cotton biotechnology keerti s. rathore - cba · cotton biotechnology congresso brasileiro do...
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Cotton Biotechnology
Congresso Brasileiro Do Algodao, 2015
Brazil Cotton Congress, 2015
Keerti S. Rathore
Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology
& Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences
Borlaug Center for Southern Crop Improvement
Texas A&M University
CaMV 35S Promoter Activity in Cotton
Seed-specific Promoter (Cotton a-globulin B Gene)
Oil Quality Improvement (Antisense of D-12- desaturase)
Drought Tolerance (Tobacco Osmotin Gene)
Disease Resistance (T. virens Endochitinase Gene)
Broad-spectrum Disease Resistance (At NPR1 Gene)
Ultra-low Gossypol Cottonseed through RNAi
Tissue-specific & Inducible Promoters
Nematode Resistance through RNAi
Transgenic Traits & Related Research in Cotton at Texas A&M Univ.
CaMV 35S Promoter
Activity in Seed
and Fiber Tissues
in Cotton
Sunil Kumar …… Rathore
(Plant Molecular Biology 2002)
This Promoter was
used to Drive the Bt Gene
in original Bollgard Cotton
a-Globulin Promoter: a Strictly Seed-specific
Promoter from Cotton
16 dpa 18 dpa16 dpa 20 dpa19 dpa
30 dpa25 dpa Dry40 dpa Control
Sunilkumar …… Rathore (2002)
Transgenic Research 11: 347-359
U.S. Patent #7,626,081
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Stem Root Pollen SeedLeaf Floral
bud
GU
S A
CT
IVIT
Y
(nm
ole
4-M
U /
mg p
rote
in/
min
)
Seed-specific activity of α-globulin promoter
in cotton
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Control
AGP:gusA
Sunilkumar …… Rathore (2002)
Transgenic Research 11: 347-359
U.S. Patent #7,626,081
ggtaccggtccggaattcccgggctctcttgtagtcacattgactcttggttggcctatgtact
tagccttcaacgtttcgggtcgatactatgatcgattagcttcccactataacccttacggccc
catttactccgaacgcgagaggctacaagtttacatctccgatgctggtatagttgcggtaat
ttatgtactttataagattgctgcaacaaaagggctggcttggcttttatgcacttatggggtac
ctctacttattgtgaatgccttccttgtgttgatcacctacttgcaacatactcactcggcattgc
gcattacgactcgtctgaatgggattggtttcgaggagcattgtcgacgattgatcgagatta
cggggtgttgaacaaagtgttccataacatcaccgatacgcatgtggctcatcacctcttctc
aacgatgccacattatcatgcaatggaggccactaaagcaatcaaaccgatactcggcaa
gtattatcctttcgacgggacaccgatttataaggcaatgtggagggaggcaaaagagtgc
cttacgtcgaggctgacgttggtggtggtggtagcaaggtgtttttgggtaatcgtaacaagt
tctaaagacagaccaactgcctgatagctnggccggcaaatcgancgtaaaacgtaactt
attaga
698 bp
Cotton D-12-desaturase
antisense construct
Improving Cottonseed Oil Quality
Sunil Kumar …… Rathore (2005)
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 3:319-330
Nu
ll
Nu
ll
Hem
i
Hem
i
Ho
mo
Ho
mo
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
WT
10
20
30
30
40
10
20
0
50
60
404 14 15 13 8 1
% v
alu
es
fo
r ta
rget
fatt
y a
cid
s
OA
WT
LA
0 0 30 33 33 21
28 27 13 11 0 0
(a)
PCR+/KanR
PCR- /KanS
Myristic
10
20
30
0
% v
alu
es
fo
r n
on
-ta
rget
fatt
y a
cid
s
acid acid acidPalmitic Stearic
(b)
0
10
20
30
Homo
Null
Hemi
Higher Oleic Acid and Lower Linoleic Acid Cottonseed Oil
Sunil Kumar …… Rathore (2005)
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 3:319-330
Tobacco Osmotin-mediated Drought Tolerance in Cotton
WT 61-63 61-53Parkhi et al. (2009) Mol. Breed.
Multiple drought treatments under greenhouse conditions:
Three cycles of drought at various stages of plant development
Wa
ter
Co
ns
um
pti
on
in
Co
tto
n
12346810 days 6 days
3 days water
withholding
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40
Squar
e 60
1st B
loom 80 90 10
011
0
1st B
oll o
pen
130
140
150
160
Progression of Cotton Crop (Days)
Ra
te o
f W
ate
r U
se
(Source: Denise McWilliams (2003) Drought Strategies for Cotton. Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 582,
College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA)
10 days of drought-stress
61-63 WT
Parkhi et al. (2009) Mol. Breed.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
WT 61-63 WT 61-63
Well-watered Drought-stressed
Yie
ld/p
lan
t (g
)
Seed Lint
Growth and yield measurements following multiple drought
treatments under greenhouse conditions: Yield (Seed and Lint)
**
**
**P<0.001; n=10
Seed/lint ratio
WT: 1.54; 61-63: 1.11
Parkhi et al. (2009) Mol. Breed.
H1
21
B
WT
(Test tube assay) (Soil Based Assay)
Kumar et al 2009. Planta
Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in transgenic cotton
expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens
Control
135-4
Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in transgenic cotton expressing an
endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens
High Disease
Pressure
Emani et al 2003
Plant Biotech J.
Broad-spectrum Disease resistance in
transgenic cotton plants expressing
Arabidopsis-NPR1 gene
Resistance to fungal pathogens in transgenic cotton lines
expressing AtNPR1.
Fungal pathogens
• Rhizoctonia solani
• Thielaviopsis basicola
• Alternaria alternata
• Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum isolate Fov11
• Verticillium dahliae
- non-defoliating pathotypes, TS-2 and EZ-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
WT 68L-19 68L-20
Dis
ea
se
in
de
xNPR1-mediated Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
NPR1-mediated Resistance to
Thielaviopsis basicola (Black Root Rot)
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
WT 68L-
19
68L-
20
Re
lative infe
cte
d a
rea/leaf
NPR1-mediated Resistance to Alternaria alternata
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
0
2
4
6
8
10
WT DP444 68L-19 WT DP444 68L-19
Uninfected Infected
Sh
oo
t w
eig
ht
(g)
0
30
60
90
WT DP444 68L-19
Le
af
dis
ea
se
in
de
x
68L-19 WT DP444
NPR1-mediated Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum (Fov11)
Fusarium wilt-resistant,
commercial cotton variety
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
Non defoliating isolate Defoliating isolate
Response of NPR1- cotton transformants to Verticillium dahliae isolates
Longitudinal section
of the 5th internode
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
WT 68L-19 68L-20
Ren
ifo
rm n
em
ato
des/g
so
il
**
*
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
WT 68L-
19
68L-
20
WT 68L-
19
68L-
20
Uninfected Infected
Nu
mb
er
of
bo
lls/p
lan
t
**
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
WT 68L-
19
68L-
20
WT 68L-
19
68L-
20
Uninfected Infected B
oll
weig
ht/
pla
nt
(g;
FW
)
**
NPR1-mediated resistance to reniform nematodes
0
4
8
12
16
WT 68L-19 68L-20
No
. of bolls
at giv
en n
odes
Node 5-7 Node 8-10
Parkhi et al 2010.
Transgenic Research
Gossypol Elimination from Cottonseed
Presence of toxic gossypol prevents the use of cottonseed as food &
also limits its use as feed
Global Cotton Lint Production in 2011 = 26.1 MMTGlobal Cottonseed Production in 2011 = 48.8 MMT (~11 MMT Protein)
Can meet the protein requirements of 600 million people/year (50 g/day)
• Protein content of the seed is about 22.5%; good quality protein.
• Its use for human consumption or animal feed is limited by the presence of gossypol in the seed glands.
• Gossypol is toxic to non-ruminant animals, including pigs, chicken and humans. It damages heart and liver.
• Meal used as feed for the cattle – gossypol binds to lysine thus reducing the nutritional value of the meal.
• Gossypol typically removed during the processing of cottonseed to obtain edible oil – gossypol contamination in oil known to cause sterility in men.
Gossypol
• 3.66 kg of crude protein is converted to 0.83 kg of
milk protein per day
• Feed conversion ratio for beef cattle is 5.8
Cows are Inefficient and Wasteful
Animal FCR Reference
Beef 5.8a Klopfenstein et al., 1991
Pig 3.3a Losinger, 1998; Cromwell, 1991
Duck 2.705b Shalev and Pasternak, 1989
Turkey 2.102b Shalev and Pasternak, 1989
Chicken 2.047b Shalev and Pasternak, 1989
Shrimp 2.0c Tacon, 2002
Tilapia 1.5d McGinty and Rakocy, 1989; Boyd et al., 2005
Salmon 1.1d Vill amar, 2002
Channel Catfish 1.0d Lovell, 1990
1
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
for Various Animals
aFeed grain/weight gain ratio
bTotal feed utilization of live weight for seven week-old broilers
cDry aquafeed/weight gain ratio
dFeed/weight gain ratio
1.5
5.8 3.3
2.7
2.1
2.05
2.0
1.1 1.0
There is tremendous potential for utilizing cottonseed for human
nutrition, either directly as food or indirectly as feed for non-
ruminants, if gossypol can be eliminated from the seed.
• McMichael discovered a GLANDLESS mutant of cotton
in 1954
• Seed from glandless cotton was gossypol-free
• National and International breeding programs launched to transfer the trait to commercial varieties
• Animal nutrition studies showed glandless cottonseed to be a relatively good source of feed for pigs, chicken, and shrimp
• Glandless cottonseed was even considered fit for human consumption
Attempts Using Plant Breeding
Texas A&M University tested and promoted glandless
cottonseed as a snack food - TAMUNUTS
Traditional Insect Pests that Cause Greater Damage to Glandless Cotton
Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea)
Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens)
Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua)
Non-traditional Insects that Damage Glandless Cotton
Black Fleahopper (Spanogonicus albofasciatus)
Pillbug (Porcellia sp.)
Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)
Grape Colaspis (Maecolaspis flavida)
Green Dock Beetle (Gastrophysa cyanea)
Blister Beetle (Epicauta vittata)
Currently, there is no large-scale cultivation of glandless cotton
Desired Trait
Seeds:
Gossypol < 450 ppm
Leaf & other Organs:
Full Compliment of Gossypol
and Related Terpenoids
for Defense
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
XO
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
XO
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
XO
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
X8-Hydroxy-(+)-
(HGQ)
dCS
(+)--Cadinene-Cadinene
Hemigossypolone
(dHG)Desoxyhemigossypol
(HG)Hemigossypol
(G)
Gossypol
-OcimeneMyrcene
Farnesyldiphosphate
+ +
(FDP)
Heliocide H2 Heliocide H3 Heliocide H1 Heliocide H4
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
XO
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
dCH
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
Biosynthetic Pathway for Gossypol and Related Terpenoids
dCS = -cadinene synthase
dCH = -cadinene hydroxylase
(G)
Gossypol
O
HO
HO
HO
HO
CHO
OH
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
+
Desoxyhemigossypol
(dHG)
Heliocide H2
Heliocide H3
Hemigossypol
(HG)
+
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Hemigossypolone
(HGQ)
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
Heliocide H1
CHO
HO
HO
O
O
HeliocideH4
Myrcene
-Ocimene
HO
HO
CHO
OH
OH
OH
HCO
OH
Gossypol
(G)
OH
8-Hydroxy-(+)-
-cadinene
(+)--CadineneOPP
Farnesyldiphosphate
(FDP)
dCS
X
(Cytosol)Mevalonate (MVA) pathway
IPP
DMAPP
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Wild-type
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14
LCT66-2
mg
go
ss
yp
ol
mg
-1ti
ss
ue
LCT66-32
10.45 0.54 0.54 0.07* 0.46 0.13*
(n=10) (n=8) (n=8)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 2
Gossypol Levels in Individual Wild-type and T1 Cottonseeds
Sunilkumar …… Rathore (2006)
PNAS 103:18054-18059
U.S. Patent #7999148
mg
te
rpe
no
ids
mg
-1ti
ss
ue
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Bract
0.72
0.60
0.48
0.36
0.24
0.12
0.00
Floral Bud
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
Boll
mg
te
rpe
no
ids
mg
-1ti
ss
ue
G HGQ H
Terminal bud
Root
5
4
3
2
1
0
G
Petal
8
6
4
2
0
G MG DMG
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
G HGQ H G HGQ H
G HGQ H dHG dMHG
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00HG MHG
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Levels of Gossypol and Related Terpenoids in
Terminal Bud, Floral Bud, Bract, Petal, Boll, and Root Tissues
Wild-type Control
LCT66-2
LCT66-32
ULGCS trait is
completely tissue
specific
Sunilkumar …… Rathore (2006)
PNAS 103:18054-18059
U.S. Patent #7999148
Ultra-low Gossypol Cottonseed (ULGCS) – Field Trials 2009, 2010 & 2011
• ULGCS Stability
• ULGCS Specificity
• Fiber/seed Yield & Quality
6,466,35
7,48
0,15 0,14 0,140,31 0,21 0,38
0,45
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2009 2010 2011
ug
goss
ypo
l/m
g se
ed
-ke
rne
l tis
sue
***
Coker 312 66-49B 66-81 66-250
Coker 312
66-49B
66-81
66-250
ULGCS Trait is stable under field conditions
0
50
100
150
200
250
2009 2010 2011
Yie
ld (
g/p
lan
t)
Seed
** **
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2009 2010 2011Y
ield
(g/
pla
nt)
Fiber
**
**
**
**
**
Coker 312
66-49B
66-81
66-250
Coker 312
66-49B
66-81
66-250
No adverse effect on yield
No adverse effect on
fiber quality
ULGCS trait is stable under field conditions
Foliage and Floral tissue have normal terpenoid levels
No adverse effect on yield or quality of fiber/seeds
Regular CottonSeed Gossypol: 1%
Insect Protected Foliage
Glandless CottonSeed Gossypol: 0.001%
No insect protection
Engineered Cotton(ULGCS)
Seed Gossypol: 0.01%
Insect Protected Foliage
Seed
ker
ne
lLe
afM
agn
ifie
d L
eaf
Other possible projects for collaboration
Tissue-specific & Inducible Promoters
Nematode Resistance through RNAi
Resistance to old world bollworm and boll weevil
through Bt or RNAi????
Genome editing system for cotton????
USDA-ARS
Robert Stipanovic
Lorraine Puckhaber
Alois Bell
IPGB, TAMU
G. Sunilkumar
LeAnne Campbell
Chandrakanth Emani
Sabarinath Sundaram
Sylvain Marcel
Sreenath Reddy Palle
Devendra Pandeya
Lauren Tollack
Vilas Parkhi
Vinod Kumar
Sameer Joshi
Shanna Sherwood
Madhusudhana Janga
Teressa McIntyre Sam Reddy
Robert A. Creelman
J. Liu
J. Shah
Cotton Inc., TxCOT, TFFC, THECB & TALR
C. Wayne Smith
Steve Hague
Charles Kenerley
Jim Starr
Clint Magill