconsideredasnotcriminallyresponsiblebythecourt;

Personsconsideredastotallyorpartiallycriminallyresponsiblebythecourtandwhohavebeensentenced.

Table6:Mainoffencesoffinalsentencedprisonerson1stSeptember2012(numbers)

Table6.1:Mainoffencesoffinalsentencedprisonerson1stSeptember2012(percentages)

Tables 6 and6.1present thebreakdownof prisonerswith final sentence thoseunderheading (e) ofTable5accordingtothemainoffenceforwhichtheywereconvicted.

InspiteofefforttokeepSPACEcategoriesas largeaspossible,oneshouldbear inmindthefactthat insome countries themainoffencerule is not defined. Therefore, data from these countries (mostly thebreakdownpercentages)arenotfullycomparablewithdatafromtheonesthatapplythisrule.

5(Draft) Recommendation CM/Rec(201X) XX (Strasbourg, 12th April 2013). Part I – Definitions and basic principles (p.3):http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/CDPC/PC‐GR‐DD/Draft%20Recomemndation%20EN%2012‐04‐13.pdf



Thefollowingbreakdownisused:

(a) Homicide(includingattempts) (g) Economicandfinancialoffences(b) Assaultandbattery (h) Drugoffences(c) Rape (i) Terrorism(d) Othertypesofsexualoffences (j) Organisedcrime(e) Robbery (k) Otheroffences(f) Othertypesoftheft (l) Total

Table7:Lengthsofthesentencesofprisoners(finalsentenced)on1stSeptember2012(numbers)

Table 7.1: Lengths of the sentences of prisoners (final sentenced) on 1st September 2012(percentages)

Tables 7 and7.1present thebreakdownof prisonerswith final sentence thoseunderheading (e) ofTable5accordingtothelengthofthesentenceimposedonthem.Thefollowingbreakdownisused:

(a) Lessthanonemonth (h) Fromtenyearstolessthantwentyyears(b) Fromonemonthtolessthanthreemonths (i) Twentyyearsandover(c) Fromthreemonthstolessthansixmonths (j) Lifeimprisonment(d) Fromsixmonthstolessthanoneyear (k) Securitymeasures(dangerousoffenders)(e) Fromoneyeartolessthanthreeyears (l) Sentencetodeath(f) Fromthreeyearstolessthanfiveyears (m) Othercases(g) Fromfiveyearstolessthantenyears (n) Total

Table7.2:Lengthsofthesentencesoffinalsentencedprisonerson1stSeptember2012(cumulativepercentages)

ThisTablepresentsthebreakdown,expressedincumulativepercentages,ofprisonerswithfinalsentencethose under heading (e) of Table 5 according to the length of the sentence imposed on them. Thefollowingbreakdownisused:

(a) Prisonerssentencedtolessthanoneyear(h) Prisonerssentencedtoanyfixed‐term

sentences(all)(b) Prisonerssentencedtooneyearandover

(fixed‐termsentence)(i) Prisonerssentencedtolifeimprisonment

(c) Prisonerssentencedtothreeyearsandover(fixed‐termsentence)

(j) Prisonersundertosecuritymeasuresand/orunderotherformsofimprisonment

(d) Prisonerssentencedtofiveyearsandover(fixed‐termsentence)

(k) Prisonerssentencedtodeath

(e) Prisonerssentencedtotenyearsandover(fixed‐termsentence)

(l) Total

Table 7.3: Length of the sentences of final prisoners sentenced to less than one year, on 1stSeptember2012(percentages)

This Table presents the breakdown, expressed in percentages, of prisoners sentenced to less than oneyearaccordingtothelengthofthesentenceimposedonthem.Thefollowingbreakdownisused:

(a) Lessthanonemonth (f) Fromthreemonthstolessthansixmonths(b) Fromonemonthtolessthanthreemonths (g) Fromsixmonthstolessthanoneyear

Figure3providesacomparativeviewofthehighestpercentagesofprisonerssentencedtolessthanoneyear.ThefigureisbasedonthefiguresincludedinTables7.2and7.3.

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The figureunderheading (a) corresponds to the totalnumberofdaysspent inpenal institutionsbyallpersons placed in detention for at least one day during the reference year (2011). Thismight be timespent inpre‐trialdetentionor timespentservingaprisonsentence,ormightevencorrespondtoothercircumstances(detentionforfailuretopayafine,forinstance).Nodistinctionismadeherebetweenthosecategories.

Bydividing thenumber of days of imprisonment by365 (366 in leap years)weobtained the "averagenumberofprisoners intheyear"or thenumberof"prisoner‐years"(b),whichconstitutesprobably thebestpossibleindicatoroftheaveragenumberofprisonerspresentintheyear.

Table11.2: Indicatorof average lengthof imprisonment in2011,basedon the totalnumberofinmates(stock)on1stSeptember2011

Assomecountriesdidnotprovidedataregardingthetotalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutionsin2011heading (a) of Table 11.1 andothers provided figures thatdidnot seem reliable (seeNotes toTable11.1),wehaveaddedTable11.2.InthisTable,theindicatoroftheaveragelengthofimprisonmenthasbeencalculatedbyusingthetotalnumberofprisonerson1stSeptember2011(source:SPACEI2011report)insteadofthetotalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutions.

Table12:Escapesfrompenalinstitutionsduring2011

TheTableincludestwotypesofescapes:

(a) Escapesby inmates(convictedprisonersorpre‐trialdetaineesunder thesupervisionof theprisonadministration)fromaclosedpenalinstitutionorduringanadministrativetransfer (for example,toorfromacourt,anotherpenalinstitution,orahospital).

IntheSPACEIquestionnaireusedforthissurveyitisclearlyindicatedthatthecountingunitistheperson.In the event of a group breakout, the number of escapes is equal to the number of inmates involved.Relatingthenumberofescapestothetotalnumberofprisonerson1stSeptember2011(S)–usedhereasan estimateof theaveragenumberofprisoners–provided in SPACE I 2009 reportweobtain the rateofescapesper10,000prisoners(REs):

10,000

(b) Otherformsofescape(abscondingorrunningoff): Examples are escapes from open institutions(such as work farms) or from semi‐detention, and escapes during an authorised short‐termabsence(orleave)fromallkindsofinstitutions(includingclosedinstitutions).

We have not calculated a rate for these forms of escapes, as that would lead to calculate the ratio ofescapes (other forms) to the average number of prisoners, without taking account the proportion ofinmatesplacedinopeninstitutions.

Table13.1:Deathsinpenalinstitutionsin2011(bytypeofregistereddeath)

(a) Totalnumberofdeathsinpenalinstitutions,ofwhich:

a.1Homicides

a.2Accidents

a.4Drug/alcoholintoxications

a.5Suicides(ofwhichnumberoffemales)

a.6Othercauses(incl.illness)

(b) Mortalityrateper10,000inmates

Whiledividingthetotalnumberofdeaths(a)bythenumberofinmateson1stSeptember2011(S)(usedhereasanestimateoftheaveragenumberofprisoners),providedintheSPACEI2011report,weobtainthefollowing:



Mortalityrateper10,000inmates:

10,000

Table13.2:Suicidesinpenalinstitutionsin2011

In this table arepresentedpercentagesof suicides in the total number ofdeaths aswell as thepart offemaleswhocommittedsuicide inthetotalnumberofsuicidesregistered.Moreover, therateofsuicideper10,000inmatesisincludedinTable13.2.

Suiciderateper10,000inmates:

10,000 . 4 13.1

Table13.3:TypesofdeathsandsuicidesincludedinTables13.1and13.2

The goal of thisTable is to clarifywhich typesof deaths are being counted in each country. TheTableincludestheanswers(YesorNo)tothefollowingquestions:

(a) Doesdataincludeinmateswhodiedorcommittedsuicideinprisonhospitals?

(b) Doesdataincludeinmateswhodiedorcommittedsuicideincommunityhospitals?

(c) Doesdataincludeinmateswhodiedorcommittedsuicideoutsideprison(duringaprisonleaveoraperiodofabsencebypermission)?

ForeachcategoryofdeathsincludedinthisTable,separatefiguresonfemaleinmateshavebeenprovided.

Map3:Suicideratesper10,000inmatesacrossEuropein2011

WeincludedoneadditionalMapwiththebreakdownofsuicidesratesper10,000inmatesin2011.

Table14:Averageexpensesperdayofdetentionofonepersonin2011(inEuros)

ThefiguresincludedinthisTableshouldallowcomparisonsofthecostsofdetentionacrossEurope.Norigorousdefinitionhasbeenusedinthequestionnaire;thereforenationalparticularities(e.g.thewayinwhichcostsarecalculated)are indicated in thenotes to theTable.Figures innational currenciesotherthanEurohavebeenconvertedinEuros.ThecategoriesincludedinthisTablearethefollowing:

(a) TotalbudgetspentbyPrisonAdministrationsin2011

(b) Averageamountspentperdayforthedetentionofonepersonin2011,ofwhich:

1. Inpre‐trialdetention;

2. Incorrectionalfacility;

3. Inspecialfacilities/sectionsforpersonswithpsychiatricdisorders;

4. Ininstitutionsforjuvenileoffenders.

Table14.A:Categoriesincludedinthecalculationofcustodialexpensesin2011,inTable14

This table present the categories included/excluded while calculating the average amounts shown inTable14:

Security

Healthcare(incl.medicalcare,psychiatricservices,pharmaceuticals,dentalcareetc.)

Services(incl.maintenance,utilities,maintenanceofinmaterecords,reception,assignment,transportation,etc.)

Administration(excl.extra‐institutionalexpenditures)

Support(incl.food,inmateactivities,inmateemployment,clothing,etc.)

Rehabilitationprograms(incl.academiceducation,vocationaltraining,substanceabuseprograms,etc.)

Othercosts.

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C.1 Annual Module: Prison Staff (detailed) SinceSPACEI2012,everyyeartheSPACEIadditionalquestionnairewillexamineaspecialaspectofthecustodialorganisationinordertogathermoredetailedinformationaboutit.

Thisyear,theannualmodulefocusesonthecategoriesofpenitentiarystaffanditsstatutes.Asmuchasitwaspossible,wetriedtoadaptthecategoriesofstaff tomakethemcorrespondtotheparticularities insomeofEasternandCentralEuropeancountries.

Inordertodifferentiatethestaffaccordinglytothedutiestheyperform,inAnnualModulewereincludedquestions on (a)uniformedstaff and (b) civilservants.Wemade the distinction between staffworkinginsideandoutsidepenalinstitutions.Moreover,otherspecificcategoriesthatexistinnationalsystemsbutthatdonotcorrespondtotheSPACEcategorieswerelefttothediscretionofnationalcorrespondentstobefilledin.Somecountrieschosetointroducenewcategories,andtheywereaskedtoprovideamaximumofdetailsinordertomakeasclearaspossiblethedistributionofthestaffintheirnationalsystems.

Allthecategoriesincludedinthesub‐chapterrelatedtostaffarecalculatedandpresentedonthebasisof“full‐time equivalents” (FTE). This is an additional reason for keeping the detailed figures comparablewiththeonesincludedinthemainchapter(seechapterC.PrisonStaff).

TablesAM1&AM2:Specialcategoriesincludedinthetotalnumberofstaffon1stSeptember2012(numbersandpercentages)

A. Totalnumberofstaffon1stSeptember2012.

B. Temporarymissingstaff (maternity leaves, longsick leaves, long‐termtrainings, inter‐sectorialexchanges,etc.).

C. StaffwhoworkinsidepenalinstitutionsbutwhoarenotemployedbythePrisonAdministration(e.g.employedbyProbationagencies,otherState/Governmentalbodies).

D. Staff employed under contractsmade betweenPrisonAdministrations and private companies,groups,associations,etc.

E. Staff employed by the Prison Administration but who do not perform duties inside penalinstitutions(e.g.escortsfrom/tothecourts,guardsinthecourts,etc.).

F. Personsundertemporarycontracts(e.g.trainees,researchers,interimstaff).

G. Staffworkinginsidepenalinstitutionsbutwhodonotperform“penalduties”(e.g.civilengineersontheconstructionsites,localauditors).

H. Other.

Table AM3&AM4: Uniformed staff working inside penal institutions on 1st September 2012(numbersandpercentages)

Totalnumberofuniformedstaffon1stSeptember2012,ofwhich:

o Custodians(guards)

o Securitystaff(otherthancustodians)

o Managementstaff

o Doctors

o Othermedicalstaff(e.g.nurses,occupationaltherapists)

o Teachers

o Educators

o Psychologistsandother staff involved in theassessmentof the inmates (dangerousness, individualplansof theexecutionofsentencesetc.)

o Other



TableAM5:Civilianstaffworkinginsidepenalinstitutionson1stSeptember2012

Totalnumberofcivilians(non‐uniformed)staffon1stSeptember2012,ofwhich:



o Managementstaff

o Doctors


o Teachers

o Educators


o Other

TableAM6:Uniformedstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutionson1stSeptember2012




o Managementstaff

o Doctors


o Teachers

o Educators


o Other

TableAM7:Civilianstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutionson1stSeptember2012

Totalnumberofcivilians(non‐uniformed)staffon1stSeptember2012,ofwhich:



o Managementstaff

o Doctors


o Teachers

o Educators


o Other

TableAM8:Othercategoriesofstaffon1stSeptember2012

Here are included all other additional categories of staff that perform their duties in relation to thecustody.Yet,thesepeoplecannotbeincludedamongmaincategoriesofstaffalreadydistributedinTablesAM3toAM7.

NB:Uniformedstaff:staffthatdowearauniformandaresubjecttoasystemofprofessionalranks(military,policeoranyspecificprisonsystem’sranks).



Conventions and Statistical Measures Thereportaimstogiveanoverviewof thecustodialsituationacrossEurope,not tomix‐upallnationaltraditionsandpractices ina rigidunrealisticdefinitionofprison. Indeed, this latestapproachwouldbescientifically unreliable and could not serve as a tool for the public policies and criminal justicepractitioners.Therefore,inSPACEsurveywearefullyconcernedaboutthequalityofthedataprovided.Inorder tominimise anymisinterpretation of figures included here, any user should be aware about theconventionsusedtoreplaceambiguoussignsandabbreviations.

CONVENTIONS USED

NAP***

Thequestionisirrelevant;theitemreferstoaconceptnotfoundinthepenalsystemofthecountryconcerned(Notapplicable).

0 Thenumberis0buttheconceptexistsinthepenalsystemofthecountryconcerned.

NA…

Nofiguresavailable,buttheconceptexistsinthepenalsystemofthecountryconcerned.

(number)

Whenthedataareshowninbracketsthismeansthatthey arenotstrictlycomparablewiththedatarequestedbySPACEIquestionnaire.Forexample,thisappliestoitemswhosedefinitionisnotthesameastheoneusedintheSPACEquestionnaire.Orwhenthetotalnumberofanalysedfigureislessorequalto10individuals.

Whenthequestionnaireboxisleftblankorasymbolisused,whosemeaningisnotexplicit(forexample"/"or"‐"),weleavetheboxblank.

AllcasesofdivergenceandadditionalcommentsprovidedbynationalcorrespondentshavebeengroupedandexplainedinthenotestotheTables.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

In Tables containing rates or percentages, we have used the following measures to describe thedistributionofthedata:

Mean:thearithmeticmeanistheoutcomeofdividingthesumofthedatasuppliedbythetotalnumberofcountries.Themeanissensitivetoextremevalues(veryhighorverylow).

Median:themedianisthevaluethatdividesthedatasuppliedbythecountriesconcernedintotwoequalgroups so that 50% of the countries are above themedian and 50% are below it. The median is notinfluencedbyveryhighorverylowvalues.

Minimum:thelowestrecordedvalueinthegivencolumnoftheTable.

Maximum:thehighestrecordedvalueinthegivencolumnoftheTable.

Forreasonsofaccuracywehavecalculatedthemeanandmedianvaluesfromtheoriginaldatabase,whichcontainsallthedecimalsnotpresentedinthetables.Readerswhoreworkthecalculationsfromthedatainthetables‐whichonlycontainoneortwodecimals‐willthereforeobtainslightlydifferentresultsthanours.



Demographic Data Theratespresentedinthisreporthavebeencalculatedusingdemographicdata(totalpopulationofeachEuropeancountryonJanuary1st,2012),takenfromtheEurostatDatabase(“Populationon1stJanuarybyageandgender”7).

Exceptions:Forsomecountries, the figuresof thepopulationarenotavailable in theEurostatdatasets(i.e.for2012itwasthecaseofAlbaniaandMonaco).Moreover,somenationalcorrespondentsprovidedinformation for different territorial divisions than the ones used in EUROSTAT demographic data. Theterritoriesconcernedandthesourcesusedfortheirdemographicdataarethefollowing:

Albania:Demographicdatareferto1stJanuary2012.DatawereretrievedfromtheWebsiteofInstituteofStatistics(INSTAT) Population: Population 1 January 2001‐2013 by age groups (subcategory: Figures), available at:http://www.instat.gov.al/en/themes/population.aspx(retrievedonFebruary26th,2014).

BosniaandHerzegovina (FederationofBosniaandHerzegovina): Demographic data refer to 30th June 2012.DatawereretrievedfromtheWebsiteoftheFederalOfficeofStatistics(report:Theestimateofthepresentpopulationbyageandsex,June30,2012), available at: http://www.fzs.ba/saopcenja/2012/14.2.1.pdf (retrieved on February26th,2014).

BosniaandHerzegovina(RepublikaSrpska):Demographicdataareestimates.Theestimatesaredonefor2012onthebasisofthenaturalchangesofpopulationandmigration(“Demographicstatistics.StatisticalBulletin”no.16,Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics, Banja Luka, 2013, p. 15), available at:http://www.rzs.rs.ba/front/article/778/(retrievedonFebruary26th,2014).

France: Demographic data includes the European territory of France (known as the Metropolitan France), theFrench overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana and Reunion, known as DOM or Départementsd’Outre‐mer) as well as overseas communities (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Mayotte, Saint‐Pierre‐and‐Miquelon,WallisandFutuna,Saint‐MartinandSaint‐Barthélemy).

Serbia:DemographicdataexcludeKosovoandMetohijaterritories.

Monaco: Demographic data are mid‐2012 estimates. Data available on the Website of the Word Bank:http://data.worldbank.org/country/monaco(retrievedonFebruary26th,2014).

Spain(StateAdministrationandCatalonia):Demographicdatareferto1stJanuary2012.DatawereretrievedonFebruary26th,2014,available forSpain (Total figure)andseparately forCataloniaon theWebsiteof theNationalStatistics Institute of Spain (INE) in the dataset Populations by Autonomous Communities and Cities and sex:http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do.

United Kingdom (England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland): Demographic data are mid‐2012estimates.DatawereretrievedonFebruary26th,2014:

i. EnglandandWales:Statisticalbulletin:AnnualMid‐yearPopulationEstimatesforEnglandandWales, 2012, by Office for National Statistics: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop‐estimate/population‐estimates‐for‐england‐and‐wales/mid‐2012/mid‐2012‐population‐estimates‐for‐england‐and‐wales.html,

ii. NorthernIreland:Mid‐YearPopulationEstimates,byNorthernIrelandStatisticsandResearchAgency(NISRA):http://www.nisra.gov.uk/demography/default.asp17.htm.

iii. Scotland:Mid‐2011andMid‐2012PopulationEstimatesScotlandPopulationestimatesbysex,age and administrative area, by National Records of Scotland: http://www.gro‐scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population‐estimates/mid2012/mid‐2011‐2012‐pop‐est.pdf.

7http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database(figuresretrievedfromthedatabaseonFebruary26th,2014)



Data Validation Procedure The comparability of the data collected is one of the main concerns and main problems that anyinternationalsurveyseektosolve.Therefore,specialattentionisgiveneveryyeartotheimprovementofdatavalidationtechniquessusedinSPACE.

Accordingto theauthorsof theEuropeanSourcebookofCrimeandCriminalJusticeStatistics (Strasbourg,CouncilofEurope,1999),"validationisoftenthemostimportant–andinmanycasesthemostforgotten–stageofthedatacollectionprocess".

Thus, since the2002SPACE I survey,wehave introducedavalidationprocedure for thedata received.Suchproceduresubstantially increasestheworkloadofall the individualsandcountries involvedintheelaboration of SPACE. It also delays the publication of the data. However, we believe that the resultsobtainedinotherwords,theimprovementstothequalityofthedatajustifyitsuse.

Aspartofthevalidationprocedure,weproduce a preliminary version ofSPACE report and a series of controlTables that reveal a number ofinconsistencies or visible “outliers” inthe raw data received from nationalcorrespondents.

Then,significantdifferences(generallyannual discrepancies of more than10%or20%dependingonthequalityof the item) are corrected by nationalcorrespondents.

Insomecases, it is imperativetotranslateor to provide additional explanations inordertoavoidnewerror.

Mostof thecountries correct their figuresorindicatethereasonsforthedivergencesidentified.

ItwasnoticedthatdivergencesaremainlyduetodifferencesinthenationalprisonstatisticssystemsaswellasincriminaljusticesystemsacrossEuropeandareexplainedinthenotestotherelevantTables.

Nevertheless, despite our efforts to identify errors and the very rigorousmethodology applied for thevalidation, it is not possible to guarantee the full reliability of all data included in this report. Someoffiguresmay still remain “invisible” andothersmayhavebeen introduced involuntarilyduring thedataprocessing.Moreover,ithasnotalwaysbeenpossibletocorrecttheinconsistenciesdiscoveredinatotallysatisfactoryway.Inthatcontext,anyreaders'comments,notesorcriticismsarewelcomed.

Finally, the authors would like to thank all those who brought their support, advice, suggestions orknowledgeofspecificnationalfeatureshavecontributedtotheachievementofthisreport,inparticularthenationalcorrespondentsofeachMemberStateoftheCouncilofEurope.

A particular gratitude goes toMrRoyWalmsley for his attentive and critical reading of SPACE reportsduring the last 10 years.We are also grateful toMrWalmsley for having sharedwith us somemissingfiguresand,therefore,forcontributingtoincreaseofthequalityofSPACEcomparisons.

Comparability

Cross‐sectionnal

European definitions

Attention to the national

peculiarities

Internal counting rules

Categories incl./excl.

Longitudinal

Vertical check

Build time‐series

Time‐series mapping

Attention to the significant gaps/jupmsFigure0:SPACEIComparabilityLevels



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ThispartofthereportpresentsstatisticalTables,explanatorynotesandFiguresandMapsthatcoverthegeneralsituationofEuropeanpenal institutions. Italso includesdataondetention incustody, includingdifferent types of penal institutions aswell as an analysis of the evolution of several indicators of thepenitentiarysystemsacrossEurope.

A.1. LEGISLATIVE OR OTHER MEASURES WHICH DIRECTLY INFLUENCE TRENDS IN THE

NUMBER OF PRISONERS

ALBANIA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. New legislation concerning certain categories of prisoners: Regulationon theprotectionofpersonal

dataofprisoners hasbeenapprovedon6thDecember2012,byordernr.8697of theDirectorGeneralofPrisons. This Regulation aims the protection of personal data and their security in pre‐trial detentioncentresaswellasduringtheexecutionofprisonssentences.

3. Amnesties: Approval by the Albanian Parliament of the Law no.107 dated 08.11.2011 "On granting ofamnesty". As a result, 517 persons deprived of their liberty have been released, and other 58 prisonersbenefited of reduction of the period of imprisonment at 1/4 from serving the rest of their custodialsentence.

4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

ANDORRA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

ARMENIA1. Changes in criminal law: Some changes were introduced in the degree of the punishments by the

amendmentactintheCriminalCode(23.05.2011);2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:Amnestyactpronouncedon1stOctober2012.Asaresult,4personswereamnestied.4. Individualpardons:11individualpardonsgrantedon1stOctober2012;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

AUSTRIA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:200 inmates– Individualpardon isgrantedby thePresidentofFederalRepublicof

Austria;5. Collective pardons: 48 inmates – Traditional Christmas pardon granted by the President of Federal

RepublicofAustria;6. Other:ElectronicMonitoringsurveillancewasintroducedinAustriaon1stSeptember2010.

AZERBAIJANGeneralnote: Someof the figures for2012arenot fully comparablewith theones frompreviousyears.Personsheld inpolicestationsarenotincludedinthetotalnumberofprisonpopulation.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:LawOnprotectionofrightsandfreedomsof

detainees (22.05.2012N352‐IVQ)summarized, clarifiedand improvednormsofdifferent legislativeactsrelatedtopre‐trialdetention.Thelawdefinesthetypesofremandinstitutions,embodiesthegroundsforplacement to theplacesofpre‐trialdetention, specifies timerestrictions forkeepingdetainees incertaintypesofinstitutions,andregulatestransfersofprisonersfromoneplaceofdetentiontoanother.

3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:221inmates–PardonordersbythePresidentoftheRepublicofAzerbaijan.;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:NA.



BELGIUM1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–STATELEVELGeneralnote:All informationrefersonly to thepre‐traildetaineesheld in thePre‐trialdetentionunitof theStateCourtofBiHwhichfallsinthecompetencyoftheBiHMinistryofJustice.OtherpenitentiaryestablishmentsareinthecompetenceoftheentityMinistriesofJustice.

1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–FEDERALLEVEL1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:29(TheinstituteofpardonisregulatedintheseparateLawonPardonaccordingto

whichPresidentoftheFederationofBiHdecidesontheapplicationforpardonineachindividualcase,andthesedataareincludedhere);

5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other: 474 conditional released. In the FBiH legislation, conditional release (CR) is regulated in the

provisions of the LawonEnforcement of Criminal Sanctions according towhich theConditionalReleaseCommissiondecidesontheCRapplicationineachindividualcase.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–REPUBLIKASRPSKA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. New legislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners: Changes and amendments to the Lawon

executionofcriminalsanctionsofRS(OfficialGazetteofRepublikaSrpska,no117/11);3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:358inmates,ofwhich:24sentencedinmates,93ontheproposalofthepenitentiary

establishment,and241onthedecisionofthegovernor;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

BULGARIAGeneralnote:Stockfiguresrelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.ThepenitentiarysysteminBulgaria consists mainly of two levels of custody: investigative detention facilities and prisons. Stock figurespresented in this report refer to inmatesheld inprisons, includingpre‐trialdetaineesheld there.Moreover, thesefiguresdoalsoincludepersonsresidingwithintheinvestigativedetentionfacilities(IDF).ErrataSPACEI2011:InpreviousSPACEreportitwasstatedthatpersonsheldintheIDFwerenotincludedinthetotalprisonpopulation.OneshouldpayattentionthattheseinmatesWEREincluded(1,252inmates).

1. Changesincriminallaw:IntheActforExecutionofsentencesanddetention;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:8;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

CROATIAGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:3;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.



CYPRUSGeneralnotes:

(a) Prison population figures do not include the areas that are not under the effective control of theGovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprus.

(b) Stockfiguresconcern694inmatesinthePrisonInstitutionand236inmatesheldinPolicestations.1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collective pardons: 696 persons. Collective Pardon refers to a suspension of sentence offered by the

President of theRepublic of Cypruswith the agreement of theAttorneyGeneral of theRepublic. This isimposedwithterms(i.e.forCypriots,iftheycommitanothercrimeduringathreeyearperiod,theyreturnbacktoprisonandtheyservetheirfullprevioussentenceaswell;foreignersaredeported).

6. Other:1releasedonparole;10werereleasedbytheSupremeCourt;9weretransferred.Note:InnorthernpartofCyprus,accordingtothe2012AnnualHumanRightsReportoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState,on31stDecember2012,therewere“286prisonersanddetaineesheldatyear’send,42percentwereforeigners,mostofwhomwereTurkishcitizens.Ofthosesentenced,60percentweresentencedtoheavypenaltyand40percentweresentencedtolightpenalty.Fivefemaleprisonersandtwojuvenileswereincarcerated[…]Approximately38percentoftheprisonerswereawaitingtrial.”8.CZECHREPUBLICGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties: There was a presidential amnesty on 1st January 2013 (more than 6000 prisoners were

released);4. Individualpardons:6personsconcerned;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

DENMARK1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:“AmendmentofTheDanishCriminalCode

(Actno.159of28February2012‐actedintoforceon1March2012): Prior to the amendment in 2012, inmateswho had been sentenced to deportation fromDenmarkwere

usuallyreleasedafterhavingserved7/12ofthesentence,butat leasttwomonthsofthesentence(if theexclusionfromenteringDenmarkwasonlyinforceforalimitednumberofyears,forexamplethree,fiveorten)or after serving1/2of the sentence, but at least twomonthsof the sentence (if the exclusion fromenteringDenmarkwaspermanent).However,thisappliedonlyifitwaspossiblefortheinmatetoleavethecountry soon after the release and if probationwas not deemed “inadvisable” as stated in the CriminalCode.

Ifaninmatedidnotwishtobereleasedbeforetheendofthesentenceasoutlinedabove,theinmatewasalmostalwaysreleasedon“mandatoryprobation”afterserving2/3ofthesentence.Thiswouldonlyapply,however,ifitwaspossiblefortheinmatetodepartsoonafterthereleaseandprobationwasnotdeemed“inadvisable”.

Inaccordancewiththeexplanatorynotesto(Actno.159of28February2012)allinmateswhohavebeensentencedtodeportation fromDenmark(both limitedandpermanentexclusion fromenteringDenmark)can (as of 1 April 2012) be released after serving 1/2, yet at least two months, of the sentence.Furthermore,such inmatescanbereleasedafterserving1/2of thesentenceeven thoughthepersons inquestiondonotwanttobereleased(“mandatoryrelease”).Thiswillonlyapply,however,ifitispossiblefortheinmatetodepartsoonafterthereleaseandprobationisnotdeemed“inadvisable”.

3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

8SeeinparticulartheCountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2012:http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=204275&year=2012#wrapper.



ESTONIA1. Changes in criminal law: Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code entered into force on 1st

September2011.Theseamendmentsestablishthatincaseacriminalmattercannotbeadjudicatedwithinareasonable time and the violation of the right of the accused to hearing of the criminalmatterwithin areasonable period of time cannot be cured in any othermanner, the courtmay,with the consent of theaccused,alsoterminatethecriminalproceedings.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:2inmatesconcerned;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

FINLAND1. Changes in criminal law: The ActonMonitoringSentence entered into force on 1st November 2011. A

monitoringsentencecanbeimposedinsteadofanunconditionalprisonsentencenotexceedingsixmonthsifthereisanobstacletosentencingtocommunityservice.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

FRANCEGeneralnotes: Stockdatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012. DatarelatetotheEuropeanterritoryofFrance(knownasMétropole)aswellastoFrenchoverseasterritories

(Guadeloupe,Martinique,FrenchGuianaandReunion,knownasDOMorDépartementsd’Outre‐mer).1. Changesincriminallaw:No.2. New legislation concerning certain categories of prisoners: Article 16 of the Law No. 2011‐939 of

August10th2011,enteredintoforceonJanuary1st2012,amendedtheconditionsforgrantingconditionalreleaseforcertaincategoriesofprisonerssentencedtotenyearsandoverofimprisonment;

3. Amnesties:ThelastlawonamnestieswasadoptedinAugust2002;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:ConstitutionalLawonthemodernisationofthe5thRepublic’sinstitutionsfrom23rdJuly

2008 abolished collective pardons. Article 17 of the Constitution from 4th October 1958 was modified.Nowadays this article foresees the following: “The President of the Republic has the right to grantindividualpardons”;

6. Other:No.GEORGIA


GERMANYGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto31stMarch2012insteadof1stSeptember2012;


GREECE1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.



HUNGARY1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:

a. Act II of 2012 on Infringements, Post‐Charge Non‐Criminal Detention and the Registration ofInfringementProceedingsenteredintoforceat15thApril2012.

b. MoreovertheXII.Lawof2012ontheexecutionofamnestyenteredintoforceat10thMarch2012.However,thePrisonServiceisnotdirectlyaffected.

3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:NAP;6. Other:No.

ICELAND1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:

a. AccordingtoExecutionofSentencesActNo.49/2005Article27,apersonthathasbeensentencedto up to ninemonths’ (sixmonths until 1/10 2011); non‐conditional imprisonment, it shall bepossible,ifthisisnotcontrarytothepublicinterest,toexecutethesentenceintheformofunpaidcommunityservicelastingaminimumof40hoursandamaximumof360hours.

b. According to Article 29 the Prison and Probation Administration (PPA) shall decidewhether aprisonsentenceistobeexecutedintheformofcommunityservice.

c. AccordingtoExecutionofSentencesActNo.49/2005Article24.a,theenforcementofasentenceoutsideprisonis(from1.October2011)allowedunderelectronicmonitoring.

d. When an unconditional sentence is 12 months prison or longer the PPA may decide that aprisoner can complete serving his sentence outside prison provided he has a device (anklebracelets)sothatitispossibletotrackhismovements.

e. Whenanunconditionalsentenceis12monthstheelectronicsurveillanceis30daysandlengthensby 2.5 days per month, to the maximum of 240 days. The PPA has a contract with a privatesecurity company to monitor those who are in community service and under electronicmonitoringinadditionwiththePPA.


IRELAND1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. New legislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:From01/05/12boysup to theageof17

yearswerenolongerdetainedinadultprisons,butsenttochildrendetentionschools.Thisdidnotrequirea change in primary legislation but rather a change in recertification of capacity under secondarylegislation.


ITALYGeneralnote:TheDepartmentofPenitentiaryAdministrationdoesnotprocessdataconcerningjuvenileoffenders.Thereforeinthisreportareincludedfiguresonlyonadultinmates.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:Lawof17February2012,nr.9,modifying

theLaw199/2010,relevanttotheExecutionofthesentenceatone'sowndomicile:SincetheentryintoforceoftheLaw199/2010until31stAugust2012:7588personsconcerned;


LATVIAGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:a. CriminalLaw(2012.09.01–2013.09.01.):



i. ChangesinCriminalLawon13.12.2012cameintoforceon1stApril2013‐significantlyexpandedtheuseofalternativesanctions,andintroducednewadditionalsentencesandreducedthepenaltylimits.

ii. ChangesinCriminalLawon14.03.2013cameintoforceon1stApril2013.Lawclarifiedandsupplemented:

Sec.12. Liability in the Case of a Legal Person (A natural personwho has committed acriminaloffenceactingintheinterestsofalegalpersongovernedbyprivatelaw,forthesakeofthepersonorasaresultofinsufficientsupervisionorcontrolthereofshallbeheldcriminallyliable,butthelegalpersonmaybeappliedthecoercivemeasuresprovidedforinthisLaw);

Sec.70.1BasisfortheApplicationofaCoerciveMeasuretoaLegalPerson; Sec.70.2‐TypesofCoerciveMeasuresApplicabletoaLegalPerson; Sec.70.4‐RestrictionofRights;

Sec.70.8‐ConditionsfortheApplicationofCoerciveMeasurestoaLegalPerson;b. CriminalProcedureLaw(2011.09.01–2012.09.01):

i. Changes in Criminal Procedure Law on 15.11.2012 came into force on 14.12.2012providefulluseofpre‐trialevaluationreportmadebyStateprobationService(thiswaslimitedduetotheeconomiccrisis).

ii. ChangesofCriminalprocedurelawon20.12.2012cameintoforceon1stApril2013,andcriminalpenaltypolicyhassubstantiallychanged:

Sec273‐GroundsfortheApplicationofArresttoMinors,PregnantWomen,andWomeninthePost‐natalPeriodsubmittedinanewredaction

Sec.278‐TermsofArrestforMinorssubmittedinanewredaction:fromthreemonthsto30daysreduces theallowabletermof imprisonmentforacriminaloffense ‐determinecertainperiodsofdetentionforminors;

Sec 379 –first part supplemented with fifth point ‐ an investigator with consent of asupervising public prosecutor, public prosecutor or a court may terminate criminalproceedings, if person committed a criminal offense at the time it was subjected tohumantraffickingandwasforcedtodoit.

Sec381–changesinsecondpart–providedthatpersondirectingtheproceedingsshallbean obligation in cases if criminal offense has done by the juvenile and in criminalproceduremediationprocessispossible,mustinformaboutthatStateProbationService.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:a. RegulationsoftheCabinetofMinisters(thereinafter–CM)(2012.09.01–2013.09.01.)

i. 02.10.2012 – CM rules No. 673 "Rules of persons in forensic characterization andphotography register"(L V, 158 (4761), 05.10.2012.). Regulations establish theprocedure and scope of the Interior Integrated information system included details ofthedetainees,personincustodyandpersonswhohavebeensentencedbydeprivationofliberty,thecancellationprocedureoflistedfactsandstorageoftimelimits,theminimumtechnical requirements in relation to attainable photos, as well as institutions, whichhavegivenaccesstotheinformationincludedintheinformationsystem;

ii. 09.04.2013. ‐ CM rules Nr.191 "Re‐socialization of sentenced persons" (LV,70(4876),providingdetailedmodel of re‐socializationofprisoners, regular risk andneedassessment,re‐socializationplan,education,psychologicalcare,re‐socializationprogrammanagement,etc.

iii. 9.10.2012 – CM rules No. 701 ‘’Changes into rules of CM from 31.10.2006 No. 899’’„Procedures for the Reimbursement of Expenditures for the Acquisition of MedicinalProductsandMedicinalDevicesIntendedforOut‐patientMedicalTreatment"("LV",165(4768), 18.10.2012.)‐ comes into force 19.10.2012. Prescribe the procedures for thereimbursement of expenditures for the acquisition ofmedicinal products andmedicaldevicesintendedforout‐patientmedicaltreatment,whichalsoapplytoprisoners.

iv. 25.09.2012 – CM rules No.654 „Changes into rules of CM from 19.12.2006 No. 1046”„Order of health service financing andorganization.” ("LV", 156 (4759), 03.10.2012.) ‐comesintoforce04.10.2012.Aimedtoimprovehealthcareinciviltreatmentinstitutionsandmakeaninfluencetoprisonershealthcare.

3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:Intotal21inmates,ofwhich10fully(e.g.dischargedfromfurtherexecutionoftheir

sentence),and11partlydischarged(e.g.punishmentcutbycourtadjudgement),including10malesand1femaleinmates.

5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.



LIECHTENSTEIN1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

LITHUANIAGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:On22ndDecember2011,wasadoptedtheLaw.No.XI‐1860oftheRepublicofLithuaniaonProbation;

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individual pardons: During the period from 1st September 2011 to 31st August 2012, 3 Presidential

Decreesgrantedpardons.Asaresult:9prisonershad the termof theirservicereduced;and3prisonerswerepardonedfromtheremainingtermoftheprisonsentence.

5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

LUXEMBOURG1. Changesincriminallaw:Lawoninternationalrecidivismof24thFebruary2012:

a. Art.56:Whoever,afterhavingbeenconvicted,commitsanoffense,canbesentencedtotwicethemaximumprovidedforinthelawagainsttheoffense.Thesamesentencecanbepronouncediftheconvicted person had previously been sentenced to aminimumof one year prison sentence, ifhe/she committed the new offense during the five year period running since he/she servedhis/hersentence.

b. Art. 57‐4. (L. 24th February2012):The rules established for recidivismwill apply following thepreviousarticles,exceptforart.57‐1,incaseofapreviousfinalsentenceinanotherMemberStateof theEuropeanUnionagainst thesamepersonbut fordifferent facts.Theprevioussentence istakenintoaccounttotheextentthatthejudicialeffectsattachedtothissentenceareequivalenttothoseattachedtoapriornationalsentence.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:7personsconcerned;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:InSeptember2011,thenewcentreforadministrativedetentionreplacedthespecialsectioninthe

PenitentiaryCentreofLuxembourgusedforadministrativealienswhichwasclosed.MALTA


MOLDOVAGeneralnote:PrisonpopulationfiguresdonotincludetheregionofTransdiestria.

1. Changesincriminallaw:Lawnr.277‐XVI/18December2008ontheamendmentoftheCriminalCodeoftheRepublicofMoldova;

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:1;4. Individualpardons:3;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other: 347persons concernedby replacementof theunexecuted sentencewithamilderpunishmentor

with fine, releases due to illness, conditional release before time and after serving the sentence withprivilegedcalculationofworkingdays.

MONACO1. Changesincriminallaw:

a. SovereignOrdinanceNo3.782of16thMay2012ontheOrganisationofthePrisonAdministrationanddetentionincustody;



b. Order by Director of Legal Services No 2012‐8 of 4th June 2012 setting out the conditions ofapplicationoftheSovereignOrdinanceNo3.782,

c. Order by Director of Legal Services No 2012‐21 of 28th September 2012 laying down detailedrulesofinterventionadaptedtodetentioncentre,

d. InternalRegulationsoftheDetentioncentre.2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:1inmatewithreducedsentence(onday‐parole)gotajoboutsidetheDetentioncentre.

MONTENEGRO1. Changesincriminallaw:0;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:

a. RulebookonHouseOrderintheAdministrationforExecutionofCriminalSanctions,b. RulebookonMethodologyofExecutionofDetention;

3. Amnesties:ByLawonAmnesty from2012, sentences forcertain typesof criminaloffencesare reduced20%.Amnestyappliedto432inmates.

4. Individual pardons: President of Montenegro acted upon 321 requests for pardon, and accepted 98requests.Consequently,hereducedthesentences(1‐6months),replacedapartoftheunservedsentencewithreleaseonparole,orfine.

5. Collectivepardons:NAP;6. Other:No.

THENETHERLANDSGeneralnote:Inthetotalnumberofinmatesarenotincludedjuvenileoffenders.Moreover,personsheldincustodialclinics(TBS)placedthereunderahospitalorderarealsoexcludedfromthecalculationofprisonpopulation.Ontheopposite,illegalaliensheldforadministrativereasonsareincludedinthetotalnumberofprisoners.

1. Changesincriminallaw:Thereisonelawthathaschangedandcameintoeffecton3January2012.Anewpartofthelawstatesthat:

a. Personswhocommittedseriouscrimesofassaultoraserioussexualoffencecannotbeconvictedtoacommunityservicesentenceifitisnotcombinedwithanunconditionalprisonsentence.

b. Someoneconvictedtocommunityservicesentenceforacrimesimilartoanewlycommittedone(within5yearsafterthepreviouscrime)canonlybeconvictedtocommunityservicesentence,ifitiscombinedwithanunconditionalprisonsentence.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:In2011,atotalof481pardonsweregiven,ofwhich155withconditions.5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

NORWAY1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:NAP;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:NAP;6. Other:No.

POLANDGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changes incriminal law: Theywere new rules connectedwith the safety of themass events (thiswasconnectedwiththepreparationforEURO2012);

2. New legislation concerning certain categories of prisoners: There was one change in the PenalExecutiveCodeconcerningtheuseofdirectforceandfirearms.




PORTUGALGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:LawNo.51/2011of12Aprilon"GeneralRegulationsofPrisons."TheActcameinto force in June2011.However, this lawdoesnothaveadirect impacton the trends in thenumberofinmates.

2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

ROMANIA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

RUSSIANFEDERATION1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

SANMARINO1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

SERBIA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:appliedon13inmates.5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

SLOVAKREPUBLIC1. Changesincriminallaw:Introductionofnewcriminalacts,amendmentofproceduralacts.2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

SLOVENIA1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:0;4. Individualpardons:0;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:NA.



SPAIN(NATIONALADMINISTRATION)Generalnote:ThePenitentiaryAdministrationdoesnothaveanycompetencesoverjuvenileoffenders.Thesecategoriesofoffenders aremanaged by the administrations of autonomous communities. Therefore in this report are included onlyfiguresonadultinmates.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:NAP;4. Individualpardons:appliedon502inmates;5. Collectivepardons:0;6. Other:No.

SPAIN(CATALONIA)1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:NAP;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

SWEDENGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.


SWITZERLANDGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto5thSeptember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. New legislation concerning certain categories of prisoners: New unified federal Code of Criminal

Procedure(CCP)cameintoforceon1stJanuary2011;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

THEFORMERYUGOSLAVREPUBLICOFMACEDONIA1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:12inmates;5. Collectivepardons:16collectivepardonswerepronouncedatNewYearoccasionandon2ndofAugust.6. Other:releasedbyacourtdecision:245;conditionalreleased:763;abolishedjudgment:84.

TURKEY1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:

a. Amendment inLawNo.5275on theEnforcementofPenaltiesandSecurityMeasures,which is theadditionofArticle105/A,cameintoeffecton11April2012throughLawNo.6291.Thus,prisonerswhohaveamaximumof1yearsentenceleftandwhohavespenttheirlastsixmonthsinanopenprisonandwhohavegoodconductcanapplyforprobation.Appliedon33,976prisoners.

b. AmendmentNo.6352cameintoeffecton5July2012;theupperlimitof3yearsofprisonsentencehasbeenabandoned.Thus,prisonerssentencedtoprisonofmorethan3yearscanbenefitfromadministrativecontrol,too.Appliedon25,911prisoners(between5.07.2012and31.12.2012).

c. AmendmentinLawNo.5402onProbationServices,whichistheadditionofArticleNo.15/A,cameinto effect on 11 April 2012. Thus, electronic monitoring became available. Applied on 56prisoners.




UKRAINE1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALESGeneralnote:Stockdatarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.


UK:NORTHERNIRELAND1. Changesincriminallaw:NA;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:NA;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.

UK:SCOTLANDGeneral note: Previous SPACE returnswere completed using the Scottish Government statistical systemwhich isbasedondatafromtheScottishPrisonServicePR2managementinformationsystem.Duetotechnicalproblemswiththisstatisticalsystem,thefiguresfortheSPACEI2012returnhavebeenextractedfromthePR2systemanddifferslightlyfromfiguresextractedfromtheScottishGovernmentstatisticalsystem,primarilyintermsoftheamountofdetailavailableandnorecordeddataonflows(receptionsandliberations).TheScottishPrisonServicepopulationfiguresalsodonotincludeprisonersclassifiedasunlawfullyatlarge,forinstanceduetoabsconding,notreturningfromtemporaryleaveasscheduled,orbeingsubjecttorecallduetobreachofhomedetentioncurfewconditions.

1. Changesincriminallaw:No;2. Newlegislationconcerningcertaincategoriesofprisoners:No;3. Amnesties:NA;4. Individualpardons:NA;5. Collectivepardons:NA;6. Other:NA.



TABLE 1: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.1

CountryPopulationon1stJanuary2012

Totalnumberofinmates

(includingpre‐trialdetainees)

Prisonpopulationrateper100,000population

Totalcapacityofpenal

institutions

Prisondensityper100places

Albania 2815749 4890 173.7 4417 110.7Andorra 78115 41 52.5 125 32.8Armenia 3274285 4714 144.0 4395 107.3Austria 8408121 8756 104.1 8731 100.3Azerbaijan 9235085 21034 227.8 24592 85.5Belgium 11094850 12310 111.0 9348 131.7BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2338277 1700 72.7 1738 97.8BH:Rep.Srpska 1429290 1062 74.3 1373 77.3Bulgaria 7327224 10663 145.5 NA NA

Croatia 4275984 4741 110.9 3921 120.9Cyprus 862011 930 107.9 664 140.1CzechRep. 10505445 22644 215.5 21307 106.3Denmark 5580516 3829 68.6 4121 92.9Estonia 1325217 3417 257.8 3548 96.3Finland 5401267 3196 59.2 3055 104.6France 65287861 76407 117.0 56991 117.0Georgia 4497617 23227 516.4 22900 101.4

Germany 81843743 69268 84.6 78161 88.6Greece 11123034 12479 112.2

Hungary 9931925 17585 177.1 12668 138.8Iceland 319575 152 47.6 165 92.1Ireland 4582707 4323 94.3 4413 98.0Italy 59394207 66271 111.6 45568 145.4Latvia 2044813 6195 303.0 7970 77.7Liechtenstein 36475 8 21.9 20 40.0Lithuania 3003641 10033 334.0 9399 106.7Luxembourg 524853 659 125.6 711 92.7Malta 417546 622 149.0

Moldova 3559541 6621 186.0 7548 87.7Monaco 37580 41 109.1 78 52.6Montenegro 621240 1229 197.8 1100 111.7Netherlands 16730348 11324 67.7 13192 85.8Norway 4985870 3551 71.2 3803 93.4Poland 38538447 84156 218.4 86906 96.8Portugal 10542398 13614 129.1 12077 112.7Romania 20095996 31883 158.7 26821 118.9RussianFed. 143056383 717400 501.5

SanMarino 33376 1 3.0 12 8.3Serbia 7216649 11070 153.4 6950 159.3SlovakRep. 5404322 11075 204.9 10798 102.6Slovenia 2055496 1377 67.0 1309 105.2Spain(total) 47265321 69621 147.3 77895 89.4

Spain(StateAdm.) 39694413 59410 149.7 66864 88.9Spain(Catalonia) 7570908 10211 134.9 11031 92.6

Sweden 9482855 6431 67.8 7040 91.3Switzerland 7954662 6599 83.0 6978 94.6theFYROMacedonia 2059794 2543 123.5 2396 106.1Turkey 74724269 120275 161.0 139539 86.2Ukraine 45453282 151122 332.5 157625 95.9UK:Engl.&Wales 56567800 86048 152.1 90897 94.7UK:North.Ireland 1823634 1779 97.6 1813 98.1UK:Scotland 5313600 8145 153.3 7784 104.6Mean 149.9 97.7

Median 125.6 97.8

Minimum 3.0 8.3

Maximum 516.4 159.3



TABLE 1.1: CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN TABLE 1

Doesthetotalnumberofinmates(Table1)includethefollowingcategories?

(1) Personsheldinpolicestations(2) Personsheldincustodialinstitutions/unitsforjuvenileoffenders

(2.1)Ifthepersonsheldincustodialinstitutions/unitsforjuvenileoffendersarecounted,howmanyamongthem(point2)are18yearsandover

(3) Personsplacedineducationalinstitutions/unitsforjuvenileoffenders(4) Personsheldininstitutionsfordrug‐addictedoffendersoutsidepenalinstitutions(5) Personswithpsychiatricdisordersinpsychiatricinstitutionsorhospitalsoutsidepenalinstitutions(e.g.personsconsideredasnon‐criminallyliablebythecourt,personsundersecuritymeasures,etc.)(6) Asylumseekersorillegalaliensheldforadministrativereasons

(6.1) If asylum seekers or illegal aliens held for administrative reasons are counted, howmanyofthem (point 6) are held in centres/sections especially design for this type ofdetention

(7) Personsheld in private facilities (e.g. privateprisons, detention centres, centres for the applicationof certainpenalmeasures [e.g. centres for the treatmentof psychiatricdisorders, centres for thetreatmentofaddictionsetc.])

(8) Personsunderelectronicsurveillance/ElectronicMonitoringReference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.1.1

Country (1)Howmany?

(2)Howmany?

(2.1) (3)Howmany?

(4)Howmany?

(5)Howmany?

(6)Howmany?

(6.1) (7)Howmany?

(8)Howmany?

Albania NAP *** Yes 138 0 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Andorra NAP *** Yes 0 0 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** No ***Armenia No *** Yes 29 15 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Austria No *** Yes 136 0 No *** No *** Yes 211 No *** *** NAP *** Yes 202Azerbaijan No *** Yes 24 0 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Belgium No *** Yes 72 19 No *** No *** Yes 200 Yes 0 0 NAP *** Yes 992BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH No *** Yes 25 21 No *** NAP *** Yes 18 No *** NAP NAP *** NAP ***BH:Rep.Srpska NAP *** Yes 10 3 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Bulgaria Yes 1170 Yes 73 10 No *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** No ***

Croatia No *** Yes 84 16 No *** No *** No *** No *** NAP NAP *** NAP ***Cyprus Yes 244 Yes 28 24 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** No ***CzechRep. NAP *** Yes 172 89 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Denmark No *** No *** *** NAP *** NAP *** No *** No *** *** No *** No ***Estonia No *** Yes 170 117 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** No ***Finland No *** NAP *** *** No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 172France No *** Yes 233 5 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 9105Georgia Germany No *** Yes 7006 6067 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** Yes 1506 No ***Greece Hungary No *** Yes NA NA No *** No *** No *** No *** NAP No *** NAP ***Iceland No *** NAP *** *** NAP *** No *** No *** No *** *** No *** No ***



Country (1)Howmany?

(2)Howmany?

(2.1) (3)Howmany?

(4)Howmany?

(5)Howmany?

(6)Howmany?

(6.1) (7)Howmany?

(8)Howmany?

Ireland NAP *** Yes 50 1 NAP *** NAP *** Yes 34 Yes 9 NAP NAP *** Yes 1Italy No *** No *** *** NAP *** NAP *** Yes 1167 No *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Latvia NAP *** Yes 48 15 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** No *** NAP NAP *** NAP ***Liechtenstein No *** No *** *** No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** No ***Lithuania No *** Yes 202 83 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Luxembourg No *** Yes 1 0 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 33Malta Moldova No *** Yes 44 24 No *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Monaco NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Montenegro No *** No *** *** No *** No *** Yes 1 No *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Netherlands No *** No *** *** No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 196Norway No *** NAP *** *** NAP *** No *** No *** No *** NAP NAP *** No ***Poland NAP *** No *** *** No *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP NAP *** No ***Portugal NAP *** Yes 231 134 No *** NAP *** Yes 231 No *** *** No *** No ***Romania NAP *** Yes 1990 1770 Yes 150 NAP *** NAP *** No *** NAP NAP *** No ***RussianFed. SanMarino NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** No *** *** No *** NAP ***Serbia NAP *** Yes 27 27 Yes 217 NAP *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 287SlovakRep. Yes 63 Yes 108 0 No *** No *** No *** Yes 22 2 NAP *** No ***Slovenia No *** Yes 0 0 Yes 20 No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** NAP ***Spain(total) No *** No *** *** No *** Yes 601 No *** No *** *** No *** Yes 2065Spain(StateAdm.) No *** No *** *** No *** Yes 589 No *** No *** *** No *** Yes 2030Spain(Catalonia) No *** No *** *** No *** Yes 12 No *** No *** *** NAP *** Yes 35Sweden No *** No *** *** No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** No ***Switzerland No *** Yes 69 NA Yes 154 No *** No *** Yes 427 NA No *** No ***theFYROMacedonia No *** Yes 53 34 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** NAP *** No ***Turkey NAP *** Yes 666 37 Yes 129 No *** NAP *** NAP *** *** Yes 129 Yes 56Ukraine NAP *** NAP *** *** Yes 1302 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** *** NAP *** NAP ***UK:Engl.&Wales No *** Yes 1282 0 NAP *** NAP *** NAP *** Yes 1140 730 Yes 12006 No ***UK:North.Ireland No *** Yes 37 0 No *** No *** No *** Yes 1 0 No *** No ***UK:Scotland No *** Yes 701 607 No *** No *** No *** No *** *** Yes 1429 No ***



NOTES – TABLES 1 AND 1.1

Table1: Figures presented in this Table must be read taking into account that some countries wereunabletoprovidedataon1stSeptember2012.Insuchcases,therelevantdayofreferenceisindicatedinthenotesbelow.Moreover, statistical counting rules (i.e. the rulesapplied ineachcountry tocount theitemsthatwillbeincludedinprisonstatistics)varyacrossEurope;therefore,suchdiversityinfluencetheway inwhich the total number of inmates and the capacityofpenal institutions are calculated in eachcountry.Giventhispeculiarity, it is important toreadthe figures fromTable1 togetherwithcategoriesincludedinTable1.1.

Table1.1bringsamoreaccuratedistributionofwhatcategoriesofpersonsareheldinpenalinstitutions(orinstitutionsdesignedfordetentionofthepersonsmanagedbycriminaljusticesystem).

ALBANIATable1.1:

Point (2): are included juveniles from14 to 18 years old. One special institution designed fordetentionofjuvenileoffenderswasopenedinOctober2009.

ANDORRATheElectronicMonitoringismanageddirectlybythePoliceDepartment.ARMENIANospecialcommentAUSTRIATable1.1:

Point(2):InAustriathereisonlyoneprisonspecialisedindetentionofjuvenileoffenders.Inthisinstitutionaredefactoalsodetainedconvictsaged18yearandover.AsthisspecialisedprisonislocatedinLowerAustria,juvenileoffendersonlypartlyservetheirsentencesthere.Hence,otherjuvenilesare spreadover theotherAustrianprisons,where specialiseddepartments foryoungoffendersareestablished.

Point(8):ElectronicMonitoringsurveillancewasintroducedinAustriaon1stSeptember2010.AZERBAIJANTable1:Warning:Totalprisonpopulations for2010and2011wereamended.Thenumberof inmatesmanagedbythePrisonServicewas21,904inmatesin2010and23,191inmatesin2011.Thisfeatureisduetothefactthatinmatesheldinpolicestationswereexcludedfromthecalculationofthetotalnumberofprisonpopulation.Therefore,totalnumberofinmates(21,034)in2012correspondstothenumberofpersonsheld inpenal institutionsof thePenitentiaryServiceof theMinistryof Justiceand those in thepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.Table1.1:

Point (4): there is no specialised detention institution for drug‐addicted offenders. The drug‐addicted inmates are detained in penal institutions of the Penitentiary Service and receivemedical treatment there. If they needmedical treatment after release, they canbe compulsorytreatedincommunitymedicalinstitutions.

BELGIUMTable1.1:

Point (5): Under this heading are counted only “interned” inmates held in social welfareestablishment of Paifve which is under the direct responsibility of the Directorate General ofPenitentiaryinstitutions.“Interned”followingthefinaljudicialdecisionare: a.1–those,whocommittedanactqualifiedascrimeormisdemeanourpunishablebyimprisonmentand a.2 – who at the moment of trial were suffering from a mental disorder which seriously affects or

abolishesthecapacityofdiscernmentorcontroloftheactsand a.3.–forwhomthereisadangerofrecommittingnewoffensesbecauseoftheirmentaldisorders. Personssentencedforcrimesormisdemeanours,andwho–duringtheirdetention–werediagnosedby

a prison psychiatrist mental having disorders that seriously affect or abolish their capacity ofdiscernmentorcontroloftheactsandwhoarelikelytoreoffendbecauseoftheirmentaldisorders.

Point(8):Electronicanklebraceletsandvoicerecognition.



BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(STATELEVEL)BiHState levelmanagesonlyonepre‐trialdetentioninstitution.Pre‐trialdetaineesareheldintheStatepre‐trialdetentionunit.Thisunithasacapacityof21cells.IftheStatecourthasmoredetaineesthantheavailablecapacity, theadditional inmatesshouldbereferredtotheentitypenal institutions.besidesthe“state”pre‐trialdetainees, thepenal institutionof theState levelmayalsohostpre‐trialdetainees fromtheentitiesreferredtocustodybytheentitycourts.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(FEDERATIONLEVEL)Table1.1:

Point(5):Underthisheadingarecountedpersonsconsideredbycourtsasbeingnotresponsiblefortheircriminalacts.TheyareheldintheforensicdepartmentofthepenalinstitutionsinZenica.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)Table1:Inthetotalprisonpopulationareincludedremanddetaineesandconvictedprisoners,aswellasjuvenilesservingcorrectionalandeducationalmeasuresincorrectionalfacilitiesdesignedfortheseinmates.BULGARIADatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012.Table1.1:

Point(1): TheBulgarianpenitentiarysystemconsistsmainlyoftwosections:investigativedetentionfacilitiesand

prisons.Totalnumberof inmates stated inTable1 includes1,170 inmatesheld inprisons (includingpre‐trialdetainees)andpersonsheldininvestigativedetentionfacilities[IDF].Thefiguredoesnotrefertothosedetainedunderpolicecustody,butthosedetainedunderthecustodyoftheGeneralDirectorateExecutionofSentencesinseparateinvestigativedetentionfacilities(IDF).

These are persons with custody measure (imposed by the court) are detained in the IDF in whoseregiontheinvestigativeproceedingorthecourtproceedingisongoing.BesidesthisintheIDFmaybedetainedpersonssentencedtoimprisonment,conveyedbytheorderofthecourtortheprosecutorinorder toappearundercourtproceedings, toparticipate in investigativeactivitiesorotherproceduralactions;personsalreadysentencedandwithcustodymeasureimposedforbeingunderinvestigationortrial for other offences; persons detained who have been declared for nation‐wide search; personsdetainedbytheprosecutorunderthePenalProcedureCode;personsconveyedinstages,whenintherespectivepolicefacilitytherearenoconditionsfortheiraccommodation.

Point (2): Custodial institutions provide education to juvenile offenders in one especiallydesignedreformatoryforyoungoffenders.

Point(3):SpecialisededucationalinstitutionsarenotmanagedbythePrisonAdministration. Point (4): There are no specialised institutions for drug‐addicted offenders outside prisons.

Drug‐addictedoffenderscouldbetreatedinprisonhospitalsinsidepsychiatricunits. Point(5):Therearenoinmatesheldinpsychiatricinstitutionsoutsidethepenitentiarysystem.

Thereisapsychiatrichospitalwithinthepenitentiarysystem,whereinmatesresideifnecessary. Point(8):TheconceptofElectronicMonitoringislegislatedinBulgaria,butitisnotapplied.

CROATIADatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012.CYPRUSTable1: Total number of inmates is 930, ofwhich694 wereheld in thePrison Institution and236 inpolicestations.Table1.1:

Point(1):244persons,ofwhich8held inaseparateunitofprison institutionand236held inpolicestations.

CZECHREPUBLICDatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012.Note:TherewasaPresidentialamnestyon1stJanuary2013(morethan6,000inmateswerereleased).Table1.1:

Point(2):140juvenileoffenderswereplacedinspecialunitsforsentencedjuvenilesand32pre‐trialjuvenileswereplacesinspecialcellsinremandprisons.



DENMARKTables1and1.1:Thedatadonotcoverpersonsheldinhalfway‐houses.InDenmarkeighthalf‐housesexistwithacapacityofabout180places.Thesehousesaredesignedforprisonerswhoareplacedthereduringthelastpartoftheir sentence. “One of the halfway houses specializes in drug addicts, one accommodates mostly sexoffenders,andinoneaspecialfamilyunitisestablished.Duringthestayinthehalfwayhousesupervisionandprobationactivitiesarehandledbythestaffofthehalfwayhouseinclosecooperationwiththeprisonortheprobationofficethatreferredtheclient”(source:HeineL.(2008),Denmark, in:vanKalmthoutA.,DurnescuI.(Eds.),ProbationinEurope,p.238).ESTONIANospecialcommentFINLANDTable1.1:

Point(8):thetypeofsurveillanceisGSM(Backdoormonitoring)FRANCEDatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.Table1:TotalnumberofinmateswasretrievedfromquarterlystatisticsonthepersonsundertheresponsibilityofPrisonAdministration.76,407personshadthestatus “écroués”,ofwhich66,704weredefactoheld inpenalinstitutions(“écrouésdétenus”).Inthetotalof76,407inmatesareincludedaswellpersonsplacedunder Electronic Monitoring outside penal institutions (9,105) and those in external placement non‐hostedbyPrisonAdministration(598).For the calculation of the prison population rate per 100,000 inhabitants, the total number of76,407prisonerswasused.Whencalculatingtheprisondensityper100places,thefigureof66,704wasused.Table1.1:

Point (8): 9,105 persons under Electronic Monitoring, which are part of the total number ofinmateshavingthestatus“écroués”.Thetypeofsurveillanceusedistheelectronicbracelet.

GEORGIATable1:Thetotalnumberof inmateshasbeenprovidedbyMrRoyWalmsley,directorofWorldPrisonBrief,theInternationalCentreforPrisonStudies.Datarelateto31stAugust2012.GERMANYDatarelateto31stMarch2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.Table1.1:

Points(2)&(2.1): Inthesepointsareincludedfiguresonall juvenileoffenders(includingpre‐trials).Thenumberofpre‐trialdetaineesamong939juvenilesis358.

GREECETable1:Thetotalnumberof inmateshasbeenprovidedbyMrRoyWalmsley,directorofWorldPrisonBrief,theInternationalCentreforPrisonStudies.Datarelateto1stJanuary2012.HUNGARYTable1.1:Figureonjuvenileoffendershasnotbeenvalidated;thereforethesymbol“NA”isused.ICELANDSurfaceareaperinmatevariesfrom6to13m2 withinthesameuniquepenalinstitution.Table1.1:

Point (8): According to the Execution of Sentences Act (ESA) no. 49/2005 Article 24.a,enforcementoutsideprisonisallowedunderElectronicMonitoringsince1stOctober2011.Whenanunconditionalsentenceis12monthsprisonorlongerthePPAmaydecidethataprisonercancomplete servinghis sentence outsideprisonprovidedhehas adevice so that it is possible totrackhismovements.Whenanunconditionalsentenceis12months,theelectronicsurveillanceis30daysandlengthensby2.5dayspermonth,tothemaximumof240days.

AccordingtoESAArticle24.b.theRequirementsfortheelectronicmonitoringare: Theprisoneriseligibletoserveunderelectronicmonitoring. TheprisonerhasafixedresidencewhichhasbeenapprovedbythePPA.



Theprisonersspouse,guardian,closestfamilymemberoralandlordconsentthatheisunderelectronicsurveillanceintheirmutualwhereabouts.

The prisoner is engaged in work, study, is in training, treatment, or doing other tasks that PPA hasadoptedandisapartofhisintegrationintosocietyagain.

Theprisonerhaspreviouslyservedapartofhissentenceoutsideprisonsatisfactorilyaccordingtothe24tharticleoftheESAno.49/2005.

Theprisonerhasnotviolatedtheconditionsofelectronicmonitoringinthelast3years. The prisoner should not normally have a casewith the police, prosecuting authorities or the courts,

wherehe ischargedwithacriminaloffense,giventhatthecase isoperatednormallyandadelaynotcausedbytheprisoner.

Thefirstpersontoserveunderelectronicmonitoringbegan21stFebruary2012.IRELANDTable1.1:

Point(2.1):Childrenwhoattaintheageof18inachildrendetentionschool(juveniledetentionfacility) are transferred to the prison system only if they are held on an indictable offence.Childrendetentionschoolstakegirlsuptotheageof18andboysuptotheageof17on1/09/12.

Point(3):Juvenileoffenders(boysuptotheageof17andgirlsuptotheageof18)areplacedinchildrendetentionschoolsi.e.placesofdetentionwithacaremodel. Allchildrenareobligedtoattendschoolwhileindetention. Schools/educationfacilitiesarelocatedonthesiteofthechildrendetentionschools. Education is a service given to children while in detention. Standalone educational institutions for

juvenileoffendersdonotexistintheRepublicofIreland. Boysundertheageof17andgirlsundertheageof18whoappearbeforethecourtsaredetainedon

criminalchargesinchildrendetentionschoolsonly. Childrendetentionschoolsaresecurefacilitieswithacaremodulewherejuvenilesareheldonremand

awaitingaresolutiontotheirchargesorservingasentenceorderedbythecourts. Point(8):GlobalPositioningSatelliteTrackingSystem(HospitalInpatient).

ITALYTable1.1:

Point(2): Institutions for juvenile offenders are not under the authority of theDepartment ofPenitentiaryAdministration.

Point(5):AreincludedpersonsheldinJudicialPsychiatricHospitals,so‐called"internees".LATVIADatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012.LIECHTENSTEINTable1:UnderthetotalcapacityofpenalinstitutionsareincludedonlyplacesdesignedfordetentioninLiechtenstein.Nevertheless, thereexistplaceswhicharepartofthecontractbetweenLiechtensteinandAustria.Thisadditionalcapacityallowsadjustmentsof thedetentiontothesuitable institution.Yet, thiscapacityinnotincludedinTable1.LITHUANIADatarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012.LUXEMBOURGTable1:Totalnumberofprisonersconcernspersonsheldinpenitentiarycentres(closed)inLuxembourgandGivenich(semi‐detention).OnemalepersonofLuxembourgnationalityaged57isexcludedfromthetotalprisonpopulationasadmittedasavoluntaryrecluse.Table1.1:

Point(6):Thespecialsection foradministrativealiens insideLuxembourg’PenitentiaryCentrewasclosedin2011becauseanewcentreforadministrativedetentionwascommissioned.

Point(8):electronicbraceletMALTATable1:ThetotalnumberofinmateshasbeenprovidedbyMrRoyWalmsley,basedonfiguresretrievedfromtheCountryreportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2012oftheU.S.DepartmentofState.



MOLDOVATable1.1:

Point (2.1): are included offenders having 18 years and over (between 18 and 24 years:accordingtothelegislationthesepersonsmaykeepthestatusof“juveniles”andcontinuetoservetheirsentencesinajuvenileprison.

MONACOTables1and1.1:

The remand prison (Maison d’arrêt) is the only penal institution in the Principality. Juvenileoffendersareplacedinthewingwhichisespeciallydesignedforthedetentionofthesepersonsinside this remand prison. Prisoners with grave psychological or psychiatric disorders aretransferred to the hospital and are not any longer under the authority of the prisonadministration.

MONTENEGRONospecialcommentTHENETHERLANDSTable1.1:

Point(2): inthetotalnumberofinmatesarenotincluded567juvenileoffendersinfacilitiesforjuvenileoffenders(ofwhom353personsareaged18yearsandover).

Point(5):inthetotalnumberofinmatesarenotincluded1,781personsincustodialclinics(TBS)placedthereunderahospitalorder.

Point (6): in the total number of inmates are not included 960 illegal aliens held foradministrativereasons.

Point(8):electronicbracelet.NORWAYTable1:There isnospecific remand institution,althoughmost remanddetaineesareplaced in specialwingsorunitsorhousedwithconvictedprisoners.Remanddetaineesareincludedinthetotalnumberofprisoners.Table1.1:

Point(6):mostasylumseekersareplacedinunitsnotconnectedwiththeCorrectionalService.Nevertheless,afewillegalaliensmaybeplacedinaprisoninstitution.

POLANDDatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012.Table1.1:

Point (8): 4,782 persons under EM (bracelet), which is 2.5 times more than in 2011. Thesepersonsarenotincludedinthetotalprisonpopulation(Table1).Thenumberisknown,butitisnotintherecordsofthepenitentiaryfacilities.

PORTUGALDatarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012.Table1.1:

Points(2)&(2.1):Leiria’sPenitentiaryInstitution – institution forpersonsaged from16 to21years,includingremanddetainees.

Point(3):PersonsineducationalinstitutionsforjuvenileoffendersaremanagedbytheGeneralServiceoftheCommunityReintegration(DirecçãoGeneraldeReinserçãoSocial)

Point (5): Under this point are included 231 inmates, of which 101 are held in custodialpsychiatricinstitutionsorhospitals,and130areheldinnon‐custodialpsychiatricinstitutionsorhospitals. The130personsincludedunderPoint(5)ofTable1.1areconsiderednon‐criminallyliablebythecourt,

andarenotstrictosensusentencedprisoners,butareheldundersecuritymeasures(whicharerathertherapeuticmeasures).Thesepersonsareunder theauthorityof thePrisonAdministrationand theirfiles aremanaged by the Court of Executionof Sentences.Nevertheless, all decisions concerning thiscategoryofpersonsaretakenontheadviceofmedicalauthorities.

Point(8):Personsplacedunderelectronic surveillancearemanagedby theGeneral ServiceoftheCommunityReintegration(DirecçãoGeneraldeReinserçãoSocial).See:SPACEII2012report.



ROMANIATable1.1:

Point (2): According to law provisions, juvenile and young offenders are held under a specialregime;theiragerangesfrom18to21years.Thesepersonsareheldinpenitentiaryinstitutionsespeciallydesignedforjuvenilesandyoungadults.

Point(3):Underthisheadingareincluded150personsheldinre‐educationcentresforjuvenileoffenders,ofwhich7wereover18years.

RUSSIANFEDERATIONTable1:Thetotalnumberof inmateshasbeenprovidedbyMrRoyWalmsley,directorofWorldPrisonBrief,theInternationalCentreforPrisonStudies.Theseofficialfiguresareroundingoftheactualfigurestothenearest100ineachcase.At1.09.2012,thetotalprisonpopulationwas717,400inmates.Ofwhich:

58,900werewomen 111,600wereinpre‐trialinstitutions, 800inprisons, 602,500incorrectivelabourcolonies,and 2,400ineducationallabourcoloniesforjuveniles.

SANMARINOThere isonlyoneprison.Thispenal institution ismanagedtogetherbyPrisonAdministrationand localpoliceforces(uniquebuilding).SERBIATable1.1:

Points(2)&(2.1):thisisanumberofjuvenileoffenderswhoweresentencedtocustody:all27personswereyoungadultsaged18andover.

Point(8):electronicbracelet.SLOVAKREPUBLICTable1.1:

Points(2)&(2.1):Inthesepointsareincludedonlysentencedjuveniles.Thosejuvenileswhoareonpre‐trialstageoftheirproceedingarenotheldincustody.

SLOVENIALivingareaperinmate:inasinglebedroom,thesurfaceareaisofatleast9m2.Inamultiplebedroom – atleast7m2/inmate.Thesestandardsareusedinnewbuildingsorwhenpossibilityofadaptationofexistentfacilityenablesthissurfacearea(in:Rulesconcerningtheenforcementofprisonsentences).SPAIN(TOTAL)Figures are calculated by the authors of this report on the basis of the data provided by nationalcorrespondents.Therefore,thesefiguresshouldnotbeconsideredasofficialinputs.FigurespresentedastotalswerenotusedforthecalculationsofmeanandmedianEuropeanvalues.SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION)Tables 1 and 1.1: In Spain, the State Prison Administration has no competence concerning juvenileoffenders,mattermanagedbyautonomouscommunities.SPAIN(CATALONIA)Table1.1:

Point(5):Personsundersecuritymeasuresarepersonsconsiderednon‐criminallyliablebythecourtandthiscategoryofpersonsisnotmanagedbythePrisonAdministration.

Point(8):electronicbracelet.SWEDENDatarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012.SWITZERLANDDatarelateto5thSeptember2012insteadof1st September2012.Table1.1:

Point (2): There are 69 persons who were sentenced under special penal law for juvenileoffenders (JSGB). These persons are held in centres for juveniles and adults, but in separatesectionsforjuvenileoffenders.



Point (3): Persons held in institution for execution of penal measures (including specialmeasuresforyoungadultoffenders).Themajorityofthemarenotjuvenilesbutyoungadults.

Point (7): There are special private institutions that manage the execution of measures foralcohol and drug‐addicted offenders, psychiatric cases and other types of persons sentencedunderarticles59and60oftheCriminalCode.Datafromtheseinstitutionsarenotincludedinthetotalnumberofinmates(Table1).

THEFORMERYUGOSLAVREPUBLICOFMACEDONIA

NospecialcommentTURKEYTable1.1:

Point (2): There exist two types of institutions for juvenile and young offenders: reformatoryhouses (for sentenced juveniles) and juvenile andyouthprisons.Under thispoint are includedjuvenilesagedbetween13and18andyouthsagedbetween18and21yearswhoarekeptinthejuvenileandyouthprisons.Among9,745persons,1,999arejuvenilesagedlessthan18and7,746areyouthprisonersthatare18‐21yearsoldkeptinthejuvenileandyouthprisons.

Point(2.1):Thenumbergivenisthepopulationofthereformatoryhouses. Point (7): There is one prisonwhere personswith psychiatric disorder are held under public

prison administration. It isMetrisRTypeClosedPrison. 128 personswith disorders are held inthis facility. "R Type Prison" corresponds to Rehabilitation Prison. In this type of institutions,prisonerswithmental/psychiatricdisorderandthosewhoareunabletoself‐careskillsareheld(physicallydisabled,cancerpatients,peoplewithparalysisetc.).

UKRAINETable1.1:

Point (3): 1,302 persons are held in penal institutions especially designed for this type ofdetention(educationalestablishmentsforjuvenileoffenders).Theseinstitutionsdefactohostalljuvenileoffenders.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALESDatarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.Table1.1:

Point(2):JuvenilesinYouthOffendingInstitutions; Point(6):InMinistryofJustice(NOMs)administeredestablishments.

UK:NORTHERNIRELANDTable1.1:

Point (2): Figures refer to juveniles inWoodlands Juvenile Justice Centre. The secure custodycentreisalsoaneducationalestablishment.Thereareonly37children,butitisclassedasbothaschoolandcustodycentre.

UK:SCOTLANDWarning:PreviousSPACEreturnswerecompletedusingtheScottishGovernmentstatisticalsystemwhichisbasedondatafromtheScottishPrisonServicePR2managementinformationsystem.Duetotechnicalproblemswiththisstatisticalsystem,the figures fortheSPACEI2012returnhavebeenextractedfromthePR2systemanddifferslightlyfromfiguresextractedfromtheScottishGovernmentstatisticalsystem,primarily in terms of the amount of detail available and no recorded data on flows (receptions andliberations). The Scottish Prison Service population figures also do not include prisoners classified asunlawfullyatlarge,forinstanceduetoabsconding,notreturningfromtemporaryleaveasscheduled,orbeingsubjecttorecallduetobreachofhomedetentioncurfewconditions.Table1.1:

Point(2): Someyoung (juvenile) offendersmaybeheld in adult establishments under certaincircumstances. Children under 16 are held in secure accommodation, which is not part of theprison establishment. Such cases are not included here. Children may be placed in secureaccommodationfortheirownprotectionaswellasforacriminalconviction.



TABLE 1.2: CAPACITY OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (BY CATEGORIES)

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.1.2

Country

Totalcapacityofpenal

institutions(2.0)

Capacityofremand

institutionsandthosedesignedforservingcustodialsentences(2.1)

Ofwhich:

Capacityofinstitutionsforjuvenileoffenders(2.2)

Capacityofothertypes

ofinstitutions

(2.3)

Surfaceareaperinmate(m2/inmate)

Capacityofremand

institutions/sections

(pre‐trials)(2.1.a)

Capacityofinstitutionsdesignedforservingasentence(2.1.b)

Albania 4417 4417 1044 3038 40 295 5.4Andorra 125 89 40 49 12 24 10Armenia 4395 4395 903 3492 NA *** 4Austria 8731 NA NA NA 353 NA 10Azerbaijan 24592 24392 4342 20050 200 *** 4Belgium 9348 9023 9023 120 205 NAPBH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1738 1695 324 1371 43 NAP 4BH:Rep.Srpska 1373 1337 250 1087 36 NAP 4Bulgaria NA NA NA 8763 296 *** 4Croatia 3921 3664 1647 2017 150 107 4Cyprus 664 664 351 295 18 NAP 6.4CzechRep. 21307 20835 2382 18453 196 276 4Denmark 4121 4121 1862 2259 *** NAP From7to12Estonia 3548 3298 3298 250 *** Finland 3055 3055 NA NA NAP NAP France 56991 56643 33955 22688 348 *** 11Georgia Germany 78161 78161 70296 7865 *** Greece Hungary 12668 11666 11666 1002 NAP 3Iceland 165 165 9 156 *** *** From6to13Ireland 4413 4413 4325 88 *** Italy 45568 44162 35534 8628 *** 1406 Latvia 7970 7676 2089 5587 194 100 From2.5to3Liechtenstein 20 20 20 *** *** 9.2Lithuania 9399 9399 1396 7690 313 NAP Luxembourg 711 696 271 425 15 *** 11Malta Moldova 7548 7548 2265 5144 139 *** 4Monaco 78 78 60 18 *** 14Montenegro 1100 1080 425 655 20 *** 8Netherlands 13192 13192 5090 6242 *** *** Norway 3803 3803 3803 NAP NAP NAPPoland 86906 NA 86906 *** *** 3Portugal 12077 11730 11730 347 *** 7Romania 26821 24519 24519 2302 *** 4RussianFed. SanMarino 12 12 10 2 NAP 3Serbia 6950 6950 2000 4650 300 *** 4SlovakRep. 10798 10798 1983 8815 482 *** 3.5Slovenia 1309 1231 253 978 78 *** 9Spain(total) 77895 NA NA NA *** ***

Spain(StateAdm.) 66864 NA NA NA *** *** From10to13Spain(Catalonia) 11031 NA NA NA *** ***

Sweden 7040 7040 2057 4983 *** *** Switzerland 6978 NA NA NA 175 NA theFYROMacedonia 2396 2353 440 1913 43 *** 4Turkey 139539 139539 138111 1428 NAP From4to11Ukraine 157625 156263 37593 118670 1362 NAP 4UK:Engl.&Wales 90897 87538 87538 2491 868 NAPUK:North.Ireland 1813 1813 1765 48 *** NAPUK:Scotland 7784 NA NA NA NA *** NAP



NOTES – TABLE 1.2

Theindicatorofprisondensity(generallyusedfortheassessmentofprisonovercrowding)iscalculatedonthebasisofthenumberofinmatesandtheavailablecapacityfortheseinmates.Inordertoproduceasreliable as possible indicator of prison density it is compulsory to take into account the detaileddistributionofthecapacityofdifferenttypesofpenalinstitutions.

When comparing the indicatorsofprisondensity andprisonovercrowding,we look fordetails in eachcountryabouttherulesappliedwhencalculatingthecapacityofpenalinstitutions(e.g.surfaceareaperprisoner,operationalcapacity,etc.)9.Thefollowingnotesmustalsobetakenintoaccount.

DISCLAIMER CONCERNING THE FIGURES OF SURFACE AREA PER INMATE

(TABLE 1 AND TABLE 1.2):

Someofthenationalcorrespondentswereaskedtoclarifytheproceduresofcalculationoftheminimalsurfaceareaperinmate.Insomecountriesthesefigurescorrespondtothelegalstandardsthatarecompulsorytoberespected.Inother countries, these figures are estimates of the real individual living spaces inside cells. In view of the abovemethodological limitation, these data cannot be verified and cross‐nationally validated. Therefore, they should beusedasraw‐dataonly.

ALBANIA Point(2.2): The institution for juvenile offenderswas opened inOctober 2009.Thedesigned

capacityofthisinstitutionis40places. Point(2.3)referstothepenalinstitutionsfortheelderlypeopleaswellforpeoplewithvarious

healthproblems(e.g.personstreatedinPrisonHospital). Surfacearea foreseen per inmate is calculated based upon the surface areas of the cells, not the actual

populationoftheprisons.

ANDORRA Point(2.3):areincludedplacesintheunit designedforfemaleprisoners.12placesareforeseen

forpre‐trialdetentionand12placesforservingsentences.AUSTRIA

Point (2.1): There is no exclusive remand institution in Austria, neither specific definition ofcapacity for pre‐trials. Therefore, different institutions that accommodate remand detaineessentencedprisonershavetomanagethetotalcapacityoftheirprisonsaccordingtoactualneeds.

Point(2.2):ThereisonlyonespecialisedprisonforyoungoffendersinAustria.Thecapacityof353 places is the capacity in this specialised institution and the capacity foreseen in specialdepartments in regular prisons. This capacity is used for the accommodation of the juvenileoffendersupto18yearsandoftheyoungadultoffendersupto21years.

Point(2.3):Othertypesof institutionsareaswell included inoverallcapacity(point2.0),buttheaccuratenumberofplacesineachcategoryofinstitutionsisunknown.

AZERBAIJAN Point (2.0): The total capacity (24,592 places) corresponds to the number of places in penal

institutions of the Penitentiary Service of the Ministry of Justice and the pre‐trail detentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.Thecapacityof facilities/unitsmanagedbytheMinistryofInternalAffairsisnotincludedinthetotalcapacity.

Point(2.3):ThereisonehosteltypeClarificationCentreundertheChiefDepartmentofPassportregistration and Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Moreover, there are 6 asylumcentresoftheMigrationServiceunderconstruction.

Surfacearea foreseenper inmate inpenal institutionsunder theauthorityof thePenitentiaryService is4m2, in theunit ofpre‐trial detentionof theMinistryofNational Security it is 4.5m2, and in specialisedpenitentiaryhospitalsthesurfaceforeseenperpersonis5m2.

9InTable1.2,thesymbol“***”correspondstotheanswer“figurenotincluded,buttheinstitutionsexistinthecountry”.Ontheopposite,theabbreviation“NAP”givestheindicationthatsuchinstitutions(orspecificcapacities)donotexist.



BELGIUM Point(2.3): It is the capacityof the socialwelfare establishmentofPaifvewhich isunder the

directresponsibilityoftheDirectorateGeneralofPenitentiaryinstitutions.BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–STATELEVEL

Figures refer to the capacity of the unique State Pre‐trial detention unit. This unit is the onlycustodialfacilityatstatelevel;thereisnoprisonatstatelevel.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–FEDERATIONLEVEL Point(2.2):ThereisonewinginZenicaandTuzlaprisonseach,accommodatingjuveniles,but

thereisnospecialprisonfacilityoreducationalfacility(whereeducationalmeasuresareserved)only intended for juveniles. Juveniles arekeptphysically separately fromadults inZenica andTuzlabutboththeseprisonsareprisonsforadults.ZenicaishighsecurityandTuzlaismediumsecurityprison.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA–REPUBLIKASRPSKA Surface area: According to the Law on execution of criminal sanctions of Republika Srpska (“Official

GazetteofRS”no12/10)onesentencedpersonisallocatedaminimumof4m²or8m³ofsurface.

BULGARIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Thecapacityisindicatedasthelivingspaceratherthanthetotalareaofdetentioninstitutions. Point(2.1.b):includesthenumberofplacesreporterinthepoint2.2.

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.3):Prisonhospital

CYPRUS Point(2.0):370placesinPrisoninstitutionand294placesinPolicestations. Point(2.1.a):57placesinPrisoninstitutionand294placesinPolicestations.

CZECHREPUBLIC Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.2):thenumberreferstotheunitsforsentencedjuveniles(notforpre‐trialdetainees). Point (2.3): Under this point are included 276 places, of which 66 places in the preventive

detentionfacilityand210placesintwoprisonhospitals.DENMARK

Point(2.1.a):LocalprisonsareprimarilyusedforremandprisonersFINLAND

Therearenospecificinstitutionsforpre‐trialdetaineesorjuvenileoffenders.FRANCE

Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point (2.1.a): are included the capacities of the remand institutions such asMaisons d'Arrêt

[MA]andspecialwings(quartiers)for“pre‐trails”ofMaisonsd'Arrêt[qMA]. Point (2.1.b): are included places fromDetention centres, specialwings in detention centres,

central prisons (Maisons Centrales [MC]), specialwings in central prisons, centres for servingadjusted/reduced sentences (Centres pour PeinesAménagées [CPA]), specialwings in centresfor serving adjusted/reduced sentences, centres for semi‐liberty (Centres de Semi‐Liberté[CSL]),andspecialwingsincentresforsemi‐liberty.

Point(2.2):Institutionsforjuvenileoffenders(EtablissementsPourMineurs[EPM]). SurfaceareaperinmateisdefinedintheinternalcircularofthePrisonAdministrationOnthecapacityof

penitentiaryinstitutionsfrom16March1988.Thecalculationmethodsforeseeninthiscircularareapplied.GERMANY

Datarelateto31stMarch2012 instead of1st September2012. Points (2.1.a) and (2.1.b): The number of places foreseen for pre‐trial detention and the

numberofplacesininstitutionsdesignedforservingsentencesarepresentedtogether.Themainreasonisthatsomeof16Bundesländerareunabletoprovideseparatestatistics.Nevertheless,personsservingasentenceandthosewhoareinpre‐trialdetentionaredetainedseparately.



HUNGARY Surfacearea:Theareawhichshouldbemadeavailableforanadultmaleinmateis3m2.Forjuvenilesand

femalesitis3.5m2.TheMinistryofJusticeandPublicAdministrationDecree12/2010(XI.9)modifiedthe§137oftheMinistryofJustice’Decree6/1996(VII.12.)“OntheRulesofExecutionofIncarcerationandPre‐trialDetention”. As a result of this modification the mentioned living space should be provided to theinmates "as far as possible", meaning that the Prison Service may differ from that depending on thecircumstances. The decree defines the value of the surface area as a standard guide but the actual areadependsonthenumberofinmatesandthevalueoftheovercrowding.

ICELAND Point (2.2): There are no special institutions for juvenile offenders, but separate places are

foreseenintheoverallcapacity. Surfaceareaperinmatevariesfrom6to13m2withinthesameuniquepenalinstitution.

IRELAND Point(2.1):Remandprisonerscanbeheldinany"closed"prison.Havingconsideredtheabove,

the total capacity in remand (including juveniles) is 458. Total capacity designed for servingsentences(includingjuveniles)is3,971.Thisfiguresinclude16placeswhichrelatetobedswhichcanbeusedasrequiredi.e.eitherremandorcommittal.Consequently,thetotalcapacityis4,413.

Point(2.2):Refers to the JuvenileUnit in St. Patrick's Institution (44) and childrendetentionschools(44).Theoverallcapacityinthechildrendetentionschoolswasreducedfrom52to44foroperationalreasons.Onlychildrendetentionschoolsareusedfordetainingjuveniles‐boysuptotheageof17andgirlsuptotheageof18.

Currentoperationalcapacityallowsforremandandcommittalbedstobemixedintwooutofthethreefacilities.

ITALY Point(2.2):TheDepartmentofPenitentiaryAdministrationdoesnotprocessdataconcerning

juvenileoffendersastheseinstitutionsareundertheresponsibilityoftheDepartmentofJuvenileJustice,undertheMinistryofJustice.Thereforethecapacityoftheseinstitutionsisnotincludedintheoverallcapacity(point2.0).

Point(2.3):Capacityoftheinstitutionsfor"securitymeasures".LATVIA

Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.3):The total numberofplacesdesigned for special needsofprisonershavinghealth

problems.ThecapacityofPrisonhospitalinOlaineprisonisincludedinthispoint.30bedsarefor inmates serving prison sentences or those under investigation authorities, and who havementalhealthdisorders.Another70bedsaredistributedinotherLatvianPrisonHospitalunits.

Surfacearea:IntheLatvianCodeofExecutionofPunishment,thestandardof2.5m2formenand3m2forwomenand juveniles is foreseen.These figurescorrespond to thereal surfaceusedper inmate.Nationalauthoritiesareworkingatthemomentonthere‐evaluationofthespacewithaimtointroduce4m2/inmate.

LIECHTENSTEIN Point(2.0):Personssentencedtotwoyearsandover,generallyarebroughttoAustrianpenal

institutionsinordertofinishservingtheircustodialterms. ThereisacontractmadewithAustriain1984foralltypesofoffenders.Thisadditionalcapacity

which is part of the contract between Liechtenstein and Austria allows adjustments of thedetentionintheappropriateinstitutions.

AnewcontractwithSwitzerlandbecameoperationalsince2012.ThiscontractwithProbationagenciesallowsthemanagementofoffenderssentencedtoshortcustodyterms.

LITHUANIA Datarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012.

LUXEMBOURG Point (2.1): Luxembourg has one high security prison for the whole country, the Centre

Pénitentiairede Luxembourg (CPL) and one semi‐open Penitentiary Centre ofGivenich (CPG).FiguresrepresentoriginalcapacityofCPLandCPGasbuilt.

Point(2.1.b):includes35bedsinmedicalandpsychiatricunit.



MOLDOVA Point(2.3):Moldavianlegislationdoesnotcontainaruleonspecialcapacityforforeigncitizens,

personswithmultiplecitizenshipswhoarearrestedforadministrativereasons.MONACO

Point(2.0):Thereisonlyoneinstitution.A separationismadebetweenpre‐trialdetaineesandpersonsservingcustodialsentencesformaleadultinmates(2sections).Suchdistinctionisnotmadeforfemaleinmates(onesection)andjuvenileoffenders(anotheronesection).

Point(2.2):Thereare18separateplacesforeseenforjuvenileoffenders. Point(2.3):Thereisnospecialcentreforadministrativedetentionofaliens.

THENETHERLANDS Point(2.0):Totalcapacityisfor penalinstitutionsoftheadult prisonsystem.Besides(2.1) and

(2.2)capacities,thereisadditionalcapacitythatcanbeusedforremandandsentencedinmates,1,860places,ofwhich563isreservecapacity(5,090+6,242+1,860=13,192).

Point(2.2): In total capacityarenot included 950places for juvenile offenders (ofwhich150reservecapacity).

Point (2.3): In total capacity arenot included 2,078 places of custodial clinics (of which 101reserve).Moreover,1,644placesforillegalaliensarenotincluded(ofwhich325reserve).

NORWAY Point(2.1):Inmatesonremandandthoseservingasentenceareheldinthesameinstitutions.

Somepenalinstitutionsarealmostexclusivelydesignedfortheuseforconvictedprisoners.Onlyexceptionally remand prisoners might be placed in open prisons. Some prisons have wingsallocatedtoremandprisoners;yet,remandprisonerscanalsobeheldwithconvictedprisoners.

Point(2.2):Juvenileoffendersareusuallyplacedaccordinglytotheirspecialneeds.NospecialcustodialinstitutiondesignedforjuvenileoffendersexistinNorway.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point (2.0): The capacities of remand institutions and institutions for serving a sentence are

presented together. Separate wings in prisons are used for remand needs, and in remandinstitutionssomeunitsforsentencedinmatesexist.Thenumberof86,906placesisthecapacityofremandinstitutionsandinstitutionsdesignedforservingasentencetogether.

Surfacearea:Theareaofthecellshallbenolessthan3m2perdetainee(art.110oftheCodeofExecutionofCriminalSentences(Kodekskarnywykonawczy).Moreover,“[i]nparticularlyjustifiedcasesagovernorofaprisonorremandcentremaydecidetoplacedetainees,foraspecifiedperiodoftime,inconditionswherethe area of the cell is less than 3 square metres per person. Any such decision shall be promptlycommunicatedtoapenitentiaryjudge”(art.248oftheCodeofExecutionofCriminalSentences).

PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.2):Leiria’sPenitentiaryInstitutiondesignedforthedetentionofpersonsagedbetween

16and21years.ROMANIA

Surfacearea per prisoner in closed regime institutions, inmaximum security institutions and in thosedesignedforremanddetentionis4m2.Intheinstitutionswithopenregime,semi‐liberty,intheeducationcentresis6m2/inmate.Inspecialpenitentiaryhospitalsthesurfacearearisesto7m2perprisoner.

Point(2.1.b):Areincludedthecapacitiesofprisonsaswellasthecapacitiesofprisonhospitals. Point(2.2):Hereareincludedcapacitiesofthepenitentiariesforjuvenilesandyoungadults,as

wellaseducationalcentrescapacities.SANMARINO

IntheRepublicofSanMarinothereisonlyoneinstitutionforallthecategoriesofinmates.SERBIA

Point (2.2): Two special institutions for juveniles of a capacity of 300 places are included:correctionalfacilityforjuvenilesinKrusevacandprisonforjuvenilesinValjevo.



SLOVAKREPUBLIC Surfacearea:Standardsurfaceareaperinmateis3.5m2.Surfaceareaforeseenperfemaleand

juvenileinmatesis4m2. Point(2.2):Regularcapacityforeseenforjuvenileoffendersis482places.Yet,juvenilesmaybe

held in pre‐trial detention in different prisons and, in some cases, they may serve prisonsentenceinprisonsforadults.Thereforethefigureofpoint2.2isalsoincludedinthebreakdownofthepoints2.1.aand2.1.b.

Point (2.4): There are two special police detention centres designated for the detention ofasylum seekers or illegal aliens. One institution is situated in south‐western part of Slovakia(Medveďov: 152 places) and the second institution is situated in eastern part of Slovakia(Sečovce:176places).TheseinstitutionsarenotunderthecompetenceofthePrisonandCourtGuardAdministration;thereforetheyarenotincludedinthetotalcapacityofpoint2.0.

SLOVENIA Surfacearea: Each prisoner in a single bedroom should have an area of at least 9m2 and in amultiple

bedroomatleastanareaof7m2.Thesestandardsareusedinnewbuildingsorwheneverpossibletoadaptthe surface area in the existent facility (in: Rules concerning the enforcement of prison sentences).Irrespectiveofthat,thesamestandardisusedinallfacilitiesastechnicalcapacity.

Attheendof2011,thetotalcapacityofpenalinstitutionswasincreaseduntil1,309astwonewfacilitiesatcentralDobprisonwerebuild.

SPAIN(TOTAL) Figuresarecalculatedbytheauthorsofthisreportonthebasisofthedataprovidedbynational

correspondents. Therefore, these figures should not be considered as official inputs. FigurespresentedastotalswerenotusedforthecalculationsofmeanandmedianEuropeanvalues.

SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point(2.0):Thefigureiscalculatedonthebasisofthenumberof47,622 cellsinthepenitentiary

system. The major part of the cells has two places of capacity. The operational residentialcapacityis66,864places.

Points(2.1.a)and(2.1.b):ThepenalinstitutionsinSpainaredesignedtohostbothremandandconvictedinmates.Separatefiguresarenotavailable.

SPAIN(CATALONIA) Point (2.0): Penal institutions in Catalonia are designed for remand detainees and sentenced

prisoners. There is no differencemade depending on the type of regime (pre‐trial or servingsentences).Allthecustodialinstitutionshaveaninfirmarywing.Severalinstitutionsmighthavespecial units for persons with health problems (mentally‐ill offenders, drug‐addicts, geriatricunitsetc.)whereremandandsentencedinmatesmightbedetained.

Point (2.2): Juvenile offenders are managed under the authority of the General Direction ofJuvenileJustice;thereforetheplacesdesignedforthiscategoryofpersonsarenotcountedinthecapacityofpenalinstitutions.

Point(2.3):ThecategoryofasylumseekersandillegalaliensismanagedundertheauthorityofStatePoliceforcesofSpain.

SWEDEN Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012.

SWITZERLAND Datarelateto5thSeptember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.2):Capacityofinstitutionsforexecutionofpenalmeasures(includingspecialmeasures

forjuvenileoffenders).Themajorityofinmatesheldthereareyoungadults.TURKEY

Point(2.1):Totalnumberofpenalinstitutionsis369. Points(2.1.a)and(2.1.b):Generally,penalinstitutionsaredesignedforremanddetaineesand

sentencedprisoners.Thereforebothcategoriesarepresentedtogether.Yet,therearesixprisonsthataredesignedexclusivelyforremandsandtheircapacityis5,000.

Point(2.2): JuvenileReformatories:& Juvenile andYouthClosedPrisons.Thenumber of this



typeofinstitutionsis8.InTurkishPrisonsystemthereare2structuresespeciallydesignedforjuveniles:

o In reformatory houses, sentenced juvenile offenders whose ages are between 12‐18yearsareheldandtheyareallowedtocontinuetheireducationininstitutionoroutside.

o Inclosedprisons, imprisoned(onremand)butnotsentencedoffenderswhoseagearebetween15‐21yearsareheld.

This is the total capacityof all specialplacesbuilt for juvenile offenders.Thisfigure includes the number of juvenile offenders who are held in 3 closedprisons(inAnkara,İzmirandİstanbulcity)and2reformatoryhousesinAnkaraandİzmir.Therestofsentencedandonremandjuvenilesareheldinseparateunitsinadultprisonsnotinaspeciallybuiltinstitutionforjuveniles.

Surfacearea: 11m2 is the surface area foreseen for single roomperperson in adultprisons. Forprisondormitoriesinadultprisons:4m2/inmate.Insomeprisonsthisvalueincreasesto8m2andmoreperoneinmate.

UKRAINE Point(2.2): Juvenilesaged18yearscanbeheld incorrectional institutions for juvenilesor in

penalinstitutionsforadultmaleoffenders. Surface area: for adults is 4 m2/inmate; for juvenile offenders it is 4 m2, for women with

childrenorpregnantwomenitis4.5m2,inTB‐hospitalsandstationarymedicalfacilities‐5m2.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Datarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(2.0):90,897isthetotalUseableOperationalCapacity(PublishedFigure,31August2012) Point(2.1):Prisons inEnglandandWalesmayperformanumberofdifferent functions,e.g.a

local prison's predominant functionwill be to serve courts and receive remandprisoners butlocalprisonswillalsoholdmanyshort‐termsentencedprisonersandsentencedprisonerswhoarewaitingallocationtotrainingprisons.NOMSdoesnotrecordcapacitydatathatisseparatedintoplacesassignedtoholdremandandsentencedprisoners,thisisbecausetheprisonestateremand/sentencedcapacitysplitchangesregularly.

Point (2.2): 2,491 places (this comprised of 166 in Secure Children's Homes, 301 in SecureTraining Centres and 2,024 in Young Offender Institutions). Board is committed tocommissioningasmanyplacesinthesecureestateasrequired.

Point (2.3): 868 is the totalUseableoperationalcapacity of NOMS operated Removal Centres(PublishedFigure,31August2012).

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND Point(2.1):thePrisonEstablishmentshavecapacityfor1,765regardlessofcustodialcategory. Point(2.2):Woodlands Juvenile JusticeCentrehascapacity for48youngpeopleregardlessof

custodialcategory. Surfacearea: is not available forPrisonEstablishmentsbut surface area forWoodlands Juvenile Justice

Centre is 7,000m2 for the whole centre which includes custody units, the school classrooms and otherfacilities.

UK:SCOTLAND Point(2.0):Thereisnoseparateaccommodationforremandandsentencedprisoners.Female

juvenileprisonersareheldinseparateaccommodationwithintheadultfemaleprison.Thefigureisthedesigncapacityofthepenalinstitutions.

Point (2.2): There is one separate institution for young male offenders which has a designcapacityof760.

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TABLE 1.3: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPT. 2012. ADJUSTED FIGURES


CountryPopulationon1stJanuary2012

Totalnumberofinmates(includingpre‐trialdetainees)

non‐adjusted

Prisonpopulationrateper100,000inhabitantsnon‐adjusted

Totalnumberofinmatesheldinadultcustodyforcriminalmatters

adjusted

Prisonpopulationrateper100,000inhabitantsadjusted

Albania 2815749 4890 173.7 4752 168.8Andorra 78115 41 52.5 41 52.5Armenia 3274285 4714 144.0 4685 143.1Austria 8408121 8756 104.1 8207 97.6Azerbaijan 9235085 21034 227.8 21010 227.5Belgium 11094850 12310 111.0 11046 99.6BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2338277 1700 72.7 1657 70.9BH:Rep.Srpska 1429290 1062 74.3 1052 73.6Bulgaria 7327224 10663 145.5 9420 128.6

Croatia 4275984 4741 110.9 4657 108.9Cyprus 862011 930 107.9 658 76.3CzechRep. 10505445 22644 215.5 22472 213.9Denmark 5580516 3829 68.6 3829 68.6Estonia 1325217 3417 257.8 3247 245.0Finland 5401267 3196 59.2 3024 56.0France 65287861 76407 117.0 66704 102.2Georgia 4497617 23227 516.4 [23227] [516.4]

Germany 81843743 69268 84.6 62262 76.1Greece 11123034 12479 112.2 [12479] [112.2]

Hungary 9931925 17585 177.1 [17585] 177.1Iceland 319575 152 47.6 152 47.6Ireland 4582707 4323 94.3 4229 92.3Italy 59394207 66271 111.6 65104 109.6Latvia 2044813 6195 303.0 6147 300.6Liechtenstein 36475 8 21.9 8 21.9Lithuania 3003641 10033 334.0 9831 327.3Luxembourg 524853 659 125.6 625 119.1Malta 417546 622 149.0 [622] [149.0]

Moldova 3559541 6621 186.0 6577 184.8Monaco 37580 41 109.1 41 109.1Montenegro 621240 1229 197.8 1228 197.7Netherlands 16730348 11324 67.7 11128 66.5Norway 4985870 3551 71.2 3551 71.2Poland 38538447 84156 218.4 84156 218.4Portugal 10542398 13614 129.1 13152 124.8Romania 20095996 31883 158.7 29743 148.0RussianFed. 143056383 717400 501.5 [717400] [501.5]

SanMarino 33376 1 3.0 1 3.0Serbia 7216649 11070 153.4 10539 146.0SlovakRep. 5404322 11075 204.9 10882 201.4Slovenia 2055496 1377 67.0 1357 66.0Spain(total) 47265321 69621 147.3 66955 141.7Spain(StateAdm.) 39694413 59410 149.7 56791 143.1Spain(Catalonia) 7570908 10211 134.9 10164 134.3Sweden 9482855 6431 67.8 6431 67.8Switzerland 7954662 6599 83.0 5949 74.8theFYROMacedonia 2059794 2543 123.5 2490 120.9Turkey 74724269 120275 161.0 119424 159.8Ukraine 45453282 151122 332.5 149820 329.6UK:Engl.&Wales 56567800 86048 152.1 83626 147.8UK:North.Ireland 1823634 1779 97.6 1741 95.5UK:Scotland 5313600 8145 153.3 7444 140.1Mean 149.9 145.8

Median 125.6 120.9

Minimum 3.0 3.0

Maximum 516.4 516.4



TABLE 1.4: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 BY DECREASING

PRISON POPULATION RATES (NON‐ADJUSTED AND ADJUSTED FIGURES)


Country Totalnumberofprisoners

non‐adjusted

Prisonpopulationratenon‐adjusted↓

Country Totalnumberofprisonersadjusted

Prisonpopulationrate–

adjusted↓

Diff.(%)betweentotal

numbers

1 Georgia 23227 516.4 1 Georgia [23227] [516.4] [0.0]

2 RussianFed. 717400 501.5 2 RussianFed. [717400] [501.5] [0.0]

3 Lithuania 10033 334.0 3 Ukraine 149820 329.6 0.9

4 Ukraine 151122 332.5 4 Lithuania 9831 327.3 2.0

5 Latvia 6195 303.0 5 Latvia 6147 300.6 0.8

6 Estonia 3417 257.8 6 Estonia 3247 245.0 5.0

7 Azerbaijan 21034 227.8 7 Azerbaijan 21010 227.5 0.1

8 Poland 84156 218.4 8 Poland 84156 218.4 0.0

9 CzechRep. 22644 215.5 9 CzechRep. 22472 213.9 0.8

10 SlovakRep. 11075 204.9 10 SlovakRep. 10882 201.4 1.7

11 Montenegro 1229 197.8 11 Montenegro 1228 197.7 0.1

12 Moldova 6621 186.0 12 Moldova 6577 184.8 0.7

13 Hungary 17585 177.1 13 Hungary [17585] [177.1] [0.0]

14 Albania 4890 173.7 14 Albania 4752 168.8 2.8

15 Turkey 120275 161.0 15 Turkey 119424 159.8 0.7

16 Romania 31883 158.7 16 Malta [622] [149.0] [0.0]

17 Serbia 11070 153.4 17 Romania 29743 148.0 6.7

18 UK:Scotland 8145 153.3 18 UK:Engl.&Wales 83626 147.8 2.8

19 UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 152.1 19 Serbia 10539 146.0 4.8

20 Spain(StateAdm.) 59410 149.7 20 Armenia 4685 143.1 0.6

21 Malta 622 149.0 21 Spain(StateAdm.) 56791 143.1 4.4

22 Spain(total) 69621 147.3 22 Spain(total) 66955 141.7 3.8

23 Bulgaria 10663 145.5 23 UK:Scotland 7444 140.1 8.6

24 Armenia 4714 144.0 24 Spain(Catalonia) 10164 134.3 0.5

25 Spain(Catalonia) 10211 134.9 25 Bulgaria 9420 128.6 11.7

26 Portugal 13614 129.1 26 Portugal 13152 124.8 3.4

27 Luxembourg 659 125.6 27 TheFYROMacedonia 2490 120.9 2.1

28 TheFYROMacedonia 2543 123.5 28 Luxembourg 625 119.1 5.2

29 France 76407 117.0 29 Greece [12479] [112.2] [0.0]

30 Greece 12479 112.2 30 Italy 65104 109.6 1.8

31 Italy 66271 111.6 31 Monaco 41 109.1 0.0

32 Belgium 12310 111.0 32 Croatia 4657 108.9 1.8

33 Croatia 4741 110.9 33 France 66704 102.2 12.7

34 Monaco 41 109.1 34 Belgium 11046 99.6 10.3

35 Cyprus 930 107.9 35 Austria 8207 97.6 6.3

36 Austria 8756 104.1 36 UK: North.Ireland 1741 95.5 2.1

37 UK:North.Ireland 1779 97.6 37 Ireland 4229 92.3 2.2

38 Ireland 4323 94.3 38 Cyprus 658 76.3 29.2

39 Germany 69268 84.6 39 Germany 62262 76.1 10.1

40 Switzerland 6599 83.0 40 Switzerland 5949 74.8 9.8

41 BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 74.3 41 BH:Rep.Srpska 1052 73.6 0.9

42 BH:Fed.BiH 1700 72.7 42 Norway 3551 71.2 0.0

43 Norway 3551 71.2 43 BH:Fed.BiH 1657 70.9 2.5

44 Denmark 3829 68.6 44 Denmark 3829 68.6 0.0

45 Sweden 6431 67.8 45 Sweden 6431 67.8 0.0

46 Netherlands 11324 67.7 46 Netherlands 11128 66.5 1.7

47 Slovenia 1377 67.0 47 Slovenia 1357 66.0 1.5

48 Finland 3196 59.2 48 Finland 3024 56.0 5.4

49 Andorra 41 52.5 49 Andorra 41 52.5 0.0

50 Iceland 152 47.6 50 Iceland 152 47.6 0.0

51 Liechtenstein 8 21.9 51 Liechtenstein 8 21.9 0.0

52 SanMarino 1 3.0 52 SanMarino 1 3.0 0.0

53 BH:BiH(st.level) 53 BH:BiH(st.level)

Mean 149.9 145.8 3.2

Median 125.6 120.9 1.7

Minimum 3.0 3.0 0.0

Maximum 516.4 516.4 29.2

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TABLE 1.5: EVOLUTION OF PRISON POPULATIONS BETWEEN 2003 AND 2012

(a) Totalnumberofinmates(includingpre‐trialdetainees)on1stSeptemberofeachyear(sourceSPACEI)*;

(b) Prisonpopulationrateper100,000inhabitantson1stSeptemberofeachyear(source:SPACEI)*;

(c) Change2003‐2012=Evolution(inpercentage)ofprisonpopulationratesbetween2003and2012;

(d) Change2011‐2012=Evolution(inpercentage)ofprisonpopulationratesbetween2011and2012.

*N.B.–Forsomecountries,theaccuratereferencedatemayvaryacrossyears(seeSPACEI2003to2011fordetails).Nationalpopulationfigureshavebeenupdatedforallyears(seeNotes)


Country 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

(c) (d)

(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)

Albania … … … … 3 425 109.3 3 884 123.3 … … 5 041 159.0 4 482 140.7 4 750 148.2 4 772 168.5 4 890 173.7 … 3.1

Andorra 61 90.8 … … … … 30 38.2 … … 60 72.2 68 80.5 36 42.8 36 42.3 41 52.5 ‐42.2 23.9

Armenia 3 429 106.8 2 727 84.9 2 822 87.8 5 682 176.5 3 462 107.4 3 825 118.4 3 989 123.2 4 918 151.3 4 514 138.4 4 714 144.0 34.8 4.1

Austria 7 816 96.5 … … 8 767 106.9 8 780 106.4 8 887 107.3 7 899 95.0 8 423 100.8 8 597 102.6 8 767 104.3 8 756 104.1 7.9 ‐0.2

Azerbaijan 16345 199.3 18259 220.9 16969 203.3 17809 211.1 … … 20986 243.2 20470 230.1 21904 243.4 23191 254.5 21034 227.8 14.3 ‐10.5

Belgium 8 688 83.9 … … 9 371 89.7 9 971 94.9 9 879 93.3 10 234 95.9 10 901 101.4 11 382 105.0 11 825 107.5 12 310 111.0 32.3 3.2

BH: BiH (st. level) … … … … … … 18 … … … 19 … … … 20 … 20 … … … … …

BH: Fed. BiH 1 265 44.6 1 247 43.8 1 344 47.2 … … 1 557 54.7 … … 1 619 56.8 1 736 60.6 1 671 58.3 1 700 72.7 63.2 24.7

BH: Rep. Srpska 892 63.7 977 69.8 1 029 72.9 952 65.9 928 64.5 924 64.3 961 67.0 1 046 73.0 1 054 73.7 1 062 74.3 16.6 0.8

Bulgaria 10056 128.2 11782 151.0 12240 157.7 12218 158.3 11032 143.7 10723 140.3 10028 131.8 10470 138.4 11137 151.1 10663 145.5 13.5 ‐3.7

Croatia 2 594 58.4 2 846 64.1 3 485 78.4 3 833 86.3 4 127 92.9 4 734 106.7 4 891 110.3 5 165 116.7 5 084 115.2 4 741 110.9 89.9 ‐3.8

Cyprus 355 49.6 546 74.8 529 70.6 599 78.2 834 107.1 831 105.3 883 110.8 900 112.1 905 107.8 930 107.9 [117.3] 0.1

Czech Republic 17 053 167.1 … … 19 052 186.4 18 912 184.5 18 901 183.7 20 502 197.5 22 021 210.4 21 955 209.0 23 170 220.9 22 644 215.5 29.0 ‐2.4

Denmark 3 577 66.4 3 762 69.7 4 132 76.4 3 759 69.3 3 624 66.5 3 451 63.0 3 721 67.5 3 944 71.3 3 947 71.0 3 829 68.6 3.3 ‐3.3

Estonia 4 797 353.7 4 565 337.9 4 410 327.3 4 310 320.5 3 456 257.4 3 656 272.6 3 555 265.2 3 470 258.9 3 385 252.6 3 417 257.8 ‐27.1 2.1

Finland 3 437 66.0 3 446 66.0 3 823 73.0 3 714 70.7 3 624 68.7 3 531 66.6 3 589 67.4 3 316 62.0 3 261 60.7 3 196 59.2 ‐10.4 ‐2.5

France 57 440 92.8 56 271 90.3 57 582 91.7 57 876 91.5 63 500 99.8 66 712 104.2 66 307 103.0 66 925 103.4 72 326 111.3 76 407 117.0 26.0 5.2

Georgia 6 406 147.2 … … 8 668 200.6 13 419 304.9 18 384 418.3 19 507 445.2 19 825 452.1 23 684 533.9 24 186 541.2 23 227 516.4 250.9 ‐4.6

Germany 79 567 96.4 79 676 96.5 78 992 95.7 79 146 96.0 77 868 94.6 74 706 90.9 73 263 89.3 71 634 87.6 70 931 86.8 69 268 84.6 ‐12.2 ‐2.5

Greece 8 555 77.7 … … 9 589 86.5 10 113 90.9 10 700 95.8 11 798 105.2 11 080 98.4 11 934 105.6 12 479 110.3 … … … …

Hungary 17 012 167.7 16 410 162.2 16 394 162.4 15 591 154.7 14 892 147.9 15 079 150.1 15 724 156.8 16 459 164.4 17 413 174.4 17 585 177.1 5.6 1.5

Iceland 112 38.8 115 39.6 119 40.5 119 39.7 115 37.4 140 44.4 118 36.9 165 51.9 149 46.8 152 47.6 22.5 1.7

Ireland 2 986 75.3 … … … … 3 135 74.5 3 305 76.6 3 523 80.0 3 919 88.1 4 352 97.4 4 257 93.1 4 323 94.3 25.2 1.3



Country 2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

(c) (d)

(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)

Italy 57 238 99.9 56 090 96.9 59 649 102.0 38 309 65.2 45 612 77.1 55 831 93.6 63 981 106.6 68 345 113.3 67 104 110.7 66 271 111.6 11.7 0.8

Latvia 8 135 348.9 7 731 333.3 7 228 313.4 6 531 284.6 6 452 282.8 6 544 288.2 6 999 309.5 6 778 301.5 6 556 316.0 6 195 303.0 ‐13.2 ‐4.1

Liechtenstein 18 53.2 7 20.4 10 28.9 10 28.6 6 17.1 10 28.3 7 19.7 14 39.0 13 36.0 8 21.9 ‐58.7 ‐39.0

Lithuania 9 958 287.6 7 827 227.1 7 993 233.4 8 078 237.4 7 842 231.7 7 744 230.0 8 295 247.6 8 887 267.0 9 504 311.3 10 033 334.0 16.1 7.3

Luxembourg 498 111.1 548 120.5 693 150.3 755 161.0 744 156.2 673 139.1 679 137.6 690 137.4 644 125.8 659 125.6 13.0 ‐0.2

Malta 278 70.0 … … 298 74.0 343 84.7 … … 577 140.6 494 119.4 583 140.7 599 144.1 622 149.0 112.9 3.4

Moldova 10 729 296.5 10 383 287.8 8 990 249.7 8 817 245.6 8 130 227.0 7 252 203.0 6 769 189.7 6 415 180.0 6 337 178.0 6 621 186.0 ‐37.3 4.5

Monaco … … … … 34 102.8 37 113.5 36 110.2 34 96.2 23 64.5 12 33.4 32 90.3 41 109.1 … 20.8

Montenegro … … … … … … … … … … … … 986 156.5 1 438 233.3 1 328 214.2 1 229 197.8 … ‐7.7

Netherlands 14 025 86.6 16 173 99.5 15 390 94.4 13 747 84.2 12 919 79.0 11 799 71.9 11 629 70.5 11 737 70.8 11 579 69.5 11 324 67.7 ‐21.9 ‐2.6

Norway 2 914 64.0 2 975 65.0 3 097 67.2 3 164 68.2 3 280 70.1 3 278 69.2 3 285 68.4 3 636 74.8 3 535 71.8 3 551 71.2 11.3 ‐0.9

Poland 80 692 211.1 79 344 207.8 82 656 216.5 88 647 232.3 90 199 236.6 83 152 218.2 84 003 220.3 80 728 211.5 81 382 211.2 84 156 218.4 3.4 3.4

Portugal 14 232 136.7 … … 12 889 122.4 12 636 119.6 11 587 109.3 10 807 101.8 11 099 104.4 11 613 109.2 12 681 119.9 13 614 129.1 ‐5.6 7.7

Romania 45 337 208.2 40 085 184.6 37 929 175.1 35 910 166.2 31 290 145.1 27 262 126.6 27 028 125.7 28 191 131.4 29 823 139.3 31 883 158.7 ‐23.8 13.9

Russian Fed. 860 640 592.9 … … 823 672 574.1 871 609 610.6 871 609 612.9 887 723 625.1 880 671 620.6 838 500 590.8 780 100 546.1 717 400 501.5 ‐15.4 ‐8.2

San Marino 0 … 0 0.0 1 3.4 1 3.3 1 3.3 2 6.2 2 6.4 0 0.0 2 6.3 1 3.0 … ‐52.3

Serbia … … … … 7 775 104.3 8 553 115.2 8 978 121.4 9 510 129.1 10 262 139.9 11 197 153.2 10 955 150.6 11 070 153.4 … 1.9

Slovak Republic 8 829 164.1 9 504 176.7 9 289 172.5 8 657 160.6 8 235 152.7 8 313 153.9 9 170 169.4 10 068 185.6 10 713 198.7 11 075 204.9 24.9 3.2

Slovenia 1 099 55.1 1 126 56.4 1 132 56.7 1 301 64.9 1 336 66.5 1 318 65.6 1 365 67.2 1 351 66.0 1 273 62.1 1 377 67.0 21.6 7.9

Spain (total) 55 244 132.6 59 224 137.1 61 269 138.9 64 120 143.4 66 467 147.0 71 778 155.5 78 342 167.6 75 859 161.3 71 995 156.0 69 621 147.3 11.1 ‐5.6

Spain (St. Adm.) … … 51 302 141.0 … … … … 57 072 150.2 61 939 159.7 67 986 173.1 65 098 164.8 61 279 158.3 59 410 149.7 … ‐5.4

Spain (Catalonia) … … 7 922 116.3 … … … … 9 395 130.3 9 839 133.6 10 356 138.5 10 761 143.2 10 716 144.1 10 211 134.9 … ‐6.4

Sweden 6 755 75.6 7 332 81.7 7 054 78.3 7 175 79.3 6 770 74.3 6 853 74.6 7 147 77.2 6 922 74.1 6 742 71.6 6 431 67.8 ‐10.2 ‐5.3

Switzerland 5 266 72.0 6 021 81.8 6 111 82.4 5 888 78.9 5 715 76.1 5 780 76.1 6 084 79.0 6 181 79.4 6 065 77.1 6 599 83.0 15.2 7.6

FYRO Macedonia 1 598 79.0 1 747 86.1 2 132 104.8 2 038 100.0 2 050 100.4 2 235 109.3 2 461 120.1 2 516 122.6 2 515 122.2 2 543 123.5 56.3 1.0

Turkey 64 051 91.8 71 148 100.6 54 296 75.8 67 795 93.5 85 865 123.2 99 416 140.8 115 540 161.6 120 391 165.9 126 725 171.9 120 275 161.0 75.3 ‐6.4

Ukraine 198 386 414.8 193 489 407.8 179 519 381.1 165 408 353.8 154 055 331.5 148 339 321.1 146 394 318.5 152 169 332.4 158 532 347.7 151 122 332.5 ‐19.9 ‐4.4

UK: E&W 72 992 138.3 74 488 140.4 76 190 142.6 77 982 145.1 79 734 147.4 83 194 152.8 83 454 152.3 85 002 153.9 85 374 152.0 86 048 152.1 10.0 0.1

UK: NIR 1 185 69.6 1 295 75.7 1 337 77.5 1 502 86.2 1 445 82.1 1 523 85.8 1 456 81.4 1 475 82.0 1 703 94.3 1 779 97.6 40.2 3.5

UK: SCO 6 642 131.3 6 885 135.6 6 795 133.4 7 192 140.6 7 453 144.9 8 088 156.5 8 113 156.2 7 890 151.1 8 267 157.3 8 145 153.3 16.7 ‐2.6

Source:SPACEI2003toSPACEI2011

NB1:ThePrisonPopulationRatesforAzerbaijanarerecalculatedfor2010and2011includingonlyinmatesmanagedbythePrisonServiceandthepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.

NB2:ThePrisonPopulationRatesfortheNetherlandsarefullyrecalculatedinthewholeseriesonthebasisofthefiguresavailablein2012(i.e.onlyadultinmates).



TABLE 1.6: YEAR‐TO‐YEAR PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF PRISON POPULATION RATES BETWEEN

2011 AND 2012


Georgia ‐4.6 Ukraine ‐4.4 Latvia ‐4.1 Croatia ‐3.8 Bulgaria ‐3.7 Denmark ‐3.3 Netherlands ‐2.6 UK:Scotland ‐2.6 Finland ‐2.5 Germany ‐2.5 CzechRepublic ‐2.4 Norway ‐0.9 Luxembourg ‐0.2 Austria ‐0.2 UK:EnglandandWales 0.1 Cyprus 0.1 BH:RepublikaSrpska 0.8 Italy 0.8 FYROMacedonia 1.0 Ireland 1.3 Hungary 1.5 Iceland 1.7 Serbia 1.9

France 5.2 Estonia 2.1 Liechtenstein [‐39.0]Lithuania 7.3 Albania 3.1 Azerbaijan ‐10.5Switzerland 7.6 SlovakRepublic 3.2 RussianFederation ‐8.2Portugal 7.7 Belgium 3.2 Montenegro ‐7.7Slovenia 7.9 Poland 3.4 Spain(Catalonia) ‐6.4Romania 13.9 Malta 3.4 Turkey ‐6.4Monaco [20.8] UK:NorthernIreland 3.5 Spain(total) ‐5.6Andorra [23.9] Armenia 4.1 Spain(StateAdm.) ‐5.4BH:Fed.BiH 24.7 Moldova 4.5 Sweden ‐5.3

Increaseofmorethan5% Between‐5%and+5% Decreaseofmorethan5%

NOTES – TABLES 1.5 AND 1.6

Tables 1.5 and 1.6 are based onnon‐adjusted figures in order to ensure comparabilitywith data frompreviousyears. Inordertoincreaseaccuracy,thepercentagesshownininTable1.6werecalculatedonthebasisoftherawdataprovidedbythecountries.

InTable1.5,allpreviousrateswererecalculated.Therecalculationtookintoaccount:

(1) Modificationstopreviousfiguresprovidedbythecountries,and

(2) Updatestothenationaldemographicdata(totalpopulation)foreachyearmadebyEurostat.

Indeed,whenproducingannualSPACEreports,sometimesonlyestimatesofthedemographicalsituationineachcountryareavailable.Thismethodologicallimitationledtosomedistortionsforcountrieswherethecalculationsarebasedonestimatesorprovisionaldata.Inthatcontext,thefirstSPACEreportsuseddatafromtheCouncilofEuropedemographicreports,whicharenolongerproduced.Consequently,welater revised the results forall thesecountriesand increased thecomparabilitybyusing thesamedatasourcefordemographicaldatainalmostallCoEMemberStates.

Currently, the main source for national population data is the Eurostat database, which is updatedconstantlyandincludesfiguresforsomeofnon‐EUcountriesaswell.Thus,inordertoreduceasmuchaspossibletheeffectsofdifferentestimationproceduresandtousethelatestavailabledata,themajorityoftherecalculatedrateswerebasedontheEurostatfiguresofnationalpopulations.



Figures retrieved from theEurostatdatabase relate to1st Januaryof eachreferenceyear.However, thelackofinformationforsomecountriesornationalentitiesrequiredtheuseofdatafromothersources(formoredetails,seeChapterDemographicData).

InTable1.6,percentagesforthetwoPrisonAdministrationsofSpain(StateAdministrationandCatalonia)werecalculatedseparately.ThefigureforSanMarinoisnotpresentedinTable1.6duetotheverysmalltotalnumberofinmatesheldinthecountry(usuallylessthan10persons)thesevariationsareextreme.Inthe same perspective, for countries whose total number of inmates is lower than 50, the increase ordecreasepercentagesarepresentedbetweenbrackets(Andorra,Liechtenstein,andMonaco).

AZERBAIJAN

Totalprisonpopulationsfor2010and2011wereamended.ThenumberofinmatesmanagedbythePrisonServicewas21,904inmatesin2010and23,191inmatesin2011.Thisfeatureisduetothe fact that inmates held in police stations were excluded from the calculation of the totalnumberofprisonpopulation.Therefore,totalnumberof inmates(21,034)in2012correspondsonlytothenumberofpersonsheldinpenalinstitutionsofthePenitentiaryServiceoftheMinistryofJusticeandthoseinthepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.

BULGARIA

Since 2004, all Bulgarian inputs include persons held in the Investigative Detention Facilities[IDF].Thecorrectedseriesfortheperiodlastingfrom2004until2012arethefollowing:

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PPR 151.0 PPR 157.7 PPR 158.3 PPR 143.7 PPR 140.3 PPR 131.8 PPR 138.4 PPR 151.1 PPR 145.5

Total 11782 Total 12240 Total 12218 Total 11032 Total 10723 Total 10028 Total 10470 Total 11137 Total 10663

IDF 847 IDF 804 IDF 1160 IDF 761 IDF 1315 IDF 1022 IDF 1091 IDF 1252 IDF 1170

Prisons 10935 Prisons 11436 Prisons 11058 Prisons 10271 Prisons 9408 Prisons 9006 Prisons 9379 Prisons 9885 Prisons 9493

CYPRUS

ForthecalculationsinTable1.5 weuseddataincluding detaineesheldinpolicestations.Yet,thisinformation has probably not been provided for 2003. Before 2005, the information on thedistribution by categories of prisoners in different types of penal institutions is missing.Therefore, itwas impossibletorecalculatetherateper100,000inhabitantstaking intoaccountonlythepersonsheldinprisons(i.e.excludingthoseheldinpolicestations).Asaconsequence,thepercentagechangebetween2003and2013shouldbeinterpretedcautiously.

Forthecalculations inTable1.6weusedthetotalnumberofprisoners including thoseheld inpolice stations. The total number of prisoners in 2011 was 905 and 930 inmates in 2012respectively.Thus,theincreaseobservedinTable1.6isaccurate.

ITALY

Data for 2004 arenot comparablewithdata for previous years, becauseuntil 2003 theprisonpopulation included juveniles, while since 2004 they are no longer counted. Thus, data arecomparableonlyfrom2004to2012.

THENETHERLANDS

All the figures for the Netherlands have been recalculated by excluding the data on all theavailablecategoriesfor:

o Juvenileoffendersinfacilitiesforjuvenileoffenderso Personsheldincustodialclinics(TBS)placedthereunderhospitalorders,ando Illegalaliensheldforadministrativereasons

TheonlyadditionalcategoryincludedasbeingmanagedbyPrisonAdministrationisthecategory



ofpeopleunderElectronicMonitoring. IntheTable1.6weusedtherawdatawhichrelatetothesamecategoriesincludedinthetotal

numberofprisonersin2011andin2012.ThesecategoriesincludeadultinmatesheldinregularpenalinstitutionsaswellaspersonsunderElectronicMonitoring.

SPAIN

Table1.5:Inordertoensuretheaccuracyofthecomparisonswiththepreviousyears’data,weaddedCataloniandatainthetotalnumberofprisoners(Spain(total)StateAdministrationandCatalonia),andwerecalculatedthewholeprisonpopulationrateforthecountry.

Table1.6:ThetrendsforStateAdministrationandforCataloniaarepresentedseparately.Apartfromthat,wealsorecalculatedthetrendforthewholecountry.

BRIEF ANALYSIS

In2012,thereweresevenEuropeanPrisonAdministrationsthatexperienceddecreaseofmorethan5%in their prison population rates: Liechtenstein, Azerbaijan, Russia, Montenegro, Turkey, Spain, andSweden.Indeed,theseobservationsarerelativeasthetotalnumberofinmatesinLichtensteinwasonly8inmates on 1st September2012 and 13 inmates in 2011 respectively. As a consequence, the variationsobservedonsuchlowvaluesshouldnotbeconsideredasbeingsignificant.

Inalongitudinalperspective,itmayberelevanttoobservethedecreasingtrendinRussia:‐8.2%between2011and2012thatalreadyexistedbetween2010and2011(‐7.6%).

Previoustrends(between2010and2011)forothercountriesinthegroupthatdecreasedtheirPPRareasfollowing:Montenegro‐8.2%,Spain‐3.3%,Sweden‐3.4%,andTurkey+3.6%.Allthesecountriesstartedtheirdecreasingtrendsduringtheperiodfrom2010to2011.

Thenumberofcountriesthatexperienceddecreasingtrendsbetween2011and2012remainedrelativelystable(8countries)comparedtothenumberin2011,whichwas7,in2010–5,andin2009thisnumberwasequalto9countries.

Ontheopposite,thereare9countriesthatexperiencedanincreaseofmorethan5%in2012.Twooutofnine concerned countries are Andorra and Monaco. The fluctuations in these countries should beinterpretedinlinewiththewarningsprovidedpreviouslyforLiechtenstein.

In2012, the listof the countries that increase theirPPRwasonceagain reduced compared to2011. Itmustbeemphasisedthatin2011therewere11countriesonthislistandin2010theirnumberwasevenhigher(19).ThisobservationbringsustosupposethatanumberofreformsareundergoinginEuropeancountries. These changes do probably reinforce the perception according to which the imprisonmentshouldbeusedasultimaratiobycriminaljusticesystems.

Someof the countries that experienced increase of their PPRbetween2011 and2012had already thesame problem during the previous period from 2010 to 2011. More specifically, during the latestconcerned period of time, the increasewas observed in: France (+7.6%), Lithuania (+16.6%), Portugal(+9.9%),andRomania(+6.0%).

Countries that changed their trends from increasing between 2010/11 into decreasing (or stable)between2011/12are:CzechRepublic(+5.7%forthe1stperiodto‐2.4%forthe2ndone)andBulgaria(+9.2%forthe1stperiodto‐3.7%forthe2ndone).

Finally, the calculated median value of the evolution trends between 2011 and 2012 was of +0.1%.Nevertheless, this changedoesnot allow concluding to aEuropean stability ofprisonpopulation rates.Oneshouldpayattentiontothefactthat theevolutionfromtheEuropeanmedianof122.2 inmatesper100,000inhabitantsin2011to125.6in2012doesactuallyrepresentanincreaseof+2.7%.

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TABLE 2: AGE STRUCTURE OF PRISON POPULATION ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012


Country Totalnumberofinmates(includingpre‐trialdetainees)

Lessthan14years

From14tolessthan16years










80andover

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

Albania 4890 NAP 50 88 405 996 1039 1186 689 299 128 10 0Andorra 41 NAP 0 0 3 1 7 12 10 8 0 0 0Armenia 4714 NAP 14 597 1842 1290 893 78Austria 8756 NAP 19 117 461 1155 1622 2485 1704 847 269 66 3Azerbaijan 21034 NAP 0 24 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NABelgium 12310 0 23 68 477 1386 2268 4047 2498 1097 364 72 9BH:BiH(st.level) 20 BH:Fed.BiH 1700 0 2 2 55 203 400 529 286 155 51 15 2BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 NAP 0 7 12 212 208 282 211 104 17 9 0Bulgaria 9493 NAP 0 63 315 1005 1570 3076 1634 663 200 40Croatia 4741 NAP 25 50 93 131 508 1787 1065 648 205 38Cyprus [694] 0 0 4 24 63 210 151 156 66 19 1 0CzechRep. 22644 NAP 4 79 709 2505 4047 8024 4964 1853 426 32 1Denmark 3829 NAP 0 7 354 679 680 1103 698 245 53 9 1Estonia 3417 NAP 9 44 167 445 629 1159 628 245 80 11 0Finland 3196 NAP 0 6 78 292 592 1115 680 321 102 8 2France 76407 69 599 5351 13565 15552 20310 12361 5902 2698Georgia 24186 NAP 133 Germany 69268 NAP 36 545 2916 7353 11078 16858 11443 5295 1710 373Greece 12479 Hungary 17585 NAP 163 1480 1606 2688 5872 3870 1559 347Iceland 152 NAP 0 1 7 19 34 50 25 11 2 2 1Ireland 4323 1 7 41 286 674 971 1390 609 228 92 21 3Italy 66271 NAP NA NA 1127 5283 9528 21876 16730 8290 2797 604Latvia 6195 NAP 33 223 604 938 1359 744 310 84Liechtenstein 8 NAP 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 1 0 0 0Lithuania 10033 NAP 1 88 678 3235 2571 1428 603 180Luxembourg 659 NAP NAP 1 29 70 110 214 153 66 15 0 1Malta 599 Moldova 6621 NAP 3 13 261 1760 1719 856 431 97Monaco 41 2 1 2 5 4 7 9 6 4 1 0 0



Country Totalnumberofinmates(includingpre‐trialdetainees)

Lessthan14years











80andover

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

Montenegro 1229 NAP 0 1 46 150 333 359 224 95 20 1 0Netherlands 11324 0 0 1 781 1756 2012 3141 2431 947 216 36 1Norway 3551 NAP 0 7 163 499 624 1100 744 304 93 15 2Poland 84156 NAP 6 406 4106 8649 19631 22444 14213 12013 1740 458Portugal 13614 NAP NA 60 292 1328 2385 4548 3080 1423 498Romania 31883 NAP 51 396 1686 11237 10442 5264 2262 545RussianFed. 780100 SanMarino 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Serbia 11070 0 14 59 542 2321 2448 2790 1691 873 241 84 7SlovakRep. 11075 NAP 15 97 499 1325 1975 3537 2282 1079 242 23 1Slovenia 1377 NAP 3 19 18 118 253 513 255 151 44 2 1Spain(total) 69621 NAP 0 0 990 5305 10709 24318 18620 7181 2041 349 60Spain(StateAdm.) 59410 NAP 0 0 747 4383 9027 20607 16253 6236 1760 295 54Spain(Catalonia) 10211 NAP 0 0 243 922 1682 3711 2367 945 281 54 6Sweden 6431 NAP 0 0 160 648 889 1334 1012 582 227Switzerland 6599 54 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2543 NAP NA 4 59 337 541 923 416 208 46 9 0Turkey 120275 29 384 1493 7400 15151 22420 38994 21479 9512 2724 603 86Ukraine 151122 NAP 83 1219 3054 13114 45540 50586 31801 3804 1921UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 0 73 1209 7443 14005 15575 22900 15116 6460 2449 730 88UK:North.Ireland 1779 2 14 22 139 334 344 430 300 139 45 9 1UK:Scotland 8145 97 609 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Generalremark:ThebreakdownbycategoriesofagedoesnotalwayscorrespondtothetotalnumberofinmatesasprovidedinTable1.Formorespecificinformationbycountry,seethenotesbelow.



TABLE 2.1: AGE AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY


CountryAgeofcriminalresponsibility

Minimalagefortheapplicationofcustodialsanctionsandmeasures

Ageofcriminalmajority

Albania 14 14 18Andorra 14 14 18Armenia 14 14 18Austria 14 14 18Azerbaijan 14 14 18Belgium NAP 14 18BH:BiH(st.level) 14 14 18BH:Fed.BiH 14 16 18BH:Rep.Srpska 14 14 18Bulgaria 14 14 18Croatia 14 14 18/23Cyprus 14 14 16CzechRep. 15 15 18Denmark 15 15 18Estonia 14 14 18Finland 15 15 18/21France 13 16 18Georgia 14 14 18Germany 14 14 18/21Greece 13 NA 18Hungary 14 14 18Iceland 15 15 18Ireland 12 12 18Italy 14 14 18Latvia 14 14 18Liechtenstein 14 14 18Lithuania 14 14 18Luxembourg 16 16 18Malta 14 14 18Moldova 14 14 18Monaco 13 13 18Montenegro 14 16 18Netherlands 12 12 18Norway 15 15 18Poland 13 15 17Portugal 16 16 21Romania 14 14 18RussianFed. 14 14 18/21SanMarino 14 14 18Serbia 14 14 18SlovakRep. 14 14 18Slovenia 14 16 18/21Spain(total) 14 14 18Spain(StateAdm.) 14 14 18Spain(Catalonia) 14 14 18Sweden 15 18 18Switzerland 10 15 18theFYROMacedonia 14 16 18Turkey 12 12 18Ukraine 14 16 18UK:Engl.&Wales 10 15 18UK:North.Ireland 10 10 18UK:Scotland 8 16 18/21




Generalremark:Asthequestionontheageofcriminalresponsibilitywas interpretedbysomenationalcorrespondentsascorrespondingtotheageofmajority,afewadjustmentstothisTablewereintroducedby the authors of this report. The latter also introduced the age of criminal responsibility for Georgia,GreeceandRussianFederationonthebasisofpersonalcommunicationsandliteratureresearch.

ARMENIA Data on the age of prisoners include all inmates. Figures presented in this report are not

comparable to thosepresented inSPACE I2010reportasbefore2011 in the totalbreakdownwereincludedonlysentencedprisonerswithoutpre‐trialdetainees.

ForsomearticlesofCriminalCodetheageofcriminalresponsibilityis14.o Points(b)and(c)–personsagedupto18;o Points(d)and(e)–personsagedfrom18to25;o Point(f)–between25and35years;o Point(g)–between35and45years;o Points(h)and(i)–personsagedfrom45to60;o Points(j),(k)and(l)–personsaged60yearsandover.

AUSTRIA ThesumofcategoriesinTable2 (8,748)isnotidenticaltothetotalnumberofinmates(Table1 =

8,756 inmates).Thedifferenceof8people isdue to thepresenceofchildren(agedbetween0and3years),wholivewiththeirdetainedmothersandwhoarealsoincludedinthetotalprisonpopulationaccordingtothenationalcountingrules.

Point(l)–theoldestpersonwasaged82.AZERBAIJAN

Totalnumberofinmates(21,034)correspondsonlytothenumberofpersonsthataredetainedinpenal institutionsof thePenitentiaryServiceof theMinistryof Justiceandthose in thepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.PersonsheldinpolicestationsandotherinstitutionsnotmanagedbythePrisonServicearenotincludedinthefigures.

Dataarepartiallyavailableonlyonsentencedprisoners:o From16tolessthan18:24persons.o 60yearsandover:214persons.

Theageofcriminalresponsibilityissetat16years;nevertheless,inthecasesofseverecrimes,theresponsibilitymaystartfrom14years.

BELGIUM Theageissetuponthebasisoftherecordedelementsinthefileand/orstatedbytheprisoner

himself.Itcouldbecontestedbyajudicialauthority(e.g.theauthoritiesconsiderthatapersonisadultwhileshestatedtobejuvenile).

Points(b)and(c) –among91 juvenilesaged less than18, thereare38personswhoarenotheldininstitutionsforjuveniles.Indeed,thesejuvenileoffendersareplacedinadultprisonsorareunderElectronicMonitoring.Itmayinclude:

o Personsforwhomthejudicialauthoritiescontestedtheirage,and/oro Personsthat judgesfor juvenileswithdrawthemselvesandtransferredthecasetothe

adultcourts.o Consequently,notallpersonsconsideredasjuvenilesaredetainedintheFederalCentre

forjuvenileoffenders. For1persontheageisunknown. Table2.1(ageofcriminalresponsibility):Thereisnominimumageforjuvenileswhoareunder

theregimeofProtectionofYouth. Table2.1(ageofcriminalmajority):Ageofmajorityis18.Personswhowereaged16oroverat

themomentofcommittingtheoffencemay–undercertainconditions–betriedbyanadultcourtandunderthecriminallawforadults.



BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(FEDERATIONLEVEL) Table2.1:TheageofcriminalresponsibilityinFBiHis14.However,ajuvenilemustturn16to

beimposedwithaprisonsentence.Forjuvenilesfrom14to16years,onlyeducationalmeasuresmaybeimposed.Ajuvenileattheageof16maybeinajuvenileprisonbutpersonsattheageof18may be imprisonedwith adults. The legislation considers persons at the age of 18 ''youngadults''.Persons18‐21yearsofage ifpossible (if thereareavailable capacities)arekeptwithotherjuvenilestopreventasmuchaspossibleadultprisonersfromcorruptingtheirbehaviour.

BULGARIA Figuresareon31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Table2: are included sentenced prisoners. Data for 1,534 pre‐trial detainees (ofwhich 1,170

heldininvestigativedetentionfacilities[IDF])arenotavailable.o Point(a)–Personsunder14yearsofagedonotenterthepenitentiarysystem.o Point(c)–Lessthan19;o Point(d)–From19to21years;o Point(e)–From22to25years;o Point(f)–From26to30years;o Point(g)–From31to40years;o Point(h)–From41to50years;o Point(i)–From50to60years;o Point(j)–From61to70years.o Points(k)and(l)–70yearsandover

CROATIA Figuresareon31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Table2:dataonprisonerssentencedonthebasisofMisdemeanoursAct(191persons)arenot

available.o Point(e):From21tolessthan23years;o Point(f):From23tolessthan27years;o Point(g):From27tolessthan40years.

CYPRUS Table2:Thebreakdownisavailablefor inmates heldintheprisoninstitution.Figuresforthose

held inpolice stationsaremissing.Therefore, the total of 694persons isprovided in the firstcolumnofthetable.

Table2.1:There isnoexpressdefinitionoftheterms'adult'and 'juvenile'.UndertheJuvenileOffenders'Law(Chp.157),theJuvenileCourthearschargesagainst'children'or'youngpersons'.Thislawdefines'child'asapersonundertheageof14and'youngperson'asapersonwhois14yearsofageorolderandundertheageof16years.Thereforeajuvenileisapersonfallingwithintheabovedefinitionof'child'or'youngperson'.AccordingtotheCriminalCode,“apersonundertheageof14isnotcriminallyresponsibleforanyactoromission”.

CZECHREPUBLIC Figuresareon31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(b)–Astheageofcriminalresponsibilityis15,juvenilesincludedherare15yearsold.

DENMARK Between1st July2010and29thFebruary2012theageofcriminalresponsibilitywas14years.

After1stMarch2012itis‐again‐15years.FRANCE

Figuresareon1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012. Table 2: Figures are on the total number of inmates managed by Prison Administration

(“écroués”)andnotonlythosewhoaredefactoheldinpenalinstitutions(“écrouésdétenus”). Points(a)and(b)–From13tolessthan16years. Points(a)to(c):Totalnumberofjuvenileoffendersis668.228outof668juvenilesareheldin

institutions for juvenile offenders (Etablissement Pour Mineurs [EPM]). The remaining 440juvenilesareheldinspecialunitsforjuveniles(Quartierspourmineurs[QM]).

Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover



GERMANY Figuresareon31stMarch2012 insteadof1st September2012. Table2:areincludedsentencedprisonersandprisonersunderpreventivemeasures. Points(k)and(l)–70yearsandover. Pre‐trialdetainees–thedistributionavailableforthisgroupofdetaineesisasfollows:

o From14tolessthan18years–358o From18tolessthan21years–1,045o From21yearsandover–9,792.

HUNGARY Points(b)and(c)–From14tolessthan18years Point(d)–From18tolessthan22years Point(e)–From22tolessthan25 Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover

IRELAND Point(c)–onlyboysuptotheageof17 andgirlsuptotheageof18aredetainedinchildren

detentionschools. Table2.1:ageofcriminalresponsibility is10.Children from10yearsmaybe triedunder the

criminal justicesystembutonlywherechargesofmurder,rapeorserioussexualassaultarise.Theymust accept responsibility for their criminal behaviour and itmust be proven that theyunderstandthattheiractionswereillegal.

ITALY Points(a),(b),and(c) –Dataonpersons less than18yearsof age arenot available in these

statistics. These categories are held in especially designed institutions for juvenile offenders,whicharemanagedbytheDepartmentofJuvenileJustice,undertheMinistryofJusticeandnotbytheItalianPenitentiaryAdministration.

Points(k)and(l)–70yearsandover Unknown–36personsforwhotheagehasnotbeenrecorded.

LATVIA Figuresareon1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012. In theTable2 are includedonly sentenced prisoners.Nodata areavailableon the categoryof

pre‐trialdetainees. Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover

LITHUANIA Figuresareon1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012. Table2:are includedonlysentencedprisoners.Pre‐trialdetaineesarenotcounted; insofarno

specialdataareavailable. Points(b)and(c)–Thereare89juveniles.30outof89arenot includedinthebreakdownof

Table 2 because, at the reference date, these 30 juvenile offenders had the status of pre‐trialdetaineeswithoutafinalsentence.

Points(e)and(f)–from21tolessthan30years Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover Table2.1:“Criminalresponsibilitymaybeappliedtoaperson,whoatthemomentofthecommitmentofa

criminal offence was aged 16. Nevertheless, a person who prior to committing a criminal offence hasreached the age of 14 shall be responsible for murder (art. 129), causing heavy health disturbances(“grievousbodilyharm”, art. 135), rape (art. 149and150), theft (art. 178), robbery (art. 180), propertyextortion(art.181),aggravateddestructionordamage toproperty(art.187,part2), seizureof firearms,ammunition,explosivesorexplosivesubstances(art.254),theft,extortionorotherillegalseizureofdrugsor psycho‐tropic substances (art. 263), aggravated damage of means of transport, roads or equipmenttherein(art.280,part2).”[art.13,parts1and2ofthePenalCodeoftheRepublicofLithuania].

LUXEMBOURG Point(b):Minorswhoareunderadecisiontakenwithrespecttothelawontheprotectionof

juvenilesareaswellhostedinthePenitentiaryCentreofLuxembourg. Point(l)–theoldestpersonwasaged87years.



MOLDOVA Figuresareon1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012.ThereforethebreakdownprovidedinTable

2doesnotfitthetotalnumberofinmatespresentedinTable1(wherefiguresareon1stSeptember2012). Table2:are includedonlysentencedprisoners.Pre‐trialdetaineesarenotcounted; insofarno

specialdataareavailable. Points(b)and(c):Areincludedonlysentencedjuvenileswhowereservingtheirsentencesin

prisonsforadults. Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover.

THENETHERLANDS Table 2: included only inmates held in adult penal institutions and those under Electronic

Monitoring,withoutjuvenileoffenders,peopleincustodialclinicsandillegalaliens. Unknown–2personsforwhotheagehasnotbeenrecorded. Table 2.1: The age of criminal responsibility is 12. From 12 until 18 years, people can be

detainedinspecialinstitutionsforjuveniles.NORWAY

Table2.1: There are no juvenile courts in Norway, nor is there special legislation for youngoffendersovertheageof15.TheGeneralPenalCode,however,makessomespecialprovisionsforthosebetweentheageof15and18.

POLAND Figuresareon31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Breakdownbyageforfinedefaulters(490persons)isnotavailable.

o Point(b)–From15tolessthan17(6person)o Point(c)–From17tolessthan19(406persons)o Point(d)–From19tolessthan22(4,106persons)o Point(e)–From22tolessthan25years(8,649persons)o Point(f)–From25tolessthan31years(19,631persons)o Point(g)–From31tolessthan40years(22,444persons).o Point(h)–From40tolessthan49years(14,213persons).o Point(i)–From49tolessthan61years(12,013persons)o Points(j)–From61tolessthan67years(1,740persons)o Points(k)and(l)–67yearsandover(458persons)

PORTUGAL Figuresareon31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Points(a)and(b)–JuvenilesheldineducationalinstitutionsmanagedbytheDirecçãoGeneral

deReinserçãoSocialarenotincludedinthisreport. Point (c): 37out of 97 juvenile offenders are held in special units foreseen for them in adult

prisons.60juvenilesareheldinspecialcustodialinstitutionsforjuvenileoffenders. Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover Table2.1:Personsagedfrom16to less than21yearsareyoungadultsandaretriedundera

speciallawwhichisspecifictothem.ROMANIA

Points(b)and(c):50outof447juvenilesareheldinprisonsforadultsbeingatthedisposalofjudicialauthorities(prosecution).Another27juvenilesareservingtheirsentencesincustodyforadults,butseparatelyfromadultinmates.

Points(e)and(f)–From21tolessthan30years Points(j),(k),and(l)–60yearsandover

SERBIA Points(b)and(c):73outof217personsheldineducational institutionsforjuvenileoffenders

wereagedlessthan18.SLOVAKREPUBLIC

Points(b)and(c):4 outof112juvenileoffenders(includedinthegeneralbreakdown)areheldinregularfacilitiesforadultinmates.



SLOVENIA Points (b) and (c): 20 out of 22 juveniles were held in educational institutions for juvenile

offenders,theremaining2juvenileswereplacedinregularpenalinstitutionsforadults.SPAIN(TOTAL)

Figuresarecalculatedbytheauthorsofthisreportonthebasisofthedataprovidedbynationalcorrespondents. Therefore, these figures should not be considered as official inputs. FigurespresentedastotalswerenotusedforthecalculationsofmeanandmedianEuropeanvalues.

SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) On 1st January 2012 came into force the reform regarding the methodological changes that

consistintheuseofpenitentiaryinformationsystemasanofficialsourceofdatafortheGeneralSecretariatofPenitentiaryInstitutions.Thisreformledtotheunificationofthedatacollectionatthenationallevel.Thereisnolongerneedtocollectdataseparatelyfromeachdetentioncentre.

Point(l)–theoldestpersonwasaged90years Unknown–48personsforwhotheagehasnotbeenrecorded.

SPAIN(CATALONIA) Point(l)–theoldestpersonwasaged89years Table2.1:TheCriminalCodeappliestopersonsaged18andover.Between14and17yearstheLawonthe

Juveniles’responsibilityisapplied.Personsunder14yearsarenottrialedunderthecriminaljusticesystem.

SWEDEN Figuresareon1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012. InthisTableareincludedonlysentencedprisoners. Points(j),(k)and(l)–60yearsandover

SWITZERLAND Figuresareon5thSeptember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Points(a),(b)and(c):54personsagedlessthan18.


Points(b)and(c):Thereare15personsthatareinpre‐trialdetention.These15juvenilesarenotincludedinTable1.2, because there is no special institution for pre‐trial detention for juveniles. They areheld inadultprisonsbutseparatedfromadults.

TURKEY Points(b)and(c): 1,148of sentencedandon‐remand juveniles are held in separate units in

adultprisonsnotinaspeciallybuiltinstitutionforjuveniles.UKRAINE

Points(b)and(c)–Sometimes juvenilescanbeheld inadultcustodial institutions.The lengthofstay isrelativelyshort,juvenilesareheldinpre‐trialinstitutionsforone‐twodays.

Table2.1:Criminal liabilityarises from16years, in special cases from14years (art.22of theCriminalCodeofUkraine).

UK:ENGLANDANDWALES Figuresareon30thJune2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point(l)–80yearsandover(theoldestpersonwasaged93).

UK:SCOTLAND Points(a),(b)and(c):Asmallnumberofyoungoffendersagedlessthan21maybeheldonremandin

adultprisonsandarenotcountedinTable1.2.Themanagementdatadoesnotprovideagebreakdownsforsome groups of prisoners (convicted awaiting sentence (257), recalled life prisoners (84) and personsawaitingdeportation(10).

Table2:theonlydataavailableare:under18:97;18‐20:609;21andover:7,345. Table2.1:Theageoflegalresponsibilityis8.However,childrenbetween8and12cannotbeprosecutedin

criminal courts butmust be referred to the children's hearing system. Children aged12ormore canbeprosecutedinthecriminalcourtsforparticularlyseriouscases.Themajorityofoffendersundertheageof16 are dealt with through the children's hearings system. Offenders aged 18 and above are dealt withthrough the adult criminal justice system, but prisoners under 21 are held in separate accommodation.Offenders under 16 may be held in secure residential accommodation on offence grounds but are notincludedinthesefigures.Moreinformationisavailableathttp://dera.ioe.ac.uk/10457/1/SB11‐53.pdf



TABLE 2.2: MINORS AND PERSONS BETWEEN 18 AND 21 OF AGE ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012


Country

Totalnumberofinmates(incl.pre‐trial

detainees)

Custodialinstitutions/unitsforjuvenileoffenders

Educationalinstitutions/

unitsforjuvenileoffenders

Numberofinmates

under18yearsold

Numberofinmatesfrom

18tolessthan21years

old

%ofinmatesunder18

yearsold

%ofinmatesfrom

18

tolessthan21years

old

Incl.(Yes)/Excl.(No)

Howmany?

Ofwhichaged18andover

Incl.(Yes)/Excl.(No)

Howmany?

Albania 4890 Yes 138 0 NAP *** 138 405 2.8 8.3Andorra 41 Yes 0 0 NAP *** 0 3 0.0 7.3Armenia 4714 Yes 29 15 NAP *** 14 NA 0.3 NAAustria 8756 Yes 136 0 No *** 136 461 1.6 5.3Azerbaijan [18017] Yes 24 0 No *** 24 NA 0.1 NABelgium 12310 Yes 72 19 No *** 91 477 0.7 3.9BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1700 Yes 25 21 No *** 4 55 0.2 3.2BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 Yes 10 3 NAP *** 7 12 0.7 1.1Bulgaria [8566] Yes 73 10 No *** 63 315 0.7 3.7Croatia [4550] Yes 84 16 No *** 75 93 1.6 2.0Cyprus [694] Yes 28 24 NAP *** 4 24 0.6 3.5CzechRep. 22644 Yes 172 89 NAP *** 83 709 0.4 3.1Denmark 3829 No *** *** NAP *** 7 354 0.2 9.2Estonia 3417 Yes 170 117 No *** 53 167 1.6 4.9Finland 3196 NAP *** *** No *** 6 78 0.2 2.4France 76407 Yes 233 5 No *** 668 5351 0.9 7.0Georgia Germany 69268 Yes 7006 6067 No *** 939 3961 1.4 5.7Greece Hungary 17585 Yes NA NA No *** 163 1480 0.9 8.4Iceland 152 NAP *** *** NAP *** 1 7 0.7 4.6Ireland 4323 Yes 50 1 NAP *** 49 286 1.1 6.6Italy 66271 No *** *** NAP *** 0 1127 0.0 1.7Latvia [4277] Yes 48 15 NAP *** 33 223 0.8 5.2Liechtenstein 8 No *** *** No *** 0 0 0.0 0.0Lithuania [8376] Yes 202 83 No *** 89 678 1.1 8.1Luxembourg 659 Yes 1 0 NAP *** 1 29 0.2 4.4Malta Moldova [5140] Yes 44 24 No *** 16 261 0.3 5.1Monaco 41 NAP *** *** NAP *** 5 5 12.2 12.2Montenegro 1229 No *** *** No *** 1 46 0.1 3.7Netherlands 11324 No *** *** No *** 1 781 0.0 6.9Norway 3551 NAP *** *** NAP *** 7 163 0.2 4.6Poland [83666] No *** *** No *** 412 4106 0.5 4.9Portugal 13614 Yes 231 134 No *** 60 292 0.4 2.1Romania 31883 Yes 1990 1770 Yes 150 447 1686 1.4 5.3RussianFed. SanMarino 1 NAP *** *** NAP *** 0 0 0.0 0.0Serbia 11070 Yes 27 27 Yes 217 73 542 0.7 4.9SlovakRep. 11075 Yes 108 0 No *** 112 499 1.0 4.5Slovenia 1377 Yes 0 0 Yes 20 22 18 1.6 1.3Spain(total) 69621 No *** *** No *** 0 990 0.0 1.4Spain(St.Adm.) 59410 No *** *** No *** 0 747 0.0 1.3Spain(Catalonia) 10211 No *** *** No *** 0 243 0.0 2.4Sweden [4852] No *** *** No *** 0 160 0.0 3.3Switzerland 6599 Yes 69 NA Yes 154 54 NA 0.8 NAFYROMacedonia 2543 Yes 53 34 No *** 4 59 0.2 2.3Turkey 120275 Yes 666 37 Yes 129 1 906 7400 1.6 6.2Ukraine 151122 NAP *** *** Yes 1302 1302 3054 0.9 2.0UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 Yes 1282 0 NAP *** 1282 7443 1.5 8.6UK:North.Ireland 1779 Yes 37 0 No *** 38 139 2.1 7.8UK:Scotland 8145 Yes 701 607 No *** 97 609 1.2 7.5Mean 1.0 4.7Median 0.7 4.6Minimum 0.0 0.0Maximum 12.2 12.2



NOTES – TABLE 2.2

DataprovidedinTable2.2shouldbeconsideredcautiouslyasthepercentagescouldnotalwaysbecalculatedonthebasisofthetotalnumberofprisoners.Thefollowingcountriesprovidedtheagebreakdownforsentencedprisonersonly:Azerbaijan,Bulgaria,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova(figuresforthiscountryareon1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012),andSweden.Forthesecountries,figuresusedinthefirstcolumnofTable2.2(Totalnumberofinmates) correspond to sentenced prisoners only, and the percentages included in theTable are calculated on thebasisofthatfigures.

Thecalculationofthepercentagesofprisonersaged18tolessthan21wasimpossibleforArmenia,Azerbaijan,andSwitzerlandbecausethesecountriesdidnotprovidethebreakdownforthisgroupofage(seenotestoTable2).

For three countries (Bulgaria,Hungary& Poland) the age ranges are slightly different from the main category(“Prisonersfrom18tolessthan21yearsold”).ForHungarytherangeisfrom18tolessthan22,andforBulgariaandPolandtherangeisfrom19tolessthan22.

AZERBAIJAN Totalprisonpopulationsfor2010and2011wereamended.ThenumberofinmatesmanagedbythePrison

Servicewas21,904inmatesin2010and23,191inmatesin2011.Thisfeatureisduetothefactthatinmatesheld in police stations were excluded from the calculation of the total number of prison population.Therefore, totalnumberof inmates (21,034) in2012correspondsonly to thenumberofpersonsheld inpenalinstitutionsofthePenitentiaryServiceoftheMinistryofJusticeandthoseinthepre‐traildetentionfacility under the Ministry of National Security. Moreover, the breakdown by age is available only forsentencedinmates(18,017).

CROATIA The breakdown by age does not include prisoners sentenced on the basis of Misdemeanours Act (191

persons).Therefore,these191personswereexcludedfromthetotalnumberofinmatesinthefirstcolumnofthetable.

CYPRUS As the breakdown is available for inmates held in theprison institution, figures for those held in police

stationswereexcludedfromthecalculationsforTable2.2.Therefore,thetotalof694personsisprovidedinthefirstcolumnofthetable.

POLAND Breakdownbyage for finedefaulters (490persons) is not available. Therefore, these490personswere

excludedfromthetotalnumberofinmatesinthefirstcolumnofthetable. Theagerangesareslightlydifferentfromthemaincategory(“Prisonersfrom18tolessthan21yearsold”).

ForPoland,therangeisfrom19tolessthan22.GERMANY

The totalnumber of prisoners under18 years is939, ofwhich385 arepre‐trial detainees, and581 aresentencedprisoners.Consequentially,thepercentageinTable2.2wascalculatedonthebasisofthewholepopulationinpenalinstitutions(incl.pre‐trials).

The totalnumber of prisoners between18 and less than21 years is3,961, ofwhich1,045 arepre‐trialdetainees,and2,916aresentencedprisoners.Consequentially,thepercentageinthistablewascalculatedonthebasisofthewholepopulationinpenalinstitutions(incl.pre‐trials).

THENETHERLANDS Figures presented in Table 2.2 concern only the population held in penal institutions, without juvenile

offenders,peopleincustodialclinics,andadministrativealiens. Asthenumberofpersonsagedlessthan18yearsandbetween18andlessthan21yearsisknownforthe

institutionsforjuvenileoffenders,thepercentagecanberecalculatedatthelevelofthepopulationheldinpenal institutions (11,324) and institutionsfor juvenileoffenders (567). Nevertheless, this figure does notrepresentanofficialinputanditisincludedhereonlyforinformation.Therecalculatedpercentagesareasfollows:

o Percentageofinmatesunder18years(214+1)=1.8%o Percentageofinmatesfrom18tolessthan21years(353+781)=9.5%

InItaly,Portugal,andSpainjuvenileoffendersaremanagedbyotherauthoritiesthanthePrisonAdministration.InCyprus,Norway,andSweden, thedefinitionof juvenileoffenderandthespecialregimeappliedtothiscategoryofoffendershavesomeparticularitieswhichshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendoingcross‐sectionalcomparisons(seepreviousnotes).

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TABLE 3: FEMALE INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012


Country


Numberoffemaleinmates

%offemalesinthetotal

numberof

inmates

Numberof

foreignfemales

%offoreignfemalesinthenumberoffemaleinmates

Numberoffemalepre‐trialdetainees

%ofpre‐trialfemale

detaineesinthenumberoffemaleinmates

Numberof

femalesagedless

than18

%offemalesaged<18inthenumberoffemaleinmates

Albania 4890 90 1.8 2 2.2 37 41.1 0 0.0Andorra 41 7 17.1 5 71.4 3 42.9 0 0.0Armenia 4714 202 4.3 NA NA 44 21.8 2 1.0Austria 8756 578 6.6 218 37.7 131 22.7 14 2.4Azerbaijan 21034 515 2.4 20 3.9 105 20.4 0 0.0Belgium 12310 572 4.6 206 36.0 212 37.1 4 0.7BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1700 49 2.9 2 4.1 11 22.4 0 0.0BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 18 1.7 0 0.0 1 5.6 0 0.0Bulgaria (9493) 307 3.2 6 2.0 16 5.2 2 0.7Croatia 4741 207 4.4 4 1.9 36 17.4 0 0.0Cyprus 694 53 7.6 26 49.1 15 28.3 0 0.0CzechRep. 22644 1457 6.4 48 3.3 155 10.6 9 0.6Denmark 3829 149 3.9 29 19.5 68 45.6 1 0.7Estonia 3417 177 5.2 67 37.9 49 27.7 4 2.3Finland 3196 229 7.2 21 9.2 52 22.7 0 0.0France 76407 2706 3.5 611 22.6 689 25.5 22 0.8Georgia 23227 1180 5.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Germany 69268 3945 5.7 979 24.8 637 16.1 29 0.7Greece Hungary 17585 1260 7.2 42 3.3 384 30.5 NA NAIceland 152 13 8.6 7 53.8 8 61.5 0 0.0Ireland 4323 159 3.7 37 23.3 35 22.0 4 2.5Italy 66271 2826 4.3 1133 40.1 1198 42.4 NA NALatvia 6195 423 6.8 2 0.5 118 27.9 0 0.0Liechtenstein 8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Lithuania 10033 461 4.6 1 0.2 62 13.4 4 0.9Luxembourg 659 29 4.4 16 55.2 7 24.1 1 3.4Malta 622 40 6.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Moldova 6621 410 6.2 5 1.2 120 29.3 4 1.0Monaco 41 9 22.0 9 100.0 7 77.8 2 22.2Montenegro 1229 37 3.0 5 13.5 10 27.0 0 0.0Netherlands 11324 611 5.4 125 20.5 316 51.7 0 0.0Norway 3551 189 5.3 58 30.7 59 31.2 0 0.0Poland 84156 2695 3.2 17 0.6 6 0.2 NA NAPortugal 13614 758 5.6 175 23.1 204 26.9 1 0.1Romania 31883 1474 4.6 7 0.5 NA NA 0 0.0RussianFed. 717400 58900 8.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA

SanMarino 1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Serbia 11070 433 3.9 11 2.5 133 30.7 0 0.0SlovakRep. 11075 680 6.1 8 1.2 66 9.7 3 0.4Slovenia 1377 70 5.1 10 14.3 22 31.4 0 0.0Spain(total) 69621 5321 7.6 1863 35.0 1050 19.7 0 0.0Spain(StateAdm.) 59410 4640 7.8 1571 33.9 882 19.0 NAP NAPSpain(Catalonia) 10211 681 6.7 292 42.9 168 24.7 0 0.0Sweden 6431 389 6.0 NA NA 117 30.1 0 0.0Switzerland 6599 324 4.9 NA NA 120 37.0 4 1.2theFYROMacedonia 2543 60 2.4 3 5.0 1 1.7 0 0.0Turkey 120275 4548 3.8 316 6.9 1686 37.1 54 1.2Ukraine 151122 9566 6.3 92 1.0 2299 24.0 43 0.4UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 4123 4.8 614 14.9 459 11.1 24 0.6UK:North.Ireland 1779 59 3.3 9 15.3 19 32.2 3 5.1UK:Scotland 8145 469 5.8 13 2.8 82 17.5 2 0.4Mean 5.4 18.9 25.8 1.1Median 5.0 11.3 25.1 0.1Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 22.0 100.0 77.8 22.2



NOTES – TABLE 3

ARMENIA Thenumberof femalepre‐trialdetainees is44persons,ofwhich2areagedlessthan18.Thenumberof

juvenile females is based on the total number of all female inmates. There were no female sentencedprisonersagedlessthan18.Bothofthemwereinpre‐trialdetention.

BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(STATELEVEL) In the unique facility for pre‐trial detentionwhich exists at the State level are held onlymale inmates.

Therefore,thenilvaluesarepresentedintheTableandareconsideredasreliable.BULGARIA

Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012 Thebreakdownfor1,170inmatesheldinIDFisnotavailable;thereforetheyarenotincludedinTable3.

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012

CYPRUS FigurespresentedinTable3arebasedonatotalof694inmatesheldinPrisoninstitution(for236persons

heldinpolicestationsthebreakdownbycategoriesofsexisnotavailable).CZECHREPUBLIC

Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012ESTONIA

Vast majority in "foreigner" category of inmates are legal inhabitants of Estonia who have either nocitizenshiporRussiancitizenship.

FRANCE Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012 Thebreakdownoffemaleinmatesistobecarriedforwardtothetotalnumberofinmateswhichhavethe

statusof“écroués”andnotonlythosewhoare“écrouésdétenus”(defactoheldinpenalinstitutions).GEORGIA

Figureonfemaleinmates:byMrRoyWalmsley.Datarelateto31stAugust2012.GERMANY

Datarelateto31stMarch2012insteadof1stSeptember2012LATVIA

Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012LITHUANIA

Datarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1stSeptember2012LUXEMBOURG

FemaleinmatesareheldinaspecialsectionofthePenitentiaryCentreofLuxembourg.MALTA

FigureonfemaleinmatesbyMrRoyWalmsley.DatarelatetoNovember2012.THENETHERLANDS

FiguresincludedinTable3arepartofthetotalnumberofinmatesheldinadultpenalinstitutionsandthosewhoareunderElectronicMonitoring.Areexcludedfromthebreakdownjuvenileoffenders,personsheldincustodialclinicsandillegalaliens.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012

PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1stSeptember2012

RUSSIANFEDERATION FigureonfemaleinmateswerecommunicatedbyMrRoyWalmsley.

SWEDEN Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptember2012 117femalesinpre‐trialdetention,ofwhich80wereforeigners.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALES Datarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1stSeptember2012

UK:SCOTLAND Themanagementdatadoesnotprovidesexbreakdownsforsomegroupsof inmates(convictedawaiting

sentence(257),recalledlifeprisoners(84)andpersonsawaitingdeportation(10).



TABLE 4: FOREIGN INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012


Country


Totalnumberofforeigninmates

Adjustedtotalof

foreigners(includingunknown)

%offoreignersinthetotalnumberofinmates

Adjusted%of

foreigners(incl.

unknown)inthetotalnumberofinmates

Numberofforeignpre‐

trialdetainees

%offoreignpre‐

trialdetaineesinthe

numberofforeigninmates

NumberofinmatescitizensofMemberStatesofthe

EuropeanUnion

%oftheEUcitizensinthenumberofforeigninmates

Numberofforeigndetaineesagedlessthan18

%offoreignminorsinthenumberofforeigninmates

Numberofdetaineesforwhich

thenationalityisunknown

%ofdetaineesforwhich

thenationalityisunknownintotalprison

populationAlbania 4890 90 90 1.8 1.8 66 73.3 23 25.6 0 0.0 0 0.0Andorra 41 32 32 78.0 78.0 9 28.1 23 71.9 0 0.0 0 0.0Armenia 4714 125 125 2.7 2.7 NA NA NA NA 0 0.0 0 0.0Austria 8756 4087 4097 46.7 46.8 1191 29.1 1625 39.8 65 1.6 10 0.1Azerbaijan 21034 625 625 3.0 3.0 121 19.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Belgium 12310 5213 5232 42.3 42.5 1921 36.9 1538 29.5 57 1.1 19 0.2BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1700 44 44 2.6 2.6 18 40.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 64 64 6.0 6.0 46 71.9 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0Bulgaria (9493) 180 180 1.9 1.9 19 10.6 NA NA 0 0.0 0 0.0Croatia 4741 276 285 5.8 6.0 141 51.1 43 15.6 NA NA 9 0.2Cyprus 694 367 367 52.9 52.9 84 22.9 143 39.0 4 1.1 0 0.0CzechRep. 22644 1709 1715 7.5 7.6 552 32.3 795 46.5 4 0.2 6 0.0Denmark 3829 943 979 24.6 25.6 552 58.5 314 33.3 NA NA 36 0.9Estonia 3417 239 1301 7.0 38.1 64 26.8 49 20.5 2 0.8 1062 31.1Finland 3196 474 482 14.8 15.1 224 47.3 266 56.1 1 0.2 8 0.3France 76407 13707 13925 17.9 18.2 NA NA 3330 24.3 NA NA 218 0.3Georgia Germany 69268 19303 19303 27.9 27.9 5171 26.8 6580 34.1 NA NA NA NAGreece Hungary 17585 645 648 3.7 3.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 0.0Iceland 152 37 37 24.3 24.3 11 29.7 17 45.9 0 0.0 0 0.0Ireland 4323 557 557 12.9 12.9 151 27.1 347 62.3 1 0.2 0 0.0Italy 66271 23753 23773 35.8 35.9 10717 45.1 4970 20.9 NA NA 20 0.0Latvia 6195 75 75 1.2 1.2 35 46.7 11 14.7 0 0.0 0 0.0Liechtenstein 8 5 5 62.5 62.5 2 40.0 4 80.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Lithuania 10033 152 152 1.5 1.5 84 55.3 84 55.3 2 1.3 NA NALuxembourg 659 454 454 68.9 68.9 211 46.5 253 55.7 0 0.0 0 0.0Malta Moldova 6621 94 94 1.4 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 0.0Monaco 41 39 39 95.1 95.1 21 53.8 27 69.2 5 12.8 0 0.0Montenegro 1229 177 183 14.4 14.9 100 56.5 11 6.2 0 0.0 6 0.5



Country


Totalnumberofforeigninmates

Adjustedtotalof

foreigners(includingunknown)

%offoreignersinthetotalnumberofinmates

Adjusted%of

foreigners(incl.

unknown)inthetotalnumberofinmates

Numberofforeignpre‐

trialdetainees

%offoreignpre‐

trialdetaineesinthe

numberofforeigninmates

NumberofinmatescitizensofMemberStatesofthe

EuropeanUnion

%oftheEUcitizensinthenumberofforeigninmates

Numberofforeigndetaineesagedlessthan18

%offoreignminorsinthenumberofforeigninmates

Numberofdetaineesforwhich

thenationalityisunknown

%ofdetaineesforwhich

thenationalityisunknownintotalprison

populationNetherlands 11324 2208 2380 19.5 21.0 1243 56.3 903 40.9 1 0.0 172 1.5Norway 3551 1137 1151 32.0 32.4 563 49.5 558 49.1 NA NA 14 0.4Poland 84156 559 566 0.7 0.7 253 45.3 219 39.2 NA NA 7 0.0Portugal 13614 2602 2602 19.1 19.1 887 34.1 607 23.3 15 0.6 0 0.0Romania 31883 183 183 0.6 0.6 16 8.7 63 34.4 0 0.0 0 0.0RussianFed. SanMarino 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Serbia 11070 224 224 2.0 2.0 108 48.2 57 25.4 0 0.0 0 0.0SlovakRep. 11075 218 218 2.0 2.0 94 43.1 99 45.4 1 0.5 0 0.0Slovenia 1377 158 162 11.5 11.8 77 48.7 41 25.9 0 0.0 4 0.3Spain(total) 69621 23423 23423 33.6 33.6 5920 25.3 4875 20.8 0 0.0 0 0.0Spain(St.Adm.) 59410 18816 18816 31.7 31.7 4791 25.5 4230 22.5 NAP NAP 0 0.0Spain(Catalonia) 10211 4607 4607 45.1 45.1 1129 24.5 645 14.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Sweden 4852 1479 1530 30.5 31.5 NA NA 521 35.2 NA NA 51 1.1Switzerland 6599 4896 4896 74.2 74.2 1667 34.0 NA NA 36 0.7 NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2543 69 69 2.7 2.7 22 31.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Turkey 120275 2098 2161 1.7 1.8 1016 48.4 324 15.4 7 0.3 63 0.1Ukraine 151122 2497 2497 1.7 1.7 308 12.3 68 2.7 NA NA 0 0.0UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 10861 12810 12.6 14.9 1555 14.3 3808 35.1 124 1.1 1949 2.3UK:North.Ireland 1779 126 131 7.1 7.4 68 54.0 72 57.1 0 0.0 5 0.3UK:Scotland 8145 293 293 3.6 3.6 NA NA 133 45.4 5 1.7 NA NAMean 20.5 21.3 37.9 32.4 0.7 0.9Median 11.5 12.9 40.0 33.7 0.0 0.0Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 95.1 95.1 73.3 80.0 12.8 31.1



TABLE 4.A: ASYLUM SEEKERS AND ILLEGAL ALIENS HELD FOR ADMINISTARTIVE REASONS

AMONG FOREIGN INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.4.a

Country


Totalnumberofforeigninmates(incl.pre‐trial

detainees)

Adjustednumberofforeigners(incl.

unknown)

Asylumseekersorillegalaliensheldfor

administrativereasons(Table1.1)

Asylumseekersorillegalaliensheldincentresespeciallydesignforthistypeofdetention

%Asylumseekersorillegalaliensheldfor

administrativereasonsinthetotalnumberofinmates

%Asylumseekersorillegalaliensheldfor

administrativereasonsinthenumberofforeigninmates

Belgium 12310 5213 5232 0 0 0.0 0.0Ireland 4323 557 557 9 NAP 0.2 1.6SlovakRepublic 11075 218 218 22 2 0.2 10.1Switzerland 6599 4896 4896 427 NA 6.5 8.7UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 10861 12810 1140 730 1.3 8.9UK:North.Ireland 1779 126 131 1 0 0.1 0.8Mean 1.4 5.0Median 0.2 5.2Minimum 0.0 0.0Maximum 6.5 10.1

NOTES – TABLES 4 AND 4.A

Generalremark:ThequestionnaireSPACEI2012includedanitemonthenumberofforeigninmatesanda subsidiary question on the number of those inmateswhowere citizens of the EuropeanUnion (EU).However,someEUcountriestookliterallythementionofanEUcitizenshipandprovidedafigureonthetotalnumberofEUcitizeninmatesthatincludestheirownnationals.Thismisunderstandingwassolvedduringthedatavalidationprocedure.

Figuresonforeigninmatesweresometimesadjustedaccordinglytothenumberofinmatesforwhomthenationality was unrecorded or unknown. We assumed for comparative needs that all inmates withunknownnationalitywerenon‐nationals.

Table 4.a: There are six countries that, as a rule, include asylum seekers or illegal aliens held foradministrative reasons in the total number of foreign inmates: Belgium, Ireland, Slovak Republic,Switzerland,UK:EnglandandWales,andUK:NorthernIreland.Forallthesecountrieswecalculatedthepercentageofasylumseekersandillegalaliensheldforadministrativereasonsinthetotalnumberofforeign inmatesand thepercentageof these inmates in the totalnumberofprisonpopulation.TherawdataarepresentedandexplainedinTable1.1.

Theasylumseekersrepresentinmedian5.2%oftheforeigninmates.Moreover,inthesesamecountriesthepartofasylumseekersamongthetotalprisonpopulationisinmedianof0.2%.

BULGARIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012 Thebreakdownfor1,170inmatesheldininvestigativedetentionfacilities[IDF]isnotavailable.

Therefore,theseinmateswerenotbeenincludedinthecalculationspresentedinTable4. NumberofprisonerscitizensofMemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion: these figuresareproduced

onthebasisofresidenceregistrationratherthancountryoforiginand/ornationality.Therefore,itispossiblethatsomeforeigncitizensmayhavetheirregisteredresidencyinBulgaria.

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012

CYPRUS FiguresinTable4arebasedonatotalof694 inmates heldinPrisoninstitution(nobreakdown

bycategoriesisavailablefor236personsheldinpolicestations).CZECHREPUBLIC

Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012



DENMARK Unknown:23personsarewithoutanycitizenshipandfor13personsthereisnoinformation rec.

ESTONIA Personswithunknown/unrecordednationality:Vastmajorityofinmatesinthiscategoryarelegal

inhabitantsofEstoniawhohavenocitizenship.FRANCE

Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012 Thebreakdownofforeigninmatesistobecarriedforwardtothetotalnumberofinmateswhich

havethestatusof“écroués”andnotonlythosewhoare“écrouésdétenus”(defactoheldinpenalinstitutions).

GERMANY Datarelateto31stMarch2012 insteadof1st September2012 Inmateswithunknown/unrecordednationalityareincludedamongforeigninmates.

HUNGARY Inmateswithunknown/unrecorded nationalitywererecordedas“stateless”.

LATVIA Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012

LITHUANIA Datarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012

THENETHERLANDS ForeigninmatesincludedinTable4arepartofthetotalnumberofinmatesheldinadultpenal

institutionsandthosewhoareunderElectronicMonitoring.Areexcludedfromthebreakdownjuvenileoffenders,personsheldincustodialclinicsandillegalaliens.Excludedfromthetotal,thefigureofillegalaliensheldforadministrativereasonsisavailable:960persons.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012

PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012



SWEDEN Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012 Table4:Figuresareonlyforsentencedprisoners.Dataonpre‐traildetaineesarenotavailable. ErrataforSPACEI2010:Swedishcountingsystemforpre‐trialdetaineesdoesnotincludeinformationon

the nationality. This information was not available in the SPACE I 2010 report and, therefore, thepercentagesonforeigninmateswerecalculatedonthebasisofthetotalprisonpopulation.Since2011,thepercentageiscorrectlycalculatedforsentencedprisoners.

SWITZERLAND Datarelateto5thSeptember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Totalnumberofforeigninmates:Thereare4,896foreigninmates,ofwhich1,330withlong‐

termresidentpermits(B,C,andI)inSwitzerland,716withstatusofasylumseekers(permitsN,F,andS),and427illegalaliensunderpreventivemeasures(FederalActonForeignNationals).

Foreign pre‐trial detainees: 1,667 foreign detainees, of which 400 with long‐term residentpermits(B,C,andI),166withstatusofasylumseekers(permitsN,F,andS),and1,101areotherforeigninmatesandpeoplewithoutanypermit.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALES Datarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1st September2012

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND NationalprisonersincludeUKandIrishcitizens.



TABLE 5: LEGAL STATUS OF PRISON POPULATIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)

(a) Untrieddetainees(nocourtdecisionhasbeenreachedyet);(b) Detaineesfoundguiltybutwhohavenotyetreceivedasentenceyet;(c) Sentencedprisonerswhohaveappealedorwhoarewithinthestatutorylimitfordoingso;(d) Detaineeswhohavenotreceivedafinalsentenceyet,butwhostartedservingaprisonsentenceinadvance;(e) Sentencedprisoners(finalsentence),ofwhich:

(e).1:Personsdetainedforfineconversionreasons(finedefaulters);(e).2:Personsdetainedbecauseoftherevocation,suspensionorannulmentoftheconditionalreleaseorprobation;

(f) Othercases;(g) Totalnumberofprisoners(includingpre‐trialdetainees)


Country (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Ofwhich:

(f) (g)(e).1 (e).2

Albania 259 153 1600 2878 9 285 0 4890Andorra 19 6 3 0 13 0 1 0 41Armenia 1166 NAP 3548 NA NA NA 4714Austria 1829 NAP NA NA 5836 NA NA 1091 8756Azerbaijan 2770 NAP 247 NAP 18017 NA NA 0 21034Belgium 2685 NAP 696 NAP 7636 1 NA 1293 12310BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 213 NAP 32 13 1442 65 0 0 1700BH:Rep.Srpska 108 0 0 0 954 42 3 0 1062Bulgaria 1534 NA 8566 NAP NA 563 10663Croatia 767 NA 3974 54 NA NA 4741Cyprus 368 NAP NA NAP 562 NAP NA NAP 930CzechRep. 2183 NAP 20429 NA NA 32 22644Denmark 1094 293 NAP 2442 0 NA 0 3829Estonia 831 NAP 2586 NA NA NA 3417Finland 650 NA 2546 57 NA NAP 3196France 12870 NAP 4045 NA 59492 NA NA NA 76407Georgia Germany 11195 NA NA NA 57607 4157 NA 466 69268Greece Hungary 4072 NAP 868 NAP 12514 NA NAP 131 17585Iceland 19 NAP 7 0 126 1 16 0 152Ireland 506 NA NA NA 3808 15 NA 9 4323Italy 12911 NAP 13113 NAP 38906 NAP NA 1341 66271Latvia 401 450 654 189 4277 30 NA 224 6195Liechtenstein 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 8Lithuania 1249 92 316 NA 8376 NA NA NAP 10033Luxembourg 233 NAP 26 NAP 399 0 30 1 659Malta Moldova 994 450 346 162 4669 NA 320 0 6621Monaco 22 NAP 8 0 11 0 0 0 41Montenegro 287 54 21 867 29 0 0 1229Netherlands 4205 NA 1286 NAP 5658 556 NA 175 11324Norway 934 22 2595 61 NA 0 3551Poland 6622 NA NA 387 77147 490 NA NA 84156Portugal 1945 NAP 716 NAP 10722 NA NA 231 13614Romania 2007 1421 NA NA 28455 NAP NA NA 31883RussianFed. SanMarino 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1Serbia 2763 NA 8307 NA NA 0 11070SlovakRep. 1393 NAP 9682 NAP 0 0 11075Slovenia 78 150 51 50 1003 NA NA 45 1377Spain(total) 10844 NA 58777 NA NA 0 69621Spain(StateAdm.) 9071 NA 50339 NA NA 0 59410Spain(Catalonia) 1773 NAP NA NAP 8438 112 33 0 10211Sweden 1579 NA 4852 NA NA NA 6431Switzerland 2051 NA NA 669 3349 308 132 530 6599theFYROMacedonia 84 112 62 12 2273 3 0 0 2543Turkey 32470 NAP 15772 NA 72033 NA NA NA 120275Ukraine 16281 4693 7766 3461 118921 341 NA NA 151122UK:Engl.&Wales 7671 3653 NA NAP 73562 127 5417 1162 86048UK:North.Ireland 613 NA 53 NA 1113 19 38 0 1779UK:Scotland 1286 257 NA NA 6592 NA NA 10 8145



NOTES – TABLE 5

AUSTRIA Point (f): 1,091 inmates, of which 865 inmates are under forensic psychiatric treatment and

securitymeasures.The226 inmates leftaredifferentkindsof imprisonment supportingotheradministrativeauthorities,provisionalarrestforforeigngovernmentsetc.

AZERBAIJAN Totalprisonpopulationsfor2010and2011wereamended.Thenumberofinmatesmanagedby

thePrisonServicewas21,904inmatesin2010and23,191inmatesin2011.Thisfeatureisdueto the fact that inmatesheld inpolice stationswereexcluded fromthe calculationof the totalnumberofprisonpopulation.Therefore,totalnumberofinmates(21,034)in2012correspondsonlytothenumberofpersonsinpenalinstitutionsofthePenitentiaryServiceoftheMinistryofJusticeandthoseinthepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecurity.

BULGARIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Points(a)and(c):1,534personshavenofinalsentence.Thesepersonsremaincategorisedas

“remanded in custody”. Among these persons, there are 1,170 inmates held in InvestigativeDetentionFacilities(IDF).

Point(f):inmateswhoareundertrialwithoutspecificationofthestatusoftheirtrial.CROATIA

Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Point(b):ThiscategorydoesnotexistinCroatiancriminaljusticesystem(NAP).

CYPRUS Point(a):368persons included in thiscategory, ofwhich 132 personsdetained in theprison

institutionand236personsinpolicestations.CZECHREPUBLIC

Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Point(f):PreventiveDetentionFacility

FRANCE Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012 InthisTablethebreakdownismadeonthebasisofthewholepopulationmanagedbythePrison

Administration (“écroués”)which is76,407persons.There isnospecific informationavailableforpersonsplacedunderElectronicMonitoringoutsidepenal institutions(9,105)andthose inexternalplacementnon‐hostedbyPrisonAdministration(598).

Point (c): in this point are included persons under summary trail procedures (comparutionimmédiate)orthosewhohaveappealed.

GERMANY Datarelateto31stMarch2012 insteadof1st September2012 Point(f):“Preventivedetentionmeasures”–inthiscategoryareincludeddetaineeswhichhave

already served their sentence, butwho are kept in penitentiary facilities for security reasons(Sicherungsverwahrung).

HUNGARY Point(f):Inthiscategoryareincludedpersonsunderpost‐chargenon‐criminaldetention.

IRELAND Point (a): 612 persons that correspond to the sum of points (a), (b) and (d). There are no

individual records for these categories. Records are only kept for remands (pre‐trial) andcommittals (sentenced). Information regarding appeals etc. is not collected. Remands mayincludepersonsawaitingtrial,awaitingsentencefollowingatrialorawaitinganassessment.

Juvenilesmayonlybedetained inachildrendetentionschoolonfootofappearing incourtoncriminalchargesandbeingremandedorsentencedbythecourt.

Point(f):Inthiscategoryareincluded9casesrelatedtoimmigrationissues.



ITALY Point (f): Internees (Internati) and temporary internees, that are persons held in Judicial

PsychiatricHospitals (OspedaliPsichiatriciGiudiziari), that are special penal institutionsundertheauthorityofthePenitentiaryAdministration,managedbypsychiatristsfromthePenitentiaryAdministration.These inmatesmayalsobeheld inprisonhospitals,as theyexecuteasecuritydetentionmeasure.

LATVIA Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012

LIECHTENSTEIN In the breakdown presented in this Table are included only inmates detained in the penal

institutionofLiechtenstein.PersonswhohavebeentransferredtoAustriaundertheprovisionsoftheexistingcontractbetweenthesetwocountriesarenotincluded.

Point(f):1personheldforfraudwasinextraditionproceduretoGermany.LITHUANIA

Datarelateto1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012 Point (b) – Following the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, sentenced prisoners

afterhavingsubmittedtheirwrittenconsentareabletostartservingtheirtermofimprisonmentbeforethehearingoftheircaseinorderofappeal.

LUXEMBOURG Point(e).2:30personsdetainedbecausetheirconditionalreleasewasrevoked.

MONACO Point (e) –The only detention facility in the Principality ofMonaco is a remand centre. Only

nationalsareintendedtoservetheirentiresentence.Alienswhoreceivedtheirfinalsentencetooversixmonthsof imprisonmentareusuallytransferredtotheprisonofNice.Thesetransfersare regulated by an agreement between Monaco and France (Article 14 of the Treaty ofCooperation“Conventiondevoisinage”from1963).

THENETHERLANDS Data are available for the population held in penal institutions (see general notes). The total

number of prisoners does not refer to persons held in institutions for juvenile offenders,custodialclinicsandinstitutionsforillegalaliens.

Point (c): In this category are included persons appealing their sentence. The ones who aresentencedbutwhohavenotappealedyet,butstillarewithinthestatutorylimittodoso,arepartofthepoints(a)and(b).Theycannotbemadevisibleasaseparatefigure.

NORWAY Points(a)and(c):Anunknownnumberofpersonshavebeensentenced(orfoundnotguilty)

but the sentence is not legally binding as an appeal has been lodged. These persons remaincategorisedas“remandedincustody”.

Points(c)and(d):Apersonwhoissentencedtoimprisonmentwhileremandedincustodyandappealsagainstthesentencemayremainclassifiedas"remandedincustody"untiltheappealisdecidedbyahighercourt.Underthepoint(a)areincludedaswellpersonshavingsuchstatus.Anexceptionoccurs incaseswhenonlythe lengthofthesentence isappealedagainst. Insuchcasestheoffendermayelecttostartservingthesentencependingtheoutcomeoftheappeal.Thelatestcategoryofpersonsisincludedinthepoint(d).

Point(b):Sentenceisgivenatsametimeasjudgmentofguilt. Point(e).2:Inmajorityofcases,thebreachofconditionsisassociatedwithanewconvictionfor

anewoffence.Therefore,itisthenewoffencethatwillberegistered.Consequently,thefigureonthepersonsdetainedbecauseoftherevocationstrictosensuisnotavailable.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012



PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Point(f):Inthispointareincluded231detaineeswhoareunder“securitymeasures”(mentally

ill offenders considerednon‐criminally liableby thecourt),ofwhich101areplaced in specialpsychiatricinstitutionsorinpenitentiaryhospitals,and130innon‐penitentiaryhospitals.



SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point(e):Thereareaswellincluded 583 inmateswithsecuritymeasures.

SWEDEN Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012

SWITZERLAND Datarelateto5thSeptember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Point (f) –The category “Other cases” includes 247 illegal aliens under preventive measures

(FederalActonForeignNationals),aswellaspersonswaitingtransferfromonepenalinstitutiontoanotheretc.

TURKEY Point (d) is included in the point (a). The situations described in these points correspond to

remandsinTurkishsystem.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Datarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1st September2012 Point(f):non‐criminalprisoners

UK:SCOTLAND Point(e):Sentencedfiguresincluderecalledlifeprisoners. Point(f):10inmatesawaitingdeportation



TABLE 5.1: DETAINEES NOT SERVING A FINAL SENTENCE ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(PERCENTAGES AND RATES)


Country

Percentageofdetaineesnotservingafinalsentence(1)

Percentageofdetaineesnotservingafinalsentence(2)

Rateofdetaineesnotservingafinalsentenceper100,000

inhabitants(1)

Rateofdetaineesnotservingafinalsentenceper100,000

inhabitants(2)

Percentageofuntried

detainees(nocourtdecisionyetreached)

Rateofuntrieddetaineesper100,000

inhabitants

(a.1) (a.2) (b.1) (b.2) (c) (d)

Albania 41.1 41.1 71.5 71.5 [5.3] [9.2]Andorra 68.3 68.3 35.8 35.8 46.3 24.3Armenia 24.7 24.7 35.6 35.6 [24.7] [35.6]Austria (33.3) (20.9) (34.7) (21.8) 20.9 21.8Azerbaijan 14.3 14.3 32.7 32.7 13.2 30.0Belgium 38.0 27.5 42.1 30.5 21.8 24.2BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 15.2 15.2 11.0 11.0 12.5 9.1BH:Rep.Srpska 10.2 10.2 7.6 7.6 10.2 7.6Bulgaria 19.7 14.4 28.6 20.9 [14.4] [20.9]

Croatia 16.2 16.2 17.9 17.9 [16.2] [17.9]Cyprus (39.6) (39.6) (42.7) (42.7) 39.6 42.7CzechRep. 9.8 9.6 21.1 20.8 [9.6] [20.8]Denmark 36.2 36.2 24.9 24.9 [28.6] [19.6]Estonia 24.3 24.3 62.7 62.7 [24.3] [62.7]Finland 20.3 20.3 12.0 12.0 [20.3] [12.0]France 22.1 22.1 25.9 25.9 16.8 19.7Georgia Germany (16.8) (16.2) (14.2) (13.7) [16.2] [13.7]Greece Hungary 28.8 28.1 51.1 49.7 23.2 41.0Iceland 17.1 17.1 8.1 8.1 12.5 5.9Ireland 11.9 11.7 11.2 11.0 [11.7] [11.0]Italy 41.3 39.3 46.1 43.8 19.5 21.7Latvia 31.0 27.3 93.8 82.8 6.5 19.6Liechtenstein 37.5 25.0 8.2 5.5 0.0 0.0Lithuania 16.5 16.5 55.2 55.2 12.4 41.6Luxembourg 39.5 39.3 49.5 49.3 35.4 44.4Malta Moldova 29.5 29.5 54.8 54.8 15.0 27.9Monaco 73.2 73.2 79.8 79.8 53.7 58.5Montenegro 29.5 29.5 58.3 58.3 23.4 46.2Netherlands 50.0 48.5 33.9 32.8 [37.1] [25.1]Norway 26.9 26.9 19.2 19.2 [26.3] [18.7]Poland (8.3) (8.3) (18.2) (18.2) [7.9] [17.2]Portugal 21.2 19.5 27.4 25.2 14.3 18.4Romania (10.8) (10.8) (17.1) 17.1 6.3 10.0RussianFed. SanMarino 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Serbia 25.0 25.0 38.3 38.3 [25.0] [38.3]SlovakRep. 12.6 12.6 25.8 25.8 [12.6] [25.8]Slovenia 27.2 23.9 18.2 16.0 5.7 3.8Spain(total) (15.6) (15.6) (22.9) (22.9) [15.6] [22.9]Spain(StateAdm.) 15.3 15.3 22.9 22.9 [15.3] [22.9]Spain(Catalonia) (17.4) (17.4) (23.4) (23.4) 17.4 23.4Sweden 24.6 24.6 16.7 16.7 [24.6] [16.7]Switzerland (49.2) (41.2) (40.9) (34.2) [31.1] [25.8]FYROMacedonia 10.6 10.6 13.1 13.1 3.3 4.1Turkey 40.1 40.1 64.6 64.6 27.0 43.5Ukraine 21.3 21.3 70.8 70.8 10.8 35.8UK:Engl.&Wales (14.5) (13.2) (22.1) (20.0) 8.9 13.6UK:North.Ireland (37.4) (37.4) (36.5) (36.5) [34.5] [33.6]UK:Scotland (19.1) (18.9) (29.2) (29.0) 15.8 24.2Mean 26.3 25.0 33.5 32.1 18.7 23.6

Median 24.3 22.1 28.6 25.8 16.2 21.7

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 73.2 73.2 93.8 82.8 53.7 62.7



NOTES – TABLE 5.1

Table 5 includes two different types of calculation for the category of “detainees not serving a finalsentence”:

inthefirstcase[(a.1)and(b.1)],theheading(f)“Othercases”fromTable4isincluded,

inthesecondcase[(a.2)and(b.2)],theheading(f)“Othercases”fromTable4isexcluded

Thesecondtypeofcalculationhasbeenintroducedonthebasisofadditionalinformationprovidedbythenationalcorrespondents,whichcanbe found in thenotes toTable5. Indeed, it seems thatasignificantpartofthepersonsincludedundertheheading“Othercases”cannotbeassimilatedtopersonswaitingforafinalsentencetobeimposed(i.e.thiscategoryincludespersonsheldforsecurityreasons,personsheldforcivilreasons,etc.).Nevertheless,inordertoensurethecomparabilityofthedatawithpreviousyears’reports,wehavealsokeptthefirsttypeofcalculation(a.1andb.1).

IMPORTANT METHODOLOGICAL NOTES:

In Table 5, when no data were available under heading (c) “Sentenced prisoners who haveappealed or who are within the statutory limit for doing so” and no further information wasprovided,itisassumedthatprisonersinthatsituationareincludedamongthoseunderheading(e) "SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE)". In that case, the results under headings“Percentage of prisonersnot serving a final sentence” (a.1 anda.2, Table 5.1) and thoseunderheadings “Rateofprisonersnot servinga final sentenceper100,000 inhabitants” (b.1 andb.2,Table5.1)arepresentedbetweenbracketsandmustbeusedwithcaution.

InTable5,whennodatawereavailableunderheading(b)“Detaineesfoundguiltybutwhohavenotyetreceivedasentenceyet”andnofurtherinformationwasprovided,itcannotbeexcludedthat prisoners in that situation are included among those under heading (a) "UNTRIEDDETAINEES (NOCOURTDECISIONYETREACHED)". In that case, the resultsunderheading (c)“Percentageofuntrieddetainees(notcourtdecisionyetreached)”andthoseunderheading(d)“Rateofuntrieddetainees(nocourtdecisionyetreached)per100,000inhabitants”ofTable5.1arepresentedbetweensquarebracketsandmustbeusedwithcaution.

Squarebracketswereaswellusedfor“merged”categories(e.g.categories(a)and(b)or(a),(b)and(c)fromTable5).





TABLE 5.2: DANGEROUS OFFENDERS UNDER SECURITY MEASURES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES)


Country

Totalnumberofinmates

(includingpre‐trialdetainees)

Totalnumberofpersonsunder

securitymeasures/preventivedetentionfor

dangerousoffenders

%ofpersonsundersecuritymeasuresinthetotalnumberof

inmates

Personsheldasnotcriminally

responsiblebythecourt

Personsheldastotallyorpartially

criminallyresponsiblebythecourtandwhohavebeensentenced

(*)Arethesepersonsincluded

inthetotalnumberofprisonpopulation?

Albania 4890 104 30 74 NoAndorra 41 0 0.0 0 0 YesArmenia 4714 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAustria 8756 865 9.9 405 460 YesAzerbaijan 21034 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPBelgium 12310 78 0.6 NAP 78 YesBH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1700 18 1.1 18 0 YesBH:Rep.Srpska 1062 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPBulgaria 10663 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCroatia 4741 NA NA NA 183 YesCyprus 930 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCzechRep. 22644 32 0.1 9 23 YesDenmark 3829 44 1.1 NA NA YesEstonia 3417 NA NA NA NA NAFinland 3196 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPFrance 76407 NA NA NA NA NoGeorgia Germany 69268 10742 0.7 10276 466 No/YesGreece Hungary 17585 184 1.0 184 NAP YesIceland 152 2 2 0 NoIreland 4323 926 [21.4] NA NA No/YesItaly 66271 1341 2.0 NA NA YesLatvia 6195 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLiechtenstein 8 0 0.0 0 0 YesLithuania 10033 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLuxembourg 659 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPMalta Moldova 6621 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPMonaco 41 0 0.0 0 0 YesMontenegro 1229 0 0.0 0 0 YesNetherlands 11324 91 91 NAP NoNorway 3551 83 2.3 NAP 83 YesPoland 84156 201 0.2 45 156 YesPortugal 13614 6 0.0 NA NA YesRomania 31883 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPRussianFed. SanMarino 1 0 0.0 0 0 YesSerbia 11070 NA NA 242 NA YesSlovakRep. 11075 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovenia 1377 NA NA NA NA NoSpain(total) 69621 632 0.9 0 0 YesSpain(StateAdm.) 59410 583 1.0 NA NA YesSpain(Catalonia) 10211 49 0.5 NA NA YesSweden 6431 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSwitzerland 6599 NA NA NA NA YestheFYROMacedonia 2543 NA NA NA NA NoTurkey 120275 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUkraine 151122 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:Engl.&Wales 86048 NA NA NA NA NAUK:North.Ireland 1779 NA NA NA NA YesUK:Scotland 8145 NA NA NA NA NoMean 2.2/1.1 Median 0.6/0.6 Minimum 0.0/0.0 Maximum 21.4/9.9



NOTES – TABLE 5.2

InTable5.2 are included two sets of results for central tendencyvalues (mean,median,minimumandmaximum).The first result include in the calculation thevaluesprovidedby Ireland.The second resultexcludesIrishfiguresfromthecalculation.

ALBANIA Personsunder securitymeasuresareheld in special sectionswithinprisons.Yet, they arenot

includedthetotalprisonpopulation,becausethedataprovidedbythepenalinstitutionsforthiscategoryofinmateswereincomplete.Thereisnodivisionofthiscategorybyage,typeofcrime,judicialstatus,etc.

AUSTRIA 865personsunderforensic‐psychiatrictreatmentandsecuritymeasures

BELGIUM Persons included in the Table 5.2 are inmates of whom sentences were coupled with

requirement of placement at the disposal of the Government at the end of the sentence.Accordingtothisprovisionthesepersonsshouldremainincustody.

Non‐criminallyliableoffenderssentencedtomeasuresofindefiniteincarceration(internement)arenotundersecuritymeasuresstrictosensuand,therefore,arenotincludedinTable5.2.

BH:FEDERATIONOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA These persons were been placed in the Forensics department, located within Zenica Prison.

Against them criminal proceedings cannot be initiated, i.e. they cannot be imposed withimprisonmenthavinginmindthattheyhavecommittedoffenceswhilementallyincapacitated.

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 Personsheldasnotcriminallyresponsiblebythecourtarenotincludedinthetotalnumberof

prisonpopulation(Table1).Theyareaccommodatedinforensicpsychiatrichospitals. Personsheldastotallyorpartiallycriminallyresponsiblebythecourtwhohavebeensentenced

areincludedinthetotalnumberofprisonpopulation(Table1).CZECHREPUBLIC

Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012 PersonsincludedintheTable5.2arepersonsheldinthePreventiveDetentionFacility

DENMARK Preventivedetention(intheDanishCriminalCode§70)iscalledsecuredetention:“Apersonmay

beordered tobeplaced ina securedetention if he/she is foundguilty ina serious crimeandhe/sheisconsidereddangerous”.Foundguiltymeansinthiscasealsoheldresponsible.

Other persons (that may be criminally liable or not) are held in psychiatric institutions orhospitals.Thesecategoriesarenotincludedinthetotalnumberofprisonpopulation.

Thedifferencebetweenthe1standthe2ndcategoriesisamatterofcriminalresponsibility.GERMANY

Datarelateto31stMarch2012 insteadof1st September2012 Personsheldasnotcriminallyresponsiblebythecourtarenot includedinthetotalnumberof

prisonpopulationfromtheTable1;theyareaccommodatedinforensicpsychiatrichospitals; Persons held as totally or partially criminally responsible by the court and who have been

sentencedareincludedinthetotalnumberofprisonpopulationfromtheTable1; Thepercentageofthepersonsundersecuritymeasuresincalculatedonthebasisoftherawdata

forthepersonsheldcriminallyresponsiblebythecourt.Thefigureonthenon‐criminallyliableoffendersispresentedinTable5.2onlyforinformation.

HUNGARY 184personsunderservinginvoluntarycommitment.

ICELAND IcelandicPenalCodeNo19/1940ChapterVII:OnSecurityMeasures,DeprivationofCivilRights

andConfiscationofAssetsArt.62. Ifaperson isacquittedunder theprovisionsofArt.15ora



Courtfinds,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArt.16,thatapenaltywouldnotreapresult,aJudgmentmay,ifnecessarywithaviewtojudicialsecurity,provideformeasurestobetakeninorder topreventdangerensuing fromtheperson inquestion. If itmaybeassumed thatmoremoderatemeasures,suchasbail,prohibitionagainststayinparticularplaces,ordeprivationoflegalrightswillnotbesuccessful,itmaybeorderedthatthepersonbecommittedtoasuitableinstitution.

PersonswhicharenotcriminallyresponsibleareheldatpsychiatrichospitalwhichismanagedbytheMinistryofHealth.

IRELAND PersonsincludedintheTable5.2arenormal prisonersheldinprotectionfortheirsafetyandnot

persons solely detained for preventive reasons. This does not apply in the Juvenile OffendersJusticeSystem.

ITALY IntheTable5.1areincludedinternees(Internati)andtemporaryinternees.Thesearepersons

heldinJudicialPsychiatricHospitals(OspedaliPsichiatriciGiudiziari),whicharespecialpenalinstitutionsundertheauthorityofthePenitentiaryAdministration,managedbyapsychiatristofthePenitentiaryAdministration.Theseprisonersmayalsobeheldinprisonhospitals,astheyareexecutingasecuritydetentionmeasure.

THENETHERLANDS In the Table 5.2 are included 91 persons. This category consists of people that are not held

criminally responsible for their crimes and they are placed in psychiatric clinics (outside theresponsibilityofprisonservice)byajudgeforthedurationofoneyear.Thisfigureispresentedonlyforinformation.

1,781personsheldincustodialclinics(TBS)placedthereunderahospitalorderarenotincludedinTable5.2.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012

PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012 InTable5.2areincludedpersonsdetainedinaccordancewiththeArt.202al.2oftheCriminal

ProcedureCode.Thesearementally‐illoffenderstowhomasecuritymeasurewasimposedheldinpsychiatrichospitalsandsimilarinstitutions.

SERBIA Persons under security measures in Prison Hospital are inmates held as not criminally

responsiblebythecourts.SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION)

Custodial securitymeasures cannotbe imposed insteadof aprison term.Therefore,measuresmaybeservedinaspecialcentreandtheyareappliedtotheinmatesonlyaftertheyservedthemain custodial sentence, but who are still considered as dangerous by court. Only securitymeasures applied to prisoners declared as non‐responsible or semi‐responsible can bepronouncedasalternativestothesentence.

SWITZERLAND Data included in Table 5.2 were retrieved from the survey on “interned” offenders (under

measuresof(in)definiteimprisonment):art.64andart.64aoftheCriminalCode.UK:SCOTLAND

Thereisnoformalconceptofpreventivedetentionfordangerousoffenders,apartfromremand(pre‐trial detention for those accused of committing a crime) for the purposes of publicprotection,ordetentionundermentalhealthlegislation(whichmayormaynotbeasresultofacriminalact).

Securitymeasuresmayapplytothepersonsheldasnotcriminallyresponsible,butstatisticsarenotroutinelycollectedontheseparticularcategories.



TABLE 6: MAIN OFFENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER

2012 (NUMBERS)


Country

Hom

icide

(incl.

attempts)

Assaultand

battery

Rape

Othertypesof

sexual

offences

Robbery

Othertypesof

theft

Econom

icand

financial

offences

Drugoffences

Terrorism

Organised

crime

Othercases Number

ofsentencedprisoners(final

sentence)

Albania 1202 84 75 42 349 288 28 538 0 10 262 2878

Andorra 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 13

Armenia NA NA NA NA NA NA 89 NA NA NA NA 3548

Austria 360 NA 113 159 976 1628 NA 1041 NA NA NA 5836

Azerbaijan 2153 754 230 NA 980 3332 NA 5858 NA NA 4710 18017

Belgium 838 2245 928 923 3021 3371 NA 2745 NA NA 5539 7636

BH:BiH(st.level)

BH:Fed.BiH 297 241 37 58 115 283 33 186 3 45 144 1442

BH:Rep.Srpska 167 31 26 18 135 20 18 116 1 36 386 954

Bulgaria 981 246 298 136 4102 1560 364 527 0 149 203 8566

Croatia 395 104 142 81 436 681 314 891 0 NA 930 3974

Cyprus 54 9 32 20 30 139 33 142 0 0 103 562

CzechRep. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20429

Denmark 195 440 62 79 327 277 64 540 NA NA 458 2442

Estonia 520 195 93 18 501 351 8 567 0 6 327 2586

Finland 606 492 102 164 258 185 440 0 0 242 2546

France 3425 16089 7710 11480 NA 8269 NA NA 12519 59492

Georgia

Germany 4185 7469 3702 178 7180 12371 8211 8125 NA NA 6186 57607

Greece

Hungary NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12514

Iceland 15 7 13 11 6 17 21 27 0 0 9 126

Ireland 407 471 170 165 122 677 56 748 45 0 947 3808

Italy 6244 72 2036 671 5606 2126 205 15080 67 255 6544 38906

Latvia 535 353 186 135 1331 903 55 610 0 5 164 4277

Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 5

Lithuania 2000 493 482 1379 1828 74 955 0 16 1557 8376

Luxembourg 64 46 26 13 34 53 12 111 0 0 40 399

Malta

Moldova 1246 609 302 115 428 1291 14 273 0 9 382 4669

Monaco 0 0 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 11

Montenegro 92 95 9 8 29 274 19 234 0 16 91 867

Netherlands 809 207 191 875 704 221 793 NA 19 1839 5658

Norway 163 385 179 150 201 226 154 679 NAP NAP 458 2595

Poland 5728 NA 2315 1040 13668 19326 172 3193 NA 886 39096 77147

Portugal 1065 164 203 449 1587 1362 NA 2252 0 NA 3871 10722

Romania 5814 536 1736 95 5039 8 786 238 1195 2 283 4731 28455

RussianFed.

SanMarino 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Serbia 894 562 271 197 1191 2208 131 1341 31 109 1372 8307

SlovakRep. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9682

Slovenia 107 38 24 71 188 147 48 133 0 56 191 1003

Spain(total) 4174 3003 2130 1044 18041 2319 1668 15166 254 0 10978 58777

Spain(StateAdm.) 3474 2329 1719 881 16055 735 1374 13378 254 NA 10140 50339

Spain(Catalonia) 700 674 411 163 1986 1584 294 1788 0 0 838 8438

Sweden 569 555 213 208 511 353 214 1001 NA NA 1228 4852

Switzerland 395 134 130 171 256 602 NA 754 NAP 1 906 3349

theFYROMacedonia 225 61 41 99 299 766 40 299 11 149 283 2273

Turkey 15387 7102 529 3283 10246 10470 4120 7309 3717 647 9223 72033

Ukraine 16709 14143 2422 NA 20297 37296 8013 17699 NAP NAP 2342 118921

UK:Engl.&Wales 7500 12813 5245 5228 9279 11961 1463 10688 NA NA 9385 73562

UK:North.Ireland 183 249 43 92 74 179 NA 62 NA NA 231 1113

UK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6592



TABLE 6.1: MAIN OFFENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES)


CountryHom

icide

(incl.

attempts)

Assaultand

battery

Rape

Othertypes

ofsexual

offences

Robbery

Othertypes

oftheft

Econom

ic

andfinancial

offences

Drug

offences

Terrorism

Organised

crime

Othercases

Albania 41.8 2.9 2.6 1.5 12.1 10.0 1.0 18.7 0.0 0.3 9.1Andorra 15.4 7.7 15.4 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0Armenia NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 NA NA NA NAAustria 6.2 NA 1.9 2.7 16.7 27.9 NA 17.8 NA NA NAAzerbaijan 11.9 4.2 1.3 NA 5.4 18.5 NA 32.5 NA NA 26.1Belgium (11.0) (29.4) (12.2) (12.1) (39.6) (44.1) NA (35.9) NA NA (72.5)BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 20.6 16.7 2.6 4.0 8.0 19.6 2.3 12.9 0.2 3.1 10.0BH:Rep.Srpska 17.5 3.2 2.7 1.9 14.2 2.1 1.9 12.2 0.1 3.8 40.5Bulgaria 11.5 2.9 3.5 1.6 47.9 18.2 4.2 6.2 0.0 1.7 2.4Croatia 9.9 2.6 3.6 2.0 11.0 17.1 7.9 22.4 0.0 NA 23.4Cyprus 9.6 1.6 5.7 3.6 5.3 24.7 5.9 25.3 0.0 0.0 18.3CzechRep. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NADenmark 8.0 18.0 2.5 3.2 13.4 11.3 2.6 22.1 NA NA 18.8Estonia 20.1 7.5 3.6 0.7 19.4 13.6 0.3 21.9 0.0 0.2 12.6Finland 23.8 19.3 4.0 6.4 10.1 7.3 17.3 0.0 0.0 11.7France 5.8 27.0 13.0 19.3 NA 13.9 NA NA 21.0Georgia Germany 7.3 13.0 6.4 0.3 12.5 21.5 14.3 14.1 NA NA 10.7Greece Hungary NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAIceland 11.9 5.6 10.3 8.7 4.8 13.5 16.7 21.4 0.0 0.0 7.1Ireland 10.7 12.4 4.5 4.3 3.2 17.8 1.5 19.6 1.2 0.0 24.9Italy 16.0 0.2 5.2 1.7 14.4 5.5 0.5 38.8 0.2 0.7 16.8Latvia 12.5 8.3 4.3 3.2 31.1 21.1 1.3 14.3 0.0 0.1 3.8Liechtenstein 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0Lithuania 23.9 5.9 5.8 16.5 21.8 0.9 11.4 0.0 0.2 18.6Luxembourg 16.0 11.5 6.5 3.3 8.5 13.3 3.0 27.8 0.0 0.0 10.0Malta Moldova 26.7 13.0 6.5 2.5 9.2 27.7 0.3 5.8 0.0 0.2 8.2Monaco 0.0 0.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 81.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Montenegro 10.6 11.0 1.0 0.9 3.3 31.6 2.2 27.0 0.0 1.8 10.5Netherlands 14.3 3.7 3.4 15.5 12.4 3.9 14.0 NA 0.3 32.5Norway 6.3 14.8 6.9 5.8 7.7 8.7 5.9 26.2 NAP NAP 17.6Poland (7.4) NA (3.0) (1.3) (17.7) (25.1) (0.2) (4.1) NA (1.1) (50.7)Portugal 9.7 1.5 1.9 4.1 14.5 12.4 NA 20.6 0.0 NA 35.3Romania 20.4 1.9 6.1 0.3 17.7 30.9 0.8 4.2 0.0 1.0 16.6RussianFed. SanMarino 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Serbia 10.8 6.8 3.3 2.4 14.3 26.6 1.6 16.1 0.4 1.3 16.5SlovakRep. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NASlovenia 10.7 3.8 2.4 7.1 18.7 14.7 4.8 13.3 0.0 5.6 19.0Spain(total) 7.1 5.1 3.6 1.8 30.7 3.9 2.8 25.8 0.4 NA 18.7Spain(StateAdm.) 6.9 4.6 3.4 1.8 31.9 1.5 2.7 26.6 0.5 NA 20.1Spain(Catalonia) 8.3 8.0 4.9 1.9 23.5 18.8 3.5 21.2 0.0 0.0 9.9Sweden 11.7 11.4 4.4 4.3 10.5 7.3 4.4 20.6 NA NA 25.3Switzerland 11.8 4.0 3.9 5.1 7.6 18.0 NA 22.5 NAP 0.0 27.1theFYROMacedonia 9.9 2.7 1.8 4.4 13.2 33.7 1.8 13.2 0.5 6.6 12.5Turkey 21.4 9.9 0.7 4.6 14.2 14.5 5.7 10.1 5.2 0.9 12.8Ukraine 14.1 11.9 2.0 NA 17.1 31.4 6.7 14.9 NAP NAP 2.0UK:Engl.&Wales 10.2 17.4 7.1 7.1 12.6 16.3 2.0 14.5 NA NA 12.8UK:North.Ireland 16.4 22.4 3.9 8.3 6.6 16.1 NA 5.6 NA NA 20.8UK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMean 13.0 8.2 7.2 3.3 12.9 20.0 3.4 17.1 0.3 1.0 15.5

Median 11.6 6.8 3.9 2.9 12.5 17.1 2.3 16.7 0.0 0.2 16.5

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 41.8 27.0 100.0 8.7 47.9 81.8 16.7 38.8 5.2 6.6 40.5




ARMENIANationalbreakdowndoesnotfitthecategoriesincludedinthe SPACEquestionnaireforTable6. Figuresareavailableforthefollowingcategoriesofoffences:

o crimesagainstlifeandhealth:975o crimesagainstfreedomanddignity:75o sexualoffences:63o crimesagainstfamilyandchildinterest:10o crimesagainstproperty:1287o economiccrimes:89o crimesagainstpublicsafety:69o crimesagainstsafetyofcomputerinformation:8o crimesagainstpublicorderandmorality:85o crimesagainstpublichealth:663o crimesagainstenvironmentalsafety:2o crimesagainststatesafetyandconstitutionalorder:11o crimesagainststateservice:26o crimesagainstgovernmentalorder:70o crimesagainstjustice:11o crimesagainstmilitary:104

AUSTRIAThereisonlyapartofthebreakdownavailable.Thereforethesumofthecategoriesdoesnotreachthetotalnumberofsentencedprisoners.AZERBAIJAN

Terrorism:Thenumberofprisonerssentencedforcrimesagainstthestatepower.BELGIUM

Themainoffenceruleisnotdefined.Moreover,thecustodymightbeappliedformanysentencesorotherlegalreasons,soseveralcustodialorderscanbecumulated.

Thefigures inTable6refertothenumberofprisonerswhoreceivedfinalsentencetoat leastone offense in each category. Therefore, the total number exceeds the number of sentencedprisoners because a part of the inmates are counted several times on the basis of differentoffenses.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(STATELEVEL)Onlyonepre‐trialdetentionunitexistsatState level; consequently figuresonsentencedprisonersarenotavailableforthisadministrativearea.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)

Robbery: refers to the theft under aggravated circumstances and to the robbery definitionaccordingtotheCriminalCodeofRepublikaSrpska.

BULGARIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Sincethisyearreport,themainoffenceruleisdefinedandappliedonSPACEfigures.Therefore,

thecomparabilitywithpreviousyears’dataisnotfullyconceivable. ThecategoriesusedintheBulgarianpenalsystemdonotfitexactlythecategoriesfromTable6:

o Othertypesofsexualoffences:includeonlydirectsexualoffences(excludingrape)andexcludehumantrafficking(includedunderothercaseswithsociallydangerousoffences).

o Economicandfinancialoffences: include fraud, financialembezzlement(traditionallygroupedundercrimesagainstpossessionintheBulgarianpenalcode).

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Table6:alsoincludedthosewhohavestartedservingprisonsentenceinadvance,84juveniles

witheducationalmeasureincorrectionalinstitutions,and21prisonersinjuvenileprison. Organizedcriminalactisanaggravatingcircumstanceandnotatypeofcrimeinitsown. “Othercases”:191inmatessentencedundertheLawonMinorOffencesareincluded.



CZECHREPUBLIC Themainoffencerule is not defined. The distribution bymain offence rule is not available at

PrisonAdministrationbutmaybefoundattheMinistryofJustice.FINLAND

CategoriesofRape andOthertypesofsexualoffences cannotbeseparatedinthesestatistics:areincludedalltypesofsexualoffences.

Thetypeofmainoffenceforfinedefaulters(57persons)isnotavailable.Therefore,theyarenotincludedinTable6.

FRANCE Figuresareon1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012. Thebreakdownistobecarriedforwardtothetotalnumberofinmateswhichhavethestatusof

“écroués”andnotonlythosewhoare“écrouésdétenus”(defactoheldinpenalinstitutions). CategoriesofRapeandOthertypesofsexualoffencescannotbeseparatedinthesestatistics:

areincludedalltypesofsexualoffences. Categories ofRobberyandOther typesof theft cannot be separated in these statistics: are

includedalltypesofsexualoffences.GERMANY

Datarelateto31stMarch2012insteadof1st September2012.HUNGARY

The internal registration systemdoes not allow the collection of the retrospective data. Somefiguresmaybemadeavailableasanoperationalmanagementdataonlyatthecurrentdate.

IRELAND Homicide:

o Offencegroup1:Murder,ManslaughterandDangerousDrivingcausingDeathOffences,ando Offencegroup3:Attempts/ThreatstoMurder,AssaultsandRelatedOffences(AttemptedMurder).

EconomicandFinancialoffences:o Offencegroup9‐Fraud,DeceptionandRelatedOffences.

Terrorism:o Offencesfromgroup11‐WeaponandExplosivesOffences,ando Group15‐OffencesagainstGovernment,JusticeProceduresandOrganisationofCrime.

“Other cases”: This category includes charges such as public order, criminal damage, andvehicle/motoroffences.

ITALY In the category ofTerrorism are included all types of crimes supplied in the Criminal Code

underthedenominationof“crimesagainstthepersonalityoftheState”.LATVIA

Figuresareon1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012.LIECHTENSTEIN

“Othercases”:1personsentencedforfraud heldforextradition.LITHUANIA

Figuresareon1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012. ProvisionsofthePenalProcedureCode:

o Sentencedprisonersafterhavingsubmittedtheirwrittenconsentmaystartservingtheirtermofimprisonmentbeforethehearingoftheircaseinorderofappeal.

o Therefore, sentenced prisoners who have submitted an appeal, as well as prisoners whosesentenceshadcomeintoforcebeforetheirtransfertoapenitentiaryinstitutionareincludedintothegeneralnumberofprisonerswhosesentenceisinforceandtheyareservingit.

THENETHERLANDS Data are available for the population held in penal institutions (see general notes). The total

number of inmates does not include juvenile offenders, persons held in custodial clinics, andillegalaliensheldforadministrativereasons.

CategoriesofRapeandOthertypesofsexualoffencescannotbeseparatedinthesestatistics:areincludedalltypesofsexualoffences.



Othercases: other laws andunknown: inmateswithunregistered type of crime (e.g. inmatesconvicted to pay financial compensations to the victims andwho are detained for not havingdonethat,orpeoplewhoareconvictedtoplacementincustodialclinicsunderahospitalorder).

NORWAY Terrorismandorganisedcrime arenotinthemselvesclassifiedascategoriesofoffences butas

aggravatingelementsthatmayresultinlongersentences. Othercases:Included61finedefaulterseventhoughthesearenotnecessarilydefinedinlawas

“sentenced”noritispossibletoidentifythecategoryofoffencethathasresultedinthefine.POLAND

Figuresareon31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Thebreakdownisavailableonthenumberofsentencesnotthenumberofpersons(mainoffence

rule not applied. This distribution is the result of a change introduced in the internal tool ofpublicstatistics.Asaresult, thenumberofenforced judgments isavailable,notthenumberofpersons.Therefore,thefiguresfrom2012arenotfullycomparablewithpreviousseries.

PORTUGAL Figuresareon31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. Inthebreakdownofsentencedprisonersarenotincluded231mentally‐illoffenders,whichare

countedseparately.SPAIN(TOTAL)Figures are calculated by the authors of this report on the basis of the data provided by nationalcorrespondents.Therefore,thesefiguresshouldnotbeconsideredasofficialinputs.FigurespresentedastotalswerenotusedforthecalculationsofmeanandmedianEuropeanvalues.SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION)

Othertypesofsexualoffences areincludedabuse,harassment,exhibitionandprostitution. Othertypesoftheftareincluded,amongothers,theftsofthevehiclesandlarceny. Economicand financialoffencesare included fraud, other socioeconomic crimes and crimes

againsttreasuryandsocialsecurity. The583inmatesundersecuritymeasuresareincludedinthedifferentcategoriesofoffences.

SWEDEN Figuresareon1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012.

SWITZERLAND Figuresareon5thSeptember2012 insteadof1st September2012.

TURKEY Other cases: include crimes such as hold out to against officer, breach of the firearms law,

informaticscrimeetc.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Figuresareon30thJune2012 insteadof1st September2012. Othertypesoftheft:thiscategoryincludesaswellhandlingstolengoods Economicandfinancialoffences:classifiedasFraudandForgery Terrorismandorganisedcrime:figuresarenotrecorded

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND Assaultandbattery:Violenceagainstthepersonoffences Othertypesoftheft:includestheftandburglary Othercases:1personwithmissingoffencedetails

GENERAL REMARK TO TABLE 6.1:

Counties(Belgium&Poland)withthefigurespresentedbetweenbracketshavebeenexcludedfromthecalculationofmean,median,minimumandmaximumvalues.Finland:Inthecategory“other”weadded57 fine‐defaulters. Portugal: Total number of sentenced was adjusted by adding 231 mentally‐illoffenders.



TABLE 7: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)

(A) – LESS THAN 1 MONTH (H) – FROM 10 YEARS TO LESS THAN 20 YEARS

(B) – FROM 1 MONTH TO LESS THAN 3 MONTHS (I) – 20 YEARS AND OVER

(C) – FROM 3 MONTHS TO LESS THAN 6 MONTHS (J) – LIFE IMPRISONMENT

(D) – FROM 6 MONTHS TO LESS THAN ONE YEAR (K) – SECURITY MEASURES

(E) – FROM 1 YEAR TO LESS THAN 3 YEARS (L) – PRISONERS SENTENCED TO DEATH

(F) – FROM 3 YEARS TO LESS THAN 5 YEARS (M) – OTHER SENTENCES

(G) – FROM 5 YEARS TO LESS THAN 10 YEARS


Country

Lessthan1month

1monthtolessthan3months

3monthstolessthan6months

6monthstolessthanoneyear

1yeartolessthan3years

3yearstolessthan5years



20yearsandover

Lifeimprison‐ment

Securitymeasures

Deathsentence

Other

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M)

Albania NAP 236 291 547 1035 354 275 140 NA NAP 0Andorra 0 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 NAP 0Armenia NAP 101 587 998 1395 358 5 104 NAP NAP NAAustria 23 173 278 590 1973 1176 1071 413 23 116 Note NAP NAAzerbaijan 2052 8896 5053 1761 255 NAP NAP NAPBelgium 1 5 11 286 1272 2189 2465 706 488 213 Note NAP NAPBH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 22 55 107 167 343 205 275 223 41 NAP 4 NAP 0BH:Rep.Srpska 0 9 12 98 251 185 208 167 24 NAP 0 NAP 0Bulgaria 2724 2818 1160 867 810 21 166 NAP NAP 0Croatia 15 12 87 397 1288 680 714 389 117 NAP NAP NAP 191Cyprus 0 48 39 43 144 88 103 63 15 19 NAP NAP 0CzechRep. 7 251 1391 4665 8116 2411 2320 1123 101 44 32 NAP NAPDenmark 28 158 199 322 830 303 304 211 2 25 44 NAP 16Estonia 6 29 95 189 636 668 610 294 20 39 NAP NAP NAPFinland 30 91 130 213 830 482 387 187 1 195 NAP NAP NAPFrance 10594 11124 18027 6374 5732 5280 1871 490 NA NAP NAGeorgia Germany 819 5033 7285 11895 11379 14301 4107 757 NAP 2031 466 NAP NAPGreece Hungary 42 147 362 1383 4652 2213 2577 844 26 241 27 NAP NAPIceland 0 12 11 16 32 21 17 17 0 0 0 NAP 0



Country

Lessthan1month



6monthstolessthanoneyear

1yeartolessthan3years




20yearsandover

Lifeimprison‐ment

Securitymeasures

Deathsentence

Other

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M)

Ireland 5 17 106 354 906 882 936 275 19 308 0 NAP 0Italy 71 114 457 1876 8165 8729 11087 4961 1883 1563 1341 NAP 0Latvia 4 11 67 184 827 819 1677 630 6 52 NAP NAP NAPLiechtenstein 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 NAP 0Lithuania 25 118 88 311 2402 2133 2120 1459 18 110 NAP NAP NAPLuxembourg 0 1 8 26 131 52 86 55 26 14 NAP NAP 0Malta Moldova NAP NAP NAP 50 551 874 1812 1484 281 94 NAP NAP NAPMonaco 0 0 2 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 NAP NAP 0Montenegro 27 28 76 80 422 121 51 45 17 NAP 0 NAP 0Netherlands 813 536 403 707 1435 559 622 366 32 30 NAP NAP 155Norway 69 269 207 406 722 346 295 202 12 NAP Note NAP 67Poland NAP 774 5260 15124 32660 9148 5250 2831 1645 317 201 NAP 3937Portugal 8 105 212 441 1526 2054 3945 1567 325 NAP 231 NAP 539Romania 142 12 69 558 6537 8234 7316 4509 928 150 NAP NAP NAPRussianFed. SanMarino 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 NAP 0Serbia 247 1218 1491 1424 1561 985 664 381 94 0 242 NAP 0SlovakRep. 48 130 631 1755 2784 1276 2228 661 129 40 NAP NAP 0Slovenia 1 13 38 92 353 177 206 98 25 0 NA NAP 0Spain(total) 501 95 979 3282 11404 14325 16584 8833 2725 NAP 49 NAP NASpain(StateAdm.) 425 50 746 3049 10174 12159 13987 7331 2418 NAP Note NAP NASpain(Catalonia) 76 45 233 233 1230 2166 2597 1502 307 NAP 49 NAP 0Sweden 13 211 284 499 1646 801 839 391 13 155 NAP NAP NAPSwitzerland 196 451 302 219 571 547 285 177 NAP 36 NA NAP 565theFYROMacedonia 1 9 83 205 630 560 480 276 0 29 NAP NAP NAPTurkey 4004 5886 31982 12771 15507 7178 6131 3773 2860 17 NAP NAP 0Ukraine NAP NAP NAP 4559 19661 40758 40732 11343 NAP 1868 NAP NAP NAUK:Engl.&Wales 221 1447 3161 2473 17172 11968 12207 3898 358 7674 6080 NAP 6903UK:North.Ireland 15 12 39 108 223 188 208 113 8 191 NA NAP 8UK:Scotland 1376 NA NA NA 248 960 NA NAP NA



NOTES – TABLE 7

Some countriesmay have includedpersons sentenced to securitymeasures (mentally‐ill offenders andpersons considered as dangerous offenders) under the category “life imprisonment”, because in suchcases the length of detention/imprisonment is not fixed. However, as a rule, such persons have beenexcludedfromthedistribution,andcountedseparately(seenotestoTable7).

Several figures inTable 7 arepresentedbetween squaredbrackets and/orwith adifferent backgroundcolourbecausetheydonotcorrespondtothecategorisationofthelengthofsentencesusedintheSPACEquestionnaire(i.e.thelowerorupperlimitsaredifferent,ortwoormorecategorieshavebeenmerged).

ALBANIA Point(K)–Atthegivendayoftheyear,noaccuratefiguresfor thiscategoryareavailable.

ARMENIA Points(B),(C)and(D)–Lessthanoneyear; Point(H)–From10tolessthan15years(insteadof10yearstolessthan20years) Point(I)–15yearsandover(insteadof20yearsandover).

AUSTRIA Prisoners with a sentence in combination with security measure of indeterminate length are

includedinitemsaccordingtothelengthofthemainsentence.AZERBAIJAN

Points(A),(B),(C),(D),and(E)–Lessthan2years; Point(F)–2yearstolessthan7years(insteadof3yearstolessthan5years); Point(G)–7yearstolessthan12years(insteadof5yearstolessthan10years); Points(H)and(I)–12yearsandover(insteadof10yearstolessthan20years).

BELGIUM Point(K)–Inmatesinrespectofwhichthesentenceisaccompaniedbyadecisiontokeepthem

available to the courts for enforcement of sentences (previously these decisionwere to keepavailabletothegovernment)attheendofthesentence.Thesesentencesareenforcedincustody.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(STATELEVEL) Just one pre‐trial detention unit exists at State level; consequently figures on sentenced

prisonersarenilforthisadministrativearea.BH:FEDERATIONOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA

Point(K)–Ifamentallyincapacitatedpersoncommitsacriminaloffenceandthecourtfindshimguilt,thecourtimposesaprisonsentencewithmandatorymeasureofpsychiatrictreatment.Thepersonisnotbeingreferredtoserveprisonsentenceuntilmedicaldoctors intheforensicunitfindhimmentallyfittostartservingimprisonment.Suchpersonsareheldinforensicunits.Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothemaincustodialsentence.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA) Point(K) – There is a special unit for dangerous offenders under special regime of detention

(butnonesentencedtoparticularsecuritymeasure).BULGARIA

Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Points(A),(B),(C)and(D)–Itisnotpossibletokeepthesegroupsseparateinthestatistics.In

thatcategoryareincludedallprisonerswithsentencesunderoneyear. Point(J)–Among166inmatesareincludes59personssentencedtolifeimprisonmentwithout

thepossibility ofparole.This sentence still exists in theBulgarianpenal code and is set toberemovedfromthenewpenalcodewhichwillbelegalisedin2014.

CROATIA Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point (K) – Persons under security measure without length of sentence imposed are not

managedwithintheprisonsystem.



Point(M)–PersonssentencedundertheLawonMinorOffences(191) InTable7areincludedaswellinmateswhostartedservingprisonsentenceinadvance.Minors

do not have a specific length of sentence or educational measures; therefore they are notincludedinTable7.Attheendof2012therewere84personsunderspecialregimeforjuvenileoffenders.

CZECHREPUBLIC Datarelateto31stDecember2012 insteadof1st September2012. FiguresinTable7correspondtothenumberofsentencedprisonersaccordingthelengthofthe

sentencethatinmatesarecurrentlyserving. Point(K)–32personsheldinthePreventiveDetentionFacility.

DENMARK Point (K) –Under this heading are counted persons under preventive detention measures,

including16personsconvictedaccordingtoCriminalLawofGreenland(specialmeasuresagainstmentally illpeopleandparticularlydangerouspeople)and28inmateswhoarealsoservinganunlimitedsentenceinsecuredetention.Thesemeasureshavenotimelimits;though,annuallyanevaluationismadeinordertoestablishiftheseprisonerscouldbereleasedonatrialbasis.

FRANCE Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012. Points(A),(B),and(C)–Itisnotpossibletokeepthesegroupsseparateinthestatistics; Point(I)–From20to30years(insteadof20yearsandover); Data relate to the whole penal population, and not only on those who are held in penal

institutions.GERMANY

Datarelateto31stMarch2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point(D)–6mothsto1year(insteadof6monthstolessthan1year); Point(E)–morethan1yearto2years(insteadof1yeartolessthan3years); Point(F)–morethan2yearsto5years(insteadof3yeartolessthan5years); Point(G)–morethan5yearsto10years(insteadof5yearstolessthan10years); Point(H)–morethan10yearsto15years(insteadof10yearstolessthan20years); Point (K) – Persons under preventive measures are not included in the total number of

sentencedprisoners,becausetheyhavealreadyservedtheirsentence.IRELAND

Point(M)–Indefinitecontemptofcourt.ITALY

Point (K) –From Italian judicial point of view, the "internees" are not considered as beingsentenced persons. These persons who undergo "security measures of indeterminate length"cannotbeincludedinthenumberoffinallysentencedprisoners.

LATVIA Datarelateto1stOctober2012 insteadof1st September2012. Point(L)–UntilDecember31st2011deathpenaltyinLatviawasnotapplicableforthecrimes

whichwerecommittedinapeacetime.CriminalLawofLatviaprovidedpossibilityofapplicationof the death sentence for the crimes committed in wartime.Deathpenaltywasexcluded fromCriminalLawofLatviasinceJanuary1st2012.

LITHUANIA Figuresareon1stJuly2012insteadof1st September2012. AccordingtothePenalProcedureCode,sentencedprisonersafterhavingsubmittedtheirwritten

consentmay start servingprison sentencebefore thehearingof their case inorderof appeal.Therefore, sentencedprisoners inappeal,aswellasprisonerswhosesentenceshadcome intoforcebeforetheirtransfertoapenitentiaryinstitutionareincludedintothegeneralnumberofprisonerswhosesentenceisinforceandtheyareservingit. InTable7areincludedadditional408persons.



MOLDOVA ThesumofthebreakdowninTable7 ishigher(additional477 persons)thanthetotalnumberof

sentencedprisonersfromTable5,becausethebreakdownpresentedinTable7isavailableon1stOctober2012insteadof1stSeptemberasinotherTablesofthisreport.

THENETHERLANDS Point(M)–155inmateswithunknownduration ofimprisonment.

NORWAY Breakdown of prisoners is based on calculated estimates according to length of sentences

imposed. Point(K)–personssentencedtosecuritymeasures(Forvaring)areincludedinitemsofTable7

accordingtothelengthofthemainsentence. Point(M)–Inthiscategoryareaswellincluded61finedefaulters.

POLAND Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. ThereisadifferentbreakdownbythelengthofthesentencesinPoland:

o Lessthanonemonth‐NAPo 1‐3months(including3months)‐774o 3‐6months(including6months)‐5260o 6moths‐1year‐15124o 1‐3years‐32660o 3‐5years‐9148o 5‐10years‐5250o 10‐15years‐2831o 25years‐1645o Lifeimprisonment–317o Other–3937(thatarefine‐defaulters(substitution).

PORTUGAL Datarelateto31stDecember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point (K) – 231 inmates under “security measures” (mentally‐ill), of which 101 placed in

psychiatricpenitentiaryhospitals,and130innon‐penitentiaryhospitals.Personsundersecuritymeasures are not included in the total number of sentenced prisoners provided in Table 5.Therefore,thebreakdowninTable7includesthese231additionalpersons.

Point(M)–44prisonerssentencedtotheindeterminatelength,and486withnon‐consecutivedaysofimprisonment,5insemi‐libertyand4other.

SERBIA Point (K) –"Securitymeasures" are special sentences for offenderswith psychiatric disorders

(notcriminallyresponsibleatthemomentwhenthecrimewascommitted).SPAIN(TOTAL) Figures are calculatedby the authorsof this report on thebasis of thedataprovidedbynational


SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) On 1st January 2012 came into force a methodological reform consisting in the use of the

penitentiary information system as an official source of data for the general secretariat ofpenitentiary institutions. This adjustment made possible the collection of national dataaccordinglytotheSPACEcategories,whichisreferredinTable7.

Point (K) –persons sentenced to security measures (583) are included in items of Table 7accordingtothelengthofthemainsentence.

SWEDEN Datarelateto1stOctober2012insteadof1st September2012.

SWITZERLAND Datarelateto5thSeptember2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(M)–Inthiscategoryareincluded565personsdetainedforfineconversionreasonsand



those who are under different types of conversion of the sentences into custodial sanctions,sentenced formisdemeanoroffences.Moreover, therearepersons forwhom the lengthof thesentenceisunknown.

TURKEY If aperson isconvicted formore thanonecrime, thecumulativesentence (basedon themost

seriousoffence)wasreportedinTable7.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Datarelateto30thJune2012insteadof1st September2012. Point(K)–Underthisheadingareincluded6,080personswhoareunderIndeterminatePublic

Protectionsentence Point(M)–Inthiscategoryareincluded:

o 174peoplewithunrecordedsentencesoflessthan6monthso 1,185peoplewithunrecordedsentencesof12monthstolessthanindeterminateo 5,417peoplewhohavebeenrecalledtocustodyo 127fine‐defaulters

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND Sentence length includes both the custodial element and the licence element (i.e. period on

probation).UK:SCOTLAND

Detailcurrentlyonlyavailableforthefollowingsentencebands:o Lessthan1year:1376o 1to2years:1002o 2to4years:1369.o 4to10years:1637o 10yearsandover:248o Lifesentences:960

Warning: These figures are calculated on a different basis from those provided in previousSPACE reports (see notes Table 1). Themain difference is for prisoners recalled from licensewherethesentencelengthistheamountoftimetheyhavelefttoserveratherthantheoriginalsentence.Thiswillresultinahigherestimateofthenumberofshorttermprisonersrecorded.



TABLE 7.1: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST


(A) – LESS THAN 1 MONTH (F) – FROM 3 YEARS TO LESS THAN 5 YEARS (K) –SECURITY MEASURES OF INDETERMINATE LENGTH

(B) – FROM 1 MONTH TO LESS THAN 3 MONTHS (G) – FROM 5 YEARS TO LESS THAN 10 YEARS (L) – PRISONERS SENTENCED TO DEATH

(C) – FROM 3 MONTHS TO LESS THAN 6 MONTHS (H) – FROM 10 YEARS TO LESS THAN 20 YEARS (M) – OTHER SENTENCES

(D) – FROM 6 MONTHS TO LESS THAN ONE YEAR (I) – 20 YEARS AND OVER Total

(E) – FROM 1 YEAR TO LESS THAN 3 YEARS (J) – LIFE IMPRISONMENT


Country (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) (M) Total

Albania NAP 8.2 10.1 19.0 36.0 12.3 9.6 4.9 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

Andorra 0.0 7.7 23.1 7.7 7.7 15.4 23.1 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Armenia NAP 2.8 16.5 28.1 39.3 10.1 0.1 2.9 NAP NAP NA 100.0

Austria 0.4 3.0 4.8 10.1 33.8 20.2 18.4 7.1 0.4 2.0 Note NAP NA 100.0

Azerbaijan 11.4 49.4 28.0 9.8 1.4 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Belgium 0.0 0.1 0.1 3.7 16.7 28.7 32.3 9.2 6.4 2.8 Note NAP NAP 100.0

BH:BiH(st.level)

BH:Fed.BiH 1.5 3.8 7.4 11.6 23.8 14.2 19.1 15.5 2.8 NAP 0.3 NAP 0.0 100.0

BH:Rep.Srpska 0.0 0.9 1.3 10.3 26.3 19.4 21.8 17.5 2.5 NAP 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Bulgaria 31.8 32.9 13.5 10.1 9.5 0.2 1.9 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

Croatia 0.4 0.3 2.2 10.0 32.4 17.1 18.0 9.8 2.9 NAP NAP NAP 4.8 (97.9)

Cyprus 0.0 8.5 6.9 7.7 25.6 15.7 18.3 11.2 2.7 3.4 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

CzechRep. 0.0 1.2 6.8 22.8 39.7 11.8 11.4 5.5 0.5 0.2 Note NAP NAP 100.0

Denmark 1.1 6.5 8.1 13.2 34.0 12.4 12.4 8.6 0.1 1.0 1.8 NAP 0.7 100.0

Estonia 0.2 1.1 3.7 7.3 24.6 25.8 23.6 11.4 0.8 1.5 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Finland 1.2 3.6 5.1 8.4 32.6 18.9 15.2 7.3 0.0 7.7 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

France 17.8 18.7 30.3 10.7 9.6 8.9 3.1 0.8 NA NAP NA 100.0

Georgia

Germany 1.4 8.7 12.6 20.6 19.8 24.8 7.1 1.3 NAP 3.5 Note NAP NAP 100.0

Greece

Hungary 0.3 1.2 2.9 11.1 37.2 17.7 20.6 6.7 0.2 1.9 0.2 NAP NAP 100.0

Iceland 0.0 9.5 8.7 12.7 25.4 16.7 13.5 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Ireland 0.1 0.4 2.8 9.3 23.8 23.2 24.6 7.2 0.5 8.1 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Italy 0.2 0.3 1.2 4.8 21.0 22.4 28.5 12.8 4.8 4.0 Note NAP 0.0 100.0

Latvia 0.1 0.3 1.6 4.3 19.3 19.1 39.2 14.7 0.1 1.2 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Liechtenstein 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Lithuania 0.3 1.3 1.0 3.5 27.3 24.3 24.1 16.6 0.2 1.3 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Luxembourg 0.0 0.3 2.0 6.5 32.8 13.0 21.6 13.8 6.5 3.5 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

Malta

Moldova NAP 1.0 10.7 17.0 35.2 28.8 5.5 1.8 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Monaco 0.0 0.0 18.2 63.6 9.1 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

Montenegro 3.1 3.2 8.8 9.2 48.7 14.0 5.9 5.2 2.0 NAP 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Netherlands 14.4 9.5 7.1 12.5 25.4 9.9 11.0 6.5 0.6 0.5 NAP NAP 2.7 100.0

Norway 2.7 10.4 8.0 15.6 27.8 13.3 11.4 7.8 0.5 NAP Note NAP 2.6 100.0

Poland NAP 1.0 6.8 19.6 42.3 11.9 6.8 3.7 2.1 0.4 0.3 NAP 5.1 100.0

Portugal 0.1 1.0 1.9 4.0 13.9 18.8 36.0 14.3 3.0 NAP 2.1 NAP 4.9 100.0

Romania 0.5 0.0 0.2 2.0 23.0 28.9 25.7 15.8 3.3 0.5 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

RussianFed.

SanMarino 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAP 0.0 100.0

Serbia 3.0 14.7 17.9 17.1 18.8 11.9 8.0 4.6 1.1 0.0 2.9 NAP 0.0 100.0

SlovakRep. 0.5 1.3 6.5 18.1 28.8 13.2 23.0 6.8 1.3 0.4 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0

Slovenia 0.1 1.3 3.8 9.2 35.2 17.6 20.5 9.8 2.5 0.0 NA NAP 0.0 100.0

Spain(total) 0.9 0.2 1.7 5.6 19.4 24.4 28.2 15.0 4.6 NAP 0.1 NAP NA 100.0

Spain(StateAdm.) 0.8 0.1 1.5 6.1 20.2 24.2 27.8 14.6 4.8 NAP Note NAP NA 100.0

Spain(Catalonia) 0.9 0.5 2.8 2.8 14.6 25.7 30.8 17.8 3.6 NAP 0.6 NAP 0.0 100.0

Sweden 0.3 4.3 5.9 10.3 33.9 16.5 17.3 8.1 0.3 3.2 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Switzerland 5.9 13.5 9.0 6.5 17.0 16.3 8.5 5.3 NAP 1.1 NA NAP 16.9 100.0

theFYROMacedonia 0.0 0.4 3.7 9.0 27.7 24.6 21.1 12.1 0.0 1.3 NAP NAP NAP 100.0

Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAP NAP 0.0

Ukraine NAP NAP NAP 3.8 16.5 34.3 34.3 9.5 NAP 1.6 NAP NAP NA 100.0

UK:Engl.&Wales 0.3 2.0 4.3 3.4 23.3 16.3 16.6 5.3 0.5 10.4 8.3 NAP 9.4 100.0

UK:North.Ireland 1.3 1.1 3.5 9.7 20.0 16.9 18.7 10.2 0.7 17.2 NA NAP 0.7 100.0

UK:Scotland 20.9 NA NA NA 3.8 14.6 NA NAP NA (39.2)

Mean 3.0 3.4 5.6 10.4 25.7 20.7 19.4 9.9 1.9 2.8 1.1 1.7

Median 0.3 1.3 4.0 9.2 25.0 17.6 19.1 9.5 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.0

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 31.8 14.7 23.1 63.6 80.0 100.0 39.3 28.8 9.6 17.2 8.3 16.9



TABLE 7.2: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES)


CountryLessthan1year

1yearandover(fixed‐term

sentence)

3yearsandover(fixed‐term

sentence)


sentence)


sentence)

Totalfixed‐termsentences

Lifeimprisonm

ent

Other&securitymeasures

Total

Albania 8.2 86.9 76.8 57.8 21.9 95.1 4.9 0.0 100.0Andorra 38.5 61.5 53.8 38.5 15.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Armenia 2.8 94.2 77.7 49.5 10.2 97.1 2.9 0.0 100.0Austria 18.2 79.8 46.0 25.8 7.5 98.0 2.0 0.0 100.0Azerbaijan 11.4 87.2 87.2 37.8 9.8 98.6 1.4 0.0 100.0Belgium 4.0 93.2 76.6 47.9 15.6 97.2 2.8 0.0 100.0BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 24.3 75.4 51.6 37.4 18.3 99.7 NAP 0.3 100.0BH:Rep.Srpska 12.5 87.5 61.2 41.8 20.0 100.0 NAP 0.0 100.0Bulgaria 31.8 66.3 33.4 19.8 9.7 98.1 1.9 0.0 100.0Croatia 12.9 80.2 47.8 30.7 12.7 93.1 NAP 4.8 (97.9)Cyprus 23.1 73.5 47.9 32.2 13.9 96.6 3.4 0.0 100.0CzechRep. 30.9 68.9 29.1 17.3 6.0 99.8 0.2 Note 100.0Denmark 29.0 67.6 33.6 21.2 8.7 96.5 1.0 2.5 100.0Estonia 12.3 86.2 61.6 35.7 12.1 98.5 1.5 0.0 100.0Finland 18.2 74.1 41.5 22.6 7.4 92.3 7.7 0.0 100.0France 36.5 62.7 32.4 21.7 12.0 99.2 0.8 0.0 100.0Georgia Germany 43.5 53.0 33.3 8.4 1.3 96.5 3.5 Note 100.0Greece Hungary 15.5 82.4 45.2 27.5 7.0 97.9 1.9 0.2 100.0Iceland 31.0 69.0 43.7 27.0 13.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Ireland 12.7 79.3 55.5 32.3 7.7 91.9 8.1 0.0 100.0Italy 6.5 89.5 68.5 46.1 17.6 96.0 4.0 Note 100.0Latvia 6.2 92.6 73.2 54.1 14.9 98.8 1.2 0.0 100.0Liechtenstein 0.0 100.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Lithuania 6.2 92.6 65.2 40.9 16.8 98.7 1.3 0.0 100.0Luxembourg 8.8 87.7 54.9 41.9 20.3 96.5 3.5 0.0 100.0Malta Moldova 1.0 97.2 86.5 69.5 34.3 98.2 1.8 0.0 100.0Monaco 81.8 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Montenegro 24.3 75.7 27.0 13.0 7.2 100.0 NAP 0.0 100.0Netherlands 43.5 53.3 27.9 18.0 7.0 96.7 0.5 2.7 100.0Norway 36.6 60.8 32.9 19.6 8.2 97.4 NAP 2.6 100.0Poland 27.4 66.8 24.5 12.6 5.8 94.2 0.4 5.4 100.0Portugal 7.0 86.0 72.0 53.3 17.3 93.0 NAP 7.0 100.0Romania 2.7 96.7 73.8 44.8 19.1 99.5 0.5 0.0 100.0RussianFed. SanMarino 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Serbia 52.7 44.4 25.6 13.7 5.7 97.1 0.0 2.9 100.0SlovakRep. 26.5 73.1 44.4 31.2 8.2 99.6 0.4 0.0 100.0Slovenia 14.4 85.6 50.4 32.8 12.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Spain(total) 8.3 91.7 72.3 47.9 19.7 99.9 NAP 0.1 100.0Spain(StateAdm.) 8.5 91.5 71.3 47.2 19.4 100.0 NAP 0.0 100.0Spain(Catalonia) 7.0 92.5 77.9 52.2 21.4 99.4 NAP 0.6 100.0Sweden 20.8 76.1 42.1 25.6 8.3 96.8 3.2 0.0 100.0Switzerland 34.9 47.2 30.1 13.8 5.3 82.1 1.1 16.9 100.0theFYROMacedonia 13.1 85.6 57.9 33.3 12.1 98.7 1.3 0.0 100.0Turkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Ukraine 3.8 94.6 78.1 43.8 9.5 98.4 1.6 0.0 100.0UK:Engl.&Wales 9.9 62.0 38.6 22.4 5.8 71.9 10.4 17.6 100.0UK:North.Ireland 15.6 66.5 46.5 29.6 10.9 82.1 17.2 0.7 100.0UK:Scotland 20.9 3.8 NA NA NA 14.6 NA Mean 19.5 75.4 51.9 31.1 11.7 96.5 2.8 1.5 Median 14.9 79.5 47.9 31.2 10.2 98.1 1.5 0.0 Minimum 0.0 3.8 9.1 0.0 0.0 71.9 0.0 0.0 Maximum 81.8 100.0 100.0 69.5 34.3 100.0 17.2 17.6



TABLE 7.3: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF PRISONERS SENTENCED TO LESS THAN ONE YEAR

(FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES)


Country Lessthan1month



6monthstolessthan1year

Totallessthan1year

Albania NAP 100.0 100.0Andorra 0.0 20.0 60.0 20.0 100.0Armenia NAP 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Austria 2.2 16.3 26.1 55.5 100.0Azerbaijan 100.0 100.0Belgium 0.3 1.7 3.6 94.4 100.0BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 6.3 15.7 30.5 47.6 100.0BH:Rep.Srpska 0.0 7.6 10.1 82.4 100.0Bulgaria 100.0 100.0Croatia 2.9 2.3 17.0 77.7 100.0Cyprus 0.0 36.9 30.0 33.1 100.0CzechRep. 0.1 4.0 22.0 73.9 100.0Denmark 4.0 22.3 28.1 45.5 100.0Estonia 1.9 9.1 29.8 59.2 100.0Finland 6.5 19.6 28.0 45.9 100.0France 48.8 51.2 100.0Georgia Germany 3.3 20.1 29.1 47.5 100.0Greece Hungary 2.2 7.6 18.7 71.5 100.0Iceland 0.0 30.8 28.2 41.0 100.0Ireland 1.0 3.5 22.0 73.4 100.0Italy 2.8 4.5 18.1 74.5 100.0Latvia 1.5 4.1 25.2 69.2 100.0Liechtenstein 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Lithuania 4.6 21.8 16.2 57.4 100.0Luxembourg 0.0 2.9 22.9 74.3 100.0Malta Moldova NAP NAP NAP 100.0 100.0Monaco 0.0 0.0 22.2 77.8 100.0Montenegro 12.8 13.3 36.0 37.9 100.0Netherlands 33.1 21.8 16.4 28.8 100.0Norway 7.3 28.3 21.8 42.7 100.0Poland NAP 3.7 24.9 71.5 100.0Portugal 1.0 13.7 27.7 57.6 100.0Romania 18.2 1.5 8.8 71.4 100.0RussianFed. SanMarino 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Serbia 5.6 27.8 34.0 32.5 100.0SlovakRep. 1.9 5.1 24.6 68.4 100.0Slovenia 0.7 9.0 26.4 63.9 100.0Spain(total) 10.3 2.0 20.2 67.6 100.0Spain(StateAdm.) 10.0 1.2 17.5 71.4 100.0Spain(Catalonia) 12.9 7.7 39.7 39.7 100.0Sweden 1.3 21.0 28.2 49.6 100.0Switzerland 16.8 38.6 25.9 18.8 100.0theFYROMacedonia 0.3 3.0 27.9 68.8 100.0Turkey 7.3 10.8 58.5 23.4 100.0Ukraine NAP NAP NAP 100.0 100.0UK:Engl.&Wales 3.0 19.8 43.3 33.9 100.0UK:North.Ireland 8.6 6.9 22.4 62.1 100.0UK:Scotland 100.0 100.0Mean 12.6 16.7 24.3 53.8 Median 2.9 9.1 25.0 57.4 Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Maximum 100.0 100.0 60.0 100.0

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TABLE 8: FLOW OF ENTRIES TO PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011


CountryTotalnumberofentriesin2011

Rateofentriestopenal

institutionsper100000

inhabitants

EntriesbeforefinalsentenceEntriesaftertherevocation,

suspensionorannulmentoftheconditionalreleaseorprobation

Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry(TOTAL)

EntriesfollowingtransferfromaMemberStateoftheEU

Number%inthetotalnumberofentries



Number

%inthenumberofentriesfollowing

transferfromaforeigncountry

Albania 3528 125.3 2801 79.4 243 6.9 58 1.6 50 86.2Andorra 114 145.9 75 65.8 3 2.6 0 0.0 0 0.0Armenia NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 NA NA NAAustria 11831 140.7 8404 71.0 NA NA NA NA NA NAAzerbaijan 8265 89.5 7794 94.3 NA NA 76 0.9 0 0.0Belgium 18911 170.4 12222 64.6 NA NA NA NA NA NABH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2424 103.7 839 34.6 0 0.0 7 0.3 2 28.6BH:Rep.Srpska 1364 95.4 487 35.7 3 0.2 26 1.9 5 19.2Bulgaria (7492) (102.2) (3105) (41.4) NA NA 82 1.1 NA NACroatia 12596 294.6 NA NA NA NA 18 0.1 14 77.8Cyprus (2829) (328.2) (1425) (50.4) (1404) (49.6) 0 0.0 0 0.0CzechRep. 16583 157.9 6178 37.3 NA NA 170 1.0 NA NADenmark 13946 249.9 NA NA 45 0.3 NA NA NA NAEstonia 2788 210.4 1803 64.7 NA NA 21 0.8 16 76.2Finland 6436 119.2 2062 32.0 NA NA 10 0.2 9 90.0France 88058 134.9 47315 53.7 NA NA NA NA NA NAGeorgia Germany 112437 137.4 52297 46.5 NA NA 115 0.1 90 78.3Greece Hungary 25007 251.8 NA NA NA NA 3 0.0 3 100.0Iceland 334 104.5 115 34.4 12 3.6 3 0.9 2 66.7Ireland 17505 382.0 4693 26.8 NA NA 1 0.0 1 100.0Italy 76982 129.6 67951 88.3 NA NA NA NA NA NALatvia 15368 751.6 10302 67.0 NA NA 25 0.2 17 68.0Liechtenstein (71) (194.7) (47) (66.2) (3) (4.2) 0 0.0 0 0.0Lithuania 9817 326.8 6354 64.7 NA NA 64 0.7 38 59.4Luxembourg 1090 207.7 691 63.4 272 25.0 NA NA NA NAMalta Moldova NA NA 2512 NA NA NA 81 NA 2 NA



CountryTotalnumberofentriesin2011

Rateofentriestopenal

institutionsper100000

inhabitants

EntriesbeforefinalsentenceEntriesaftertherevocation,

suspensionorannulmentoftheconditionalreleaseorprobation

Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry(TOTAL)

EntriesfollowingtransferfromaMemberStateoftheEU




Number

%inthenumberofentriesfollowing

transferfromaforeigncountry

Monaco 145 385.8 105 72.4 0 0.0 11 7.6 10 90.9Montenegro 2430 391.2 643 26.5 0 0.0 46 1.9 7 15.2Netherlands 40180 240.2 18037 44.9 NA NA 56 0.1 NA NANorway 10704 214.7 3630 33.9 NA NA 31 0.3 27 87.1Poland 89520 232.3 21334 23.8 NA NA 1163 1.3 NA NAPortugal 6286 59.6 2677 42.6 NA NA NA NA NA NARomania 14862 74.0 NA NA NA NA 572 3.8 565 98.8RussianFed. SanMarino (11) (33.0) (6) (54.5) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Serbia 27355 379.1 8745 32.0 NA NA 27 0.1 NA NASlovakRep. 7458 138.0 2975 39.9 NA NA 79 1.1 NA NASlovenia 3825 186.1 1008 26.4 NA NA 10 0.3 5 50.0Spain(total) 45525 96.3 24990 54.9 NA NA NA NA NA NASpain(StateAdm.) 38330 96.6 21101 55.1 NA NA NA NA NA NASpain(Catalonia) 7195 95.0 3889 54.1 40 0.6 NA NA NA NASweden 38935 410.6 29472 75.7 NA NA NA NA NA NASwitzerland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2235 108.5 87 3.9 0 0.0 21 0.9 7 33.3Turkey 169160 226.4 64594 38.2 861 0.5 NA NA NA NAUkraine 49198 108.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUK:Engl.&Wales 120760 213.5 94228 78.0 NA NA NA NA NA NAUK:North.Ireland 6340 347.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMean 206.8 50.9 6.2 0.9 53.3

Median 170.4 50.4 0.5 0.3 66.7

Minimum 33.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 751.6 94.3 49.6 7.6 100.0



NOTES – TABLE 8

AZERBAIJAN Total number of entries is calculated on the basis of figures from the Penitentiary Service of the

Ministry of Justice and those from the pre‐trail detention facility under the Ministry of NationalSecurity (8,265).Thebigdecreaseof thenumberof entriesbetween2010and2011 isdue to thechangeintheinternalcountingrules.Entriestothepolicestationsarenotanylongerincludedinthecalculationofthetotalnumberofentries.Consequently,onlydataofentriesinpenalinstitutionsofthe Penitentiary Service of theMinistry of Justice and in the pre‐trail detention facility under theMinistryofNationalSecurityareavailable.

Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry:In2011,76nationalsofAzerbaijanwereextraditedortransferredtoAzerbaijan,mainlyfromCouncilofEuropeMemberStates.

BELGIUM Given that persons under ElectronicMonitoring are included in the total number of inmates (see

Table1.1),theentriesunderthistypeofregimeareincludedinthetotalnumberofentries.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(STATELEVEL)

At theState level there isonlyonpre‐trial detentionunit.Therefore, thenumberof entries is100%relatedtotheentriesbeforefinalsentence.

BULGARIA InTable8only the totalnumberofentries inprisons is included.Figuresdonot relate to the

entriesintoinvestigationdetentionfacilities[IDF]. Onlynew entries in the penal system are included in the total number of entries.Movements

suchastransfersbetweenprisonsarenotincludedinthisTable.Transfersin2011:1,420.CYPRUS

Totalnumberofentriesinpenalinstitutions in2011 was12,152,ofwhich2,829wereentriesinprisoninstitutionand9,323wereentriesinpolicestations.

IntheTable8thecalculationisbasedonlyonthenumberofentriesinprison.Informationonthebreakdownofentriesinpolicestationsisnotavailable.

ThereisonlyoneprisoninCyprus.CZECHREPUBLIC

Entries following transfer from a foreign country: The Prison Service of the Czech Republicprovidesescortsofinmatesfromforeigncountries.Moreover,someescortswereprovidedfromtheborders(crossborderescorts)buttherearenofiguresavailableonthistypeoftransfers.

Othertransferswereprovidedbythepolice.Yet, thePrisonServicedoesnotkeepanyspecificdataaboutsuchtransfers.ThedatamaybeavailableattheMinistryofInteriororattheMinistryofForeignAffairs.

HUNGARY Since 2010,Hungarian Prison Service uses a newCentral Registration System. Figures on the

entries before final sentence are not any longer available because of the new data protectionregulation.

IRELAND Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry:TransferfrommemberstateoftheEU(Italy).

LIECHTENSTEIN AccordingtoatreatybetweenLiechtensteinandAustria,long‐termprisonersusuallyservetheir

sentencesinAustrianpenalinstitutions.Forthisreason,ratesarepresentedbetweenbrackets.MOLDOVA

Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry:onetransfer fromRomaniaandonefromItaly.THENETHERLANDS

Entries included in Table 8 are only entries in penal institutions. Entries in custodial clinics,institutionsforjuvenilesandinstitutionsforaliensareexcluded.Inthetotalnumberofentriesareincludedentriesfromfreesocietyandthosefrompolicestationsintopenalinstitutions.



Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry:Theseareinmates whowereconvictedoutsidetheNetherlands,buttheycanservetheirsentenceintheNetherlands.Suchprocedures,basedonaspecial law(WOTS),make the transferenceof theexecutionofcriminal judgementspossible.Theseprisonersdonothave tobeborn in theNetherlands,but thereshouldbesome formofbond/tie with the Netherlands (e.g. because of having the Dutch nationality and living andworkingthere).Sincethe1stNovember2012anewlaw(WETS)isinforce,whichregulatesthispossibilitytoo,butonlyforEuropeancountries.

NORWAY Entries after the revocation, suspension or annulment of the conditional release or probation:

Nearly all revocations are combined with a new sentence. Therefore no separate figures areavailableforthiscategoryofentries.

Entriesfollowingtransferfromaforeigncountry: 29 personswere extradited toNorway and 2persons were transferred to continue serving a sentence imposed in another country. Morespecifically for EU member states, there are 26 persons extradited to Norway and 1 persontransferredtocontinueservingthesentenceimposedbytheforeignjudicialauthority.

SANMARINO Under the Criminal Code (Art. 99), a person serving a sentence of at least six months

imprisonmentinSanMarinomaybetransferredtoa“foreignpenalinstitution”,ifthecompetentjudge decides so, and if there is a relevant international agreement. These prisoners are notincluded in the San Marino statistics. For this reason, rate and percentage in Table 8 arepresentedbetweenbrackets.

SWITZERLAND In the total number of entries (52,541) are also included the transfers between prisons and

entriesafterescapeswithalengthofmorethan7days. Giventhatthis figuredoesnotfit thedefinitionused inSPACEquestionnaire, itwasexcluded

fromTable8andispresentedhereonlyforinformation.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Entriesaftertherevocation,suspensionorannulmentoftheconditionalreleaseorprobation: Thenewrecordingsystemdoesnotallowanylongerisolatingrecallreceptions.

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND ThesefiguresarebasedoninitialadmissiontoanyofthePrisonEstablishmentsortheWoodlands

JuvenileJusticeCentre,andthereforedonotincludeanychangesofcustodialstatusduringtimeincustody.



TABLE 9: FLOW OF RELEASES FROM PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011


Country

Totalnumberofreleasesin2011(A)

Rateofreleasesfrompenalinstitutionsper100000inhabitants

Pre‐trialdetaineesreleasedFinalsentencedprisoners

released

Ofwhich

Other

Releasesasaresultofareleaseundercondition(incl.

conditionalreleaseandexternalplacementunderElectronicMonitoringorProbation)

Unconditionalreleasesattheendofacustodialsentence

Number(B)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Number(C)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Number(C.1)

%inthetotalnumberoffinalsentencedprisonersreleased

Number(C.2)


Number(D)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Albania 3182 113.0 1849 58.1 1320 41.5 273 20.7 1047 79.3 13 0.4Andorra 103 131.9 57 55.3 46 44.7 5 10.9 41 89.1 0 0.0Armenia 2711 82.8 736 27.1 1975 72.9 320 16.2 980 49.6 675 24.9Austria 11781 140.1 3318 28.2 7450 63.2 3167 42.5 3573 48.0 1013 8.6Azerbaijan 5080 55.0 NA NA 4892 96.3 1467 30.0 3425 70.0 188 3.7Belgium 17990 162.1 7952 44.2 8492 47.2 NA NA NA NA 1546 8.6BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2420 103.5 676 27.9 1587 65.6 491 30.9 1096 69.1 157 6.5BH:Rep.Srpska 1643 115.0 575 35.0 1068 65.0 577 54.0 491 46.0 0 0.0Bulgaria (6962) (95.0) (1009) (14.5) 5902 84.8 894 15.1 5008 84.9 51 0.7Croatia 11814 276.3 4420 37.4 3033 25.7 NA NA NA NA 4361 36.9Cyprus 2149 249.3 738 34.3 1411 65.7 1392 98.7 7 0.5 12 0.6CzechRep. 15313 145.8 1920 12.5 12571 82.1 4109 32.7 8462 67.3 822 5.4Denmark NA NA NA NA 8442 NA 3340 39.6 5102 60.4 60 NAEstonia 2625 198.1 264 10.1 2361 89.9 442 18.7 1919 81.3 0 0.0Finland 6427 119.0 1125 17.5 5224 81.3 3935 75.3 1289 24.7 78 1.2France 81213 124.4 10690 13.2 70523 86.8 7481 10.6 63042 89.4 0 0.0Georgia Germany NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAGreece Hungary 15794 159.0 3862 24.5 9380 59.4 3319 35.4 6061 64.6 2552 16.2Iceland 330 103.3 65 19.7 262 79.4 162 61.8 100 38.2 3 0.9Ireland 17639 384.9 5051 28.6 12588 71.4 NA NA NA NA NA NAItaly 83408 140.4 42065 50.4 40794 48.9 16504 40.5 24290 59.5 549 0.7Latvia 3393 165.9 1149 33.9 2211 65.2 533 24.1 1678 75.9 33 1.0Liechtenstein (63) (172.7) 3 4.8 18 28.6 15 83.3 3 16.7 51 81.0Lithuania NA NA NA NA 4223 NA 1125 26.6 3057 72.4 41 NALuxembourg 1035 197.2 324 31.3 417 40.3 395 94.7 22 5.3 294 28.4Malta 673 161.2 187 27.8 486 72.2 NA NA NA NA 0 0.0



Country

Totalnumberofreleasesin2011(A)

Rateofreleasesfrompenalinstitutionsper100000inhabitants

Pre‐trialdetaineesreleasedFinalsentencedprisoners

released

Ofwhich

Other

Releasesasaresultofareleaseundercondition(incl.

conditionalreleaseandexternalplacementunderElectronicMonitoringorProbation)

Unconditionalreleasesattheendofacustodialsentence

Number(B)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Number(C)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Number(C.1)


Number(C.2)


Number(D)

%inthetotal

numberofreleases

Moldova 1408 39.6 444 31.5 964 68.5 582 60.4 382 39.6 0 0.0Monaco 141 375.2 29 20.6 102 72.3 NA NA NA NA 10 7.1Montenegro 3360 540.9 955 28.4 2405 71.6 1113 46.3 1292 53.7 0 0.0Netherlands 40837 244.1 11093 27.2 28676 70.2 496 1.7 28180 98.3 1068 2.6Norway 10567 211.9 1950 18.5 7153 67.7 2556 35.7 4597 64.3 1464 13.9Poland 88887 230.6 16529 18.6 65331 73.5 25193 38.6 40138 61.4 7027 7.9Portugal 5218 49.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2375 NA 1344 25.8Romania 12280 61.1 1632 13.3 10648 86.7 9212 86.5 429 4.0 1007 8.2RussianFed. SanMarino (11) (33.0) 6 54.5 5 45.5 0 0.0 5 100.0 0 0.0Serbia 28165 390.3 9317 33.1 8548 30.3 591 6.9 7957 93.1 10300 36.6SlovakRep. 6911 127.9 1178 17.0 5672 82.1 2414 42.6 3258 57.4 61 0.9Slovenia 3717 180.8 830 22.3 943 25.4 610 64.7 333 35.3 1944 52.3Spain(total) 46872 99.2 24965 53.3 21907 46.7 NA NA NA NA NA NASpain(StateAdm.) 39970 100.7 22385 56.0 17585 44.0 NA NA NA NA NA NASpain(Catalonia) 6902 91.2 2580 37.4 4322 62.6 867 20.1 3455 79.9 0 0.0Sweden NA NA NA NA 9539 NA 7505 78.7 1906 20.0 128 NASwitzerland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2088 101.4 390 18.7 1695 81.2 1277 75.3 418 24.7 3 0.1Turkey NA NA NA NA 101212 NA 43101 42.6 58111 57.4 NA NAUkraine 55676 122.5 14314 25.7 41362 74.3 28774 69.6 NA NA NA NAUK:Engl.&Wales NA NA NA NA 86074 NA 12727 14.8 NA NA NA NAUK:North.Ireland 5986 328.2 2369 39.6 3605 60.2 NA NA NA NA 12 0.2UK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMean 170.6 28.9 63.9 41.8 56.6 10.3Median 140.3 27.9 67.7 38.6 60.4 1.2Minimum 33.0 4.8 25.4 0.0 0.5 0.0Maximum 540.9 58.1 96.3 98.7 100.0 81.0



NOTES – TABLE 9

ALBANIA Point(D):4prisonersthathavenotbeenreturnedintoprisonaftertheauthorisedshort‐term

absenceandother9aredeaths.ARMENIA

Otherformsofreleases:areincluded608personsreleasedunderamnestydecision,32individualpardons,3personsreleasedforhealthreasons,and32deaths.

Point(D):Figureused in thispoint is included in thepoint (B).Theseother formsofreleasesrepresent34.2%inthenumberofreleasesofthefinalsentencedprisoners.

AUSTRIA Point(C):Inthiscategoryareincludedadditional710releasesforanother reasonthantheone

statedinthetitleoftheitem,forexampleinmateshavebeenextraditedtoanothercountry,havereachedanindividualpardonorareprievewasgranted.Thenumberofthesepersonscannotbemadevisibleinthebreakdownofpoints(c.1)and(c.2).

Point (D): releases from financial sentences, releases from sentences of other authorities,administrativesentences,sentencesimposedbyforeigngovernmentsetc.

AZERBAIJAN TotalnumberofreleasesiscalculatedonthebasisoffiguresfromthePenitentiaryServiceofthe

Ministry of Justice and from the pre‐trail detention facility under the Ministry of NationalSecurity(5,080).Releasesfrompolicestationsarenotincludedinthetotalnumberofreleases.

Point(D):143sentencedprisonerswerepardoned;4prisonersreleasedbecauseofillnesses;41prisonerswerereleasedbecausethesentencewasrevoked.

BELGIUM Point(C.1):TheexternalplacementunderElectronicMonitoringisnotconsideredinBelgiumas

areleasebutasacontinueddetentionunderaparticularregime. Point(C.2):Thereisadifficultytosetupwhetherconditionalmeasuresareapplicableattheend

ofcustodialsentences.Indeed,sometimesprobationmeasuresareappliedthenorplacementsatthedisposaloftheGovernment(asortofsecuritymeasure)beginattheendofsentences.Thereisnocodifiedinformationwhichwouldallowidentifyingsuchcases.

Point(D):1,546inmates,ofwhich:o Releasesof“internees”(seepoint(5)oftheTable1.1,andnotestothetable),o Illegalaliensheldforadministrativereasons(seepoint(6)oftheTable1.1),o PersonsplacedatthedisposaloftheGovernment(seeTable5.2),o JuvenilesheldintheFederalCentreforjuvenileoffenders(seepoint(2)oftheTable1.1),o Personsunderarrest,o Thosewhoweredetainedundertemporarysuspendedconditionalreleaseorprobation(without

revocation),o Inmateswithtemporarylegalstatusduetoatransferfromaforeigncountry.

Point (D‐ADD): Deaths, escapes or other forms of releases when inmates are considered tocontinueservingtheirsentences(e.g.non‐returnsfrompenitentiaryleavearenotincludedinthetotal numberof releases.These events arenot consideredas “releases”whileBelgian internalcountingrulesareapplied.

BH:FEDERATIONOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA Point(D)includespardons,financialcompensationfortheportionofprisonsentencewhichhas

notbeenserved(CriminalCodeofFBiHforeseesthispossibilityforsentencesunder1year).Areaswellincludedheredeathsandtransfers.

BULGARIA Point (B): includes only releases from the units for pre‐trial detention in prisons without

investigationdetentionfacilities[IDF]. Point (D): Under this heading are accounted 43 deaths and 8 pardons. These events are not

included in Point (b) of the Table 9. In 2011, there were 8 pardons granted (unconditionalreleasesbeforetheendofthesentence).



CROATIA Point(C.2):Accordingtothelaw,onlyadultprisonerswithfinalsentencebasedonprovisionsof

thePenalcodeandfinalsentencedminorsmightbeconditionallyreleased.CYPRUS

InthisTablearepresentedonly releasesfromprisonwithouttakingintoaccountreleasesfrompolicestations.Dataonthelatestcategoryofreleasesinnotavailable.

Point (D):Here are includedpersons transferred to their countries. This figure is included inpoint (b).Theseother typesof releases represent0.9% of thenumberof releasesof the finalsentencedprisoners.

CZECHREPUBLIC Point(D):pardons, releasesorderedby the court,deaths, extraditions, sentence interruptions

for health reasons or other reasons, transfers to psychiatric hospitals that not under theauthorityofthePrisonService.

DENMARK Point(D):47pardonsand13deaths..

FINLAND Point (D): Including deaths (14), expulsions to other countries (51), enforcement interrupted

(finedefaulters4),otherreasons(9). NB:AccordingtotheFinnishlegislationfinedefaultersmustservetheirwholesentenceinprison

withoutapossibilitytobeconditionallyreleased. Point(C.2):1,289releasesincludedinthiscategory,ofwhich1,249(97%)werefinedefaulters.

FRANCE Point(C.1):Numberoffinalsentencedprisonersreleasedconcernsonlytheconditionalreleases

whichallowedtheliftingofthestatusof“écroué”.GERMANY

Releases are recorded nation‐wide only in the months of March, August and November.Moreover,nodataarecollectedon thereleasesofpre‐trialdetainees.Therefore,nodatahavebeenmadeavailableforTable9.

HUNGARY Point(D): releases of inmateswhowere under involuntary commitment (29) anddefendants

servingconfinement(2,523).ICELAND

Point(D):3prisonerstransferredtotheirownhomecountries tocompletetheirsentences.IRELAND

Some juveniles will have received a detention/supervision order which is a period of postreleasesupervision.Suchreleasesarenotrecorded.

ITALY Point(D):releasesofthepersonsunder"securitymeasures".

LATVIA Point(D):33 releases,ofwhich:

o 10releasesduetoseriousdiseases;o 6releasesduetochangeofsentence;o 17pardons.

LIECHTENSTEIN Point(C):Apartofthesentencedprisonersarebroughttothecontractpartner(Austria)and,in

severalcaseswhenpersonsareEuropeancitizens,theyarereleasedinAustria. Point (D): Persons in extradition and persons held under the application of rules of the AUG

(Administrativeforeigninmates),aswellaspersonsheldforadministrativereasons.9outof51ofthesereleasesarealsoincludedinpoint(c)ofthisTable.



LITHUANIA OnlythenumberoffinalsentencedprisonersreleasedispresentedinTable9.Dataonpre‐trial

detaineesreleasedisnotavailable. Point (D): These releases are included in the point (c). This type of other forms of releases

represents1.0%inthetotalnumberofreleasesofthefinalsentencedprisoners. Othertypesofreleasesforsentencedprisoners:

o Dischargefromsentenceduetoillness(8)o Re‐sentencingaftertheprocedureofappeal(19)o Re‐sentencingaftertheprocedureofcassation(5)o Individualpardons(9)

LUXEMBOURG Point(D):suspendedsentences,releasesfromdisciplinaryunit,deaths,transferstotheCentre

ofGivenich,releasesbytheDepartmentofImmigration,extraditions.MONACO

Point(D):Ofwhich7 inmatesextraditedand3inmatestransferredtotheprisoninNice.THENETHERLANDS

Releases included inTable9areonlyreleases from penal institutions.Releases fromcustodialclinics,institutionsforjuvenilesandinstitutionsforalienswereexcluded.

Number of final sentenced prisoners released: since a couple of years there is a more strictsystem of early release. Previously, early release was possible after 6 months of compulsorycustody.Nowadays, there is aminimumof 1 year applied. In the old systemonly the generalconditions(forinstancenotcommittingnewoffencesduringtheperiodofearlyrelease)applied.In thenewsystemspecial conditions canbe attached to the early release. In thenew system,people with a sentence of no longer than 1 year (the vast majority) are released withoutconditions, because they are not candidates for early release. But persons held in prison forlongerthanoneyearreleasedearlyareunderspecialconditionswhichmightbeappliedtothem.Firstreleasesunderthenewsystemweremadein2009.Intotaltherewere818peoplereleasedearly,ofwhich384leftprisonwithspecialconditions.

Point(C.1):IfsomeoneisleavingprisonunderElectronicMonitoring,thisisnotconsideredasa“release”inDutchsystem.

Point(D):unknownwhetherreleasedasapre‐trialorasentencedprisoner.NORWAY

Point(D):970finedefaulters,13deaths,2pardons,2sentences annulled,66persontransferredtocontinueservingsentenceintheirhomecountry,390expelled,21extradited.

POLAND Point (D): Under this heading are as well included inmates from the category "punished" (a

punishedpersonservesasentenceofpre‐trialdetentionor imprisonment forexample fornotpayingafinepenaltyorformisbehaviourinthecourt).

PORTUGAL Point(D):acquittal,changeofthewayofenforcingthecustodialsentence,decriminalisationof

certainoffences,definitivedismissingoftheprosecutioninaccordancewithlimitationperiodofproceedings,death,extraditiontothehomelandcountriesoftheprisoners.

The reasons forother formsof releasesgenerally applied are:ElectronicMonitoring, terminalillness,death,expulsionorextradition.Theabovereasonsmightapplytothepre‐trialdetaineesandtothefinalsentencedprisoners.

ROMANIA Point(C.1):Areincludedonlyconditionalreleases(withoutexternalplacementunderElectronic

Monitoringorprobation). Point (D): Figure used in this point is included in the point (b). Here are included deaths,

pardons, releases as result of break in sentence enforcement, suspended sentences, sentencesconditionally suspended with the surveillance etc. These other forms of releases represents9.5%inthenumberofreleasesofthefinalsentencedprisoners.



SANMARINO Under the Criminal Code (Art. 99), a person serving a sentence of at least six months

imprisonmentinSanMarinomaybetransferredtoa“foreignpenalinstitution”,ifthecompetentjudge decides so, and if there is a relevant international agreement. These prisoners are notincluded in the San Marino statistics. For this reason, rate and percentage in Table 9 arepresentedbetweenbrackets.

SERBIA Point(D):releasesofpersonssentencedforminoroffences.

SLOVAKREPUBLIC Point(D):areincludedaswell deaths.

SLOVENIA Point(C.1):hereareaswellincluded 282conditionalreleases and328earlyreleases.

SPAIN(TOTAL) Figures are calculatedby the authorsof this report on thebasis of thedataprovidedbynational


SWEDEN OnlythenumberoffinalsentencedprisonersreleasedispresentedinTable9.Dataonthepre‐

trialdetaineesreleasedisnotavailable. Point (D): These 128 events are included in the category of the releases of final sentenced

prisoners(point(b)ofthisTable).Thistypeof“otherformsofreleases”represents1.3%inthetotalnumberofreleasesofthefinalsentencedprisoners.


Point(D):areincluded3re‐openedprocedures.UK:NORTHERNIRELAND

General:AllJuvenilesreleasedfromtheJuvenileJusticeCentrecontainanelementofprobationinthecommunitybeginningondischargefromcustody,soall46juvenilesreleasedwillbeundercondition.Informationisnotavailableonthosereleasedfromtheprisonestablishments.



TABLE 10: TURNOVER RATIO OF INMATES IN 2011


REPORT Totalnumberofinmateson1stSeptember2010

Totalnumberofentriesin2011

(Table8)

Totalnumberofreleasesin2011

(Table9)

Turnoverratio(Estimatedexitrateper100potentialexits)

Albania 4750 3528 3182 38.4Andorra 36 114 103 68.7Armenia 4918 NA 2711 NA

Austria 8597 11831 11781 57.7Azerbaijan 36891 8265 5080 11.2Belgium 11382 18911 17990 59.4BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1736 2424 2420 58.2BH:Rep.Srpska 1046 1364 1643 68.2Bulgaria 9379 7492 6962 41.3Croatia 5165 12596 11814 66.5Cyprus 637 2829 2149 62.0CzechRep. 21955 16583 15313 39.7Denmark 3944 13946 NA NAEstonia 3470 2788 2625 41.9Finland 3316 6436 6427 65.9France 61142 88058 81213 54.4Georgia Germany 71634 112437 NA NAGreece Hungary 16459 25007 15794 38.1Iceland 165 334 330 66.1Ireland 4352 17505 17639 80.7Italy 68345 76982 83408 57.4Latvia 6778 15368 3393 15.3Liechtenstein 14 71 63 74.1Lithuania 8887 9817 NA NALuxembourg 690 1090 1035 58.1Malta Moldova 6415 NA 1408 NAMonaco 12 145 141 89.8Montenegro 1438 2430 3360 86.9Netherlands 11737 40180 40837 78.7Norway 3636 10704 10567 73.7Poland 80728 89520 88887 52.2Portugal 11613 6286 5218 29.2Romania 28191 14862 12280 28.5RussianFed. SanMarino 0 11 11 100.0Serbia 11197 27355 28165 73.1SlovakRep. 10068 7458 6911 39.4Slovenia 1351 3825 3717 71.8Spain(total) 75859 45525 46872 38.6Spain(StateAdm.) 65098 38330 39970 38.6Spain(Catalonia) 10761 7195 6902 38.4Sweden 6922 38935 NA NASwitzerland 6181 NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2516 2235 2088 43.9Turkey 120391 169160 NA NAUkraine 152169 49198 55676 27.6UK:Engl.&Wales 85002 120760 NA NAUK:North.Ireland 1475 6340 5986 76.6UK:Scotland 7890 NA NA NAMean 56.0Median 58.1Minimum 11.2Maximum 100.0

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TABLE 11.1: INDICATOR OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF IMPRISONMENT IN 2011, BASED ON THE

TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS SPENT IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS


Country

Totalnumberofdaysspentinpenal

institutionsin2011

Averagenumberofinmatesin2011

Totalnumberofentriesin2011

Indicatorofaveragelengthofimprisonment

Numberofdaysspentinpre‐trialdetentionin2011

Averagenumberofdetaineesinpre‐trial

detentionin2011

Numberofentriesbeforefinal

sentencein2011

Indicatorofaveragelengthofpre‐trialimprisonment

Numberofdaysspentininst.forjuvenilesin2011

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

Albania 1160335 3179 3528 10.8 674885 1849 2801 7.9 46355

Andorra 18276 50 114 5.3 7541 21 75 3.3 160

Armenia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Austria 3215560 8810 11831 8.9 679922 1863 8404 2.7 54677

Azerbaijan NA NA 8265 NA NA NA 7794 NA NA

Belgium 4032082 11047 18911 7.0 1366866 3745 12222 3.7 29376

BH:BiH(st.level)

BH:Fed.BiH 588662 1613 2424 8.0 108240 297 839 4.2 8395

BH:Rep.Srpska 384710 1054 1364 9.3 48910 134 487 3.3 4745

Bulgaria NA NA 7492 NA NA NA 3105 NA NA

Croatia 1902015 5211 12596 5.0 389090 1066 NA NA 29930

Cyprus 236520 648 2829 2.7 50177 137 1425 1.2 7006

CzechRep. 8369324 22930 16583 16.6 881471 2415 6178 4.7 56582

Denmark 1473615 4037 13946 3.5 535273 1467 NA NA NAP

Estonia NA NA 2788 NA NA NA 1803 NA NA

Finland 1149385 3149 6436 5.9 218270 598 2062 3.5 NAP

France 23571855 64580 88058 8.8 6044642 16561 47315 4.2 89441

Georgia

Germany 25340290 69425 112437 7.4 NA NA 52297 NA 2111416

Greece

Hungary 6870987 18825 25007 9.0 NA NA NA NA NA

Iceland 55347 152 334 5.4 5454 15 115 1.6 NAP

Ireland 1612772 4419 17505 3.0 231712 635 4693 1.6 28343

Italy 24476510 67059 76982 10.5 10274568 28150 67951 5.0 NA

Latvia NA NA 15368 NA NA NA 10302 NA NA

Liechtenstein 4619 13 71 2.1 726 2 47 0.5 0

Lithuania 3449250 9450 9817 11.6 701530 1922 6354 3.6 70445

Luxembourg 240606 659 1090 7.3 NA NA 691 NA NA

Malta

Moldova NA NA NA NA NA NA 2512 NA NA

Monaco 7955 22 145 1.8 2498 7 105 0.8 NA

Montenegro 448950 1230 2430 6.1 128115 351 643 6.6 NA

Netherlands 4321235 11839 40180 3.5 2133790 5846 18037 3.9 NA

Norway 1322110 3622 10704 4.1 339985 931 3630 3.1 NAP

Poland 20189237 55313 89520 7.4 NA NA 21334 NA NA

Portugal 4456103 12209 6286 23.3 868609 2380 2677 10.7 NA

Romania 12809358 35094 14862 28.3 342764 939 NA NA 706170

RussianFed.

SanMarino 389 1 11 1.2 389 1 6 2.1 0

Serbia 4500000 12329 27355 5.4 1100000 3014 8745 4.1 85000

SlovakRep. NA NA 7458 NA NA NA 2975 NA NA

Slovenia 488151 1337 3825 4.2 111434 305 1008 3.6 10037

Spain(total) 26487771 72569 45525 19.1 4849975 13288 24990 6.4 NA

Spain(StateAdm.) 22575615 61851 38330 19.4 4135085 11329 21101 6.4 NAP

Spain(Catalonia) 3912156 10718 7195 17.9 714890 1959 3889 6.0 NAP

Sweden 2285487 6262 38935 1.9 642012 1759 29472 0.7 NAP

Switzerland 2205814 6043 NA NA 630037 1726 NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 932638 2555 2235 13.7 117942 323 87 44.6 18715Turkey 232308911 636463 169160 (45.1) 29369478 80464 64594 14.9 1454568

Ukraine NA NA 49198 NA NA NA NA NA NA

UK:Engl.&Wales NA NA 120760 NA NA NA 94228 NA NA

UK:North.Ireland NA NA 6340 NA NA NA NA NA 9784

UK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Mean 9.5 5.7

Median 7.3 3.7

Minimum 1.2 0.5

Maximum 45.1 44.6



NOTES – TABLE 11.1

ThecalculationsmadeinTable11.1arebasedonthefollowinginputs:

Totalnumberofdaysspentinpenal

institutionsin2011

Averagenumberofinmatesin2011

Totalnumberofentriesin

2011

Indicatorofaveragelength

ofimprisonment

Numberofdaysspentinpre‐trial

detentionin2011

Averagenumberofdetaineesinpre‐trial

detentionin2011

Numberofentriesbeforefinalsentence

in2011

Indicatorofaveragelengthofpre‐trial

imprisonment

(Table8) (inmonths) (Table9) (inmonths)

(a) (b)=a/365 (c) (d)=12(b/c) (e) (f)=e/365 (g) (h)=12(f/g)

Column(i)inTable11.1ispresentedonlyforinformationandwasnotusedforanycalculation.

AUSTRIA Point (i): shows the number of days spent in penal institutions by juvenile offenders (aged

under18)andnotthenumberofdaysspentbyalljuvenileinmatesinallpenalinstitutions.BELGIUM

Point(a):Thetotalnumberofdaysspent inpenal institutionsdoesnot includetheplacementunderElectronicMonitoring(EM).ThenumberofdaysspentunderEMin2011was359,127.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA) Point(a):Theexactnumberofdaysspentinthepenitentiaryestablishmentsisverydifficultto

ascertainasthemaintenanceofsuchrecordsisnotlegallyprescribed.o The total number of days spent in the penitentiary establishments is determined as

following: the average daily number of sentenced (920) prisoners and pre‐traildetainees(134)whowerekeptinthepenitentiaryestablishmentsinRepublikaSrpskaduring2011wasmultipliedbythenumberofdaysintheyear.

Thesamepatternwasusedtogetthenumberofdaysspentinthepre‐trailestablishmentsandthoseforjuvenileoffendersduring2011(134pre‐trialdetaineesand13sentenced).

CYPRUS Point(a):Totalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutionsin2011 (incl.pre‐trialdetention):

o 236,520daysinPrisonand113,782inpolicestations; Numberofdaysspentinpre‐trialdetentionin2011:

o 50,177daysinPrisonand113,782inpolicestations; Number of days spent in institutions for juvenile offenders in 2011: 7,006 (only prison

institutionisconcernedbythistypeofdetention). Indicatorofaveragelengthofimprisonmentwascalculatedonlyonforprisoninstitutionwithout

policestations.FRANCE

Point(a):Thenumberofdayscorrespondstothedaysspentincustodywithoutthosedaysofsupervisionoutsidepenalinstitutions.

GERMANY Point(i):Numberofdaysspentininstitutionsforjuvenileoffendersin2011:mean(average)of

personsheldincustodialinstitutionsforjuvenileoffendersmultipliedby365days.HUNGARY

Point (a): Calculations are based on the total number of inmates, who spent any number ofnightsinprisons(rangingfromeven1nightuptolife‐sentenceimprisonment).

IRELAND Point(i):Ofwhich3,431inthepre‐trialdetention(IrishYouthJusticeService).

ITALY Points(a)&(e):Calculationsaremadeonthebasisoftheamountofprisonerspresenteach day

oftheyearduring2011.



LIECHTENSTEIN The indicator of average length of imprisonment should be used very cautiously, as certain

prisonersfromLiechtensteinservetheirsentencesinAustrianprisons(seegeneralnotes).THENETHERLANDS

Figures included in this Table are only of penal institutions. Figures for custodial clinics,institutionsforjuvenilesandinstitutionsforalienswereexcluded.

Point(a):2,151,310outof4,321,235daysareforsentencedprisonersandof36,135daysitisunknownwhethertheyarespentbyapre‐trialorsentencedprisoner.

PORTUGAL Point (a): Calculations are based on the average total number of inmates (12,209) for 2011,

multipliedby365days. Point (e): For pre‐trial detention the same proceeding was applied based on the average of

2,380detainees.SERBIA

Warning:Figuresregardingthenumberofdaysseemtobeestimates.Thereforetheyshouldbeusedcautiously.

SPAIN(TOTAL) Figures are calculatedby the authorsof this report on thebasis of thedata providedbynational


SWITZERLAND Errata for SPACE I 2010: Indicators of average length of imprisonment were based on the

number of entries which included transfers between prisons. Given that the definition of theentriesdoesnotfitthecategoriesrequestedinSPACEIquestionnaire,allfigureswereexcludedfrom2011&2012reports.

TURKEY Point(d):Thecalculatedindicatorofaveragelengthofimprisonment seemstobeunreliable.Yet,no

explanationwasprovidedonthetotalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutionsin2011.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Theaveragetimeserved,indays,fordeterminatesentencedprisonersis298 days.UK:NORTHERNIRELAND

Point(i):Figurebasedonarollcalleverydayandthereforeover‐countsthosewhoareonlyintheJJCforamatterofhours.

COMMENTS ON TABLE 11.2:

Assomecountriesdidnotprovidedataonthetotalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutionsin2011heading(a)ofTable11.1andothercountriesprovidedfiguresthatdidnotseemreliable(seenotesbelow),inTable11.2wehavecalculatedanalternativeindicatoroftheaveragelengthof imprisonment(inmonths)basedonthetotalnumberofprisonerson1st September2011,which isusedas anestimate of the averagenumberof inmatesduring that year(source:SPACEI2011).

AZERBAIJAN Only inmates held in penal institutions under responsibility of Prison Administration of theMinistry of

Justiceandthoseinthepre‐traildetentionfacilityundertheMinistryofNationalSecuritywereincludedinthecalculations.

CYPRUS Calculations are based on the figures for prison institution. This is due to the fact that data frompolice

stationsarenotavailable.Consequently,thestockfigureusedforthecalculationinTable11.2wasadaptedaccordinglytothenumberofinmatesonlyinprisonwithoutpolicestations.

FRANCE Stockfigurecorrespondstotherealnumberofthosepersonshostedinsidepenalinstitutionswithoutthose

personssupervisedinthecommunity.



TABLE 11.2: INDICATOR OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF IMPRISONMENT IN 2011, BASED ON THE

TOTAL STOCK OF INMATES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2011


Country Totalnumberofinmateson1stSeptember2011(SPACEI2011)

Totalnumberofentriestopenalinstitutionsin2011

(Table8)

Indicatorofaveragelengthofimprisonment(inmonths)

Albania 4772 3528 16.2Andorra 36 114 3.8Armenia 4514 NA NAAustria 8767 11831 8.9Azerbaijan 20602 8265 29.9Belgium 11825 18911 7.5BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1671 2424 8.3BH:Rep.Srpska 1054 1364 9.3Bulgaria 11137 7492 17.8Croatia 5084 12596 4.8Cyprus 688 2829 2.9CzechRep. 23170 16583 16.8Denmark 3947 13946 3.4Estonia 3385 2788 14.6Finland 3261 6436 6.1France 64147 88058 8.7Georgia Germany 70931 112437 7.6Greece Hungary 17413 25007 8.4Iceland 149 334 5.4Ireland 4257 17505 2.9Italy 67104 76982 10.5Latvia 6556 15368 5.1Liechtenstein 13 71 2.2Lithuania 9504 9817 11.6Luxembourg 644 1090 7.1Malta Moldova 6337 3627 21.0Monaco 32 145 2.6Montenegro 1328 2430 6.6Netherlands 11579 40180 3.5Norway 3535 10704 4.0Poland 81382 89520 10.9Portugal 12681 6286 24.2Romania 29823 14862 24.1RussianFed. SanMarino 2 11 2.2Serbia 10955 27355 4.8SlovakRep. 10713 7458 17.2Slovenia 1273 3825 4.0Spain(total) 71995 45525 19.0Spain(StateAdm.) 61279 38330 19.2Spain(Catalonia) 10716 7195 17.9Sweden 6742 38935 2.1Switzerland 6065 NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 2515 2235 13.5Turkey 126725 169160 9.0Ukraine 158532 49198 38.7UK:Engl.&Wales 85374 120760 8.5UK:North.Ireland 1703 6340 3.2UK:Scotland 8267 NA NAMean 10.4Median 8.3Minimum 2.1Maximum 38.7



TABLE 12: ESCAPES FROM PENAL INSTITUTIONS DURING 2011


CountryNumberof

escapesin2011(a)

Totalnumberofinmateson1st

September2011,SPACEI2011

Rateofescapesper10,000prisoners

Otherformsofescapein2011

(b)

Rateofotherformsofescapesper10,000inmates

Albania 0 4772 0.0 4 8.4Andorra 0 36 0.0 0 0.0Armenia 0 4514 0.0 0 0.0Austria 30 8767 34.2 178 203.0Azerbaijan 0 20602 0.0 3 1.5Belgium 28 11825 23.7 702 593.7BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 0 1671 0.0 45 269.3BH:Rep.Srpska 0 1054 0.0 4 38.0Bulgaria 17 11137 15.3 NA NACroatia 1 5084 2.0 56 110.1Cyprus 4 688 58.1 0 0.0CzechRep. 0 23170 0.0 18 7.8Denmark 9 3947 22.8 94 238.2Estonia 3 3385 8.9 0 0.0Finland 10 3261 30.7 330 1012.0France 29 64147 4.5 888 138.4Georgia Germany 4 70931 0.6 359 50.6Greece Hungary 1 17413 0.6 10 5.7Iceland 0 149 0.0 2 134.2Ireland 5 4257 11.7 94 220.8Italy 5 67104 0.7 148 22.1Latvia 0 6556 0.0 3 4.6Liechtenstein 0 13 0.0 0 0.0Lithuania 0 9504 0.0 4 4.2Luxembourg 0 644 0.0 21 326.1Malta Moldova 3 6337 4.7 0 0.0Monaco 0 32 0.0 0 0.0Montenegro 0 1328 0.0 0 0.0Netherlands 1 11579 0.9 514 443.9Norway 10 3535 28.3 151 427.2Poland 18 81382 2.2 220 27.0Portugal 9 12681 7.1 79 62.3Romania 3 29823 1.0 4 1.3RussianFed. SanMarino 0 2 0.0 0 0.0Serbia 7 10955 6.4 190 173.4SlovakRep. 3 10713 2.8 3 2.8Slovenia 2 1273 15.7 43 337.8Spain(total) 9 71995 1.3 1510 209.7Spain(StateAdm.) 9 61279 1.5 1236 201.7Spain(Catalonia) 0 10716 0.0 274 255.7Sweden 3 6742 4.4 234 347.1Switzerland 33 6065 54.4 NA NAtheFYROMacedonia 6 2515 23.9 141 560.6Turkey 24 126725 1.9 286 22.6Ukraine 1 158532 0.1 84 5.3UK:Engl.&Wales 17 85374 2.0 386 45.2UK:North.Ireland 1 1703 5.9 20 117.4UK:Scotland 24 8267 29.0 13 15.7Mean 8.6 143.0Median 1.9 38.0Minimum 0.0 0.0Maximum 58.1 1012.0



NOTES – TABLE 12

Escapesin2011bysentencedprisonersorpre‐trialdetaineesunderthesupervisionoftheprisonadministration from a closedpenal institution or during administrative transfer (e.g. to/from acourt,anotherpenalinstitution,ahospital)

Other formsofescape(fromanopenpenalinstitution–agriculturalcolonyorother– fromsemi‐detention,orduringanauthorisedshort‐termabsenceorleave,etc.)in2011.

The SPACE I questionnaire specifies that the countingunit for Table 12 should be the escapedperson.Therefore,whennoexplicitnoteswereprovidedby thenationalcorrespondents,weassumedthat thiscounting unit has been respected (i.e. the Table refers to persons and not to cases of escape involvingseveralprisoners).

AZERBAIJAN Point(b):3personsescapedfromstation/settlement typeofthepenalinstitution(openformof

thepenalinstitution).BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)

Point(b):Totalnumberofescapesinthiscategoryis4,ofwhichtwoprisonersdidnotreturnafterauthorizedsuspensionof theprisonsentence,onepersondidnotreturnafteraweekendleaveandonepersondidnotreturnafterrevocationofparole.

BULGARIA Theonlyfigureavailableisthetotalnumberofescapes.Thisfigurewasincludedinthepoint(a),

butactuallyitreferstoboth((a)and(b)).Thereisnospecifiedlocationoftheescapes.CYPRUS

Point(a):Twoofthepersonswerepre‐trialdetaineeswhoescapedfromtheCourt.Theothertwoescaped fromtheopenprison. InopenPrison inCyprus, theprisonersarestill lockedup,howevertheyhavemorerightsthanotherprisoners(e.g.morevisittimeetc.).Therefore,these2casesareincludedinPoint(a)andnotinPoint(b).

DENMARK Point(a):9escapes,ofwhich3 escapeddirectlyfromprisonand6 duringtransfers; Point(b):94escapesprovidedinTable14donotincludefailtoappearfromleave.

ErrataforSPACEI2011:Inpoint(b)thereshouldbe97escapesinsteadof94madevisiblepreviously.ESTONIA

Point(a):Allescapeeshavebeenapprehended.FRANCE

Thecountingunitistheevent(escape),whichmightimplymanypersons. In2011,8escapesoccurred fromthepenal institutions.915personsescaped fromwhile they

wereoutsidethepenalinstitutions(includingsentencingadjustments). Escape under custodial guards: escapes from the detention, during medical removals or

transfers,outdoorplacement,sports’outingsandallexitssupervisedbyprisonstaff. Escapecustodialguardsoff:escapesfromthehospitals,grantedtemporaryleaves,suspendedor

reducedcustodialsentences,underpoliceguardwhilemedicalorjudicialremovalsaremade.HUNGARY

Point(b):Otherformsofescape(disciplinaryoffenceofescape):10persons,ofwhich:o 8persondidnotreturnintimefromtheinterruptionoftheexecutionofimprisonment,o 1persondidnotreturnintimefromtheshort‐termauthorizedabsence,o 1persondidnotreturnintimefromleave.

IRELAND Point(a):referstoescapesfromchildrendetentionschools.

LITHUANIA Point (b): Absence from any type of penal institution (including closed prisons) during

authorized short‐term absence is not considered as an escape. Therefore, these data are notincludedinfigurespresentedinTable12.



THENETHERLANDS Figuresrefertothepopulationintheclosedprisons.Othercategoriesofinstitutions(forjuvenile

offenders,forillegalaliensandcustodialclinics)arenotincludedinthisTable.PORTUGAL

Point(b):79prisoners failed to return frompenitentiary leavewithout surveillance. In2011,9,999authorisedleaveswithoutsurveillancehavebeengranted.

SLOVENIA Thecountingunitisthecase/eventinsteadoftheperson. Point(b):Among43escapesareaswell included20escapesfromCorrectionalInstitutionfor

Juvenileoffenderswitheducationalmeasure.SPAIN(TOTAL) Figures are calculatedby the authorsof this report on thebasis of thedataprovidedbynational


SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point (b): Are include persons that do not return after programmed visits, stays in external

institutions,leaves,etc.SWEDEN

Point(a):EscapesfromclosedpenalinstitutionsUKRAINE

Point (a): The figure includes escapes only from closed penal establishment and pre‐trialinstitutions.

Point(b):Escapesby inmates inopen institutions(e.g.work farms)=10;semi‐detention=71;duringauthorisedshort‐termabsence(orleave)fromalltypesofinstitutions(includingclosedprisons)=3.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALES Figuresprovidedarefor2011/12financialyear(1April2011to31March2012). Point(b):Thenumberofother formsofescapescorresponds to thenumberofabscondsand

non‐returnsfromReleaseonTemporaryLicense.UK:SCOTLAND

Figuresareforfinancialrathercalendaryears(i.e.from1April2011 to31March2012). Point(a):includes1escapefromclosedprison.



TABLE 13.1: DEATHS IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 (BY TYPE OF REGISTERED DEATH)


Country Totalnumberofdeathsinpenal

institutionsin2011

Ofwhich Totalnumberofinmateson1st

September2011

Mortalityrateper10,000inmates

Homicides %homicides

Accidents %accidents

Drug/alcohol

intoxications

%intoxications

Suicides %suicides

Othercauses(incl.illness)

%other

Albania 9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 22.2 7 77.8 4772 18.9Andorra 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 36 0.0Armenia 32 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 18.8 26 81.3 4514 70.9Austria 37 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 5.4 13 35.1 22 59.5 8767 42.2Azerbaijan 145 0 0.0 1 0.7 0 0.0 12 8.3 132 91.0 20602 70.4Belgium 52 NA NA NA NA NA NA 12 23.1 NA NA 11825 44.0BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 50.0 1 50.0 1671 12.0BH:Rep.Srpska 4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 100.0 1054 38.0Bulgaria 52 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 6 11.5 44 84.6 11137 46.7Croatia 13 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 15.4 11 84.6 5084 25.6Cyprus 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 688 0.0CzechRep. 38 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 2.6 9 23.7 28 73.7 23170 16.4Denmark 13 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 30.8 5 38.5 4 30.8 3947 32.9Estonia 12 1 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 25.0 8 66.7 3385 35.5Finland 9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 77.8 2 22.2 3261 27.6France 169 3 1.8 NA NA 23 13.6 100 59.2 43 25.4 64147 26.3Georgia Germany 128 NA NA 2 1.6 NA NA 53 41.4 73 57.0 70931 18.0Greece Hungary 39 1 2.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 23.1 29 74.4 17413 22.4Iceland 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 149 0.0Ireland 6 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 50.0 0 0.0 3 50.0 4257 14.1Italy 165 0 0.0 NA NA NA NA 63 38.2 NA NA 67104 24.6Latvia 27 0 0.0 1 3.7 1 3.7 7 25.9 18 66.7 6556 41.2Liechtenstein 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 0.0Lithuania 32 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 34.4 21 65.6 9504 33.7Luxembourg 2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 100.0 0 0.0 644 31.1Malta Moldova 49 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 4.1 7 14.3 40 81.6 6337 77.3Monaco 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 32 0.0Montenegro 5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 60.0 2 40.0 1328 37.7



Country Totalnumberofdeathsinpenal

institutionsin2011

Ofwhich Totalnumberofinmateson1st

September2011

Mortalityrateper10,000inmates

Homicides %homicides

Accidents %accidents

Drug/alcohol

intoxications

%intoxications

Suicides %suicides

Othercauses(incl.illness)

%other

Netherlands 40 0 0.0 NA NA NA NA 15 37.5 NA NA 11579 34.5Norway 6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 66.7 2 33.3 3535 17.0Poland 127 NA NA NA NA NA NA 22 17.3 NA NA 81382 15.6Portugal 64 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 12.5 55 85.9 12681 50.5Romania 88 1 1.1 1 1.1 0 0.0 9 10.2 77 87.5 29823 29.5RussianFed. SanMarino 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0Serbia 90 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1 7 7.8 82 91.1 10955 82.2SlovakRep. 15 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 46.7 8 53.3 10713 14.0Slovenia 4 0 0.0 1 25.0 0 0.0 2 50.0 1 25.0 1273 31.4Spain(total) 204 4 2.0 3 1.5 48 23.5 17 8.3 132 64.7 71995 28.3Spain(StateAdm.) 149 4 2.7 2 1.3 39 26.2 15 10.1 89 59.7 61279 24.3Spain(Catalonia) 55 0 0.0 1 1.8 9 16.4 2 3.6 43 78.2 10716 51.3Sweden 14 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 7.1 7 50.0 6 42.9 6742 20.8Switzerland 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 60.0 NA NA 6065 16.5theFYROMacedonia 12 0 0.0 2 16.7 2 16.7 2 16.7 6 50.0 2515 47.7Turkey 270 2 0.7 8 3.0 0 0.0 31 11.5 229 84.8 126725 21.3Ukraine 1009 8 0.8 11 1.1 4 0.4 48 4.8 938 93.0 158532 63.6UK:Engl.&Wales 192 2 1.0 NA NA NA NA 57 29.7 133 69.3 85374 22.5UK:North.Ireland 4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 50.0 2 50.0 1703 23.5UK:Scotland 24 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8267 29.0Mean 0.5 1.5 4.6 26.8 53.3 29.8Median 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.6 59.5 26.3Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 8.3 25.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 82.2



TABLE 13.2: SUICIDES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011


Country

Totalnumberofdeathsinpenal

institutionsin2011

Suicides %suicidesOfwhich:Numberoffemales

%offemale

suicidesinthetotalnumberofsuicides

Totalnumberofinmateson

1stSeptember

2011

Suiciderateper10,000inmates

Albania 9 2 22.2 0 0.0 4772 4.2Andorra 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 36 0.0Armenia 32 6 18.8 0 0.0 4514 13.3Austria 37 13 35.1 2 15.4 8767 14.8Azerbaijan 145 12 8.3 2 16.7 20602 5.8Belgium 52 12 23.1 1 8.3 11825 10.1BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 2 1 50.0 0 0.0 1671 6.0BH:Rep.Srpska 4 0 0.0 0 0.0 1054 0.0Bulgaria 52 6 11.5 0 0.0 11137 5.4Croatia 13 2 15.4 0 0.0 5084 3.9Cyprus 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 688 0.0CzechRep. 38 9 23.7 0 0.0 23170 3.9Denmark 13 5 38.5 0 0.0 3947 12.7Estonia 12 3 25.0 0 0.0 3385 8.9Finland 9 7 77.8 0 0.0 3261 21.5France 169 100 59.2 4 4.0 64147 15.6Georgia Germany 128 53 41.4 3 5.7 70931 7.5Greece Hungary 39 9 23.1 1 11.1 17413 5.2Iceland 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 149 0.0Ireland 6 0 0.0 0 0.0 4257 0.0Italy 165 63 38.2 1 1.6 67104 9.4Latvia 27 7 25.9 2 28.6 6556 10.7Liechtenstein 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 0.0Lithuania 32 11 34.4 0 0.0 9504 11.6Luxembourg 2 2 100.0 0 0.0 644 31.1Malta Moldova 49 7 14.3 0 0.0 6337 11.0Monaco 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 32 0.0Montenegro 5 3 60.0 NA NA 1328 22.6Netherlands 40 15 37.5 0 0.0 11579 13.0Norway 6 4 66.7 0 0.0 3535 11.3Poland 127 22 17.3 NA NA 81382 2.7Portugal 64 8 12.5 0 0.0 12681 6.3Romania 88 9 10.2 4 44.4 29823 3.0RussianFed. SanMarino 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0Serbia 90 7 7.8 0 0.0 10955 6.4SlovakRep. 15 7 46.7 0 0.0 10713 6.5Slovenia 4 2 50.0 0 0.0 1273 15.7Spain(total) 204 17 8.3 1 5.9 71995 2.4Spain(StateAdm.) 149 15 10.1 1 6.7 61279 2.4Spain(Catalonia) 55 2 3.6 0 0.0 10716 1.9Sweden 14 7 50.0 0 0.0 6742 10.4Switzerland 10 6 60.0 NA NA 6065 9.9theFYROMacedonia 12 2 16.7 NA NA 2515 8.0Turkey 270 31 11.5 NA NA 126725 2.4Ukraine 1009 48 4.8 0 0.0 158532 3.0UK:Engl.&Wales 192 57 29.7 2 3.5 85374 6.7UK:North.Ireland 4 2 50.0 1 50.0 1703 11.7UK:Scotland 24 NA NA NA NA 8267 NAMean 12.5 26.8 4.8 7.7Median 6.5 22.6 0.0 6.5Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 100.0 100.0 50.0 31.1



TABLE 13.3: TYPES OF DEATHS AND SUICIDES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011


Country

Doesthedataincludepersonswhodiedor

committedsuicideinsideprison

hospitals?

Ifyes,howmany?

Ofwhich:Number

offemales

Doesthedata

includepersonswhodied

orcommittedsuicideincommunityhospitals?

Ifyes,howmany?

Ofwhich:Number

offemales

Doesthedataincludepersonswhodiedoutsideprison(e.g.duringa

prisonleaveorperiodofabsencebypermission)?

Ifyes,howmany?

Ofwhich:Number

offemales

Albania Yes 5 0 Yes 2 0 No *** ***Andorra Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Armenia Yes 12 0 Yes 8 0 No *** ***Austria Yes 1 0 Yes 5 0 Yes 1 0Azerbaijan Yes 113 0 No *** *** No *** ***Belgium Yes NA NA Yes 12 1 Yes 1 0BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 1 0BH:Rep.Srpska Yes 0 0 Yes 4 0 Yes 2 0Bulgaria Yes 15 0 Yes 7 0 Yes 12 0Croatia Yes 6 0 Yes NA 0 Yes NA 0Cyprus Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0CzechRep. Yes 12 0 Yes 25 0 Yes 1 0Denmark Yes NA NA Non *** *** No *** ***Estonia Yes 0 0 Yes 2 0 No *** ***Finland Yes 2 0 No *** *** No *** ***France Yes 2 0 No *** *** No *** ***Georgia Germany Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NAGreece Hungary Yes 20 1 Yes 2 0 Yes 0 0Iceland No *** *** Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Ireland No *** *** Yes 4 0 No *** ***Italy Yes NA NA Yes NA NA No *** ***Latvia Yes 12 0 Yes 6 0 No *** ***Liechtenstein Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Lithuania Yes 15 0 Yes 1 1 Yes 0 0Luxembourg Yes 0 0 No *** *** No *** ***Malta Moldova Yes 2 0 No *** *** No *** ***Monaco No *** 0 No *** 0 No *** 0Montenegro Yes 5 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Netherlands Yes 2 0 Yes 7 0 Yes 6 0Norway No *** *** No *** *** No *** ***Poland Yes NA NA Yes NA NA No *** ***Portugal Yes 12 0 Yes 0 0 No *** ***Romania Yes 55 4 Yes 18 0 No *** ***RussianFed. SanMarino Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Serbia Yes 2 0 Yes 6 0 Yes 2 0SlovakRep. Yes 7 1 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0Slovenia No *** *** Yes 1 0 Yes 0 0Spain(total) Yes 7 1 Yes 76 0 Yes 11 2Spain(StateAdm.) Yes 7 1 Yes 57 0 Yes 0 0Spain(Catalonia) No *** *** Yes 19 0 Yes 11 2Sweden Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NASwitzerland Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NAtheFYROMacedonia Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 1 0Turkey Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NAUkraine Yes 663 NA Yes 275 NA No *** ***UK:Engl.&Wales Yes NA NA Yes NA NA No *** ***UK:North.Ireland Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0 Yes 0 0UK:Scotland Yes NA NA Yes NA NA Yes NA NA



NOTES – TABLES 13.1, 13.2 AND 13.3

AUSTRIA Since 2011 there is a special unit in the Austrian Prison Directorate, investigating and

documentingeverysuicideinAustrianprisons.AZERBAIJAN

Table13.1(Othercauses):diseasesBELGIUM

Table 13.3: Deaths which occurred during the time served under Electronic Monitoring areincludedinthetotalnumberofdeaths.Yet,thosewhichoccludedduringtheauthorisedleavesorpermissionsarenotrecorded.

BH:FEDERATIONOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA Table13.3:Thereisnospecialprisonhospital.HoweverwithinZenicaPrisonperimeter,there

isasickbayforplacingorholdingillprisonerswhoservetheirsentencesinZenicaPrison.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)

Inthecourseof2011,allfourinmatesdiedofillnessinlocalhospitals.CZECHREPUBLIC

Table13.3:Onepersondiedduringthetransporttothecommunityhospital.FRANCE

Tables13.1,13.2and13.3:Areincludeddeathswhichoccurredwhileincustody,ofwhich:o 16suicideswhile theact committed in custodybut thedeathoccurredoutside ina community

hospital;o 2 suicides while the act committed and the death occurred outside prison, in a community

hospital;o 5suicidesof thepersonswith the statusof “écroués”butwhowere inexternalplacement (not

heldinprisons);o 57deathsoccurredinhospitalsandoutsidecustody;

Table13.3(deathsinprisonhospitals):Figuresrelatetothedeathswithintheregionalmedicalandpsychiatricservices.

HUNGARY Table13.1&13.3:Healthinstitutions oftheHungarianPrisonService("PrisonHospitals"):

o ForensicPsychiatricMentalInstitutiono CentralHospitalofthePrisonServiceo SzegedStrictandMediumRegimePrisonUnitIII,ChronicleMedicalafter‐careforprisoners

ICELAND Table13.3:ThereisnoprisonhospitalinIceland

IRELAND Table13.1(Other):1otherand2 InquestsPending; Table13.3:Theinformationonthepersonsconsideredasbeinginmatesbutwhodiedoutside

prisonwasnotcollatedin2011.ITALY

Except for cases of suicides and homicides, the information on the reasons of deaths is notcollatedforstatistics.

THENETHERLANDS Table 13.2 (suicide in communityhospitals): These deaths concern inmates who were inside

prisons,butbecauseofanacutesituationweretransferredtoacommunityclinic. Table13.2(deathsoutsideprisons):These inmatesat the timeof theirdeathwerenotstaying

insideaprison,butwere:o onleaveo followingapenitentiaryprogramoutsideprisono ina(non‐forensic)psychiatrichospital



NORWAY Suicide is defined in accordance with the Nordisk Statistisk registration rules. If an inmate

injureshimself inprisonand laterdiesof these injuriesoutsideof theprison(i.e. inoron thewaytohospital)thentheincidentisregisteredas“inprison”.Casesofoverdosearenotincludedunlessthereareclearindicationsthattheactwasintentional.

Death inprison includes thosewho died in hospital as a result of an action takenwhilst inprison.E.g.Asuicideattempt inprison isrecordedas“death inprison” if theperson laterdiesafterbeingtransferredtoahospital.

TherearenoprisonhospitalsinNorway.PORTUGAL

Prisonerswhodiedorcommittedsuicideincommunityhospitals:areincludedthedatafromthehospitalsundertheauthorityoftheNationalHealthService.

ErrataforSPACEI2011:FiguresmadeavailableinSPACEI2011reportdoactuallycorrespondto2011andnotto2010asrequestedinthequestionnaire.SPAIN(TOTAL)

(a) Figuresarecalculatedbytheauthorsofthisreportonthebasisofthedataprovidedbynationalcorrespondents. Therefore, these figures should not be considered as official inputs. FigurespresentedastotalswerenotusedforthecalculationsofmeanandmedianEuropeanvalues.

SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION)(b) TherearenotprisonhospitalsinSpanishPrison system,only2penitentiarypsychiatriccenters.

SWEDEN Figures on the number of deaths are only for final sentenced prisoners. Data on pre‐trial

detaineesarenotavailable.UKRAINE

Table15.3(deathsinsideprisonhospitals):663 deaths,ofwhich415 indiverseprisonhospitalsand218inTBhospitals.

UK:ENGLANDANDWALES Totalnumberofdeaths inpenal institutions includesalldeaths inprisoncustodyarising from

incidentsinprisoncustodyirrespectiveofcauseoreventuallocationofdeath. Similarly, the figure of suicides includes all suicides irrespective of final location of death.

Moreover, figures forsuicidesare forself‐inflicteddeaths.Thesearedeathsresulting fromthedeceased'sownactionsregardlessofintent.

UK:SCOTLAND TheScottishPrisonServicedoesnothaveadedicatedhospitalfacilitywithintheprisonestate. Figuresareforthereportingyear1April2011to31March2012.

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In202010onein

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TABLE 14: EXPENSES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 (IN €)

Row‐data:(a) Averageamountspentperdayforthedetentionofonepersonin2011;(b) ‐//‐inpre‐trialdetentionin2011(€/day);(c) ‐//‐inthecorrectionalfacilityin2011(€/day);(d) ‐//‐inthespecialfacility/sectionforpersonswithpsychiatricdisordersin2011(€/day);(e) ‐//‐inaninstitutionforjuvenileoffendersin2011(€/day);(f) Totalnumberofdaysspentinpenalinstitutionsin2011(incl.pre‐trialdetention);(g) Numberofdaysspentinpre‐trialdetentionin2011;(h) Numberofdaysspentininstitutionsforjuvenileoffendersin2011;

Calculated:(i) Generalaverageamountperinmate=mean(b,c,d,e);(j) Averageamountperinmate(pre‐trial&sentenced)=mean(b,c);(k) Totalamountlikelytohavebeenspentforallpre‐trialdetaineesin2011=b*g;(l) Totalamountlikelytohavebeenspentforalljuvenileinmatesin2011=e*h;(m) Totalamountlikelytohavebeenspentforallcategoriesofinmatesin2011=(mean[b,c,d,e])*f.

(n) TotalbudgetspentbyPrisonAdministrationin2011(rawdataprovidedbythePrisonAdministrations)


Country (a)Ofwhich:

(f)Ofwhich:

(i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)(b) (c) (d) (e) (g) (h)Albania 13.15€ 14.5€ 12.23€ 65.27€ 38.39€ 1160335 674885 46355 32.61€ 13.4€ 9812828€ 1779568€ 37835624€ 28117884€

Andorra 158.59€ 158.6€ 158.59€ NAP 158.59€ 18276 7541 160 158.59€ 158.6€ 1195927€ 25374€ 2898391€ 3083904€

Armenia 6.07€ 5.8€ 6.39€ NAP 6.29€ NA NA NA 6.15€ 6.1€ NA NA NA 13447825€

Austria 99.00€ NA NA 179.00€ NA 3215560 679922 54677 99.00€ NA NA NA 318340440€ 349026836€

Azerbaijan 9.75€ 5.1€ 10.25€ NA 43.84€ NA NA NA 19.72€ 7.7€ NA NA NA 71757005€

Belgium NA NA NA NA NA 4032082 1366866 29376 NA NA NA NA NA 579835857€

BH:BiH(st.level)BH:Fed.BiH 32.11€ 32.1€ 32.11€ 32.11€ 32.11€ 588662 108240 8395 32.11€ 32.1€ 3475586€ 269563€ 18901937€ 22154755€

BH:Rep.Srpska 29.00€ 29.0€ 29.00€ NA 29.00€ 384710 48910 4745 29.00€ 29.0€ 1418390€ 137605€ 11156590€ 12683000€

Bulgaria 3.12€ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Croatia NA 8.2€ 13.60€ 16.68€ 9.55€ 1902015 389090 29930 12.01€ 10.9€ 3186647€ 285832€ 22833690€ 71857178€

Cyprus NA NA NA NAP NA 350302 163959 7006 NA NA NA NA NA NA

CzechRep. 22.00€ NA NA NA NA 8369324 881471 56582 22.00€ NA NA NA 184125128€ 293202000€

Denmark 183.00€ 179.0€ 204.00€ NA NAP 1473615 535273 NAP 191.50€ 191.5€ 95813867€ NAP 282197273€ NA

Estonia 31.45€ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.45€ NA NA NA NA 39833596€

Finland 162.00€ 162.0€ 162.00€ 255.00€ NAP 1149385 218270 NAP 193.00€ 162.0€ 35359740€ NAP 221831305€ 192691000€

France 96.03€ 85.4€ 108.48€ NA 496.05€ 23571855 6044642 89441 229.99€ 97.0€ 516454212€ 44367208€ 5421290931€ 2263746691€

GeorgiaGermany 110.70€ NA NA NA NA 25340290 NA 2111416 110.70€ NA NA NA 2805170103€ 2805188561€



Country (a)Ofwhich:

(f)Ofwhich:

(i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n)(b) (c) (d) (e) (g) (h)GreeceHungary 27.60€ 27.6€ 27.60€ 35.99€ 39.62€ 6870987 NA NA 32.70€ 27.6€ NA NA 224698452€ 173665871€

Iceland 140.00€ 140.0€ 140.00€ NAP NAP 55347 5454 NAP 140.00€ 140.0€ 763560€ NAP 7748580€ 7885000€

Ireland 179.00€ 179.0€ 179.00€ 179.00€ 967.00€ 1612772 231712 28343 376.00€ 179.0€ 41476448€ 27407681€ 606402272€ 348400000€

Italy 123.75€ NA NA NA NAP 24476510 10274568 NA 123.75€ NA NA NAP 3028968113€ NA

Latvia 13.47€ 13.5€ NA 17.90€ 63.35€ NA NA NA 31.57€ 13.5€ NA NA NA NA

Liechtenstein 230.00€ 230.0€ 230.00€ 325.00€ NA 4619 726 0 261.67€ 230.0€ 166980€ NA 1208638€ NA

Lithuania 13.67€ 14.4€ 13.50€ NAP 39.09€ 3449250 701530 70445 22.32€ 13.9€ 10080986€ 2753695€ 76987260€ 564951630€

Luxembourg 189.03€ 189.0€ 189.03€ 189.03€ 0.00€ 240606 NA NA 141.77€ 189.0€ NA NA 34111314€ 45481238€

MaltaMoldova 6.67€ 5.1€ 8.28€ NAP 13.48€ NA NA NA 8.94€ 6.7€ NA NA NA 16563171€

Monaco 49.70€ NA NA NA NA 7955 2498 NA 49.70€ NA NA NA 395364€ 2630618€

Montenegro 15.00€ 15.0€ 15.00€ NAP NA 448950 128115 NA 15.00€ 15.0€ 1921725€ NA 6734250€ 8189087€

Netherlands 202.65€ 191.3€ 192.89€ 363.93€ 543.00€ 4321235 2133790 NA 322.78€ 192.1€ 408172689€ NA 875698273€ 622231519€

Norway 277.00€ 277.0€ 277.00€ NAP NAP 1322110 339985 NAP 277.00€ 277.0€ 94175845€ NAP 366224470€ 414081000€

Poland 19.25€ 19.3€ 19.25€ NA NAP 20189237 NA NA 19.25€ 19.3€ NA NA 388642812€ 847599150€

Portugal 47.81€ 47.8€ 47.81€ NA NA 4456103 868609 NA 47.81€ 47.8€ 41528196€ NA 213046284€ NA

Romania 15.65€ NA 15.55€ NA 17.43€ 12809358 342764 706170 16.49€ 15.6€ NA 12308543€ 211226313€ 200447595€

RussianFed.SanMarino 750.00€ 750.0€ 750.00€ NAP 750.00€ 389 389 0 750.00€ 750.0€ 291750€ 0€ 291750€ NA

Serbia 15.00€ 15.0€ 10.00€ 35.00€ 30.00€ 4500000 1100 000 85000 22.50€ 12.5€ 16500000€ 2550000€ 101250000€ 60000000€

SlovakRep. 35.61€ 35.6€ 35.61€ 84.36€ 27.47€ NA NA NA 45.76€ 35.6€ NA NA NA 138382842€

Slovenia 83.00€ 83.0€ 83.00€ NA NA 488151 111434 10037 83.00€ 83.0€ 9249022€ NA 40516533€ 40343175€

Spain(total) 64.99€ 65.0€ 64.99€ NA NAP 26487771 4849975 NAP 64.99€ 65.0€ 315175625€ NAP 1721307798€ 1538426583€

Spain(StateAdm.) 54.66€ 54.7€ 54.66€ NA NAP 22575615 4135085 NAP 54.66€ 54.7€ 226023746€ NAP 1233983116€ 1196593430€

Spain(Catalonia) 75.31€ 75.3€ 75.31€ NA NAP 3912156 714890 NAP 75.31€ 75.3€ 53838366€ NAP 294624468€ 341833153€

Sweden 301.00€ 332.0€ NA NA NAP 2285487 642012 NAP 301.00€ 332.0€ 213147984€ NAP 687931587€ 644845409€

Switzerland NA 187.0€ 312.00€ NA NA 2205814 630037 NA 249.50€ 249.5€ 117816919€ NA 550350593€ NA

theFYROMacedonia 10.00€ 10.0€ 9.00€ NA 14.00€ 932638 117942 18715 11.00€ 9.5€ 1179420€ 262010€ 10259018€ 9500000€

Turkey 15.27€ 15.3€ 15.27€ NA 15.27€ 232308911 29369478 1454568 15.27€ 15.3€ 448471929€ 22211253€ 3547357071€ 674434883€

Ukraine 3.06€ 3.1€ 3.06€ NA NA NA NA NA 3.06€ 3.1€ NA NA NA NA

UK:Engl.&Wales 110.00€ NA 108.00€ NA 243.00€ NA NA NA 175.50€ 108.0€ NA NA NA 3465000000€

UK:North.Ireland NA NA NA NA 879.36€ NA NA 9784 879.36€ NA NA 8603658€ NA 153832243€

UK:Scotland 32.37€ 32.4€ 32.37€ NA 32.37€ NA NA NA 32.37€ 32.4€ NA NA NA 373200000€

Mean 95€ 103€ 102€ 137€ 187€ 131€ 104€ 94060911€ 8782999€ 642212881€ 462073435€

Median 42€ 36€ 36€ 84€ 35€ 49€ 36€ 16500000€ 2164784€ 212136299€ 173665871€

Minimum 3€ 3€ 3€ 17€ 0€ 3€ 3€ 166980€ 0€ 291750€ 2630618€

Maximum 750€ 750€ 750€ 364€ 967€ 879€ 750€ 516454212€ 44367208€ 5421290931€ 3465000000€



TABLE 14.A: CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE CALCULATION OF CUSTODIAL EXPENSES IN

2011, IN TABLE 14

14.1Security 14.2Healthcare(incl.medicalcare,psychiatricservices,pharmaceuticals,dentalcareetc.) 14.3Services(incl.maintenance,utilities,maintenanceofinmaterecords,reception,assignment,transportation,etc.) 14.4Administration(excl.extra‐institutionalexpenditures) 14.5Support(incl.food,inmateactivities,inmateemployment,clothing,etc.) 14.6Rehabilitationprograms(incl.academiceducation,vocationaltraining,substanceabuseprograms,etc.) 14.7Other

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.14.A

Country 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7

Albania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoAndorra Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoArmenia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoAustria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesAzerbaijan Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoBelgium Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoBH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoBH:Rep.Srpska Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoBulgaria Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes NoCroatia No Yes Yes No Yes Yes NoCyprus NA NA NA NA NA NA NACzechRep. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesDenmark Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoEstonia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesFinland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesFrance Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesGeorgia Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesGreece Hungary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoIceland Yes No Yes Yes Yes No NoIreland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesItaly Yes Yes/No Yes Yes Yes Yes NoLatvia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesLiechtenstein Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes NoLithuania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoLuxembourg Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoMalta Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoMoldova Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoMonaco Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No NoMontenegro Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoNetherlands Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoNorway Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoPoland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoPortugal NA NA NA NA NA NA NARomania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesRussianFed. SanMarino Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSerbia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSlovakRep. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSlovenia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSpain(total) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSpain(StateAdm.) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSpain(Catalonia) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSweden Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesSwitzerland NA NA NA NA NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTurkey Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoUkraine Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoUK:Engl.&Wales Yes No Yes Yes Yes No NoUK:North.Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoUK:Scotland Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes



NOTES – TABLES 14 AND 14.A

Data included in Table 14 are not necessarily comparable across countries. In order to ensure morereliablecomparisons,wepresentinTable14.Athecategorieswhichareincludedinthecalculationofthecustodial expenses by each country. Nevertheless, these figures should be used cautiously not onlybecause the definition of the categoriesmay differ from one country to another, but also because thepurchasingpowervarieswidelyacrossEurope.

AUSTRIA Table14.A (point14.7): For example financial income support of prisoners to be released,

clothesforprisonerstobereleasedetc.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(FEDERATION)

Table14:thetotalbudgetspentincludesallcostsexceptcapitalinvestment.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)

Table14point(d):ThiscategoryofinmatesisunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofHealthandSocialProtectionof theRep. Srpska.Therefore, there isno special budget foreseen in thebudgetofthePrisonAdministrationforthesepeople.

BULGARIA Figures included in Table 14 do not include salaries of staff, including security staff and

administration staff. There is no specific data available for the average amount per day for apersoninthe institutions for juvenileoffenders,psychiatricprisonhospital,pre‐trialdetentionorcorrectionalfacility.

CROATIA Thereisnoseparatebreakdownofthecostsforpre‐trialdetaineesandconvictedprisoners.

CZECHREPUBLIC Figures inTable14 include investments; thePrisonServiceof theCzechRepublicprovidesall

escorts(tothecourts,tohospitals,tootherprisons,escortsfromabroadetc.) Theamountiscountedineachorganisationalunit(prisonorremandprison)butitisnotstated

foreachperson(pre‐trialdetainee,juvenileorothers).ESTONIA

Table14.A (point14.7): different investments(sports equipment, kitchen equipment etc.), alump‐sumbenefitifaninmateisreleased,etc.

FINLAND Table14.A(point14.7):inthiscategoryofcostsarealsoincludedrentalcosts.

FRANCE Table14point(e):Theexpensesof institutionsfor juvenileoffendersincludethecostsborne

by the Judicial Youth Protection Directorate inherent in the functioning of this type ofestablishments(staffandoperating).

Table16.A(point16.7):Otherexpensescorrespondtocontributions tothecentralagencyofsocialsecurity(ACOSS).

GERMANY Thetotalcostsoftheprisonserviceamountedto€2,805,188,561,ofwhich:

o €2,454,710,784withoutconstructioncostso €350,477,777constitutesconstructioncosts

For 25,340,290 days spent in penal institutions (point (f) Table 14), as result, there is in anamountof€110.70perpersonperday:€96.87perpersonperdaywithoutconstructioncostsplus€13.83addforconstructioncosts.

Table14.A (point14.7): the average amount includes all costs in connectionwith the penalsystem(suchasstaff,constructioncosts).

ICELAND Table14.A: The fees for education in custody are paid by the Ministry of Education who is

responsibleforthat.Yet,thePPAisresponsibleforprogramsandtraining.



IRELAND Table14point(e):IrishYouthJusticeService (IYJS)calculationsrefertoreducedoperationalbed

space capacityof 44 spaces.Additional transportation for certain childrenprovidedbyGardaí(police).AdditionaladministrativesupportprovidedbytheDepartmentofJusticeandEquality.Additional academic education provided by the Department of Education and Skills. Amountspentperdayisapplicablewhetherthechildisremanded(pre‐trial)orcommitted(sentenced).

ITALY In2011,theexpensesarecalculatedonanaveragedailypresenceof67,405 inmates.Breakdown

ofcosts(thebasisofcalculationistheaveragedailycost):o Goodsandservices&ITservice=6.51€o Previousdebtsforgoodsandservices=4.74€o Staff=99.42€o Maintenance,assistance,rehabilitation,prisoners'transport=7.00€o Investments=6.08€

Total=123.75€perinmateandperday Table14.A(point14.2):healthcarecostsarecoveredbythePenitentiaryAdministrationonly

in theRegionwithSpecialStatute. IntheremainingRegions, thecostsofprisoners'healthcarearecoveredbytheNationalHealthcareService.

LATVIA Table14point(d):PrisonHospitalofLatvia. Table 14.A (point 14.7): Taxes and duties, repairs and maintenance costs, capital repairs,

construction,etc.LIECHTENSTEIN

Table14point(d): anypersonwith special treatment needs is to be held in. Austrian penalinstitutions.Thefeesare325€/day.

Table14.A:Theonlyexistingprison inLiechtenstein is toosmalland, therefore, theexpensesaredividedwithotherpartner institutions(i.e. thepolicepayforsecurityandtransportations,theadministrativetasksaresharedwithservicesfrompoliceaswell).

o Allinmatesarerequestedtohavethehealthinsurance;o Arecalculatedthefoodandthehygienicitems;o Theamountoftheguardsandstaffisincluded(thisamountcanchange,becauseitbelongstothe

numberofinmatesdefactopresentatthepenalinstitutions);o Theamortizationamountofthebuildingisnotincluded;o TheTransportationsishandledbythepolice;o Theadministrationisalsosharedinpartwiththepolice;o Therehabilitationprogramsbythe"VereinfürBewährungshilfe"andsomeexternalinstitutions.

LITHUANIA Table14.A(point14.6):Trainingcategoryisincludedonlypartially:maintenanceofeducation

roomsandrenovationexpenses.LUXEMBOURG

Asthepre‐trialdetaineesandsentencedprisonersareheldinthesameplace,thecostsappliedtoensurethedetentionarethesameforbothcategories.

MOLDOVA Theamountsincludethecostofallservicesprovidedtoinmates,aswellasstaffsalaries.

MONACO TheMonaco’sArrestHouse,theonlydetentionfacilityinthePrincipalityofMonaco,isdesigned

for pre‐trial detention and for detention of persons serving short prison sentences.Exceptionally,itmaybetheplaceofdetentionofprisonerssentencedtolongprisonterms.Thisisanimportantelementtobeconsideredincomparisons;

Table14.A: The facility has a budget‐line forwork of inmates. Yet, the school and universityleveltrainings(AUXILIA)arepaidfromthebudgetofsocialassistance.



THENETHERLANDS FiguresincludedinTable14refertotheadult prisonsystem. Table14:

o Point (a): There is no total figure because of different types of regime inside prisons.Therefore,thisfigureisaroughestimationonthebasisofthefiguresgiveninpoints(b),(c)and(d).

o Point(b):PriceofabasicplaceinaHouseofDetention(includingoverheadcosts).o Point(c):Priceofaclosedprisonplace(includingoverheadcosts).o Point (d): Price of a place in one of the 5 Psychiatric Penitentiary Complexes which are

meant for pre‐trial aswell as sentencedprisoners (including overhead costsmade by theheadquarters).

o Point(e):Thecostsofregulareducationintheseinstitutionsarenotincludedinthisprice.TheDepartmentofEducation,CultureandSciencepaysforthis.

o Point(m):Thecalculationisbasedontheexpensesmadeincustody(adultregularregimeonly). Juvenile inmatesandpeoplebeing treated in custodial clinicsunderhospitalordersareexcludedfromthiscalculation.

Juvenileprisonersandpeoplebeing treated in custodial clinicsunderahospitalorderarenotincluded.Thereforealltheamountsfortheseadditionalcategoriesarepresented intheTable14onlyforinformation.

NORWAY Table14points(b)and(c):Therearenospecialprisonsforremanddetainees.Thereforeitis

notpossibletospecifytheexpenditureonthesegroupsseparately. Table14points(d):Thisgroupofpersonsisnotbeingheldinprisonestablishmentsandisnot

undertheresponsibilityoftheCorrectionalService. Table14points(e):Therearenospecialinstitutionsforjuvenileoffenders.

POLAND Table14point(n): 847599150 € is the total budget including pensionpayments.The total

budgetspentwithoutpensionpaymentsis585659740€.PORTUGAL

Table14:Theaverageamount isprovided for thepre‐trialdetaineesandconvictedprisonersaltogether.

ROMANIA Table14.A (point14.7): Other types of costs included are salaries of staff, heritage objects,

services, current reparation works, internal displacements, as well as costs of capitalimprovements,maintenanceandequipmentofpenalinstitutions.

SLOVAKREPUBLIC Table14point(d):84.36€/day – correspondsto theexpenses forallcategoriesofpatientsin

PrisonHospital,notonlypersonswithpsychiatricdisorders. Table14.A (point14.7): Wages of civil employees, salaries of prison officers, payments for

insurance and contribution to insurance companies, common transfers‐ for sick benefits,severancepay,forcompensation,remunerationsforextra‐workcivilemployees.



SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Table 14.A (point 14.7): Cost generated by the functioning of the National Prison

Administration(HeadOffice).SPAIN(CATALONIA)

Theaveragesamountof75.31 €/dayisthesameforallthecategoriesofinmates. The average cost includes the security inside penal institutions, but not the outside one. The

expensesoftheinmates’transportationsarecoveredbyCatalonianpolice.



SWEDEN There are no special prisons for remand detainees. Therefore it is not possible to specify the

expenditureonthispopulationseparately.SWITZERLAND

Table14: All the available figures are generated by the Federal Ministry of Justice and theycorrespondtothefunctioningcosts.


Table14.A(point14.7):Expensesforconveyingtheprisonerstocourtortootherprison.TURKEY

Table14:o Point(a):15.2720€/day(41TL)o Point(b):Pre‐trialdetentioncostsforeachoffenderarecoveredbycourthouseservices.o Point(c):ThetreatmentcostsofoffendersarecoveredbyMinistryofJusticebudget.o Point(m):TotalbudgetspentbythePrisonAdministrationin2011wasof674,434,883.2160€

(whichis1.832.703.487TL)(1€=2.7174TL).UKRAINEFigureavailableforbothprisonersanddetaineesofdifferentcategories.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Thefiguresshownare inEurosandhavebeenconvertedfrom£sterlingattheYearlyAverageExchangeRatefor2011of€1.151701to£1.

All figureshavebeencalculatedfromthe2011‐12prisoncosts,whichwerepublishedon25thOctober2012.

Table14:Thetotalresourceexpenditurefor2011/12was3.465billionEuros:o Point(a):istheaveragedailycostperprisonerforallpublicandprivatesectorprisons

inEnglandandWales.o Point(c):The108€perdayrelatestoallotherprisons,excludingthose inthe15‐17

agebracket.o Point(e):The243€averagecostperprisonerofajuvenileoffenderiscalculatedfrom

prisonswithinthe“MaleYOIyoungpeople(ages15‐17)”function.Table14.A:

o Theseaverage costs comprise theprisonestablishments’overall resource expenditure,which isthe direct local establishment cost, increased by an apportionment of relevant costs bornecentrally by NOMS, including property costs (such as depreciation), major maintenance,headquarterscosts,prisonerescortandcustodyservices,andexpenditurerechargedtotheYouthJusticeBoard.

o Expenditurewhich ismetbyOtherGovernmentDepartments, suchasonhealth andeducation,andthecostofprisonersheldinpolicecellsunderOperationSafeguard,isnotincluded.

o Expenditure not related to prisons (such as Probation), extraordinary expenditure (e.g.impairments)andcostsrelatingtoelectronicmonitoringarealsonotincludedinthecosts.

o Dover, Haslar and Morton Hall's expenditure are excluded as they are Immigration RemovalCentresoperatingunderDetentionCentreRules2001.

o ExpenditureincurreddirectlybytheYouthJusticeBoardonSecureChildrens'HomesandSecureTreatmentcentresisnotincluded.

UK:NORTHERNIRELAND Table14:

o Point(e):£763convertedinEUR(Rate1.1525)o Point(m):£133,477,000convertedinEUR(Rate1.1525)

UK:SCOTLAND Itisnotdirectlypossibletocalculatethecostofpre‐traildetention.Figureshavebeenproduced

usingtheannualcostofholdingoneprisonerincustody. Escortservicesareincludedat12,000,000fortotalbudgetspendbutarenotincludedaspartof

theaveragecostofdetainingoneprisoner. Figuresareforthereportingyear1April2011to31March2012.

Strasb

bourg, 28 April 22014, pc‐cp\spa

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ace\documents

Prison

s\pc‐cp (2014) 5

n Staff

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of Europe Annuaal Penal Statistics

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C‐CP (2014) 5

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TABLE 15: STAFF WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL‐TIME EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)


Country

Totalnumberofstaff

Staffatthenationalprisonadministration(HeadOffice)

Staffinregionalprison

administrationoffices

Otherstaffemployedbytheprisonadm.,butwhoworkOUTSIDEpenal

institutions

Totalnumberof

staffworking

INSIDEpenalinstitutions

Ofwhich:

Executives(managers)of

penalinstitutions

Custodialstaff

Medicalandparamedical

staff

Staffresponsibleforassessment

andthepsychologists

Staffresponsibleforeducationactivities(including

socialworkers,teachers/

educators,etc.)

Staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining

Otherstaffworking


(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

Albania 3809 180 431 NAP 3198 22 2837 218 60 61 4 0Andorra 71 2 0 0 69 2 57 9 0 1 0 0Armenia 2210 218 364 NAP 1628 95 1299 106 46 33 NAP 49Austria 3748.16 68.78 NAP NAP 3679.38 89 3044.51 117.18 74.91 118.71 NA 235.07Azerbaijan 3717 187 NAP 978 2552 40 1404 NAP 23 19 NAP 1066Belgium 8958.20 NA NA NA 8498.90 225.40 7033.74 243.45 337.30 NA NA NABH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 983 NAP NAP NAP 983 19 682 28 12 23 27 192BH:Rep.Srpska 836 7 NAP NAP 829 6 471 15 12 70 156 99Bulgaria 4391 111 300 NA 3980 13 3461 125 29 314 NA 38Croatia 2652 62 NAP NAP 2590 195 1576 120 16 232 265 186Cyprus 450 NAP NAP NAP 450 14 408 0 0 2 26 0CzechRep. 10879.8 173.5 NAP 3065.4 7640.9 109 1987 423.1 1413.3 84 3625

Denmark 4801 269 292 771 3470 48 2564 149 NA 99 419 191Estonia 1721.25 28 0 1 1692.25 15 760 105.45 21 29 8 753.8Finland 2694 83 143 140 2328 98 1394 191 275 197 173France 34690.7 407.9 1656.1 3959 28667.7 341.1 25082.2 NA NA NA 146.5 3097.9Georgia Germany 36666 NAP 439 0 36227 414 26768 236 649 1715 2124 4321Greece Hungary 7840 219 NAP NA 7621 431 4419 611 211 476 NAP 1473Iceland 115 16 7 0 92 3 76 NAP 2 2 11 2Ireland 3602.2 126.53 35 143 3297.67 74 2833.7 138.97 19.6 1 168.5 61.84Italy 46252 1458 1285 2649 40860 206 36794 72 2 926 NA 2860Latvia 2557 133 NAP NAP 2424.5 37 1747 119 138 36 21 326.5Liechtenstein 16 0 0 0 16 1 15 0 0 0 0 0Lithuania 3428 68 NAP 267 3093 34 1976 273 35 200 11 564Luxembourg 401.5 4 0 0 397.5 5 294 1 5.25 19.5 32 40.75Malta Moldova 2846 134 NAP 250 2462 42 778 265.5 28 119 0 1229.5



Country

Totalnumberofstaff

Staffatthenationalprisonadministration(HeadOffice)

Staffinregionalprison


Otherstaffemployedbytheprisonadm.,butwhoworkOUTSIDEpenal

institutions

Totalnumberof

staffworking


Ofwhich:

Executives(managers)of

penalinstitutions

Custodialstaff

Medicalandparamedical

staff

Staffresponsibleforassessment

andthepsychologists

Staffresponsibleforeducationactivities(including

socialworkers,teachers/

educators,etc.)

Staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining

Otherstaffworking


(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

Monaco 45 0 0 0 45 2 32 2 0 0 0 9Montenegro 504 0 0 0 504 4 417 15 16 20 32 0Netherlands 12533.8 309.9 646.8 914.2 10662.9 176.0 7032.3 317.6 104.5 325.8 920.3 1786.4Norway 3745.6 33.5 173.7 110.9 3427.5 74.4 2351.6 0 0 0 554.9 446.6Poland 29497 423 509 404 28161 1704 15768 1563 636 2351 NAP 6139Portugal 5688 359 NAP NAP 5329 49 4239 NA NA 417 NA 624Romania 12141 273 NAP 382 11486 755 4076 711 90 411 29 5414RussianFed. SanMarino 8 NAP NAP 0 8 1 7 0 0 0 0 0Serbia 4248 59 NAP NAP 4189 37 2552 287 24 262 518 509SlovakRep. 5183 141 NAP 852 4190 60 719 236 86 275 NAP 2814Slovenia 893 35 NAP NAP 858 53 533 15 7 79 91 80Spain(total) 29975 580 NA NAP 29395 454 18620 1182 982 1704 749 5704Spain(StateAdm.) 25061 388 NA NAP 24673 393 15469 957 645 1466 659 5084Spain(Catalonia) 4914 192 NAP NAP 4722 61 3151 225 337 238 90 620Sweden 6799 320 175 339 5965 265 4198 113 24 249 312 804Switzerland 3812 NA NA NA 3627 336 1830 208 518 735theFYROMacedonia 758 15 NAP NAP 743 32 515 23 30 30 35 78Turkey 40018 175 224 11 39608 911 33788 138 215 439 1278 2839Ukraine 54067 320 1529 5667 46551 675 13622 3531 304 173 905 27341UK:Engl.&Wales 42345 1508 467 0 40369 1797 28892 236 624 795 0 8025UK:North.Ireland 2063.09 214 142 42 1665.09 176 1271 13.54 25 39 64 76.55UK:Scotland 4123 512 388 0 3223 91 3074 0 54 0 4 0



NOTES – TABLE 15

ALBANIA Point(k):Thenumberof staff responsible forworkshopsorvocational training ispartof the

personnelofthenationalprisonadministration,centraloffice.Thereforetheyarealsoaccountedunderthepoint(b).

AUSTRIA The accounting rules among categories were adjusted and there is nomore double‐counting

amongheadings.Comparisonswith2011datashouldbemadecautiously.AZERBAIJAN

Point(h):ThiscategoryofstaffisemployedbytheGeneralMedicalDirectorateoftheMinistryofJustice.

Point (j): External teachers are not employed by the Prison Administration. Therefore, theirnumberisnotmadevisibleinTable15.

BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA) Point(b):ThecentralprisonadministrationinthiscaseistheSectorforexecutionofcriminal

sanctionsintheMinistryofJusticeofRepublikaSrpska.CYPRUS

AllfiguresconcernonlythePrisoninstitution. Points (h), (i), and (j): Medical staff, psychologists, social workers and educators are not

employedbythePrisonDepartment,buttheyworkexclusivelyforthePrisonDepartment.CZECHREPUBLIC

National counting rules applied: All staff that isnot incontact with inmates is considered asworkingOUTSIDEpenalinstitutions.WhileINSIDEstaffmeans:

o Thosewhophysicallyworkinareaswhereprisonersareplaced,oro Thosewhoareresponsibleforpenalactivities,oro Thosewhoarebasicallymembersofnumberofstaffoftherespectivepenalinstitutions.

Point (d): Staff at the Institute for Prison Staff Education, judicial guards, administration,logisticsetc.

Point(g):Uniformedstaffintouchwithprisoners(wardens) Points (h) and (i): The same people are responsible for education and assessment. This

categoryofstaffincludesteachers,educators,therapists,psychologists,socialworkers. Point (l): includes teachers in schools (59) and "leaders" ofworkshops in vocational schools

(24,5)=83,5 Point (l): Escort officers, guards at gates and perimeters, drivers, dog keepers, prevention

officers TEMPORARYMISSINGSTAFF:Thetotalnumberofstaffincludes46temporarymissingpeople.

Thenumberconsistsof femaleuniformedstaffonmaternity leave(23)andstaffon long‐termsick leave(23).Thetotalnumberofstaffdoesnot include198temporarymissingpeople.Thenumberconsistsoffemaleuniformedstaffwhoareathomewiththeirchildrenaftermaternityleave"familyleave"(90)andfemalecivilianstaffonmaternityleaveand"familyleave"(108).

DENMARK Point (d): Under this heading are included staffs employed in probation services, halfway‐

housesandtheCentralEducationCentre. Thedifferenceof1personbetweenthebreakdownandthetotalfigureisduetotherounding.

FINLAND Points(i)and(j):Countedalltogether.

FRANCE Point(c):StudentsfromtheNationalSchoolofPenitentiaryAdministrationandthePenitentiary

EmploymentServiceareincludedaswellunderthisheading. Points(h)and(i):Medicalandparamedical staffworking in thehealthcareunits insidepenal

institutionsisexclusivelyemployedbytheMinistryofHealth(sincetheLawof1994).Noneof



theprofessionalsoftheabovecategoriesisemployedbytheMinistryofJustice. Point(j):Thereisnosocialworkeremployedinprisons.Theonlypeopleallowedtoworkinthe

social field are probation and rehabilitation advisors and they are employed by the PrisonAdministration.

GERMANY Point(c):staffof15outofthe16prisonadministrations(HeadOffices)inthe16“Länder”. Point(h): onlymedical staff; special data of paramedical staff is not available; insofar staff is

includedinthepoint(g). Point(l):Otherstaffworkinginsidepenalinstitutions‐:

o higherintermediateprisonandadministrativeservice:1,446o otheradministrationstaff(includingsecretarystaff):2,301o pastors:91o others:482

HUNGARY Point (e): Those who are working in the Prison Service Head Quarters are considered as

workinginsidepenalinstitutions.Yet,theywereexcludedfrompoint(e)andcountedonlyunderheading(b).

ICELAND Figuresfrompoints(i)and(j)areincludedaswellinthepoint(b). Thereforethereisavisible

discrepancyof4persons.ITALY

Point(h):Thehealthcarestaffmembersworkinginprisonareemployedby‐andtheirnumberis surveyedby ‐ theNationalHealthcareService.The72persons included in thepoint (h)areemployed under special contracts paidby the PenitentiaryAdministration. Thesemembers ofhealthcare staff perform their duties in the regionswith Special Statute (Sicily, Friuli VeneziaGiuliaandSardinia).

LATVIA Point(f):Thereare12prisonsinLatvia.Dataofthispointincludesprisonchiefsanddeputies of

theprisonchiefs.LIECHTENSTEIN

Under points (b), (c) and (d) there are no staff presented. This is due to the fact that staffemployedissharedbetweencustodialandpoliceduties.Thedetentionunitsare locatedinthesamebuildingwiththepolicestation.

Points from (h) to (l): these special services are given by different departments of theGovernment.Thereisaweeklyrequestofstaffifneedbe.

LITHUANIA In Table 15 the breakdown is based on full and part‐time employees of the Prison

Administration. Staff working in penal institutions but not directly employed by the PrisonAdministrationhavenotbeenincluded.

AllthefiguresoftheTableareon1stJuly2012.MONACO

Point(a):44FTE+2PTE. Point(h):1doctorand1dentist,bothpart‐timeemployed.

PORTUGAL Data are the FTE equivalents calculated for the staff employed by the Penitentiary

Administrationon31stDecember2012. Points (h) and (i): In addition to medical and paramedical staff employed by Penitentiary

Administration, somemedical,nursingandpsychologicaldutiesarealsoperformedbyprivatecompanieswhichareundercontractmadewiththePenitentiaryAdministration.

ROMANIA Point(c):StaffattheNationalTrainingSchoolofPenitentiaryAgents inTârguOcna,theTraining

CentreforPrisonOfficersinArad,theVocationalTrainingandRecreationCentreforPrisonStaffin



Sovata,theHotelstaffinEforieSud,theSupplyManagementandRepairCentre‐BucharestJilavaandtheUnitofsurveillanceandescortsforinmatestobetransferred.

Point(g):Figurerelatesonlytopersonnelwhohaveresponsibilitiesofsurveillance inprisonsand responsibilities of escorting inmates outside prisons (to hospitals, to judicial authorities,externalworkunits).

Point(l):Amongothercategoriesofstaff,thereisapartofthoseworkingintheareaofsecuritydetentionandprisonregime,thereareunitswherestaffprovidesactivitieshavingdirectcontactwith inmates,e.g. receptionandrecordsof inmates inpenal institutions,etc.On1stSeptember2012,therewere3,028peopleemployedtoperformsuchduties.

SANMARINO Allcategoriesofstaffareforeseenbythecriminaljusticesystem.Onlyonepersoniseffective.In

caseofneed,policemencanbemadeavailable.SLOVAKREPUBLIC

Point(d):Underthisheadingareaccountedtheprisonofficerswhoperformthedutiesrelatedtotheguardofthecourtsandprosecutionoffices.

SPAIN(TOTAL)(c) Figuresarecalculatedbytheauthorsofthisreportonthebasisofthedataprovidedbynational


SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point(c): regarding staff in regionalprisonadministrationoffices is included in thepoint (e)

sinceregionaladministrationstaffworksinsidepenalinstitutions.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Alldataprovidedareasat30thJune2012 insteadof1st September2012. Thedifferenceof1personbetweenthebreakdownandthetotalfigureisduetotherounding.



TABLE 15.1: STAFF WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL‐TIME

EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES)


CountryTotalnumber

ofstaffTotal%(sum)

%ofstaffatthenationalprison

administration

%ofstaffinregionalprison


%ofotherstaffemployed

byPA,working

outsidepenalinstitutions

%ofstaffworkinginside

penalinstitutions

Albania 3809 100.0 4.7 11.3 NAP 84.0Andorra 71 100.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 97.2Armenia 2210 100.0 9.9 16.5 NAP 73.7Austria 3748 100.0 1.8 NAP NAP 98.2Azerbaijan 3717 100.0 5.0 NAP 26.3 68.7Belgium 8958 (94.9) NA NA NA 94.9BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 983 100.0 NAP NAP NAP 100.0BH:Rep.Srpska 836 100.0 0.8 NAP NAP 99.2Bulgaria 4391 100.0 2.5 6.8 NA 90.6Croatia 2652 100.0 2.3 NAP NAP 97.7Cyprus 450 100.0 NAP NAP NAP 100.0CzechRep. 10880 100.0 1.6 NAP 28.2 70.2Denmark 4801 100.0 5.6 6.1 16.1 72.3Estonia 1721 100.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 98.3Finland 2694 100.0 3.1 5.3 5.2 86.4France 34691 100.0 1.2 4.8 11.4 82.6Georgia Germany 36666 100.0 NAP 1.2 0.0 98.8Greece Hungary 7840 100.0 2.8 NAP NA 97.2Iceland 115 100.0 13.9 6.1 0.0 80.0Ireland 3602 100.0 3.5 1.0 4.0 91.5Italy 46252 100.0 3.2 2.8 5.7 88.3Latvia 2557 100.0 5.2 NAP NAP 94.8Liechtenstein 16 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Lithuania 3428 100.0 2.0 NAP 7.8 90.2Luxembourg 402 100.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 99.0Malta Moldova 2846 100.0 4.7 NAP 8.8 86.5Monaco 45 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Montenegro 504 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0Netherlands 12534 100.0 2.5 5.2 7.3 85.1Norway 3746 100.0 0.9 4.6 3.0 91.5Poland 29497 100.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 95.5Portugal 5688 100.0 6.3 NAP NAP 93.7Romania 12141 100.0 2.2 NAP 3.1 94.6RussianFed. SanMarino 8 100.0 NAP NAP 0.0 100.0Serbia 4248 100.0 1.4 NAP NAP 98.6SlovakRep. 5183 100.0 2.7 NAP 16.4 80.8Slovenia 893 100.0 3.9 NAP NAP 96.1Spain(total) 29975 100.0 1.9 NA NAP 98.1Spain(StateAdm.) 25061 100.0 1.5 NA NAP 98.5Spain(Catalonia) 4914 100.0 3.9 NAP NAP 96.1Sweden 6799 100.0 4.7 2.6 5.0 87.7Switzerland 3812 (95.1) NA NA NA 95.1theFYROMacedonia 758 100.0 2.0 NAP NAP 98.0Turkey 40018 100.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 99.0Ukraine 54067 100.0 0.6 2.8 10.5 86.1UK:Engl.&Wales 42345 100.0 3.6 1.1 0.0 95.3UK:North.Ireland 2063 100.0 10.4 6.9 2.0 80.7UK:Scotland 4123 100.0 12.4 9.4 0.0 78.2Mean 3.4 3.9 5.6 91.3Median 2.5 2.8 3.0 94.9Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.7Maximum 13.9 16.5 28.2 100.0



TABLE 15.2: STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL‐TIME

EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES)


CountryTotalnumberof

staffw

orking

INSIDEpenal

institutions

Total%(sum)

%Executives

(managers)of

penal

institutions

%Custodialstaff

%Medicaland

param

edicalstaff

%Staff

responsiblefor

assessmentand

thepsychologists

%Staff

responsiblefor

education

activities

%Staff

responsiblefor

workshopsor

vocational

training

%Otherstaff

Albania 3198 (100.1) 0.7 88.7 6.8 1.9 1.9 0.1 0.0Andorra 69 100.0 2.9 82.6 13.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0Armenia 1628 100.0 5.8 79.8 6.5 2.8 2.0 NAP 3.0Austria 3679 100.0 2.4 82.7 3.2 2.0 3.2 NA 6.4Azerbaijan 2552 100.0 1.6 55.0 NAP 0.9 0.7 NAP 41.8Belgium 8499 (92.2) 2.7 82.8 2.9 4.0 NA NA NABH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 983 100.0 1.9 69.4 2.8 1.2 2.3 2.7 19.5BH:Rep.Srpska 829 100.0 0.7 56.8 1.8 1.4 8.4 18.8 11.9Bulgaria 3980 100.0 0.3 87.0 3.1 0.7 7.9 NA 1.0Croatia 2590 100.0 7.5 60.8 4.6 0.6 9.0 10.2 7.2Cyprus 450 100.0 3.1 90.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.8 0.0CzechRep. 7641 100.0 1.4 26.0 5.5 18.5 1.1 47.4Denmark 3470 100.0 1.4 73.9 4.3 NA 2.9 12.1 5.5Estonia 1692 100.0 0.9 44.9 6.2 1.2 1.7 0.5 44.5Finland 2328 100.0 4.2 59.9 8.2 11.8 8.5 7.4France 28668 100.0 1.2 87.5 NA NA NA 0.5 10.8Georgia Germany 36227 100.0 1.1 73.9 0.7 1.8 4.7 5.9 11.9Greece Hungary 7621 100.0 5.7 58.0 8.0 2.8 6.2 NAP 19.3Iceland 92 (104.3) 3.3 82.6 NAP 2.2 2.2 12.0 2.2Ireland 3298 100.0 2.2 85.9 4.2 0.6 0.0 5.1 1.9Italy 40860 100.0 0.5 90.0 0.2 0.0 2.3 NA 7.0Latvia 2425 100.0 1.5 72.1 4.9 5.7 1.5 0.9 13.5Liechtenstein 16 100.0 6.3 93.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Lithuania 3093 100.0 1.1 63.9 8.8 1.1 6.5 0.4 18.2Luxembourg 398 100.0 1.3 74.0 0.3 1.3 4.9 8.1 10.3Malta Moldova 2462 100.0 1.7 31.6 10.8 1.1 4.8 0.0 49.9Monaco 45 100.0 4.4 71.1 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0Montenegro 504 100.0 0.8 82.7 3.0 3.2 4.0 6.3 0.0Netherlands 10663 100.0 1.7 66.0 3.0 1.0 3.1 8.6 16.8Norway 3428 100.0 2.2 68.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2 13.0Poland 28161 100.0 6.1 56.0 5.6 2.3 8.3 NAP 21.8Portugal 5329 100.0 0.9 79.5 NA NA 7.8 NA 11.7Romania 11486 100.0 6.6 35.5 6.2 0.8 3.6 0.3 47.1RussianFed. SanMarino 8 100.0 12.5 87.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Serbia 4189 100.0 0.9 60.9 6.9 0.6 6.3 12.4 12.2SlovakRep. 4190 100.0 1.4 17.2 5.6 2.1 6.6 NAP 67.2Slovenia 858 100.0 6.2 62.1 1.7 0.8 9.2 10.6 9.3Spain(total) 29395 100.0 1.5 63.3 4.0 3.3 5.8 2.5 19.4Spain(StateAdm.) 24673 100.0 1.6 62.7 3.9 2.6 5.9 2.7 20.6Spain(Catalonia) 4722 100.0 1.3 66.7 4.8 7.1 5.0 1.9 13.1Sweden 5965 100.0 4.4 70.4 1.9 0.4 4.2 5.2 13.5Switzerland 3627 100.0 9.3 50.5 5.7 14.3 20.3theFYROMacedonia 743 100.0 4.3 69.3 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.7 10.5Turkey 39608 100.0 2.3 85.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 3.2 7.2Ukraine 46551 100.0 1.5 29.3 7.6 0.7 0.4 1.9 58.7UK:Engl.&Wales 40369 100.0 4.5 71.6 0.6 1.5 2.0 0.0 19.9UK:North.Ireland 1665 100.0 10.6 76.3 0.8 1.5 2.3 3.8 4.6UK:Scotland 3223 100.0 2.8 95.4 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.0Mean 3.2 68.5 4.0 2.2 3.8 4.7 15.8Median 2.2 71.1 3.9 1.2 3.1 3.0 11.8Minimum 0.3 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 12.5 95.4 13.0 18.5 14.3 18.8 67.2



NOTES – TABLES 15.1 AND 15.2

In Table15.1 the total percentage of staff employed by Prison Administration is lower than 100% inBelgiumandSwitzerland.Thesefiguresarepresentedbetweenbrackets.Formoredetails,seenotestoTable15.

In Table 15.2, there are two countries (Albania and Iceland) in which the total percentage of staffworkinginsidepenalinstitutionsishigherthan100andoneothercountrywherethetotaldoesnotreach100%(Belgium).Thesedataarepresentedbetweenbrackets.

FIGURE 5: STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012,

PERCENTAGES

OnFigure5alldataaresortedaccordingtothepercentageof“custodialstaff”.

Themedian value of custodial staff employed in all examined countries is 71.1% in the total of staffworking insidepenal institutions. Yet, it is important tokeep inmind,while performing cross‐nationalcomparisons, that inmany countries custodial staff is in charge ofmultiple institutions duties, such asvocationaltrainingandeducationactivities.

The part of custodial staff goes from 17% in Slovak Republic until 95% in UK: Scotland. Given thisobservation,onemaystatethatthediversityofbreakdownsledtoaverylargedefinitionofwhatshouldbe considered as duty of custodial staff. It is very likely that among personnel there could be peopleperformingmuchmoreactivitiesthanjustactivitiesdirectlyrelatedtoinstitutionalsecurityissues.

Methodologicallimitation:

Forthefollowingthreecountriesonlymergedcategoriesareavailable:

In Czech Republic & Finland: merged categories are staff responsible for assessment andpsychologists+staffresponsibleforeducationactivities;

InSwitzerlandinthesamecategoryareincludedstaffsresponsibleforeducationactivitiesandthoseresponsibleforassessmentandpsychologists.

17.2 26.0

29.3

31.6

35.5 44.9

50.5

55.0

56.0

56.8

58.0

59.9

60.8

60.9

62.1

62.7

63.3

63.9

66.0

66.7

68.6

69.3

69.4

70.4

71.1

71.6

72.1

73.9

73.9

74.0

76.3

79.5

79.8

82.6

82.6

82.7

82.7 82.8

85.3

85.9

87.0

87.5

87.5

88.7

90.0

90.7

93.8

95.4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

SlovakRep.

CzechRep.

Ukraine

Moldova

Rom

ania

Estonia

Switzerland

Azerbaijan

Poland

BH:Rep.Srpska

Hungary

Finland

Croatia

Serbia

Slovenia

Spain(StateAdm

.)

Spain(total)

Lithuania

Netherlands

Spain(Catalonia)

Norway

theFYROMacedonia

BH:Fed.BiH

Sweden

Monaco

UK:Engl.&Wales

Latvia

Germany

Denmark

Luxembourg

UK:North.Ireland

Portugal

Armenia

Andorra

Iceland

Montenegro

Austria

Belgium

Turkey

Ireland

Bulgaria

France

SanMarino

Albania

Italy

Cyprus

Liechtenstein

UK:Scotland

%custodialstaff %executives(managers)ofpenalinstitutions

%medicalandparamedicalstaff %staffresponsibleforassessmentandthepsychologists

%staffresponsibleforeducationactivities %staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining

%otherstaff



TABLE 16: STAFF (FTE) WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS BUT NOT EMPLOYED BY THE PRISON ADMINISTRATION ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES)


Country

Totalnumberof

staff

Total%(sum)

Teachersand

educators

%Teachersand

educators

Doctorsand

healthcarestaff

%Doctorsand

healthcarestaff

Securitystaffandperimeterguards

%Securitystaffandperimeterguards

Probationstaffandsocialworkers

%Probationstaffandsocialworkers

Others %Others

(a) (a.1) (b) (b.1) (c) (c.1) (d) (d.1) (e) (e.1) (f) (f.1)

Albania NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAndorra 9 100.0 1 11.1 7 77.8 0 0.0 1 11.1 0 0.0Armenia 59 100.0 10 16.9 12 20.3 NAP NAP NAP NAP 37 62.7Austria 150.19 100.0 2 1.3 129.5 86.2 0 0.0 13.7 9.1 4.99 3.3Azerbaijan 2371 100.0 200 8.4 285 12.0 1886 79.5 NAP NAP NAP NAPBelgium NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NABH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 94 100.0 52 55.3 30 31.9 0 0.0 2 2.1 10 10.6BH:Rep.Srpska 4 100.0 NAP NAP 4 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPBulgaria 110 100.0 110 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCroatia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NACyprus 22 100.0 1 4.5 19 86.4 NAP NAP 2 9.1 NAP NAPCzechRep. 2 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 2 100.0Denmark NA NA NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NA NAEstonia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAFinland NA NA NA NA NA NA NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPFrance NA NA 700 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63 NAGeorgia Germany 1873 100.0 444 23.7 231 12.3 147 7.8 227 12.1 824 44.0Greece Hungary NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPIceland 9.2 100.0 7 76.1 2.2 23.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Ireland 289.53 100.0 232.53 80.3 19 6.6 0 0.0 38 13.1 0 0.0Italy 17 100.0 NA NA NA NA NAP NAP NA NA 17 100.0Latvia 265 100.0 236 89.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 29 10.9 0 0.0Liechtenstein 5 100.0 1 20.0 2 40.0 0 0.0 2 40.0 0 0.0Lithuania 429 100.0 200 46.6 4 0.9 NAP NAP 0 0.0 225 52.4Luxembourg 138 100.0 12 8.7 60 43.5 0 0.0 6 4.3 60 43.5Malta



Country

Totalnumberof

staff

Total%(sum)

Teachersand

educators

%Teachersand

educators

Doctorsand

healthcarestaff

%Doctorsand

healthcarestaff

Securitystaffandperimeterguards

%Securitystaffandperimeterguards

Probationstaffandsocialworkers

%Probationstaffandsocialworkers

Others %Others

(a) (a.1) (b) (b.1) (c) (c.1) (d) (d.1) (e) (e.1) (f) (f.1)

Moldova NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPMonaco 26 100.0 16 61.5 3 11.5 NAP NAP 1 3.8 6 23.1Montenegro 17 100.0 2 11.8 8 47.1 6 35.3 0 0.0 1 5.9Netherlands NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNorway 395 100.0 275 69.6 120 30.4 NAP NAP NA NA 0 0.0Poland NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPPortugal NA NA NA NA NA NA NAP NAP NA NA NA NARomania 498 100.0 363 72.9 NAP NAP NAP NAP 69 13.9 66 13.3RussianFed. SanMarino NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSerbia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovakRep. NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(total) 2504 100.0 1601 63.9 NAP NAP 703 28.1 NAP NAP 200 8.0Spain(StateAdm.) 1461 100.0 1461 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(Catalonia) 1043 100.0 140 13.4 NAP NAP 703 67.4 NAP NAP 200 19.2Sweden NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSwitzerland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAtheFYROMacedonia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPTurkey NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUkraine NA NA 747 NA NA NA NAP NAP NA NA NAP NAPUK:Engl.&Wales NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUK:North.Ireland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUK:Scotland NA NA NA NA NA NA NAP NAP NA NA NA NAMean 43.6 37.1 15.8 9.3 26.6Median 35.2 30.4 0.0 9.1 11.9Minimum 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 100.0 100.0 79.5 40.0 100.0



NOTES – TABLE 16

AUSTRIA Point(f):Underthisheadingareincludedonlysocialworkers.

AZERBAIJAN Point(e):ProbationServicedoesnotexistinAzerbaijan.

BH:FEDERATIONOFBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA General: These persons are part‐time employed staff working in penal institutions. They are

contractedassociatesperformingdutiesinlinewithindividualneedsofeachinstitution. Point(f):Underthisheadingarecountedpsychologists,workinstructors,hairdressers,lawyers

etc.BH:BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA(REPUBLIKASRPSKA)

Point(c):OutofthetotalofsixpenitentiaryestablishmentsinRepublikaSrpska:o twoestablishmentsemployfulltimedoctors,ando fourestablishmentshiredoctorsfromthelocalhealthcareestablishmentsforacertainnumberof

hoursonadailybasisoracertainnumberofdaysperweekbasedontheparttimecontract.BULGARIA

Thenumberofeducationalstaffnotemployedbytheprison administrationbutworkingwithinthe penitentiary system is 110. The number of educational staff employed by the prisonadministrationwouldbeverylowsincetheycanonlybeemployedbytheMinistryofEducation.

CYPRUS AllfiguresconcernonlyPrisoninstitutionwithoutpolicestations. Point(b):Oneteacheroftheprisondepartmentwhowasemployedsince1stSeptember2010. Point(e):2employeesoftheWelfareServicesareworkingatthePrisonInstitution.Thereare

noindependentprobationservices.WelfareOfficersactasProbationOfficers(staffemployedbySocial Welfare Services, Ministry of Justice and Social Insurance) for a specified period(minimumoneyearandmaximumthreeyears)providingtheconvictedpersonwithnecessarysupportandsocialnetworkwhichwillpreventrecurrentdeviantbehaviour.

CZECHREPUBLIC Point(f):ITspecialists.

DENMARK Point(f):Importmodelisusedwhenaprivatecompanyprovidesanddeliverssubstancemisuse

treatment in the prison. The importmodel is regulated on a contractual basis between theprovider (privatecompany)andthePrisonandProbationService.The therapists,whodeliverthetreatmentandworkdirectlywithinmates,areemployedbytheprivatecompany.Theyarethereforenotdirectlyemployedbytheprison.

FRANCE General:inTable16 areincludedpersonsworkinginpenalinstitutions,butwhodonotdepend

onthePrisonAdministration.Areconcerned:o Teachers(staffemployedbytheMinistryofNationalEducation):on1stSeptember2012,

there were 466.5 FTE teachers and individual contractors working on 4,306 hoursovertime year (representing 233.5 FTE). On 1st September 2012, 700 FTE teachersworkedinpenalinstitutions.

Point (f): Correspondents dealing with employment matters (PôleEmploi): on 1st September2012therewere63FTEadvisors.

GERMANY Point(f):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 60psychologistsandpsychologicalstaff,o 193pastors,o 224staffresponsibleforworkshopsandvocationaltraining,o 49staffforkitchenserviceandtemporaryworkersinhousekeeping,o 63staffinchargeofcleaning,ando 235others.



IRELAND Point(b):TeachersarepaidbytheDepartmentofEducation. Point(c):Doctorsandhealthcarestaffworkinginpenalinstitutionsareagencypeople. Point(e):31ProbationOfficersand7SeniorProbationOfficers.

ITALY Point(c):Thehealthcarestaffmembersworkinginprisonareemployedby‐andtheirnumber

is surveyed by ‐ the National Healthcare Service. These staffs are employed under specialcontractspaidbythePenitentiaryAdministration.

Point (f): Staff from other Administrations seconded to the structures of the PenitentiaryAdministration.

LIECHTENSTEIN Point(d):Staffincludedunderthisheadingissharedbetweenthepenitentiaryinstitutionandthe

localpoliceservice.LITHUANIA

Point(f):225 persons,ofwhich:o 48technicians(engineersinchargeofthemaintenanceofmedicalequipment,employeesworking

inprisoncafeteriasandstores,ando 177specialistsinvolvedinoffenderworkforcedevelopment.

AllthefiguresoftheTableareon1stJuly2012.LUXEMBOURG

Point(f):Cleaningstaff,IT,maintenanceofelectronicandtechnicalequipment,laundry,etc.MONACO

Point(f):Underthisheadingareincluded:o 1hairdresser,o 2chaplains,o 1rabbi,o 1deaconando 1nun.

MONTENEGRO Point(f):Assistanceinaccounting.

NORWAY Point(e):Therearenofixedallotmentsregardingvisitsbytheprobationserviceandnoreliable

estimatecanbemade. Point(f):Employees fromSocialSecuritymakeasizablecontributionbut theirwork isnotat

present formalised. Estimates would be unreliable. Their tasks: advising and helping withapplicationsforbenefits,housing,employmentetc.

PORTUGAL Point(b): Under this heading are included staffsmade available by theMinistryofEducation.

Thesepersonsareteachersandschooleducators. Point (e): Probation staff and welfare workers are managed by the Direcção General de

ReinserçãoSocial.Therefore,nodataonthisstaffisavailableatthePrisonAdministration.ROMANIA

Point (f): Designated judges’ services exist in each prison. Staff employed by these servicesmanagesappealsmadebyanypersonheldinpenalinstitutionsagainstadministrativedecisions.Underthisheadingareincluded38appointedjudgesand28appointedregistrars.

SANMARINO ThereisnoPrisonAdministrationinSanMarino.AllthestaffemployedispartoftheCorpodella

Gendarmeria.Onlyonepersoniseffective.Otherstaffmightbeemployedifneed.SLOVENIA

There are doctors and health care staff employed by health authorities. They carry outhealthcare forall inmates.Therearesurgeryhourswhentheygivemedicaladviceandcare inoutpatients'departmentsinprisonsandbutnofiguresareavailable.

156 Council of Europ

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3.6 3.7 3.8 4.0 43

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risonadminis

y theSpanishion.

Departmentfersfromonof the penal.forRehabilitaductionworkfor rehabilita

yofEducationService,ybasis.

7

non‐adjusted

e number ofisavailableo

r of those ws”butwhoar

retheymustto16.

USTODIAN

Serbia

Estonia

theFYROMacedonia

Lithuania

Poland

4.3 4.5 4.9 5.1 5

fthedataprored as officiamedianEuro

stration.They

hPenitentiar

ofEducationepenal institl institutions

ation(CIRE),kshops.Moreationof thep

n.

dfiguresprov

those held ionlyforprison

who are de faenotheldin

beusedwith

ON 1ST SEPT

Poland

Rom

ania

Moldova

Ukraine

CzechRep

5.3

7.8 8.5

11.1

EuroEurope

PC‐CP (20

ovidedbynatal inputs. Figopeanvalues.

yaremanage

ryAdministra

n.tutiontoanos. These staff

,whichisapeover, thesepersonsprep

videdinTabl

in prison (wninstitution.

acto held incustody.

hcaution.For

TEMBER 20

CzechRep.

Azerbaijan

SlovakRep.

11.4 15.0

15.4

opean Mean=3peanMedian=2

014) 5

tionalgures

edby

ation.

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rmore

012

3.8%2.7%



TABLE 17: RATIO OF INMATES PER CATEGORIES OF STAFF ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012


Country

Totalnumberofinmates(incl.pre‐trial

detainees)

Custodialstaff(a)

Ratioinmatesper

custodian

Medicaland

paramedicalstaff(b)

Staffresponsibl

eforassessmentandthepsychologi

sts(c)

Staffresponsibl

eforeducationactivities

(d)

Staffresponsibl

eforworkshops

orvocationaltraining(e)

Sum“other”

(sumfrom(a)to(e)

Ratioinmatesperotherstaff

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Albania 4890 2837 1.7 218 60 61 4 343 14.3Andorra 41 57 0.7 9 0 1 0 10 4.1Armenia 4714 1299 3.6 106 46 33 NAP 185 25.5Austria 8756 3045 2.9 117 75 119 NA 311 28.2Azerbaijan 21034 1404 15.0 NAP 23 19 NAP 42 500.8Belgium 12310 7034 1.8 243 337 NA NA 581 21.2BH:BiH(st.level) BH:Fed.BiH 1700 682 2.5 28 12 23 27 90 18.9BH:Rep.Srpska 1062 471 2.3 15 12 70 156 253 4.2Bulgaria 9493 3461 2.7 125 29 314 NA 468 20.3Croatia 4741 1576 3.0 120 16 232 265 633 7.5Cyprus 694 408 1.7 0 0 2 26 28 24.8

CzechRep. 22644 1987 11.4 423 1413 84 1920 11.8Denmark 3829 2564 1.5 149 NA 99 419 667 5.7Estonia 3417 760 4.5 105 21 29 8 163 20.9Finland 3196 1394 2.3 191 275 197 663 4.8France 66704 25082 2.7 NA NA NA 147 147 455.3Georgia Germany 69268 26768 2.6 236 649 1715 2124 4724 14.7Greece Hungary 17585 4419 4.0 611 211 476 NAP 1298 13.5Iceland 152 76 2.0 NAP 2 2 11 15 10.1Ireland 4323 2834 1.5 139 20 1 169 328 13.2Italy 66271 36794 1.8 72 2 926 NA 1000 66.3Latvia 6195 1747 3.5 119 138 36 21 314 19.7Liechtenstein 8 15 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.0Lithuania 10033 1976 5.1 273 35 200 11 519 19.3Luxembourg 659 294 2.2 1 5 20 32 58 11.4Malta Moldova 6621 778 8.5 266 28 119 0 413 16.1Monaco 41 32 1.3 2 0 0 0 2 20.5Montenegro 1229 417 2.9 15 16 20 32 83 14.8Netherlands 11324 7032 1.6 318 105 326 920 1668 6.8Norway 3551 2352 1.5 0 0 0 555 555 6.4Poland 84156 15768 5.3 1563 636 2351 NAP 4550 18.5Portugal 13614 4239 3.2 NA NA 417 NA 417 32.6Romania 31883 4076 7.8 711 90 411 29 1241 25.7RussianFed. SanMarino 1 7 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.0Serbia 11070 2552 4.3 287 24 262 518 1091 10.1SlovakRep. 11075 719 15.4 236 86 275 NAP 597 18.6Slovenia 1377 533 2.6 15 7 79 91 192 7.2Spain(total) 69621 18620 3.7 1182 982 1704 749 4617 15.1Spain(StateAdm.) 59410 15469 3.8 957 645 1466 659 3727 15.9Spain(Catalonia) 10211 3151 3.2 225 337 238 90 890 11.5Sweden 6431 4198 1.5 113 24 249 312 698 9.2Switzerland 6599 1830 3.6 208 518 726 9.1theFYROMacedonia 2543 515 4.9 23 30 30 35 118 21.6Turkey 120275 33788 3.6 138 215 439 1278 2070 58.1Ukraine 151122 13622 11.1 3531 304 173 905 4913 30.8UK:Engl.&Wales 86048 28892 3.0 236 624 795 0 1655 52.0UK:North.Ireland 1779 1271 1.4 14 25 39 64 142 12.6UK:Scotland 8145 3074 2.6 0 54 0 4 58 140.4Mean 3.8 39.9

Median 2.7 15.9

Minimum 0.1 0.0

Maximum 15.4 500.8



C.1. Annual Module



TABLE AM1: SPECIAL CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STAFF ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)

(a) Totalnumberofstaffon1stSeptember2012.(b) Temporarymissingstaff(maternityleaves,longsickleaves,long‐termtrainings,inter‐sectorialexchanges,etc.).(c) Staff who work inside penal institutions but who are not employed by the Prison Administration (e.g. employed by

Probationagencies,otherState/Governmentalbodies).(d) StaffemployedundercontractsmadebetweenPrisonAdministrationsandprivatecompanies,groups,associations,etc.(e) StaffemployedbythePrisonAdministrationbutwhodonotperformdutiesinsidepenalinstitutions(e.g.escortsfrom/to

thecourts,guardsinthecourts,etc.).(f) Personsundertemporarycontracts(e.g.trainees,researchers,interimstaff).(g) Staffworkinginsidepenalinstitutionsbutwhodonotperform“penalduties”(e.g.civilengineersontheconstructionsites,

localauditors).(h) Other.

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE I 2012.AM1

Country (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Albania 3809 108 NAP NAP 113 No No NoAndorra 71 3 9 2 No No No NoArmenia 2210 36 No No No No No NoAustria 3748.16 53.9 150.18 7 No No No NoAzerbaijan 3717 4 No No 978 No No NoBulgaria 4391 No NAP NAP No No 111 NoCroatia 2652 Yes/NA NAP NAP No No No NoCzechRep. 10879.8 46 No No 3238.9 No Note NoEstonia 1721.25 122 No No No No No NoFinland 2694 No No No No No No NoGermany 36666 Yes/NA Yes/NA Yes/NA Yes/NA Yes/NA Yes/NA NoHungary 7840 452 NAP NAP NAP NAP 903 686Ireland 3602.2 85 No No 287 No No NoItaly 46252 Yes/NA 17 NAP 97 No 2891 NoLatvia 2557 55 2 NAP No 4 410 NoLiechtenstein 16 No No No No No No NoLithuania 3428 Yes/NA No No No Yes/NA No NoMoldova 2846 64 No No 384 No 333 NoMonaco 45 No 1 No No No No NoMontenegro 504 6 No No No 254 No NoNetherlands 12533.9 438.8 No 185.5 503.6 Yes/NA No 132.3Norway 3745.6 77.8 No No No No No NoPoland 29497 Yes/NA No No Yes/NA No 29 313Romania 12141 155 No NAP 645 NAP NAP NAPSanMarino 8 No No No No No No NoSlovakRep. 5183 No No No 852 No No NoSlovenia 893 23 No No No No No NoSpain(total) 29975 378 0 0 0 1212 87 0Spain(StateAdm.) 25061 Yes/NA No No No 479 No NoSpain(Catalonia) 4914 378 No No No 733 87 NoSweden 6799 No No 339 No No No NotheFYROMacedonia 758 No No No No No No NoTurkey 40018 186 NAP NAP NAP 5705 3205 2839Ukraine 54067 No 903 NAP No No 9002 NoUK:Engl.&Wales 42345 832 No No 1975 728 4891 NoUK:North.Ireland 2063.09 117 No No 185 5 No NoUK:Scotland 4123 146 No No No 36 55 No



TABLE AM2: SPECIAL CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STAFF ON 1ST


(a) Totalnumberofstaffon1stSeptember2012.(b) Temporarymissingstaff(maternityleaves,longsickleaves,long‐termtrainings,inter‐sectorialexchanges,etc.).(c) Staff who work inside penal institutions but who are not employed by the Prison Administration (e.g. employed by

Probationagencies,otherState/Governmentalbodies).(d) StaffemployedundercontractsmadebetweenPrisonAdministrationsandprivatecompanies,groups,associations,etc.(e) StaffemployedbythePrisonAdministrationbutwhodonotperformdutiesinsidepenalinstitutions(e.g.escortsfrom/to

thecourts,guardsinthecourts,etc.).(f) Personsundertemporarycontracts(e.g.trainees,researchers,interimstaff).(g) Staffworkinginsidepenalinstitutionsbutwhodonotperform“penalduties”(e.g.civilengineersontheconstructionsites,

localauditors).(h) Other.


Country (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Albania 3809 2.8 NAP NAP 3.0 No No NoAndorra 71 4.2 12.7 2.8 No No No NoArmenia 2210 1.6 No No No No No NoAustria 3748.16 1.4 4.0 0.2 No No No NoAzerbaijan 3717 0.1 No No 26.3 No No NoBulgaria 4391 No NAP NAP No No 2.5 NoCroatia 2652 NA NAP NAP No No No NoCzechRep. 10879.8 0.4 No No 29.8 No NA NoEstonia 1721.25 7.1 No No No No No NoFinland 2694 No No No No No No NoGermany 36666 NA NA NA NA NA NA NoHungary 7840 5.8 NAP NAP NAP NAP 11.5 8.8Ireland 3602.2 2.4 No No 8.0 No No NoItaly 46252 NA 0.0 NAP 0.2 No 6.3 NoLatvia 2557 2.2 0.1 NAP No 0.2 16.0 NoLiechtenstein 16 No No No No No No NoLithuania 3428 NA No No No NA No NoMoldova 2846 2.2 No No 13.5 No 11.7 NoMonaco 45 No 2.2 No No No No NoMontenegro 504 1.2 No No No 50.4 No NoNetherlands 12533.9 3.5 No 1.5 4.0 NA No 1.1Norway 3745.6 2.1 No No No No No NoPoland 29497 NA No No NA No 0.1 1.1Romania 12141 1.3 No NAP 5.3 NAP NAP NAPSanMarino 8 No No No No No No NoSlovakRep. 5183 No No No 16.4 No No NoSlovenia 893 2.6 No No No No No NoSpain(total) 29975 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.3 0.0Spain(StateAdm.) 25061 NA No No No 1.9 No NoSpain(Catalonia) 4914 7.7 No No No 14.9 1.8 NoSweden 6799 No No 5.0 No No No NotheFYROMacedonia 758 No No No No No No NoTurkey 40018 0.5 NAP NAP NAP 14.3 8.0 7.1Ukraine 54067 No 1.7 NAP No No 16.6 NoUK:Engl.&Wales 42345 2.0 No No 4.7 1.7 11.6 NoUK:North.Ireland 2063.09 5.7 No No 9.0 0.2 No NoUK:Scotland 4123 3.5 No No No 0.9 1.3 NoMean 2.9 3.4 2.4 10.9 10.6 7.9 4.5Median 2.2 1.9 2.1 8.0 1.8 8.0 4.1Minimum 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.1Maximum 7.7 12.7 5.0 29.8 50.4 16.6 8.8



NOTES – TABLES AM1 & AM2

In2012,36outof52PrisonAdministrationsansweredthequestionnairerelatedtothetopicofstaffinthenewSPACEAnnualModule.

AUSTRIA Point(b):Thefigureincludesonlymaternityleaves.Furtherinformationisnotavailable.

CZECHREPUBLIC Point(b):inthetotalnumberofstaffare notincluded 198temporarymissingpeople.Theyare

femaleuniformedstaffon"familyleave"(90)andstaffonlong‐termsickleave(108). Point(f):Personsundertemporarycontracts(113.1FTE)arenotincludedinthecalculationof

thetotalnumberofstaff. Point(g):Staffincludedininthecalculations(eveniftheaccuratenumberisunknown)asitis

considered as part of the staff that is not in contactwith prisoners. These people aremainlyworking"outside"penalinstitutions.

HUNGARY Point(b):Under thisheadingare includedpersonswhoareonmaternity leave,onchildcare

leave(217),onlong‐termsickleaveandonsickleave(177),aswellaspersonsdetachedtothePrisonServiceTraining(58).Intotal,thereare452persons.

Point(g):Functionaltasksrelatedstatuses. Point(h):Personsworkingforthelimitedcompaniesprovidingworkfortheinmates.

LIECHTENSTEIN General:Thereisonlyonesmallprison.Therefore,anyspecialservicesiftheyshouldbeneeded

arecontracteduponrequestfromoutside.THENETHERLANDS

Point(h):Areincludedstaffperformingdutiesrelatedtospiritualcare.NORWAY

Point(b):Includesmaternityleaves(maleandfemale)andemployeesondisabilitypension.POLAND

Point(h):Other:ITspecialistsandcommunicationofficers.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Point(g):OnlyincludesAdministrationstaff.Allothergradeshavebeenassumedtobeinvolvedinpenalwork.

UK:SCOTLAND Point(b):Therewere146membersofstaffwhowouldbecategorisedason long‐term leave:

114onlong‐termillness(absentthroughillnessforgreaterthan28days),30onmaternityleaveand2onlong‐termleaveswithoutpay.

Point(d):There areno staff included in the totalwhoareprivate sector employeeshowevertherearetwoprivatelyrunprisonsinScotland.Thenumberofstaffatthesetwoprisonsis581.(FTE).TheyarenotemployeesoftheScottishPrisonService.



TABLE AM3: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST



(a) Custodians(guards)(b) Securitystaff(otherthancustodians)(c) Managementstaff(d) Doctors(e) Othermedicalstaff(e.g.nurses,occupationaltherapists)(f) Teachers(g) Educators(h) Psychologistsandotherstaff involved intheassessmentofthe inmates(dangerousness, individualplansoftheexecutionof

sentencesetc.)(i) Other


CountryTotal

uniformedOfwhich

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Albania 2837 1608 1229 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Andorra 59 57 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0Armenia 1992 584 620 459 40 66 NAP NAP 79 144Austria 3116.51 3044.51 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0Azerbaijan 2309 1130 0 300 NAP NAP NAP NAP 23 856Bulgaria NA 3461 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NACroatia 1599 1576 0 23 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCzechRep. 5664.6 1987 2309.5 73 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 1295.1Estonia 1079.5 760 42 15 NAP NAP NAP NAP 102 160.5Finland NA NA NA NA 0 0 NA NA NA NAGermany NA NA NA NAP NAP NA NA NA NA NAPHungary 6663 4419 0 403 16 383 23 0 180 1239Ireland 2903.5 2723 0 48 0 131.5 0 0 0 1Italy 36794 36794 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLatvia 1969 1067 714 37 2 0 0 0 149 NAPLiechtenstein 16 15 0 1 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 2434 1974 NAP 34 4 3 NAP NAP 221 198Moldova 2092 736 847 42 75 49 NAP 80 28 235Monaco 33.5 32 0 NAP NAP 1.5 NAP NAP NAP NAPMontenegro 370 370 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNetherlands NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNorway 2921.8 2261.5 NAP 207.8 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 452.5Poland 27556 14184 1692 1730 135 1115 NAP 2099 489 6112Romania 11229 4076 0 747 104 578 0 313 90 5321SanMarino 6 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 NAPSlovakRep. 3687 1160 1217 51 58 146 0 259 102 694Slovenia 547 533 0 14 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(total) 20533 18319 1114 393 83 193 0 0 0 431Spain(StateAdm.) 17062 15469 1114 393 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 86Spain(Catalonia) 3471 2850 NAP 0 83 193 NAP NAP NAP 345Sweden 5309 4198 NAP 265 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 846theFYROMacedonia 527 515 NAP 12 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPTurkey 33788 33788 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUkraine 35209 16314 8854 675 478 417 NAP NAP 130 8341UK:Engl.&Wales 28892 22080 6812 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:North.Ireland 1279 1115 0 155 0 9 NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:Scotland 3105 2123 982 0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP

Thepartofuniformedstaffperformingtheirdutiesinsidepenalinstitutionsrepresentsinaverage75%ofthetotalstaffemployedbyPrisonAdministrations.ThelowestobservedvalueisinCzechRepublicwherehalf(52%)ofallstaffemployedbythePrisonAdministrationisuniformed.Thehighestpercentageofsuchstaff can be located in Liechtenstein (100%). There are another three countries with relatively highpercentages:Armenia(90%),Poland(93%),andRomania(93%).

Asarule,thegreatmajorityofuniformedpersonnelperformtheirdutiesinsidepenalinstitutions.



TABLE AM4: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST



(a) Custodians(guards)(b) Securitystaff(otherthancustodians)(c) Managementstaff(d) Doctors(e) Othermedicalstaff(e.g.nurses,occupationaltherapists)(f) Teachers(g) Educators(h) Psychologistsandotherstaff involved intheassessmentofthe inmates(dangerousness, individualplansoftheexecutionof

sentencesetc.)(i) Other


CountryTotal

uniformedOfwhich

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Albania 2837 56.7 43.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Andorra 59 96.6 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Armenia 1992 29.3 31.1 23.0 2.0 3.3 NAP NAP 4.0 7.2Austria 3116.51 97.7 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Azerbaijan 2309 48.9 0.0 13.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP 1.0 37.1Bulgaria NA NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NACroatia 1599 98.6 0.0 1.4 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCzechRep. 5664.6 35.1 40.8 1.3 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 22.9Estonia 1079.5 70.4 3.9 1.4 NAP NAP NAP NAP 9.4 14.9Finland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAGermany NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAHungary 6663 66.3 0.0 6.0 0.2 5.7 0.3 0.0 2.7 18.6Ireland 2903.5 93.8 0.0 1.7 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Italy 36794 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLatvia 1969 54.2 36.3 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 NAPLiechtenstein 16 93.8 0.0 6.3 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 2434 81.1 NAP 1.4 0.2 0.1 NAP NAP 9.1 8.1Moldova 2092 35.2 40.5 2.0 3.6 2.3 NAP 3.8 1.3 11.2Monaco 33.5 95.5 0.0 NAP NAP 4.5 NAP NAP NAP NAPMontenegro 370 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNetherlands NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNorway 2921.8 77.4 NAP 7.1 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 15.5Poland 27556 51.5 6.1 6.3 0.5 4.0 NAP 7.6 1.8 22.2Romania 11229 36.3 0.0 6.7 0.9 5.1 0.0 2.8 0.8 47.4SanMarino 6 100.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAPSlovakRep. 3687 31.5 33.0 1.4 1.6 4.0 0.0 7.0 2.8 18.8Slovenia 547 97.4 0.0 2.6 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(total) 20533 89.2 5.4 1.9 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1Spain(StateAdm.) 17062 90.7 6.5 2.3 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 0.5Spain(Catalonia) 3471 82.1 NAP 0.0 2.4 5.6 NAP NAP NAP 9.9Sweden 5309 79.1 NAP 5.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 15.9theFYROMacedonia 527 97.7 NAP 2.3 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPTurkey 33788 100.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUkraine 35209 46.3 25.1 1.9 1.4 1.2 NAP NAP 0.4 23.7UK:Engl.&Wales 28892 76.4 23.6 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:North.Ireland 1279 87.2 0.0 12.1 0.0 0.7 NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:Scotland 3105 68.4 31.6 0.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPMean 74.2 13.4 4.8 0.8 2.4 0.0 1.9 2.6 14.4Median 80.1 1.9 2.3 0.2 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 14.9Minimum 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Maximum 100.0 43.3 23.0 3.6 5.7 0.3 7.6 9.4 47.4




ARMENIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Operatingofficers:35FTE,ando Economicstaff:109FTE.

AZERBAIJAN Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded856administrativeandsupportingpositions,drivers

etc.CROATIA

Point (3): Management staff is accounted separately, but de facto it is considered as part ofcustodialstaff.

CZECHREPUBLIC AllstaffthatworksINSIDEpenalinstitutionsis incontactwithinmates. On the opposite, all staffworkingOUTSIDE–excluding escorts and judicial guards– arenot in

contactwithinmates. Point(3):managementstaffoutsidePI=managementatheadquarters(23)andmanagementof

Vocationalschool(2)andmanagementofAcademyofPSCR(trainingschoolforstaff)(2). Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:controlandcomplaindepartments"internalpolice":145membersinprisons.o 9.2: other: 1150.1 FTE that are lowermanagementpersonnel in prisons, security staffworking

withdogs,driversetc.FINLAND

Point(9):Theaccurate figure isnotavailable,but in thiscategoryare includeddomesticcareandrealestatemaintenance.

GERMANY Totaluniformedstaff:27,891FTEisthenumberofstaffthatwearsauniformbutthereareno

accurate figures available whether the staff is working inside or outside penal institutions.Nevertheless,nearlyallcustodialstaffandstaffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltrainingwearauniform.

HUNGARY Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:Socialeducator,assistantsocialworker(431)o 9.2:Other(808)

IRELAND Totaluniformedstaff:Staffworkinginchildrendetentionschoolsdonotwearuniforms.They

arenotapenalinstitution.ITALY

Points (1)& (2): In the Italian penitentiary system, all the tasks relevant to security and tosurveillanceareperformedbythestaffbelongingtotheCorpsofPenitentiaryPoliceworking intheprisons.Therefore,itisimpossibletoseparatethesecategories.

LIECHTENSTEIN Totaluniformedstaff: There is only one small prison. Therefore, any special services if they

shouldbeneededarecontracteduponrequestfromoutside. Point (1): There is a regular contact establishedwith the Police. They are serving aswell in

transportations.Thesesamepersonneldealwiththesecurityproblemsinsidethehouse.LITHUANIA

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o 9.1:Staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining(2FTE);o 9.2:OtherstaffInnerInvestigation,Registration,AdministrativeandAccountingdivisions(196).

MOLDOVA Point(9):StaffworkinginLegal,Humanresources,Specialevidence,Secretariat,Financialand

Logisticsdirectorates(235FTE).



ROMANIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1: Other staff performing security duties in custody excluding those already counted underheadings(1)and(2)(3,028FTE);

o 9.2: Other staff from the social reintegration offices excluding those already counted underheadings (6), (7)and (8), e.g.priests, socialworkers, sport instructors,TVoperators, librariansandother(82FTE);

o 9.3: Administrative staff, e.g. secretariat, economic, human resources, informatics, crimeprevention,managementoftherecords/files(2,211FTE).

SANMARINO General:ThevisiblediscrepancyofoneFTEbetweenthetotalandthesumofthedistributionin

TableAM3isduetothefactthatthepersonincludedinPoint(3)isalreadyincludedinPoint(1).SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION)

Point(9):86FTEarestaffwithdifferent statuteswithin theadministration(civil servants) inworkshops,administrationandmanagement.

SWEDEN Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:Other(534)o 9.2:Production(312)

FIGURE AM1: RATIOS OF UNIFORMED STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS PER

100 INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

0.0

11.0 20.7

23.3

24.3

25.0

28.1

28.7

29.5

30.1

31.6

31.6

31.8

32.7

33.3

33.6

33.7

34.0

35.2

35.6

37.9

38.1

39.7

42.3

55.5

58.0 67.2 71.9 81.7

82.3

82.6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Ratioofuniformed staffworkinginside penalinstitutionsper100inmates



TABLE AM5: CIVILIAN STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST


Totalnumberofcivilservantson1stSeptember2012,ofwhich:

(1) Custodians(guards)(2) Securitystaff(otherthancustodians)(3) Managementstaff(4) Doctors(5) Othermedicalstaff(e.g.nurses,occupationaltherapists)(6) Teachers(7) Educators(8) Psychologistsandotherstaff involved intheassessmentofthe inmates(dangerousness, individualplansoftheexecutionof

sentencesetc.)(9) Other


CountryTotal

civiliansOfwhich

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Albania 792 0 0 22 58 160 0 61 60 431Andorra 10 0 0 0 2 5 1 1 1 NAPArmenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAustria 562.87 0 0 17 10.95 106.23 10.69 0 74.91 343.09Azerbaijan 243 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 243Bulgaria NA NAP NAP 13 NA NA 110 314 30 NACroatia 1053 0 16 172 34 86 11 265 16 453CzechRep. 1976.3 NAP NAP 36 107.25 315.85 59 858.9 554.4 44.9Estonia 612.75 NAP NAP NAP 36.2 67.5 NAP NAP 47 462.05Finland NA NA NA NA 16 175 NA NA NA NAGermany NA NA NA 414 236 NA NA NA NA NAHungary 1177 0 0 28 57 155 0 0 31 906Ireland 247.17 138.2 4.77 23 7.47 1 0 0 19.6 53.07Italy 4081 NAP NAP 248 NAP 72 NA 926 2 2833Latvia 220.5 5 0 0 86 74.5 0 12 43 NAPLiechtenstein NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 659 2 NAP 0 73 193 NAP NAP 14 377Moldova 297 NAP NAP NAP 31 95.5 NAP NAP NAP 170.5Monaco 11.5 NAP 0 2 0.5 NAP 4 0 1 4Montenegro 134 NAP 47 NAP NAP 15 20 2 14 36Netherlands 10662.9 4147 2885.2 176 19.7 297.9 79.1 982 696.7 1379.3Norway 505.6 NAP NAP 11.0 NAP NAP NAP NAP 90.0 404.6Poland 1941 NAP NAP 86 368 154 189 49 23 1072Romania 257 0 0 8 6 23 7 24 0 189SanMarino NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovakRep. 645 2 18 0 9 12 0 0 0 604Slovenia 311 NAP NAP 39 0 15 0 79 7 171Spain(total) 8867 NAP NAP 61 364 593 Note 962 1034 5713Spain(StateAdm.) 7616 NAP NAP NAP 364 593 Note 711 645 5303Spain(Catalonia) 1251 NAP NAP 61 0 0 140 251 389 410Sweden 656 NAP NAP NAP NAP 113 117 132 24 270theFYROMacedonia 216 NAP NAP 20 12 11 0 30 65 78Turkey 6044 NAP NAP 911 18 139 311 2 357 4306Ukraine 11342 471 NAP NAP 914 1722 99 74 174 7888UK:Engl.&Wales 11477 NAP NAP 1797 20 216 NAP 795 624 8025UK:North.Ireland 383.09 NAP 91 46 0 4.54 37 12 25 167.55UK:Scotland 144 0 0 90 NAP NAP NAP NAP 54 NAP









Country Totalcivilians

Ofwhich(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Albania 792 0.0 0.0 2.8 7.3 20.2 0.0 7.7 7.6 54.4Andorra 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 NAPArmenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAustria 562.87 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.9 18.9 1.9 0.0 13.3 61.0Azerbaijan 243 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 100.0Bulgaria NA NAP NAP NA NA NA NA NA NA NACroatia 1053 0.0 1.5 16.3 3.2 8.2 1.0 25.2 1.5 43.0CzechRep. 1976.3 NAP NAP 1.8 5.4 16.0 3.0 43.5 28.1 2.3Estonia 612.75 NAP NAP NAP 5.9 11.0 NAP NAP 7.7 75.4Finland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAGermany NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAHungary 1177 0.0 0.0 2.4 4.8 13.2 0.0 0.0 2.6 77.0Ireland 247.17 55.9 1.9 9.3 3.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 7.9 21.5Italy 4081 NAP NAP 6.1 NAP 1.8 NA 22.7 0.0 69.4Latvia 220.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 39.0 33.8 0.0 5.4 19.5 NAPLiechtenstein NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 659 0.3 NAP 0.0 11.1 29.3 NAP NAP 2.1 57.2Moldova 297 NAP NAP NAP 10.4 32.2 NAP NAP NAP 57.4Monaco 11.5 NAP 0.0 17.4 4.3 NAP 34.8 0.0 8.7 34.8Montenegro 134 NAP 35.1 NAP NAP 11.2 14.9 1.5 10.4 26.9Netherlands 10662.9 38.9 27.1 1.7 0.2 2.8 0.7 9.2 6.5 12.9Norway 505.6 NAP NAP 2.2 NAP NAP NAP NAP 17.8 80.0Poland 1941 NAP NAP 4.4 19.0 7.9 9.7 2.5 1.2 55.2Romania 257 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.3 8.9 2.7 9.3 0.0 73.5SanMarino NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovakRep. 645 0.3 2.8 0.0 1.4 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.6Slovenia 311 NAP NAP 12.5 0.0 4.8 0.0 25.4 2.3 55.0Spain(total) 8867 NAP NAP 0.7 4.1 6.7 Note 10.8 11.7 64.4Spain(StateAdm.) 7616 NAP NAP NAP 4.8 7.8 Note 9.3 8.5 69.6Spain(Catalonia) 1251 NAP NAP 4.9 0.0 0.0 11.2 20.1 31.1 32.8Sweden 656 NAP NAP NAP NAP 17.2 17.8 20.1 3.7 41.2theFYROMacedonia 216 NAP NAP 9.3 5.6 5.1 0.0 13.9 30.1 36.1Turkey 6044 NAP NAP 15.1 0.3 2.3 5.1 0.0 5.9 71.2Ukraine 11342 4.2 NAP NAP 8.1 15.2 0.9 0.7 1.5 69.5UK:Engl.&Wales 11477 NAP NAP 15.7 0.2 1.9 NAP 6.9 5.4 69.9UK:North.Ireland 383.09 NAP 23.8 12.0 0.0 1.2 9.7 3.1 6.5 43.7UK:Scotland 144 0.0 0.0 62.5 NAP NAP NAP NAP 37.5 NAPMean 7.8 6.6 8.8 6.6 12.4 5.9 9.9 9.9 55.0Median 0.0 0.0 4.4 4.6 8.6 1.9 7.3 7.1 57.2Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3Maximum 55.9 35.1 62.5 39.0 50.0 34.8 43.5 37.5 100.0




ALBANIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Legal,judicialandcards/indexstaff:49o Administration,investment,procurement,HR,ITstaff:360o AuditandFinance:22

AUSTRIA Point(5):Othermedicalstaff:106.23(nurses,occupationaltherapists). Point(9):Others343.09(includesocialworkers,staffthatgivesspiritualguidance,trainersand

administrationstaff)AZERBAIJAN

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincludedadministrativeandsupportingpositions,driversetc.CROATIA

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o Treatmentstaff:232o Headoffice:62o Administrativestaff:152

CZECHREPUBLIC AllstaffthatworksINSIDEpenalinstitutionsisincontactwithinmates. Point (9): Under this heading are included "leaders" in vocational workshops (24.5) and

chaplains(20.4).FINLAND

Point(9):Theaccurate figure isnotavailable,but in thiscategoryare includeddomesticcareandrealestatemaintenance.

HUNGARY Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Socialeducator,assistantsocialworker:22o Other:884

IRELAND Civilianstaff:Staffworkinginchildrendetentionschoolsdonotwearuniforms.Theyarenota

penalinstitution.ITALY

Point(5):ProfessionalnursesondutyintheprisonssituatedintheRegionswithSpecialStatute(FriuliVeneziaGiulia, Sicily andValled'Aosta),where thepenitentiaryhealthcare servicesarestillprovidedbythePenitentiaryAdministration,waitingfortheshifttotheMinistryofHealth,intermsoftheDecreedated1April2008.

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o Administrativestaffandaccountants:2,405o Technicians,ITStaff,etc.:428

LITHUANIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining:9o OtherstaffInnerInvestigation,Registration,AdministrativeandAccountingdivisions:368


Logisticsdirectorates(170.5FTE).MONTENEGRO

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o Staffforworkshopsandprofessionaltrainings:32o Managers:4



THENETHERLANDS Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Administration:687.6o Facilityservices:462.6o Other:229.1

ROMANIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Administrative staff, e.g. secretariat, economic, human resources, informatics, crimeprevention,managementoftherecords/files(189FTE).

SLOVENIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Staffresponsibleforworkshopsorvocationaltraining:91o Otherstaff:80

SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point(6):1,461 teachersdonot belong to staffworking for theCentralAdministration. They

belongtotheAutonomousCommunitiesAdministration.SPAIN(CATALONIA)

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded11librarians.THEFORMERYUGOSLAVREPUBLICOFMACEDONIA

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded78administrativestaff.UK:ENGLANDANDWALES

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o Administrativestaff:4,312o Chaplaincy:290o OthersindustrialstaffandothergradesincludingCateringManagersandTechnicalOfficer:3,423.

NOTES – TABLE AM7

AZERBAIJAN Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:Administrativeandsupportingpositions,driversetc.:155o 9.2:Convoy:200

CZECHREPUBLIC Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:staffworkingatheadquartersexcludingmanagementstaff(23).o 9.2:controlandcomplaindepartments"internalpolice":16peopleatheadquarters.


o 9.1.StaffofthePrisonDepartment:48o 9.2.StaffoftheTrainingCentreofthePrisonDepartment:18o 9.3.Staffofprobationservices:208


Logisticsdirectorates(170.5FTE).NORWAY

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded14handlers,drugs’ detectiondogs.SLOVENIA

Point(3):UnderthisheadingareincludedstaffattheNationalprisonadministration.SWEDEN

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded339transports



TABLE AM7: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING OUTSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST






CountryTotal

uniformedOfwhich

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Albania 113 10 102 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Andorra NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPArmenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAustria NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAzerbaijan 1014 NAP 582 56 NAP NAP 17 2 2 355Bulgaria NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCroatia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCzechRep. 1250.6 NAP 1161.6 15 NAP NAP 13 NAP NAP 61Estonia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPFinland NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPGermany NA NA NA 0 NA NA NA NA NA NAHungary NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPIreland 325.5 320 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2.5Italy 2870 2870 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLatvia 34 18 3 4 0 0 0 0 9 NAPLiechtenstein NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 286 NAP NAP 8 NAP NAP NAP NAP 4 274Moldova 421 32 73 10 10 5 7 NAP 4 280Monaco NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPMontenegro NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNetherlands NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNorway 14 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 14Poland NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPRomania 591 47 0 68 6 9 0 5 14 442SanMarino NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSlovakRep. 741 683 0 9 1 0 12 0 0 36Slovenia 35 NAP NAP 35 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(total) NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(StateAdm.) NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(Catalonia) NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSweden 339 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 339theFYROMacedonia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPTurkey NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUkraine 6176 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 6176UK:Engl.&Wales 206 195 11 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:North.Ireland 185 129 0 56 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPUK:Scotland 55 55 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP









CountryTotal

civiliansOfwhich

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)Albania 67 0 0 4 2 3 0 3 2 53Andorra NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPArmenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAustria NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAzerbaijan 151 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 151Bulgaria 111 NAP 13 1 1 1 NA NA 3 NACroatia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPCzechRep. 1988.3 NAP NAP 12 NAP NAP 6 NAP NAP 1970.3Estonia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPFinland 366 NAP 10 11 NAP NAP NAP NAP NA NAGermany NA NA NA 0 NA NA NA NA NA NAHungary NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPIreland 126.03 0 0 34 0 2 0 0 0 90.03Italy 2495 NAP NAP 171 NAP NAP NAP 108 NAP 2216Latvia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLiechtenstein NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPLithuania 49 NAP NAP 1 NAP NAP NAP NAP 0 48Moldova 36 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 36Monaco 12 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 1 NAP NAP 11Montenegro NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNetherlands 1871 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NANorway 159.7 NAP NAP 29.8 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 129.9Poland NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPRomania 64 NAP NAP 1 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 63SanMarino 2 NAP NAP NAP 1 NAP NAP 1 NAPSlovakRep. 110 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 99Slovenia NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPSpain(total) 575 NAP NAP NA NA NA NA NA NA NASpain(StateAdm.) 383 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 383Spain(Catalonia) 192 NAP NAP 5 NA NA NA NA NA NASweden 495 NAP 27 41 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 427theFYROMacedonia 15 NAP NAP 15 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPTurkey 186 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAUkraine 1340 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 1340UK:Engl.&Wales 1769 NAP NAP 959 NAP NAP NAP NAP 291 519UK:North.Ireland 216 NAP NAP 131 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 85UK:Scotland 819 0 0 25 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP 794



NOTES – TABLE AM8

ALBANIA Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o Legal,judicialandcards/indexstaff:13o Administration,investment,procurement,HR,ITstaff:34o AuditandFinance:6

AZERBAIJAN Point(9):Underthisheadingareincludedadministrativeandsupportingpositions,driversetc.

CZECHREPUBLIC Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:

o 9.1:staffworkingatheadquartersexcludingmanagementstaff(105.5).o 9.2:1864.8civilianstaffwhoarenotworkingwithprisoners(administrationstaffandsuch).

FINLAND Point(9):Theaccurate figure isnotavailable,but in thiscategoryare includeddomesticcare

andrealestatemaintenance.ITALY

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded:o 9.1:SocialWorkersofJustice(ProbationOfficers):1,070o 9.2:Administrativestaffandaccountants:945o 9.3:Technicians,ITStaff,etc.:201


o 9.1.StaffofthePrisonDepartment:17o 9.2.StaffoftheTrainingCentreofthePrisonDepartment:8o 9.3.Staffofprobationservices:23


Logisticsdirectorates(36FTE).MONACO

Point(9):Under thisheadingare included11prisonvisitors,buttheyarenot included inthetotalnumberofstaffemployedbyPrisonAdministration.

SPAIN(STATEADMINISTRATION) Point(9):Underthisheadingare includedpersonsthatcontributeto theadministrativetasks

(civilservants)inworkshops,administrationandmanagement.SWEDEN

Point(9):Under thisheadingare included427other civilians innationaland regionalprisonadministration.


Point(3):Underthisheading:staffatthenationalprisonadministration(HeadOffice).UK:SCOTLAND

Point(9):Underthisheadingareincluded794non‐operational staff.



OTHER STAFF (NOT INCLUDED IN TABLES AM3 TO AM8)

IRELAND 251.53additionalcivilianstaffworkinginside penalinstitutions:

o Teachers:232.53o AgencyNurses:19

ITALY 12additionalcivilianstaffworkingoutside penalinstitutions:

o StafffromotherAdministrationssecondedtothestructuresofthePenitentiaryAdministrationLATVIA

62additionaluniformedstaffworkinginside penalinstitutions:o Provisionservice:33o Financialcontrol(accountancy):7o Lawyers:11o Administrativeandpersonnelwork:11

171.5additionalcivilianstaffworkinginsidepenalinstitutions:o Provisionservice:126.5o Financialcontrol(accountancy):27o Administrativeandpersonnelwork:18

59additionaluniformedstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutions:o Provisionservice:10o Financialcontrol(accountancy):13o Lawyers:12o Administrativeandpersonnelwork:21o Projectdivision:3

41additionalcivilianstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutions:o Provisionservice:5o Financialcontrol(accountancy):28o Administrativeandpersonnelwork:8

NORWAY 10.4additionaluniformedstaffworkingoutside penalinstitutions 134additionalcivilianstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutions:

CorrectionalservicesofNorwayStaffAcademy:i. Managementstaff:3ii. Administrativestaff:34.8iii. Teachers,educators:21.5

CorrectionalservicesofNorwayIT‐centre:i. Managementstaff:3ii. Administrativestaff:7iii. IT‐developers/advisors/consultants:31.2iv. StaffattheNationalPrisonadministration:33.5

ROMANIA 50additionalcivilianstaffworkingoutside penalinstitutions:

o TemporaryemployedstaffintheregionofEforieSud.SLOVAKREPUBLIC

694additionaluniformedstaffworkinginside penalinstitutions:o Spiritualservices=22o Economicservices=46o ITservices=43o Logisticservices=391o Administrativeservices=71o Humanresources=44o Inmatesemployment,productionandsales=77

604additionalcivilianstaffworkinginsidepenalinstitutions:o Economicservices=142o ITservices=5



o Logisticservices=268o Administrativeservices=129o Humanresources=23o Inmatesemployment,productionandsales=37

36additionaluniformedstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutions:o Stafffordiverstasksrelatedtofacilities:36

99additionalcivilianstaffworkingoutsidepenalinstitutions:o Stafffordiverstasksrelatedtofacilities:99

SPAIN(CATALONIA) NAadditionalcivilianstaffworkinginside penalinstitutions:

o Instructors:90o Administrativestaff:440

UK:SCOTLAND NAadditionalcivilianstaffworkinginside penalinstitutions:

o Teachers:90



List of Tables and Figures CONVENTIONS USED ............................................................................................................................................... 23

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ....................................................................................................................... 23

A.1. LEGISLATIVE OR OTHER MEASURES WHICH DIRECTLY INFLUENCE TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF PRISONERS .... 28

TABLE 1: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ................................................................. 39

TABLE 1.1: CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN TABLE 1 ............................................. 40

TABLE 1.2: CAPACITY OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (BY CATEGORIES) .................................. 49

FIGURE 1.A: COUNTRIES WITH MORE THAN 100 PRISONERS PER 100,000 INHABITANTS (HIGHEST PRISON

POPULATION RATES) ..................................................................................................................................... 56

FIGURE 1.B: COUNTRIES WITH PRISON POPULATION OVERCROWDING (MORE THAN 100 PRISONERS PER 100 PLACES) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 56

TABLE 1.3: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPT. 2012. ADJUSTED FIGURES ....................................... 57

TABLE 1.4: SITUATION OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 BY DECREASING PRISON POPULATION

RATES (NON-ADJUSTED AND ADJUSTED FIGURES) ......................................................................................... 58

TABLE 1.5: EVOLUTION OF PRISON POPULATIONS BETWEEN 2003 AND 2012 ......................................................... 60

TABLE 1.6: YEAR-TO-YEAR PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF PRISON POPULATION RATES BETWEEN 2011 AND 2012 ....... 62

MAP 1: PRISON POPULATION RATES PER 100,000 INHABITANTS ............................................................................. 65

TABLE 2: AGE STRUCTURE OF PRISON POPULATION ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ........................................................ 66

TABLE 2.1: AGE AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY ................................................................................................... 68

TABLE 2.2: MINORS AND PERSONS BETWEEN 18 AND 21 OF AGE ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ..................................... 74

FIGURE 2: COUNTRIES WITH THE YOUNGEST (LESS THAN 34 YEARS) PRISON POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY

DECREASING MEDIAN AGE ............................................................................................................................ 76

TABLE 2.3: MEDIAN AND AVERAGE AGES OF THE PRISON POPULATION ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 .......................... 76

MAP 2: AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY AND PERCENTAGES OF INMATES LESS THAN 18 YEARS OF AGE IN

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ................................................................................................................................. 77

TABLE 3: FEMALE INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ............................................................................................. 78

TABLE 4: FOREIGN INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ........................................................................................... 80

TABLE 4.A: ASYLUM SEEKERS AND ILLEGAL ALIENS HELD FOR ADMINISTARTIVE REASONS AMONG FOREIGN

INMATES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ................................................................................................................ 82

TABLE 5: LEGAL STATUS OF PRISON POPULATIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS) ....................................... 84

TABLE 5.1: DETAINEES NOT SERVING A FINAL SENTENCE ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES AND RATES) ... 88

TABLE 5.2: DANGEROUS OFFENDERS UNDER SECURITY MEASURES ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS AND

PERCENTAGES).............................................................................................................................................. 90



TABLE 6: MAIN OFFENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS) ....... 93

TABLE 6.1: MAIN OFFENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES)

..................................................................................................................................................................... 94

TABLE 7: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)

..................................................................................................................................................................... 98

TABLE 7.1: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(PERCENTAGES) ........................................................................................................................................... 104

TABLE 7.2: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF SENTENCED PRISONERS (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES) ....................................................................................................................... 105

TABLE 7.3: LENGTH OF SENTENCE OF PRISONERS SENTENCED TO LESS THAN ONE YEAR (FINAL SENTENCE) ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES) ............................................................................................................... 106

FIGURE 3: COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST PERCENTAGES OF PRISONERS SENTENCED TO LESS THAN ONE YEAR .......... 107

TABLE 8: FLOW OF ENTRIES TO PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 ............................................................................. 110

TABLE 9: FLOW OF RELEASES FROM PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 ..................................................................... 114

TABLE 10: TURNOVER RATIO OF INMATES IN 2011 ............................................................................................. 120

FIGURE 4: COUNTRIES WITH LOWEST TURNOVER RATIOS IN 2011 ........................................................................ 121

TABLE 11.1: INDICATOR OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF IMPRISONMENT IN 2011, BASED ON THE TOTAL NUMBER OF

DAYS SPENT IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 122

TABLE 11.2: INDICATOR OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF IMPRISONMENT IN 2011, BASED ON THE TOTAL STOCK OF

INMATES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2011 ......................................................................... 125

TABLE 12: ESCAPES FROM PENAL INSTITUTIONS DURING 2011 ............................................................................ 126

TABLE 13.1: DEATHS IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 (BY TYPE OF REGISTERED DEATH) ................................... 129

TABLE 13.2: SUICIDES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 ....................................................................................... 131

TABLE 13.3: TYPES OF DEATHS AND SUICIDES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 .................................................. 132

MAP 3: SUICIDE RATE PER 10,000 INMATES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 ...................................................... 135

TABLE 14: EXPENSES IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN 2011 (IN €) ............................................................................... 136

TABLE 14.A: CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE CALCULATION OF CUSTODIAL EXPENSES IN 2011, IN TABLE 14 ...... 138

TABLE 15: STAFF WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS) ...................................................................................................................... 144

TABLE 15.1: STAFF WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES) ............................................................................................................... 149

TABLE 15.2: STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS (FTE) ON

1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (PERCENTAGES) .......................................................................................................... 150

FIGURE 5: STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012, PERCENTAGES ...................... 151

TABLE 16: STAFF (FTE) WORKING IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS BUT NOT EMPLOYED BY THE PRISON ADMINISTRATION ON

1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES) .................................................................................... 152



FIGURE 6: HIGHEST RATIOS OF INMATES PER ONE CUSTODIAN ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ...................................... 156

TABLE 17: RATIO OF INMATES PER CATEGORIES OF STAFF ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 ............................................ 157

TABLE AM1: SPECIAL CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STAFF ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(NUMBERS) .................................................................................................................................................. 159

TABLE AM2: SPECIAL CATEGORIES INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STAFF ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(PERCENTAGES) ........................................................................................................................................... 160

TABLE AM3: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS)

................................................................................................................................................................... 162

TABLE AM4: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(PERCENTAGES) ........................................................................................................................................... 163

FIGURE AM1: RATIOS OF UNIFORMED STAFF WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS PER 100 INMATES ON 1ST

SEPTEMBER 2012 ........................................................................................................................................ 165

TABLE AM5: CIVILIAN STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS) 166

TABLE AM6: CIVILIAN STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(PERCENTAGES) ........................................................................................................................................... 167

TABLE AM7: UNIFORMED STAFF (FTE) WORKING OUTSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012

(NUMBERS) .................................................................................................................................................. 170

TABLE AM8: CIVILIAN STAFF (FTE) WORKING INSIDE PENAL INSTITUTIONS ON 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 (NUMBERS) 171

council of europe space i - 2012- e final 140425 revwp.unil.ch › space › files › 2014 › 05...

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