cost_estimating_manual_for_pipelines_&_marine_structures

Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures

(@ VECO ENGINEERING 1

CONTROLLED COPY NO. : 4 HOLDER: ucm

Man-Hour Manuals by John S. Page

Estimator's Electrical Man-Hour ManuaV 3rd Edition

Estimator's Equipment Installation Man-Hour ManuaV3rd Edition

Estimator's General Construction M&- our ManuaV2nd Edition

Estimator's Man-Hour Manual on Heating, a

Air Conditioning, Ventilating, and Plumbing/ 2nd Edition

Estimator's Piping Man-How ManuaV5th Edition

Also by John S. Page

Conceptual Cost Estimating ManuaV2nd Edition

John S. Page has wide experience in cost and labor estimating, having worked for some of the largest construction firms in the world. He has made and assembled numerous types of estimates including lump-sum, hard-priced, and scope, and has conducted many time and method studies in the field and in fabricating shops. Mr. Page has a B.S. in civil engineering from the Universitly of Arkansas and received the Award of Merit from the American Association of Cost Engineers i? recognition of outstanding service and cost engineering.

Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine

Structures

J O H N S . P A G E

Gulf Publishing Company Houston, Texas

This edition reviewed

by the author and

reprinted February 2000.

Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures

Copyright O 1977 by John S. Page. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without express written permission of the publisher.

Gulf Publishing Company Book Division

. PO. Box 2608 Houston, Texas 77252-2608

ISBN 0-87201-157-7

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-40868

Printed on acid-free paper (00).

Printed in the United States of America.

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DEDICATION To all those engaged in

estimating on projects for the production and transportation

of oil and gas for energy.

Contents

Preface .........................:................................................. xiii ..................................................... The Human Factor in Estimating xiii

Introduction ...................................................................... xiv ................................................................. Labor Productivity xvi

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES ................................................................... Section Introduction 1

................................................... Average Pipelay Table-Underground 2 ................................................... Average Pipelay Table-On Supports 3

........................................... Productivity and Percentage Eficiency Factors 4 ....................................................... Example-Application of Factors 8

Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-General Notes ..................................... 10 ........................................ Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Labor Crew 11

Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Equipment Spread ................................. 12 Pipeline Lay-Out-Labor Crew, Equipment and Tool Spread .............................. 13 Unload, Handle, Haul and String Pipe-General Notes ................................... 14 Unload, Handle, Haul and String Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ................ 15

................................................ Ditching and Trenching -General Notes 16 ................................................... Ditching and Trenching-Labor Crew 17

............................................ Ditching and Trenching-Equipment Spread 18 .................................................... Bending Operations-General Notes 19

Bending Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ................................. 20 ........................................ Aligning and Welding Opera t ionenera1 Notes 21

.......................................... Aligning and Welding Operations-Labor Crew 22 Aligning and Welding Operations-Equipment Spread ................................... 23 Cleaning, Priming, Corting and Wrapping-General Notes ................................ 24 cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-Labor Crew .................................. 25 Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-Equipment Spread ........................... 26 Cleaning, Priming, Coating and WrappingJoints Only .................................. 27 Sadblast and Paint Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ............................ 28

................................................ Lowering Pipe in Trench-General Notes 29 .................................................. Lowering Pipe in Trench-Labor Crew 30

............................................ Lowering Pipe in Trench-Equipment Spread 31 Valve Installation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .................................. 32 Valve Installation-Time Requirements. ................................................ 33 Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes .......................................... 34 Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew ............................................ 35 Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Equipment Spread ...................................... 36

............................................................ Backfilling-General Notes 37 Backfilling-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ......................................... 38

................................................... Clean Up Operations-General Notes 39 Clean Up Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ................................ 40

..................................................... Utility Operations-General Notes 41 ........................................................ utility Operations-Labor Crew 42

................................................. utility operations-Equipment Spread 43

Section Introduction ..................................................... ; 45 ............. ................................................................. Average Pipelay Table 46

Productivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors ........................................... 47 ....................................................... Example-Application of Factors 50

Aligning and Welding-General Notes .................................................. 82 Aligning and Welding-Labor Crew .................................................... 53 Aligning and Welding-Equipment Spread .............................................. 54 Aligning and Welding Land Shove Method-Labor Crew .................................. 55 Aligning and Welding Land Shove Method-Equipment Spread ........................... 56 Aligning and Welding River Crossing Tie-In-Labor Crew ................................ 57 Aligning and Welding River Crossing Tie-In-Equipment Spread .......................... 58 Tug-Labor and Equipment Spread ...................................................... 59 Hoe Ditch Operation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ................................ 60 Valve Installation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .................................. 61

................................................. Valve Installation-Time Requirements 62 .......................................... Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes 63

............................................ Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew 64 Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Equipment Spread ...................................... 65

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES

Sect Ave Ave Ave Ave Proc Exa Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons o m Offs

. Ons Ons Ons o m Om Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons Ons; Ons Ons ons o m Ons o m Ons Ons

................................................................... ion Introduction 67 .......................................... rage Pipelay Table-On Land Underground 68 .......................................... rage Pipelay Table-On Land. On Supports 69

*age Pipelay Table-Offshore. Surf.Zone. Land Fabricate Barge Pull ................... 70 rage Pipelay Table-Offshore. Sd.Zone. Barge Fabricate Land Pull ................... 71

........................................... luctivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors 72 ....................................................... mple-Application of Factors 77

lore Clearing and Grading Right-of Way-General Notes ............................. 81 nore Clearing and Grading Right-of-way -Labor Crew ................................ 82 %ore Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Equipment Spread ......................... 83 lore Pipeline Lay-Out-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ........................... 84 lore Unload. Handle. Haul and String Pipe-General Notes ........................... 85 lore Unload. Handle. Haul and String Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ........ 86 lore and Offshore Ditching and Trenching-General Notes ............................ 87

........................................... lore Ditching and Trenching-Labor Crew 89 .................................... lore Ditching and Trenching-Equipment Spread 90

hore Ditching and Trenching-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ..................... 91 ............................................ lore Bending Operations-General Notes 92

lore Bending Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ......................... 93 lore Aligning and Welding-General Notes .......................................... 94 lore Aligning and Welding-Labor Crew ............................................ 95 lore Aligning and Welding-Equipment Spread ...................................... 96 lore Aligning. Welding and Shoving-LaborCrew .................................... 97 lore Aligning. Welding. and Shoving-Equipment Spread ............................. 98 lore Aligning and Pulling-Labor Crew ............................................. 99

....................................... lore Aligning and Pulling-Equipment Spread 100 lore Cleaning. Priming. Coating and Wrapping-General Notes ....................... 101 lore Cleaning. Priming. Coating and Wrapping-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .... 102 lore Cleaning. Riming. Coating and Wrapping-Joints Only .......................... 103 lore Sandblast and Paint-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ........................ 104

....................................... lore Lowering Pipe in Trench-General Notes 105 lore Lowering Pipe in Trench-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .................... 106 lore Valve Installation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .......................... 107

....................................... nore Valve Installation-Time Requirements -108 ................................. hore Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes 109

.................................... hore Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew 110

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Section Seven-OFFSHORE INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT AND APPUR,TENANCES

................................................................... Section Introduction 225 .................................................... Setting Skid Mounted Package Units 226

............................................. Setting Tanks. Vessels and Heat Exchangers 227 ........................................................ Setting Pumps and Compressors 228

.............................................................. Setting Diesel Generators 229 ............................................. Setting Miscellaneous Equipment and Items 230

.................................................. bfarine Loading Arms-General Notes 231 ...................................................... Assembling Marine Loading Arms 232

........................................................ Eresting Marine Loading Arms -233 ....................................... Install Fire Protection and Life-Saving Equipment 234

........................................................ Installing Zink Bracelet Anodes 235 ............................................................ Installing Galvalum Anodes 236

...................................... Handling and Erecting Prefabricated Spooled Piping 237 ........................................ Piping-Making-Up Screwed Fittings and Valves 238

............................................................ Handle and Position Valves 239 ..................................................................... mmged Bolt-Ups -24-0

.......................................................... Pipe Welding-General Notes 241 ................................................... Manual Carbon Steel Pipe Butt Welds 242

..................................................... 90 " Carbon Steel Pipe Nozzle Welds 243

.................................................... 45" Carbdn Steel Pipe Nozzle Welds -244 ........................................................ 90 " Coupling and Socket Welds -245

.......................................................... Plain End Flame Cutting Pipe 246 ....................................................... Flame Beveling Pipe For Welding 247

............................................................ Cutting and Threading Pipe 248 ...................................................... Reheating Butt and Flange Welds 249

.............................................................. Preheating Nozzle Welds -250 .......................................... Stress Relieving Butt, Flange and Nozzle Welds 251

.................................................................... X- by Pipe Welds -252 ..................................................... Hydrostatic Testing Piping Systems 253 ............................................................ Electrical Boxes and Covers 254

....................................................... Electrical Gang Boxes and Covers 255 ................................................. Sheet Metal Boxes For Branch Rough-In 256

............................................................... Installing Conduit .... -257 ............................ CutGng, Reaming and Threading Conduit and Make-on of Joint 258

..................................................................... Conduit Bending -259 .......................................................... wire Pulling-Simple Lay-out 260

........................................................ Wire Pulling-Complex Lay-out 261 ............................................ Flexible Metallic Armored Cable Installation 262 ...................................... Cable Connectors. Lugs and vertical ~ i s e r Supports 263

............................................................. Install Switches and Plates 264 .......................................................... Install Receptacles and Plates 265 ................................................... Install Standard Panels and Cabinets 266

............................................ Install 250- and 600-Volt Panels and Cabinets 267 ................................................. Install 250- and 600-Volt Safety Switches 268

................................................................ Hangers and Fasteners 269 ................................................... Miscellaneous Hangers and Fasteners 270

Motor Starting Switches. Speed Regulating Rheostats and Magnetic Switches ............... 271 ................................................................ starting Compensators 272 .......................................................... Motor Rheostats and Switches 273

......................................... Mounting Motors-AC. 6O.Cyele, 2- and 3-Phase 274 ........................ Mounting Motors-Variable Speeds-AC, 60.Cycle, 2- and 3-Phase 275

............ Mounting Motors-Constant and Variable Speeds, AC, 25-Cycle, 2- and 3-Phase 276 ................................................... Mowting Motors-DC, 115-230 Volts 277 .................................................................. Fire Alarm Systems -278 ......................................... Interwmmunication and Public Address Systems 279

......................................... Light Fixtures (Fluorescent and Mercury Vapor) 280 .......................................................... hcandescent Lighting Units -281

.................................................................... Lamp Installation ,282 ............................................................... Outdoor Flood Lighting -283 i

Installing Cable Tray and Fittings ..................................................... .284 :

.................................................... L q e Case Pneumatic Instruments .285

.................................................... C%xular Case Pneumatic Recorders .286 ............................................. Pneumatic Local Indicators-Transmitters .287 1

................................................... Pneumatic Transmitters-DIP Type .288 . . . ; ..................................................... Large Case Electronic Instruments .289 :

Electronic Magnetic Flow Transmitters ................................................. .290 Electronic Local Transmitters and Indicators ............................................ .291 . Miscellaneous Level and Flow Instruments ............................................. .292 i

.................................................... Miscellaneous In-Line Instruments .293 ,! . .

Miscellaneous Temperature, Pressure and Other Instruments ............................ .294 Installing Multi-Tube Bundles and Fittings ............................................. .295 Installing Single Tubing, Fittings and valves ........................................... .296

. . . . Equipment and Appurtenances Installation, Derrick Barge Labor, Crew .................... 297 i .. Equipment and Appurtenances Installation, Derrick Barge Equipment Spread ............. .298 ' . .

-tion Eight -MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION ITEMS i I

.................................................................. Section Introduction -299 Mobilization and Demobilization of Personnel ........................................... .300 Mobilization and Demobilization of Equipment .......................................... .300

............................................ Load-Out, Tie-Down and Material Handling .301 ........................................................... Transportation and Freight ,301

Camp, Family Quarters, Field Ofice and Storage Facilities ............................... .302 .................................................................. Rest and Recreation -302

..................................................... Lay or Demck Barge Riding Crew .303 .......................................................... Load-out and Tie-Down Crew .303

Section Nine-MISCELLANEOUS ESTIMATING INFORMATION .................................................................. Section Introduction .305 .

pipe Wall Thickness and Weights ....................................................... 306. i ...................................................... Pipe Wall Thickness and Weights .307 '

............................................ Tubular Size, Wall Thickaesses and Weights .308 Tubular Size, Wall Thicknesses and Weights ..................................... ; ...... .309

............................................................ Welding Rod Requirements .310 [

............................................................ Welding Rod Requirements .311 ............................................... Surface Area and Circumferences of Pipe -312 '

...................................................... Coating and Wrapping Materials -313 ............................................................ Useful Conversion Factors .314

.................................................................... Mensuration Units -315 ............................................ Minutes to Decimal Hours Conversion Table .316

xii

Preface d

This manual has been compiled to provide time frames, labor crews and equipment spreads to assist the estimator in capsulizing an estimate for the installation of cross-country pipelines, marshland pipelines, nearshore and surf zone pipelines, submerged pipelines, wharfs jetties, dock facilities, single-point mooring tenni- nals, offshore drilling and production platforms and equipment and appurtenances installed thereon.

The time frames and labor and equipment spreads which appear throughout this manual are the result of many time and method studies conducted under varied conditions and at locations throughout the world; these time frames and labor and equipment spreads reflect a complete, unbiased view of all operations involved.

When one is engaged in compiling an estimate from any information furnished by others, as is the case with this manual, he should view it in an objective light, giving due consideration to the nature of the project at hand and evaluating all items that may &ect the productivity of labor and aIl other elements involved.

The Human Factor in Estimating

In this high-tech world of sophisticated software packages, including several for labor and cost estimating, you might wonder what a collection of estimating tables offers that a computer program does not. The answer is the human factor. In preparing a complete estimate for a heavy industrial project one often confronts 12-18 major accounts, and each account has 5-100 or more sub-accounts, depending on the project and its engineering design. While it would seem that such numerous variables provide the perfect opportunity for computerized algorithmic solu- tion, accurate, cost-effective, realistic estimating is still largely a function of hummi insight and expertise. Each project has unique aspects that still require the sea- soned consideration of an experienced professional, such as general economy, projects supervision, labor relations, job conditions, construction equipment, and weather, to name a few.

Computers are wonderful tools. They can solve problems as no human can, but I do not believe zonstruction estimating is their fort& I have reviewed several construction estimating software packages and have yet to find one that I would completely rely on. Construction estimating is an art, a science, and a craft, and I rec- ommend that it be done by those who understand and appreciate all three of these facets. This manual is intended for those individuals.

John S. Page

xiii

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Introduction ! . I- . . . . . . . . -. . -. . .

Any logical system used in the preparation of an estimate for land and sea \ pipelines and offshore facilities must be based on, and confined to, certain pre- 4 determined parameters. Therefore, your particular attentbxis - - directed to the following: . -

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No consideration has been given to the dollar value of labor, materials or construction equipment. The dollar cost of labor and material will vary, depending on location and time or schedule of the particu- i

lar project. Outside or third party rental/purchase of construction equipment will vary, depending on location, availability and the market value a t the time the equipment is needed. If the equipment is I

contractor-owned, its costs will vary depending on its depreciated value, cost of repairs and maintenance, insurance, desired return on investment, etc.

It is of the utmost importance that the correct labor crews and equipment spreads be established and used. No piece of equipment can function properly without its complement of skilled labor to operate and maintain it, and labor cannot produce efficiently without the proper tools and equipment to accomplish the job intended.

Where size or capacity is listed with a piece of equipment in the equipment spreads, it is intended solely as a guide and should not be construed as the only size or capacity that can be used. In actual practice, the project scope and conditions will dictate the size, type and capacity of the equipment to be used. The time frame tables in this manual are based on employing the number and type of units listed in the spread tables.

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In keeping with the many time frame tables which appear throughout this manual, the labor crew and equipment spread tables are intended to provide ample labor and equipment for the installation of ,

all items listed. In addition to the General Notes and the notes that appear with the individual tables, consideration should be given to the following when forming and applying these crews and spreads.

;"r - I 1) All labor and equipment spreads can be adjusted upward or i . downward, depending on project type, size and scope. I - 2) All equipment should be of the size and type suitable for the

P-.' i t work intended. 1 ' , I

E : ;-.. 2 3) Various crews and equipment spreads, such as derrick barge,

1 -- tug, crewboat, etc., must be combined to obtain a total work- I

TI .. ing spread. The type and scope of the project will determine i ' f .I the spreads that are to be combined. i.1 -

I 'i 4) Offshore construction material and/or cargo barges, in the

number and size needed, must be added to the spread at their daily rates for the time they are actually involved at the

I . construction site.

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; All labor crews listedin this manual are based on open shop operations. If union i (,: or closed shop operations are the case, general foremen, various craft foremen, . stewards and other craft classifications will have to be given consideration and I

. added to the crews as necessary. I

j-' The following items are listed and defined in Section 8, "Miscellaneous Construe tion Items," and, therefore, no consideration has been given them in the other sections of this book:

I i 1) Mobilization and demobilization of personnel

2) Mobilization and demobilization of equipment 3) Load-out, tie-down and material handling 4) Transportation and freight 5) Camp, family quarters, field office and storage facilities 6) Rest and recreation

* Small tools, consumable supplies, fuel, oil and grease have not been considered. / These are all items that vary widely with particular projects and should be

added to the various spreads as applicable. \

i Purchase of right-of-way, crop or structure damage or repair or replacement i

+ costs, cost of other damaged items, taxes, permits, licenses, fees of all types and . duties have not been given consideration in this manual. These can and do vary

1 so greatly that they must be given individual consideration for each location and

g. ' ? project and added to the estimate accordingly. I - Where work is to be performed in a foreign country, consideration should be I

given to the forming and use of a mixed crew comprised of at least a portion of : craftsmen from that country. Usually this fosters a better relationship with the

L-! country, and it is often less expensive than a completely expatriate crew. It t

should be recognized an expatriate craftsman is any craftsman who is not a 1 . citizen of the country in which the project is being constructed.

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I . . Tables have not been included for overall project management, field manage- '; j i

ment or supervision. The scope of the individual project will govern the need for I

I these personnel, and they must be added to the estimate for a project requiring their services.

Labor Productivity \ i

Before one thinks in terms of labor dollars for an estimate, many things must be consid- :! ered, the most important of which are called productivity efficiency and produetion ele- 1 I

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. . . . . . . ments. Consideration of these two factors is essential if the many labor time frames that i ' . . . . . t.:,. i: .:. . . .

. . . . . . . . . follow are to be correctly applied. 1 - ' 1 . , . I

b.:. " . . -. . I.-. :.... 1. ..

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After extensive comparison of many projects, we have found that production percentages I I

can be classified into five categories and that production elements can be grouped into six ' different listings or classifications: i

Production Elements 1. -6neral Economy 2. Project Supervision 3. Labor Relations 4. Job Conditions 5. Equipment 6. Weather

Productivity Efficiency Percentages

T Y P ~ Percentage Range 1. Very Low.. ....................... 10 Through 40 2. Low.. ............................ 41 Through 60 3. Average .......................... 61 Through 80 4. Very Good ........................ 81 Through 90 5. Excellent ......................... 91 Through 100

From the above paragraph you may agree that this is true but that the percentage productivity range is too wide to accommodate accuracy. By evaluating each of the six elements and illustrzting with an example of each, you can see just how simple it is to arrive at a productivity efficiency percentage. I

I - 1. GENERAL ECONOMY .I

This is simply the state of the nation or the area in which your project is to be I -t.

developed. Things that should be looked at and evaluated under this category are: I

(a) Business Trends and Outlooks (b) Construction Volume (c) The Employment Situation

Let us say that d t e r giving due consideration to these items you find them to be very good or excellent. This sounds good but actually it means that your productivity range will be very low. This is due to the fact that with business being excellent the type of

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supervision and craftsmen that you will have to draw from will be very poor. Because t is r

of this it will tend to create bad labor relations between your company and supervision, thus making very unfavorable job conditions. From this it would seem that the

! general economy of the nation or area sets off a chain reaction to the other five

g ; elements. This we have found to be true. On the other hand, let us say that we have

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evaluated this element and find the general economy to be of a fairly good average. Here we find that the productivity efficiency tends to rise. This is due to the fact that under normal conditions there are enough good supervisors and craftsmen to go around, they are satisfied, thus creating good job conditions.

I For our example, to show how a final productivity efficiency percentage can be arrived

- at, let us say that we are estimating a project in- a given area and after careful consideration of this element, we find it to be of a high average. Since it is of a high average, but by no means excellent, we estimate our productivity percentage at seventy-five (75) per cent.

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!+' . 2. PROJECTSUPERVISION

I What is the caliber of your supervision? What experience have they had? What can you afford to pay them? What have you to draw from? Things that should be looked at and evaluated under this element are:

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(a) Experience (b) Supply (c) Pay

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- ,4 Like general economy this too must be carefully analyzed. If business is excellent, the

I chances are that you will have a poor lot to draw from. If business is normal, you will , have a fair chance of obtaining good supervision. The contractor who tries to cut

overhead by using cheap supervision usually winds up doing a very poor job. This I usually results in a dissatisfied client, a loss of profit and a loss of future work. I However, the estimator has no control over this. It must be left to management. All ' 6 . ++ the estimator can do is estimate his projects accordingly.

To follow through with our example, after careful analysis of the three items listed under this element, we find that our supervision will be normal for this type of work and we arrive at an estimated productivity rate of seventy (70) per cent.

. .. ' ; 3. LABOR CONDITIONS

A Have you a good labor relations man in your organization? Are the craftsmen in the area experienced and satisfied? Are there adequate first class craftsmen in the area?

- -9 Like project supervision things that should be analyzed under this element are: . .

fl (a) Experience (b) Supply (c) Pay

The area where your project is to be constructed should be checked to see if the proper experienced crahmen are available locally or will you have to rely on travelers to fill your needs. Can and will your organization pay the prevailing wage rates?

For our example let us say that for a project in a given area we have found our labor relations to be fair but feel that they could be a little better. Since this is the case, we arrive a t an efficiency rating of sixty-five (65) per cent for this element.

4. JOB CONDITIONS .-n

What is the scope of work and just what is involved in the project? Is the schedule tight or do you have ample time to complete the work? What is the condition of the site? Is it on land or at sea? If on land is it high and dry or is it low and muddy? If a t sea are the waters relatively calm or are they occasioned by storms? What type of operations are involved? What kind of material procurement will you have? There are many items that could be considered here, dependent on the project; however, we feel that the most important of these items are as follows:

(a) Scope of Work (b) Site Conditions (c) Material Procurement (d) Ease of Operations

By careful study and analysis of the plans, specifications and other project information coupled with a site or area visitation youshould be able to correctly estimate a productivity efficiency for this item.

For our example, let us say that the project we are estimating allows ample time to complete the project, that the site location is low and muddy, material procurement will be a bit slow and the ease of operation will be normal for the type ofwork involved. Therefore, d t e r evaluation we estimate a productivity rating of only sixty (60) percent.

5. EQUIPMENT

Do you have ample equipment to do your job? What kind of shape is it in? Will you have good maintenance and repair help? The main items to study under this element are:

(a) Usability - -

(b) Condition (c) Maintenance and Repair

This should be the simplest of all elements to analyze. Every estimator should know what type and kind of equipment his company has as well as what kind of mechanical shape it is in.

Let us assume, for our example, that our company equipment is in very good shape, tha t we have an ample supply to draw from and that we have average mechanics. Since this is the case we estimate a productivity percentage of seventy (70).

6. WEATHER

Check the past weather conditions for the area in which your project is to be located. During the months that you will be constructing what are the weather predictions based on these past reports? The main items to check and analyze here are as follows:

(a) Past Weather Reports (b) Rain or Snow, Hot or Cold (c) Storm Frequency

This is one of the worst of all elements to be considered. At best, all you have is a guess. However, by giving due consideration to the items as outlined under this element your guess will at least be based on past occurrences.

For our example, let us assume that the weather is about half good and halfbad during the period that our project is to be constructed. We must then assume a productivity range of fifty (50) per cent for this element.

' . . . . . :.- i... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .

. . . I . - . - - ..._..- , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . v : . . . . . . I.'::,. ....... .". - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . - - I . - . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

We have now considered and analyzed all six elements and in the examples for each individual element and have arrived at a productivity efficiency percentage. Let US now group these percentages together and arrive at a total percentage:

Productivity Item Percentage

...................... 1. General - Economy 75 2. Production Supervision ................. 70 3. Labor Relations ........................ 65 4. Job Conditions ......................... 60 5. Equipment ............................ 70 6. Weather ............................... 50 -

TOTAL ................................ 390

Since there are six (6) elements involved we must now divide the total percentage by the number of elements to arrive at an average percentage of productivity:

390 + 6 = 65 percent average productivity efficiency

At this point we must caution the estimator. This example has been included as a guide to show a method that may be used to arrive at a productivity percentage. The preceding elements can and must be considered for each individual project. By so doing, coupled with the proper manpower tables that follow, a good labor value estimate can be properly executed for any place in the world, regardless of its geographical location and whether it be today or twenty years from now.

xix

11 Section One

t. 1 , ' CROSS-COUNTRY I

I PIPELINES

It is the intent and express purpose of this section to cover as nearly as possible all erection operations, in the form of labor crews and equipment spreads, that may be necessary for the complete installation of several hundred miles of cross-country pipeline.

The following crew and equipment tables do not take into account the fabrication and installation of compressor or pump stations. These are items such as structures, equipment foundations, equipment installations, inner connect- ing piping, electrical and instrumentation similar in nature to a small process type plant and as such should be separately evaluated.

The manpower listed in the following crew tables is for a single ten (10) hour shift, and the equipment listed in the spread tables is for a single spread. More than one crew and spread may be required, depending on project scope and schedule.

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Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 3

DETERMINING TOTAL DIRECT DAILY COST OF LABOR AND EQUIPMOENT SPREADS

It is assumed that at least one pickup truck in each spread will be equipped with short- wave radio equipment capable of communicating with all required office, storage and individual spread facilities and that each spread will be equipped with walkie-talkie radios for communicating between the various spreads.

Time frames, labor and equipment spreads for river crossings may be found under Section Two, "Marshland Pipelines."

The total direct daily cost of any labor and equipment spread can be determined by the following:

1) Determine the daily rate, including all fringes, of each craft or position and multiply each rate by the number of men required for that position.

2) Determine daily rate of each piece of equipment and multiply each rate by the number of pieces of individual equipment required.

3) Determine the daily cost of fuel, oil and grease required to run the spread and add this cost to the spread.

4) Determine the cost of small tools and consumable supplies required to support the spread for the project, prorate on a daily basis and add this prorated cost to the spread.

5 ) If quartering and catering are required for personnel, estimate the cost per man day, multiply by the number of men in the crew, and add daily rate for the total crew to the spread.

6) Summarize the total cost of items one (1) through five (5) above to arrive at the total direct cost of the spread per working day.

TO determine the daily direct cost of a spread for a non-working or stand-by simply reduce the working day spread cost by the cost of the oil, fuel and grease and the consumable supplies that normally would be used when working.

'"? - a

4 Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PXPELINES

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE-UNDERGROUND

Linear Feet of Pipelay,per Ten (10) Hour Day in Trench in Level, Rack-Free Terrain

The construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should provide for all operations that may be involved in the installation of the above quantities in a ten (10) hour work day in level, rock-free ground.

Nominal

Pipe Size

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

Productivity will vary where different types of terrain andlor rock are encountered.

See following respective tables and explanations covering productivity factors to be applied for variation in terrain and rock.

See pages xi-xiv for explanation covering productivity factors to be applied for labor.

Above footage is based on installing double random joints cf pipe.

PIPE WALL THICKNESS IN INCHES

0.000 through 0.250

10,800 9,600 9,120 8,900 8,600 8,400 8,000 7,800 7,400 - - - -

0.251 through 0.375

10,500 9,400 8,900 8,760 8,400 8,230 7,840 7,640 7,250 6,600 6,000 - -

0.376 through 0.500

10,300 9,210 8,720 8,580 8,230 8,160 7,680 7,500 7,100 6,470 5,880 5,400 4,800

0.501 through 0.625

-

8,550 8,410 8,070 8,000 7,530 7,350 6,960 6,340 5,760 5,300 4,700

0.626 through 0.750

- - - -

7,910 7,840 7,380 7,200 6,820 6,210 5,640 5,200 4,600

0.756 through 1.000

- - - - -

.- \ + : c r - 7,230

7,050 6,680 6,080 5,530 5,090 4,500


AVERAGE PIPELAY TABIX-ON SUPPORTS

Linear Feet of Pipelay per Ten (10) Hour Day on Waist-High Supports on Level Ground

PIPE WALL THICKNESS lN INCHES

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8 10 12 14

1.6 18 20 24 30 36 42

0.000 through 0.250

0.376 through 0.500

0.501 through 0.625

0.751 through

0.251 through 0.375

11,100 9,880 9,370 9,200 8,620 8,570 7,880 7,650 7,400 6,720 6,120 - -

The construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should provide for all operations that may be involved in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in a ten (10) hour work day on waist-high supports on level ground.

Productivity will vary with contour of terrain and accessibility.

See following respective tables and explanations covering productivity factors to be applied for variation in . -.- terrain.


Above footage is based on installing double random joints of pipe.

6 Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES

PRODUCTIVITY AND PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY FACTORS

To correctly apply the average pipelay per day time frames included in the preceding tables consideration must be given to the effects of labor productivity and terrain and rock factors.

Since the effect of these items has a decisive bearing on the actual linear feet of pipelay one might expect to complete in a day, we have included the following percentage efficiency tables covering these items and an example of their application.

Productivity factors to be applied to linear feet of pipelay per day for labor are as follows:

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS

The following production elements should be given consideration for the application of a labor productivity percentage.

1. General Economy 2. Project Supervision 3. Labor Conditions 4. Job Conditions 5. Equipment 6. Weather

Type of Productivity

Excellent ................................ Very good ................................ Average ................................. Low ............................ .. ....... Very low .................................

For a full description of above elements and an example of obtaining labor productivity percentage see pages xi-xiv.

Percentage Range

0.901 through 1.000 0.801 through 0.900 0.601 through 0.800 0.401 through 0.600 0.001 through 0.400


Productivity factors for terrain to be applied to linear feet of pipelay per day are as follows:

TERRAIN PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS --

Description Productivity of Terrain Factor

Level ................................................... 1.000 Slightly Rolling ......................................... 0.950 Rolling ................................................. 0.688..; Rough ................................................ 0.500

. . Very Rough. .............:......................... ; ...... 0.300 . .

Level: Smooth and level, no hills. Slightly Rolling: Level with minor contour changes and small hills. Rolling: Constant contour changes and small hills. Rough: Partially level with minor contour changes, slues and valleys. Very Rough: Constant contour changes, major hills, slues and valleys.

Productivity factors to be applied for rock to linear feet of pipelay per day are as follows:

ROCK PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS

Percent Productivity of Rock Factor

0 .............................................. 1.000 ...................................... Oto 25 ,. 0.840

25 to 40 ............................................... 0.720 40to 55' ............................................... 0.627 55to 70 ...................................... ,,. 0.547

............................................... 70to 85 0.453

............................................... 85to100 0.373

Percent 0: No rock-Few small pebbles.

0 to 25: Minor small rocks. 25 to 40: Major rocks and some small boulders. 40 to 55: Major rocks and some small and large boulders. 55 to 70: Minor small and large boulders with frequent occurrence. 70 to 85: Large boulders with frequent occurrence. 85 to 100: Large boulders with frequent to almost continuous occurrence.


EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS

With such a wide productivity range between various labor, terrain and rock factors, one might think that it is rather difficult to determine just how many feet of pipe one should expect to complete in a day. We know of no fool-proof method for determining this. However, we offer the following example of a method that may be used in the application of the previous listed labor, terrain and rock factor tables. We feel that in so correctly considering and applying these factors one will be very competitive and obtain his share of work at a profit. - ,d

For our example we assume that we have four hundred (400) miles of 30-inch by 318-inch wall pipeline to install under the following conditions and that we will be working a ten (10) hour day.

From the preceding pipelay table we determine that six thousand (6000) linear feet of 30-inch by 318-inch wall pipe can be laid in a trench in level, rock-free ground during a ten (10) hour work period.

From the labor analyzation table (see pages xi-xiv), it has been determined that our labor productivity is equal to sixty-five (65) percent.

Let us assume that the entire pipeline is not to be laid in total level rock-free ground and that the following terrain and rock factors must be applied.

Terrain Factor = - 12.' - - 0.782 400

EXAMPLE TERRAIN FACTORS

Description

Level .................................... Slightly Rolling .......................... Rolling .................................. Rough ...................................

.............................. VeryRough

TOTAL ..................................

Terrain Factor

1.000 0.950 0.688 0.500 0.300

. -

Miles of Pipe

100 105 115 50 30

400

Use Factor

100.0 99.8 79.1 25.0 9.0

312.9

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 9 q

1 i ! L . .- EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS (continued)

EXAMPLE ROCK FACTORS

322.3 - Rock Factor = - - 0.806 400

Based on the preceding assumptions, the average rate of pipelay per ten (10) hour day is equal to:

Linear feet per day x labor factor x terrain factor x rock factor or

6000L.F. x 0.65 x 0.782 x 0.806 = 2458L.F.perday

Use Factor

90.0 159.6 10;8 34.5 27.4

322.3

Percent of Rock

0 .................................. Ob25 ...................................

25to40 ................. .-.,.... ......... 40to55 ................................. 55to70 .................................. TOTAL ...................................

Piping on supports can be estimated in the same manner using factors which may apply.

The direct installation cost, in dollar value, per linear foot of pipe, can be obtained by the following formula:

Rock Factor

1.000 0.840 0.720 0.627 0.547

-

Cost per day of spreads .

Direct cost per foot = Linear feet per day of lay

Miles of Pipe

90 ~190

15 55 50

400 .

I

10 Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES I

CLEARING AND GRADING RIGHT-OF-WAY

General Notes . . , . ,.. ... , , . . . .

In order to arrive a t a total time frame for the following labor crew and equipment spread the following items, as they may apply to a given project, should be given consideration: ;

1) Removal of trees, brush and stumps.

2) Grubbing and removal of stumps that are in the way of the ditch. 1

3) Disposal of all debris, including method of disposal and length of haul. i - a : - - a

4) Clearing area spoil a sufficient distance from the ditch line so that the spoil- : I

I 1 . bank from the ditching operations will not fall in any foreign material that might become mixed with the excavated spoil. I

I I

- a #- 5) Cutting of merchantable timber into standard lengths and stacked along the - - . - I

right-of-way for disposition by others if specifically required by the right-of- . way agreement.

6) Providing temporary walks, passageways, fences or other structures so as not to interfere with traffic.

7) Providing ~ ~ c i e n t and proper lighting where required.

8) Providing guards where required.

9) Preserving all trees, shrubs, hedges and lawns where required.

10) Grading irregularities where required.

11) Preserving topsoil for replacement, through all cultivated or improved fields and pastures, to its orginal position.

12) Proper grading of the terrain so as to allow passage of loaded trucks and equipment hauling materials and so ditching operations can be properly performed.

13) Protecting and preserving existing drainage facilities.

14) Protecting any existing structures or pipelines.

15) Protecting any telephone or utility lines and keeping them in service.

16) Cutting through fences and hedges where required and replacing these when necessary.

17) Installing gates and fencing where required.

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 1 1

CLEAR AND GRADE RIGHT-OF-WAY

Labor Crew

! I

Above total crew should be ample for clearing and grading one (1) mile of right-of-way per ten (10) hour day for the 1, ' width and conditions outlined.

NUMBER OF MEN FOR

.! >

Crew spread includes cutting, stacking or piling, loading and hauling a round-trip distance of two (2) miles.

If burning is necessary or permitted, substitute fire tenders for dump truck drivers. See Clearing and Grading I .

I equipment spread for number of dump trucks.

et

' - Code Description: L = Light-light brush and grass, no trees.

100 Linear Feet Width

Persomel Description

.... Foreman

.... Operator ... Mechanic

.... Swamper TruckDriver

..... Laborer

Totalcrew ..

M = Medium-considerable brush of larger size. MH = Medium Heavy-large brush and small trees. H = Heavy-much small brush, many small trees and occasional large trees.

.. H

4 5

1 1 5 3 50

68

L

2 2

2 2 20

29

L

2 10

16

M

3 4

1 1 4 2

35

49

M

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

2 15

21

MH

4 5

5 3

40

58

- MH

2 2

2 20

29

H

2 2

1 1 2 2 30

39

L

2 15

21

M

1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2

2 25

34

MH

3 3

3 2 30

42

H

3 3

1 1 3 2 40

52


CLEARING AND GRADING RIGHT-OF-WAY

Equipment Spread

Above equipment spread should be ample for clearing and grading one (1) mile of right-of-way per ten (10) hour day for the width and conditions as are outlined.

Equipment Description

D8 Tractor WIDozer ...

D7 Tractor WIDozer ...

Truck-2% T o n D u m p . . 2

Truck- Pick-up ....

Ripper or B r u s h r a k e . 1

Haul trucks are based on round trip haul of two (2) miles. If brush and trees are to be burned on site, omit above dump trucks.

Small tools such as saws, axes, etc., must be added as required for the individual job.

NUMBER OF UNITS FOR

Code Description: L = Light-light brush and grass, no trees. M = Medium-considerable brush of larger size. MH = Medium Heavy-large brush and small trees. H = Heavy-much small brush, many small trees and occasional large trees.


L

1

0

1

80 Linear Feet 100 Linear Feet Width Width

L

1

1

2

M

1

0

2

M MH H L M MH H

1 2 2 1 2 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 3 3

1 2 3 3 2 3 4 4

1 1 1 1 2 2 2

MH

1

1

2

1 2

1 1

H

1

1

2

2

1 1


PIPELINE LAY-OUT

Labor Crew

Equipment and Tool Spread

Personnel Classification

Engineer-Surveyor ......................................... Rodman ................................................... Chainman ................................................. Laborer (Stake Driver). ..................................... Truck Driver ...............................................

Total Crew ................................................

Number of Men

2

2

2

2

1

9

i Above labor crew, equipment and tools should be ample for surveying and staking out one (1) mile of pipe

1' centerline per ten (10) hour day.

b.. -- Trench bottom grades can be shot with transit; however, it may be desirable to accomplish this with the use of a ! level. If level is to be used, add this to above equipment spread.

Equipment and Tool Description

Transit., ................................................... Flagpole .........................,................... Tape Chains ................................................ Ten Pound Sledge Hammer . ; ; ..... 1 .........................

............................................ HandBmshHog

........................................................ Axe

................................................ Pick-up Truck

Units Each

2

2

2

2

2

2

1


UNLOADING, HANDLING, HAULING AND STRINGING PIPE

General Notes

In estimating the time requirements for the following labor crew and equipment spread, consideration should be given to the following items should they be related to the particular project a t hand:

1) Obtain hauling permits as may be required by federal, state and local laws.

2) Offload pipe, valves, fittings, pipe materials, casings, etc., a t point of delivery if required and haul to storage facilities.

3) Secure storage sites.

4) Unload and store on racks if required.

5) Check material for damage when received.

6) Load, haul and string pipe and materials along right-of-way.

7) When handling pre-coated pipe, protect coating by use of padded chains or slings.


UNLOADING, HANDLING, HAULING AND STRINGING PIPE

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman ........................ Operator .......................

........................... Oiler ................... Truck ~ h v e r

Hooker ........................ ........................ Laborer

Total Crew .....................

Above labor crew and equipment spread is ample for handling, hauling, unloading and stringing pipe along a right-of-way that is accessible to vehicles involved.

MANPOWER FOR PIPE SIZES


Crane ......................... D7 Toe Tractor. ................ D6 Toe Tractor ................. D7 Side Boom ................. D6 Side Boom .................

.......... Truck WIPipe Trailer Truck-Pick-up ...............

Length of haul and size and quantity of pipe will determine time for which above labor crew and equipment spread will be required.

Allow enough time for appropriate crew and equipment to maintain a safe lead over the pipe installation crew.

30to42"

2 3 3 6 2

10

26

4"to14"

2 3 3 4 2 8

22

EQUIPMENT EACH FOR PIPE SIZES

If blasting is required, do not string pipe until blasting is completed.

16"to24"

2 3 3 5 2 8

23

Above trucks should be equipped with shortwave radios.

30to42"

1. 1 0 1 0 6 2

4 to14"

1 0 1 0 1 4 2

16"to24"

1 1 0 1 0 5 2


General Notes

In determining a time frame for application of the following labor crew and equipment spread the following should be given consideration should they apply to the particular project:

1) Ditching or trenching for buried pipelines should be in accordance with the following table of minimum width and coverage for all soil formations.

2) In rock cut ditches at least six (6) inches wider.

3) If dirt-filled benches are used, ditch should be excavated deeper to obtain proper coverage.

4) Trench should be excavated to greaterdepth when required for proper installation of the pipe where the topography of the country warrants same.

5) Repair any damage to and maintain existing natural or other drainage facilities.

6) Do not open ditch too far in advance of pipelay crew.

Normal Minimum Coverage

Inches

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 36 36

Nominal Pipe Size Inches

4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

7) Obtain permits for blasting.

Minimum Width Inches

22 26 26 26 30 32 36 38 40 44 50 52 58

8) When blasting, use extreme caution and protection.

9) Clean up of blasted rock to prevent damage to coated pipe.

Section One-CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES 17

DITCHING AND TRENCHING

Labor Crew

f'. '.

, I

. Manpower will vary depending on length, width and type of excavation and type of terrain and soil conditions.

r q The above labor crew is based on conditions outlined in the example of application factors in the front ofthis section

L and should be maximum required to open ditch far enough in advance of the pipelaying crews so as not to delay the

k. .- pipelay operations.

Personnel Description

Foreman ............................................. Operator ............................................. Oiler ............................-. ;--. ................ Swamper .............................................. Grader ...............................................

Operator-Jackhammer ...............................

Operator-Drills ..................................... Powder Man .......................................... Truck Driver ......................................... Laborer ..............................................

Total Crew ...........................................

If demolition of rocks and boulders is not necessary, or if no blasting is required, delete the craftsmen for these operations kom the above crew.

P - *."

Number of Men Required

2

15

13

i 3 '

13

2

4

4

6

10

82

18 Section-One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES

DITCHING AND TRENCHING

Equipment Spread

Size of above equipment may vary depending on length, width and type of excavation and type of terrain and soil conditions.

Equipment .:,-..I ..-- Description

Trenching Machine .................................. Dragline ?h Cy. to 1 Cy. ............................... Backhoe 96 Cy. to 1 Cy. ................................

............................ Tractor WIDozer D6 or D7

Tractor WITOW D6 or D7 .............................. .................................. Side Boom D6 or D7

Air Compressor 365 to 500 CFM. ...................... Jackhammer-Light to Heavy ........................ Drills-Wagon or Train 4" to 5%" ...................... Water Pumps 2" to 6 ................................. Trucks-Dump 5 to 12 Cy. ............................. Trucks-Pick-up 54 to % Ton ..........................

The above equipment spread is based on conditions outlined in the example of application factors in the front ofthis section and should be maximum required to open ditch far enough in advance of the pipelaying crews so as not to delay the pipelay operations.

Number of Units Required

2

2

5

1

1

3

2

2

4.

2

6

6

If demolition of rocks and boulders is not necessary, or if no blasting is required, delete the equipment for these operations from the above spread.

-- -?x==--

I - . . . . . . 1. ._ .:I.. / _ _ . . . . ! _ . ~ . , _ - .:..

I _ . . . . ; . ,. "..:' -1::

. ,

t . . 8 .

/ . . . . . . . / . . -, . . ; ,;. ............:. . - . i!.. :.:. . - : . . . i . . . . . . ......:.:.I . . i . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

. . : . . . . . . s . . . . . c. . . . . . . . . , . . - . - I _ _ . : . _ . ; : . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


BENDING OPERATIONS

General Notes

In estimating the time requirements for bending operations, consideration should be given to the following items:

1) Bending machine should be of proper size and design.

2) All bends should be cold bends without wrinkles.

3) Curvature of bend should be distributed uniformly throughout as great a length -

of the pipe as possible.'

4) Bends should be used for difference in elevation of the surface of the ground as well as for alignment.

5) Bends -. a should not exceed one and one-half degrees (1%") per diameter length of PlPe.

6) Bend should be made no nearer than six (6) feet from the end of the joint of pipe. When pipe is double-jointed before bending, bends should not be closer to the weld than one (1) pipe diameter. If, however, it should be necessary to bend pipe through a circumferential weld, the weld should be x-rayed after bending.


BENDING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

Foreman ................................................ Engineer ................................................ Engineer Helper ......................................... Operator-Tractor ....................................... Operator-Bending Machine ............................. Operator-Bending Mandrel .............................. Oiler ................................................... Pipefitter ............................................... Laborer ................................................. X-Ray Technician ....................................-...

Personnel ClassZcation

Number of Men Each

Equipment Spread

Total Crew ..............................................


16

Units I,, Pipe Bending Machine ..................................... Pipe Bending Mandrel ......................... ' ............ Dent Remover ............................................. Air Compressor 365 C .F.M. ................................. Tractor WISide Boom D6 or D7 .............................. Transit ................................................... Truck-Pick-up ........................................... X-Ray Equipment ..........................................

. Above labor crew and equipment spread is ample to carry out bending operations of all sizes.

More than one spread may be desired or above spread may be decreased depending on number and size of bends and their locations.

Size of pipe will dictate size of bending equipment to be used. l-

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PI'PELINES 2 1

ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS

General Notes

In keeping with the average pipelay per day table, consideration should be given to the following items for aligning and welding operations:

1) The labor crew and equipment spread tables that follow are based on welds being made by the manual shielded metal-arc method.

I

i .i .

I

2) Welding machines should be of the size and type suitable for the work. . - / - .

3) Welding machines are to be operated within the amperage and voltage ranges I .

recommended for each size and type of electrode.

4) &move all foreign matter from the beveled ends before welding. Clean with

[ . hand or power tools.

5) Pipe ends must have proper bevels for the work intended.

6) Abutting pipe ends should be aligned so as to minimize the offset between pipe surface. Hammering of pipe to obtain proper line-up should be held to a minimum.

7) Internal line-up clamps should be used where possible. Use external line-up clamps 'when it is impractical or impossible . . . to use an internal line-up clamp. 1

8) If roll welding is used, add skids or structural framework and required roller , dollies to the equipment spread.

I I

9) Use minimum of root bead, filler bead and finish bead.

10) Brush and clean the finished weld. 11) Only qualified welders should be used.

12) Where required apply heat treatment-preheating and postheating.

13) Apply radiographic inspection of welds where required.

i 22 Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY FiPELINES I I


Labor Crew

i i

Above labor crew is the maximum that should be required for aligning and welding of pipe as outlined in the average pipelay table and the example application of factors in the front of this section. See pages 4 through 9.


...................... Foreman Welder--Stringer ..............

................. Welder-Line ............... Welder-Helper

.... ............... Clamp Man ;

....................... Stabber Spacer ........................

........................ Buffer ...................... Operator

......................... Oiler ...................... Swamper

Truck Driver .................. ....................... Laborer

X-Ray Technician ..............

Totalcrew .....................

Above manpower is based on aligning and welding several hundred miles of pipeline. Above crew should be . I

adjusted downward for smaller projects in length if the schedule allows ample time to install same.

MEN EACH FOR PIPE SIZES

4" to 1 4

1 2

12 15 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 6 1

55

16" to 24"

2 3

15 18 2 1 2 2 5 3 2 5 8 1

69

I 3 0 to 42"

2 4

19 23

2 1 2 2 6 3 2 6

10 1

83



Equipment Spread

k Above equipment spread is the maximum that should be required for aligning and welding of pipe as outlined in I the average pipelay table and the example application of factors, in the front of this section. See pages 4 through 9. ! I

:. Above equipment spread is based on aligning and welding several hundred miles of pipeline. Above spread should be adjusted downward for smaller projects if the schedule allows ample time to install same.


300 Amp Welding Machine ..... Beveling and Cutting Rig ....... D7 Side Boom ................. D6 Tow Tractor ................ Buffing Outfit ................. Line-Up Clamps ............... Truck-2 Ton Winch ........... Truck-5 Ton ................. Truck-Pick-up ...............

................ Carryall or Bus X-Ray Equipment Set-Up .......

NUMBER OF UNITS FOR PIPE SIZES

30" to 42"

25 1 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 1

4" to 14"

12 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

16" to 24"

20 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1


CLEANING, PRIMING, COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS

General Notes

/

Consideration should be given to the following items when applying the time requirements for the labor crews and equipment spreads on pages 25 through 28:

1) Clean =d remove all dirt, mill scale, rust, welding scale and all other foreign material. ,-

2) Some or all of the following steps or applications may be required in applying the coating and wrapping of the pipe or joints and therefore should be given consideration:

i) Priming vii) Enamel Coat No. 3 ii) Enamel Finish viii) Kraft Wrapping

iii) Fiberglass Wrap ix) Unbonded Wrap iv) Enamel Coat No. 2 x) Whitewash V) Asbestos Felt Wrap

vi) Fiberglass Wrap No. 2 xi) Wood Lagging

3) Handle coated pipe with equipment designed to prevent damage to the coating at all times.

4) Where pipe is to be laid in trench excavated in rock, pad trench to prevent damage to pipe coating.

5) Check all coatings for holidays with a high voltage electric holiday detector.


CLEANING, PRIIWNG, COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

I MEN EACH FOR PIPE SIZES

Part of the above manpower can be adjusted downward for smaller projects, assuming the schedule allows ample time to install same.


Foreman ...................... Operator-Equipment ......... Operator-Cleaning Machine .... Operator-Coating Machine .... Operator-Dope Pot ............ Pot Fireman ................... Oiler .........................

.. Paper Lathers ................. Swamper ...................... Truck Driver .................. Laborer .......................

Totalcrew ....................

If pipe is to be received pre-coated and wrapped, see table on page 27 for field cleaning, priming, coating and wrapping of joints only.

Above crew is ample for cleaning, priming, coating and wrapping several hundred miles of pipeline of the sizes listed based on the linear feet per day as outlined in the average pipelay table and further explained in the example application of factors in the front of this section. See pages 4 through 9.

30" to 42"

1 4 1 1 1 1 4 2 . 4 2

20

41

4 to 14"

1 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1

10

27

1 6 to 24"

1 4 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 15

36


CLEANING, PRIMING, COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS

Equipmeht Spread

I

I Above equipment spread is the maximum that should be required for cleaning, priming, mating and wrapping 1 I several hundred miles of pipeline of the sizes listed based on the linear feet per day as outlined in the average I

pipelay table and further explained in the example application of factors, in the front of this section. See pages 4 I , 1 .

through 9. I I I .

1 I

Part of the above equipment can be adjusted downward for smaller projects in length assuming the schedule allows 1 I

ample time to install same. !

Equipmsnt Description

Cleaning Machine ............. Coating and Wrapping Machine . D7 Side Boom ................. D6 Tow Tractor ................ Holiday Detector ............... 6 KW Generator ............... Truck-3 Ton ................. Truck-2 Ton Float ............ Truck-Pick-up ...............

Sizing of various pieces of equipment listed above is to be determined by the size of pipe that is to be installed. I I

If piping is to be received pre-coated and wrapped, see table on page 27 for equipment required to field clean, prime, coat and wrap joints only.


4" to 14"

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1

16 to 24" 30" to 42"

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1


TOTAL FIELD ONSHORE CLEANING, PRIMING, COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS OF JOINTS ONLY

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman ............................................

Operator ............................................ Oiler ...........................................-..... Buffer ........................ , ...................... Dye, Enamel and Wrappers ........................... Pot Fireman .........................................

Laborer .............................................

Truck Driver ........................................

Total Crew ..........................................


1

1

1

2

4

1

2

1

13

The above labor crew and equipment spread is capable of cleaning, priming, mating and wrapping, of pipe joints only, for the quantities of pipelay as are listed in the average per day pipelay table on pages 4 and 5.


D7 Side Boom ....................................... 3 Bbl. Tar Kettle ....... ; .............................

Holiday Detector. ...................................... 6 KW Generator ..................................... B&er .............................................. Pick-up Truck .......................................

If total pipeline is to be field coated and wrapped, see tables on pages 25 and 26.


1

1

1

2

3

1

28 Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 4 -

SANDBLAST AND PAINT PIPE

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman ............................................ Blasters and Painters ................................ Pot Man or Helper ................................... Operator ............................................. Truck Drivcr ........................................

Total Crew ..........................................


1

3

- '4-

1

1

10

The above labor crew and equipment spread is ample for cleaning, by blasting, and painting of pipe installed on supports or racks and should be capable of blasting twelve hundred (1200) square feet and painting one thousand (1000) square feet of pipeline per ten (10) hour day.


Sand Pot and Blast Equipment ........................ Paint Spray Equipment ..............................

Air Compressor-600 CFM. ........................... Truck-Pick-up .....................................


1

1

1

1

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 29 *- I

! ." LO-RING PIPE IN TRENCH OPERATION

General Notes

I I

1. Consideration should be given to the following operations involved in lowering pipe into r- r r a trench: : . t..

I 1) Remove rocks or other objects that could damage pipe from trench. I

f--- 3 2) Allow slack in line to properly fit ditch.

P .- - 3) Use only canvas slings to lower pipe into trench. Fi 4) Use holiday detector behind the last lowering in belt at all times.

5) Where it is necessary to pull or drag sections of pipe, protect coating.

F 6) Keep open ends of pipe closed at all times with "night-caps." i , . 7) Should dents, buckles or defects be found in pipe replace same. +-'-

1 Y - t


LOWERING PIPE IN TRENCH OPERATION

Labor Crew


- -- - --- - -

Foreman ....................... Operator ....................... Oiler ..........................

....................... Swamper.

......................... Welder

.................. Welder Helper

Truck Driver ................... Laborers .......................


Total Crew ..................... 27 31

Above labor crew is ample for lowering in several hundred miles of pipeline, into pre-excavated trench, of the sizes listed above based on the linear feet per day as outlined in the average pipelay table, and further explained in the example application of factors in the front of this section. See pages 4 through 9.

Part of the above manpower can be adjusted downward for smaller projects, assuming the schedule allows ample time to install same.

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 3 1 V-. -- i. . 5

LOWERING PIPE IN TRENCH OPERATION

Equipment Spread

Above equipment spread is maximum that should be required for lowering in several hundred miles of pipeline, into pre-excavated trench, of the sizes listed above based on the linear feet per day as outlined in the average pipelay table and further explained in the example application of factors in the front of this section. See pages 4 through 9.

.-


Side Boom D7 or D8 ............. Dragline-% to 94 Cy. ........... Welding Machine ............... Waterpump .................... Truck-2Ton .................. Truck-Pick-up ................

Part of the above equipment can be adjusted downward for smaller projects, assuming the schedule allows ample time to install same.

NL?.~BER OF UNITS FOR PIPE SIZES

3 0 to 42"

4

1

2

1

2

2

4 to 14"

2

1

1

1

1

1

16" to 2 4

3

1

2

1

2

2


VALVE INSTALLATION

Labor Crew

Foreman ............................................. Pipefitter-Welder ...................................


Pipefitter-Helper .................................... Operator ............................................. Oiler ................................................ Laborer .............................................. Truck Driver .........................................


Total Crew :; .........................................

Equipment Spread

The above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for the installation of valves in pipelines. -


Light Crane ......................................... Welding Machine 300 Amp. ........................... Generator ........................................... Flatbed Truck-2 Ton ................................ Pick-up Truck .......................................

Number of valves to be installed, valve size, type and location will govern the actual size of crew and equipment spread required.


1

1

1

I

1

See page 33 for average hourly time requirements for valve installation.


VALVE INSTALWLTION

Average Hourly Time Requirements

WELD END VALVES

Nominal Pipe Size

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 36 42

I Above manhours are for total valve installation, including loadout, handle, haul, flange welds, bolt-ups and valve !, : end weld where required.

. See preceding table for suggested valve installation labor crew and equipment spread tables which should be adjusted to fit the individual project needs.

FLANGED AND BOWED VALVES

SERVICE PRESSURE RATING

2500 Lb.

40. 50. 63. 73. 85. 98. 110. 114. 124.

- -

1500 Lb.

35. 44. 55. 63. 72. 85. 108. 111. 121. 123. 144. 177. 211.

600-900 Lb.

25. 34. 42. 49. 56. 64. 73. 83. 92. 100. 119. 148. 176.

150 Lb.

17. 19. . 27. 31. 36. 41. 48. 53. 58. 65. 79. 100. 121.

300-400 Lb.

19. 24. 29. 35. 40. 46. 54. 60. 65. 71. 86. 108. 130.


CLEANING AND TESTING PIPELINES

General Notes

Consideration should be given to the following items when applying the time requirements for the following labor crew and equipment spread:

1) All pressure testing should be conducted with due regard to the public.

2) Installation of fdl line and filling.

3) Sectionalized testing may be required depending on limitation of water supply or to limit the degree of public exposure.

4) Pretesting major road crossings, railroad crossings and prefabricated sections prior to installation may be necessary or desirable.

5) Dewatering of lines with the use of scrapers or spheres. 1 I

- - 6) Should defects be found, repair or replace same.

7) Provide radio communication equipment to control and co-ordinate all phases I , . of testing.



Labor Crew

............................................. Operator I '


................................................. Oiler I

Number of Men

Welder ................................-..........-... 1 6 ' ........................................ Welder Helper

............................................. Pipefitter

Foreman ;. .......................................... .

...................................... Pipefitter Helper

1

............................................. Swamper I .............................................. Laborer I ' ......................................... Truck Driver I 2

Total Crew 36 ...........................................

The above labor crew is ample for pig cleaning and hydrostatic testing of pipelines.

Length of time requiredto pig and test line will be determined by length of time required to set up pig launcher and receiving and length and size of pipeline to be tested. This must be estimated for the Individual Project.



Equipment Spread

The above equipment spread is ample for pig cleaning and hydrostatic testing of pipelines.


Light Crane ............................... Pig Launcher ............................ Pig Trap ................................. Pigs ..................................... Misc. Pipe, Valves and Fittings ............ Anchor Forgings and Tie Downs ...........

......................... Generator75KW Welding Machine 3 00 Amp. ............... Air Compressor 165 CFM ................. Water Pump-6 ......................... Test Pump ............................... Miscellaneous Gauges .................... Holiday Detector ......................... Truck-Flat Bed ........................... Truck-Pick-Up ........................... Carry All or Bus .......................... Radios (Walkie Talkie) ...... i .: ......-.. .,..., ....

Time requirements, for the above equipment, to pig and test line will be governed by length of time required to set up pig launcher and receiver and length and size ofpipeline to be tested. This must be estimated for this individual project.

Unit

Each Each Each Each Lot Lot

Each Each Each Each Each Lot

Each Each Each Each Each

Number of Units

1 1 1 4 1 1 2 6 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2


BACKFILLING

F.1

, , . . . . . . General Notes

!.. ... g;.. '5.

' In applying time requirements to the following labor crew and equipment spread, the F" ? . following items should be given consideration:

> - 1) Keep backfill as close as possible to lowering-in operation. * 2) Hand backfill to six (6) inches above top of pipe.

f - -? 3) Rock, if available, usually can be used to backf511 from six (6) inches above pipe . to top of trench.

4) Do not use foreign substances or refuse for backfill material.

F" -' 5) Place good earth in cultivated areas or where required. I k, . ;. 6) Protect backfill from washing.

7) Place riprap when required and where necessary.

1 ! 8) Cover all bends on the same day they are lowered into trench.


BACKFILLING

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread I-


Foreman ...................... ...................... Operator

......................... Oiler

...................... Swamper

....................... Laborer

Total Crew ....................

Above labor crew and equipment spread is ample for backfilling of trench after pipe is installed assuming pipelay I

is a t the rate of speed as stipulated in the pipelay table, page 4. I

Ifjoints are left exposed until after test additional spread time will be required to return and backfill joints. I

I I

If additional fill material is required, add hauling labor and equipment to above spreads. !



..... Tractor-Front End Loader

Dozer D6 or D7 ................ Truck-Pick-up ...............

i - - !.. . . . . I..; .:.:.,

I

: . i '

4" to 1 4

1

2

1

2

6

12


16" to 24"

1

3

1

3

8

16

4" to 14"

1

1

1

3 0 to 42"

I

3

1

3

10

18

16 to 24"

2

1

1

3 0 to 42"

2

1

1


+-i .. .C CLEAN UP OPERATION

I

i ? 1 Gemral Notes

, . / -. .. -*. -> L , --

In estimating time requirements for clean up operations, consideration should be given I to the following items:

, -

I 1) General clean up of the entire right-of-way. I

2) Follow up lowering-in and backfill crews as close as possible. 2---$; .- I 3) Remove any rubbish, brush, trees, stumps, paint drums and loose rocks. . . ij

4) Restore any river or creek banks to their original contour.

5) Where erosion is possible, install riprap or sand bags. p

6) Repair damage to or replace fences, terraces, roadways, bridges, culverts, cattle I

, . 1k r guards, etc.

a- - I 7) Install pipeline right-of-way markers.

i- f

b l '

1 .


CLEAN UP OPERATION

Labor Crew 1 . - . . . . . . I".. . . . . .


Foreman .................. ................... Operator

..................... Oiler

................. Swamper

.............. Truck Driver

................... Laborer

Total Crew ................

Above total crew is ample for cleaning up operations of construction debris for one (1) mile of right-of-way per ten I I I

(10) hour day for the width as outlined above. I

Above manpower does not include hauling or burning of brush and trees. See clear and grade right-of-way table for this operation, page 11.

MEN EACH FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY

Equipment Spread

50 L.F. Width

1

4

1

3

1

10

20

Above equipment spread is ample for clean up operations of construction debris for one (1) mile of right-of-way per ten (10) hour day for the width as outlined above.

80 L.F. Width

2

7

2

6

3

16

36


Dozer D7 or D8 ........... Dozer D6 .................

Front End Loader ......... Truck-2 Ton ............ Truck-Dump ............ Truck-Pick-up ..........

Above equipment spread does not include equipment for hauling of brush and trees. See clear and grade right-of- ! i 1 way table for this operation, page 11. i i i ,

100 L.F. Width

3

8

3

6

3

20

43

NUMBER OF UMTS FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY

50 L.F. Width

1

2

1

1

1

1

80 L.F. Width

4

2

1

3

1

2

100 L.F. Width

5

2

1

3

1

2

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES 4 1 ,..-a-

UTILITY OPERATIONS

General Notes

Utility operations can vary greatly, depending on the obstructions that may lie in the way of the pipeline. Therefore, adjustment to the following labor crew and equipment spread may be required for:

1) Boring under highways, roads, railroads, etc.

2) Placing conductor piping or casings.

3) Break out and remove pavements and repair and replace damage to same.

4) Install and maintain safety precautions as required such as lanterns, barricades, warning signs, etc.

-

42 Section One-CROSS-COUNTXY PIPELINES

UTILITY OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

Above labor crew is average for installation of casements and miscellaneous borings and other utility type operations which may be involved for several hundred miles of cross-country pipeline of the sizes as listed above.

Number and type of utility operations for the individual project will govern the size of crew required for each project. Consideration should be given to the individual pr:@xt and adjustments made to the labor crew accordingly.


Foreman ......................

..................... Mechanic

....... Operator ............. .. . . - - - ......................... Oiler

Air Tool Operator .............. ....................... Swamper

........................ Welder

Welder Helper .................

Truck Driver ..................

Laborer .......................

Total Crew ........ , ...........


4 to 14"

1

1

7

1

2

4

2

2

2

4

26

16" to 24"

1

1

8 '

1

2

5

3

3

3

6

33

3 0 ta 42"

1

1 . .

8

1

2

5

4

4

4

8

38


. :.. . . i.. .?; UTILITY OPERATIONS

Equipment Spread


Dragline ......................

Side Boom. .................... ......................... Dozer

. Welding Machine .............. Boring Machine ............... Cut and Bevel Outfit ........... Asphalt Kettle ................. Air Compressor ................ Truck-6 x 6 .................. Truck-2 Ton ................. Truck-Pick-up ...............

Above equipment spread is average for installation of casements and miscellaneous borings and other utility type operations as may be involved for several hundred miles of cross-country pipeline of the sizes as listed above.


Number and type of utility operations for the individual project will govern the size and amount of equipment that will be required for each project. Consideration should be given to the individual project and adjustments made to the equipment spread accordingly.

Boring machine is to include the necessary augers, auger bushings, connectors and adapters and cutting heads.

3 0 to 42"

1

3

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

4" to 14"

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1 I

1 1

1 -

1

16 to 2 4

1

3

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

8 I I '

i . i . . . - . I . . . . . ! . _ . . . . .

i i - 8 . .

r- .a 3 . 5.

. . . , Z Section Two t + . I

MARSHLAND PIPELINES I -

i'i

The following labor crews and equipment spreads are intended to suffice only for those direct erection operations that may be necessary for the installation of pipelines in '1

" marshland or swampy areas. r-.- ". r

I Labor forces and equipment for operations such as bending, cleaning, priming, coating 1:

, and wrapping, sandblasting and painting, etc., can be obtained from the tables included

r ; : under Section One of this manual and added to the spreads in this section if necessary.

1. The following labor crews are for a single twelve (12) hour shift and the equipment listings are for a single spread. More than one crew and spread may be required, depend-

f' ing on project scope and schedule.

; All spreads are to be equipped with short-wave radio communication devices capable of

_ j maintaining contact with all required office and storage facilities as well as with the 1 : : individual spreads.

k., t-

Normal weather conditions are usually considered and included in the base price. I - , A : Downtime for all marine equipment due to severe weather, stand-by due to no fault of the , a

, contractor, and major breakdown time are usually quoted to the client as a reduced i ' , non-working day rate or are covered in the price by an allowance of an estimated number I of days at the reduced non-working day rate.

To determine the daily cost of a spread for a non-working day simply reduce the working .I.. day spread rate by the cost of the productive operating fuel, oil and grease, the consum-

able supplies, and any indirect cost and fee that you feel is justifiable.

46 Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE

Linear Feet of Pipelay per Twelve (12) Hour Daz in Trench in Non-Obstructive Marshland


The construction labor and equipment spreads in this section should be capable of performing alloperations that may be involved in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in a twelve (12) hour work day, in unobstructed marshland.

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18

- 20 24 30 36 42

Productivity will vary where obstructions such as heavy grass, tree stumps, etc., are encountered.

See following respective tables and explanations covering productivity factors to be applied for variation in obstructions.

0.000 Through 0.250

3,780 3,360 3,200 3,120 3,010 2,940 2,800 2,730 2,590 - - - -


0.251 Through 0.375

3,675 - 3,290 3,120 3,070 2,940 2,880 2,750 2,680 2,540 2,310 2,100 - -

0.376 Through 0.500

+ 3 600 -1 .- - 3,230 3,050 3,000 2,880 2,850 2,690 2,620 2,490 2,260 2,060 1,890 1,680

0.501 Through 0.625

- F . .- - -

2,990 2,940 2,820 2,800 2,640 2,570 2,440 2,220 2,020 1,860 1,650

0.626 Though 0.750

- - - -

2,770 2,750 2,580 2,520 2,390 2,170 1,970 1,820 1,610

Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES 47

PRODUCTIVITY AND PERCENTAGE .: ..

I.. . - . -.

EFFICIENCY FACTORS ..- ..A.

'.. - 1 . ''. ! . . To correctly apply the time frames that have been included in the preceding tables

?.- .,y. ':i ' consideration must be given to the effects of labor productivity and to obstructions that may lie within the path or right-of-way of the pipeline. _ I

,

7- .. Since the effect of these items has a decisive bearing on the actual linear feet of pipelay one might expect to obtain per day, we have included the following percentage eEciency tables covering these items and an example of their application.


Productivity factors to be applied to linear feet of pipelay per day for labor are as follows:

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS

Type of Productivity

Percentage Range

The following production elements should be given consideration for the application of a labor productivity percentage.

1. General Economy 2. Project Supervision 3. Labor Conditions 4. Job Conditions 5. Equipment 6. Weather

Excellent ................................ Very good ................................

.... Average ........................... ,. Low.. .................................... Very low .................................

For a full description of above elements and an example of obtaining labor productivity percentage see pages xi-xiv.

0.901 through 1.000 0.80 1 through 0.900 0.60 1 through 0.800 0.401 through 0.600 0.001 through 0.400

Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES 49 !

Obstruction productivity factors to be applied to linear feet of pipelay per day are as follows:

OBSTRUCTION P R O D U C m Y FACTORS

Grass: No tree stumps or roots-grass only.

Grass-Few Small Stumps: Grass with a few minor small stumps. Easy to remove.

Description of Marshland

Grass .................................... Grass-Few Small Stumps ................ Grass-Few Medium Stumps .............. Grass-Few Large Stumps ................ Grass-Many Large Stumps ...............

Grass-Few Medium Stumps: Grass with a few medium-size stumps. Not too easy to

Percent of Productivity Obstructions Factor

0 1.000 0 to 25 0.875

25 to 50 0.750 50 to 75 0.600 75 to 100 0.450

remove.

Grass-Few Large Stumps: Grass with a few large stumps. Hard to remove.

Grass-Many Large Stumps: Grass with many large stumps. Very hard to remove. i I i

50 Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES I

I i I

1 I EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS I 1 I

Due to the existence of such a wide degree of variability between labor and obstruction i

factors, we offer the following example of a method that may be used to determine the i actual linear feet of pipelay that should be installed in a day with certain labor and obstruction variables.

I

For our example we assume that we have one hundred (100) miles of 30-inch by %-inch I

I : wall pipe to install under the following conditions and that we will be working a twelve - I (12) hour day. I

f i - _ - i . i .. '- -i , t

t - - 1 - From the preceding average pipelay table, we determine that twenty one hundred (2100) I -

linear feet of 30-inch line can be installed in unobstructed marshland in a twelve (12) : I I

hour day. !

From the labor analyzation table (see pages xi-xiv), it has been determined that our labor productivity is equal to sixty-five (65) percent.

Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES 5 1

EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS (continued)

Let us assume that the total pipeline is not to be installed in total unobstructed marshland and that the following obstructions exist:

OBSTRUCTION FACTORS

87*3 - 0.873 Obstruction Factor = - - 100

Average rate of pipelay per twelve (12) hour day based on the above assumption is

Use Factor

50.0 17.5 15.0 1.2 3.6

87.3

equal to: Linear Feet Per Day x Labor Factor x Obstruction Factor

or 2100 L.F. x 0.650 x 0.873 = 1192 L.F. Per Day

Miles of Pipe

50.0 20.0 20.0 2.0 8.0

100.0

Description

Grass ............................. Grass-Few Small Stumps .......... Grass-Few Medium Stumps ........ Grass-Few Large Stumps .......... Grass-Many Large Stumps .........

Total ...............................

The direct installation cost, in dollar value per linearfoot of pipe, can be obtained by the

Obstruction Factor

1.000 0.875 0.750 0.600 0.450

-

following formula:

Direct Cost Per Foot = Cost Per Day of Spreads Linear Feet Per Day of Lay

I . . .



General Notes

In keeping with the average pipelay per day table (page 46), consideration should be given to the following items for all aligning and welding operations:

1) The labor crews and equipment spreads are based on welds being made by the manual shielded metal-arc method.

2) Welding machines should be of the size and type suitable for the work.

3) Welding machines are to be operated within the amparage and voltages ranges recommended for each size and type of electrode.

4) Remove all foreign matter from the beveled ends before welding. Clean with hand or power tools.

5) Pipe ends must have proper bevels for the work intended.

6) The alignment of abutting pipe ends should be such as to minimize the offset between pipe surface. Hammering of pipe to obtain proper line-up should be held to a minimum.

7) Internal line-up clamps should be used where possible. Use external line-up clamps when it is impractical or impossible to use an internal line-up clamp.

8) Use minimum of root bead, filler bead and finish bead. 9) Brush and clean the finished weld.

10) Only qualified welders should be used.

11) Where required apply heat treatment-preheating and postheating. . -

12) Apply radiographic inspection of welds where required.

Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES

Labor Crew

I . [ I r ' . The above labor crew is ample for the complete welding and installation operations required for pipelines h

- - in marshlands all in accordance with the average pipelay table and obstruction and labor productivity factors

I * pages 46-61. 1 *

: The above manpower can be adjusted upward or downward depending on amount of pipe to be installed, project

, - schedule and installation specifications. 1 %


Barge Foreman ....................................... Welder Foreman ...................................... Welders .............................................. - -- &.-.."c ...... - -

............................ Welder Helper (Apprentice)

Spacer ............................................... .............................................. Stabber

..- - Buffer ...............................................

Mechanic ............................................ Operator-Anchors ................................... Operator-Equipment ................................

. .~.-- . >:.- - L . Operator-Equipment Tender ......................... Oiler .............................. ;.. ............. Kettle Fireman ....................................... Swamper ............................................. Labor Foreman . ....................................... Laborer .............................................. Truck Driver .......................................... X-Ray Technician .....................................

Total Crew ...........................................

I In all cases ample manpower must be allowed for operation of all equipment that may be listed in the equip


1

1

6

6

1

1

6

1

3

2

3

2

1

2

.1

12

2

1

52

ment spread.



Equipment Spread

The above equipment spread is ample for the complete welding and installation operations required for pipelines I

!

in marshlands.al1 in accordance with the average pipelay table as may be amended by the obstruction and labor productivity factors, pages 46-51. ' I i


........................ Tugs (Fully Manned)-400 hp+

Lay Barge .......................................... Material Barge-120' x 30' + ....................... Cargo Barge-110' x 30' + .......................... Crew 130at401 2 .. ;. ............................... Skiff With Motor .................................... Crane-50 Ton ...................................... clam B U C ~ ~ - 9 4 cY. .................................. Drag Bucket-1% Cy. ................................ Side Boom-572 ..................................... Welding Machine-300 AMP. ........................ Generator-6 KW. ................................... Water Pump-2" ....................................

..................................... Water Pump-4"

Air Compressor-165 CFM. .......................... Line Up Clamps ..................................... Launch Shoes ....................................... Hydraulic Shoe ...........................'........... Tar Kettle-10 Barrel ............................... Cement Mixer-6 S .............. , .................... Holiday Detectors ................................... ,

Pick-up Truck ....................................... Mechanics Truck .................................... X-Ray Equipment--Set Up ...........................

The above equipment can be adjusted upward or downward depending on the amount of pipe to be installed, project t

schedule and installation specification conditions. . . . . . i , .. , :. !. . 1 . ,, : , i ! . ' . ;: 1 . j . . . I :, . . . ;

i j ! .


3

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

8

1

3

1

1

2

6

1

1

1

3

4

1

1

ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS- LAND SHOVE METHOD

Labor Crew

Personnel Number of Description Men Required

Crew Foreman ...................................... 1

- Welder Foreman ..................................... 1

........... ................................. Welder.. ; 5

Welder Helper (Apprentice) .......................... 5

Spacer .............................................. 1

............................................. Stabber 1

Buffer ............................................... 5

Pot Fireman ........................................ 1

... Operator-Equipment ........................ ,, ..,- 2

Operator-Equipment Tender ........................ 1

Oiler ............................................... 1

Swamper ............................................ 1

Laborer ............................................. 12

Truck Driver ........................................ 2

X-Ray Technician .................................... 1

Tatal Crew .......................................... 40

The above labor crew is ample for pushing pipe and all other operations involved in the installation ofpipe by this method in marshlands or small river and stream crossings.

The above manpower can be adjusted upward or downward depending on length of run ofpipe to be installed by this method, project schedule and installation specifications.

In all cases ample manpower must be allowed for operating all selected equipment for this type of operation.


ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS- LAND SHOVE NIETHOD

Equipment Spread

The above equipment can be adjusted upward or downward depending on length of run of pipeto be installed by this method, project schedule and installation specification conditions.


...................................... Side Boom 572

Crane With % Cy. Drag Bucket. ...................... ........................ Welding Machine-300 AMP.

Air Compressor-165 CF'M. .......................... ................................... Generator-6 KW.

Hoist ................................. ,.. .......... ................................ Tar Kettle-3 Barrel

Cement Mixer-6 S .................................. ....................................... Jet Pump-6"

Water Pump-2" .................................... Launch Shoes .......................................

.................................... Holiday Detector

.................................... Skiff With Motor

Pick-up Truck ....................................... .............................. Flatbed Truck-2% Ton

Bus ................................................. X-Ray Equipment Set Up ............................

The above equipment spread is ample for pushing pipe and all other operations involved in the installation ofpipe by this method in marshlands or small river and stream crossings.


1

1

6

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

6

2

1

2

1

1

1


ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS- RIVER CROSSING TIE-IN

iabor Crew

The above labor crew is ample for all operations that may be involved in river or lake crossing installation of pipelines. -b


Barge Foreman .......................................

Welder ............................................... Welder Helper (Apprentice) ............................

Operator-Anchor .................................... Operator-Equipment ................................ Operator-Equipment Tender .........................

Oiler ................................................

Spacer ............................................... Stabber .............................................. Buffer ............................................... Pot Fireman ..........................................

Laborer .............................................. Truck Driver .........................................

Total Crew ...........................................

Manpower can be adjusted upward or downward depending on length of run and size of pipe to be installed by this method, project schedule and installation specification conditions.

:*<


1

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

6

1

22

In all cases ample manpower must be allowed for operating all selected equipment for this type of operation.


ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS- RIVER CROSSING TIE-IN

Equipment Spread

i 1

I

! i j i 3

, . 1.

. . I

1. . : . ; ., , . 1 .

,

j

1

. . . . . . . . . I . . . . j , . : . . . I. I .

. . . . . . . . , _ _ . - i .. . . i . . . .

a , . j .:. . . j 2 .


Tug--400 H.P. (Fully Manned) ........................ -,:.a

Utility Barge ........................................ Cargo Barge-110' x 30'. .............................

. Crew B o a t 4 0 1 ................................. ,.. Skiff With Motor ..................................... Crane-Dragline-30 Ton ............................ Clam Bucket-% Cy. ................................. Drag Bucket-1% Cy. ................................ Air Compressor-165 CFM. ........................... Welding Machine-300 AMP. ......................... Generator-17 KW. .................................. Generator-6 KW. ................................... Jet Pump-6" ....................................... Water Pump-2" .................................... Tar Kettle-3 Barrel ................................. Cement Mixer-6 S . ; ................................ Holiday Detector ...................................... Hoist-Gl4O ........................................

........ ........................... Pick-up Truck ,,

,

The above equipment spread is ample for all operations that may be involved in river or lake crossing installation I

of pipelines. I I.

Equipment can be adjusted upward or downward depending on length or run and size of pipe to be installed by this . method, project schedule and installation specification conditions. I


1

2

1

1 -

2

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1


TUG

Labor Crew



.............................................. Captain

................................................ Mate

Chief Engineer ....................................... First Engineer ........................................

............................................... Seaman

................................................ Oiler

................................................. Cook

Total Crew ...........................................

-*-

Equipment Spread

Equipment Description I Number of

Units Required

..................................... Tug 1

The above labor crew is standard for operating an ocean certified tug.

For close-to-shore or inland waters, work this crew can be reduced by deletion of the first engineer and cook if work is to be performed on a one-shift basis.

When tugs are rented from outside sources, the rental rate should include the full contingent of personnel and be completely rigged for the type of operation and work it is to perform.


HOE DITCH OPERATION

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Ditch Foreman ....................................... . Mechanic ............................................ Operator-Backhoe ................................... Operator-Skiff .......................................

............................ ............. Laborer ,..

Truck Driver .........................................

Total Crew ...........................................


1

1

4

4

4

3

17

Material Barge ...................................... I 1


Tug-165 HP. (Fully Manned) ........................

Skiff With Motor ...................................... 1


1

Crane-Backhoe .................................... I 4

Mechanics Truck .................................... I 1

Pick-up Truck ....................................... I

The above labor crew and equipment spread is ample for ditching operations in mud, mud and sand and light clay type soil materials as are usually found in marsh lad areas.

Carry All or Van .....................................

Length of time required for the above crew and spread will be determined by the type of soil, width and depth of ditch and length of run.

3

Labor crew and equipment spread can be adjusted upward or downward depending on the type of soils and project schedule.

Do not open ditch too far in advance of pipelay crew.

Labor crew and equipment spread similar to the above can be used for backfilling.


VALVE INSTAZ,LAmON

Labor Crew

-

Equipment Spread


Foreman ............................................. Pipefitter-Welder ............................. '. ...... Pipefitter-Helper ....................................

Operator .............................................. ................................................ Oiler


Total Crew ............................................

Nlmber of Men Required

1

6

6

1.

1

4

1

20

i - The above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for the installation of valves in pipelines. F . " .

1.: ;. ii,, - 2 Number of valves to be installed, valve size, type and location will govern the actual size of crew and equipment


Light Crane ......................................... Welding Machine-300 AMP. ......................... Generator ............... , ............................ Flatbed Truck-2 Ton ................................

Pick-up Truck .......................................

1

1. spread required. I

See page 62 for average hourly time requirements for valve installation.


1

1

1

1

1

I I

I

62 Section Two-MARSHLAND PIPELINES i i I 1

i I

! I

VALVE INSTALLATION I 1

Average Hourly Time Requirements

I

Nominal Pipe Size

i

i I

The above manhours are for total valve installation including loadout, handle, haul, flange welds, bolt-ups and I

valve end weld where required. 1 1

i . - See preceding table for suggested valve installation labor crew and equipment spread tables which should be - 1 adjusted to fit the individual project needs. ,

FLANGED AND BOUED VALVES


150 Lb.

17. 19. 27. 31. 36. 41. 48. 53. 58. 65. 79.

100. 121.

WELD END VALVES

300-400 Lb.

19. 24. 29. 35. 40. 46. 54. 60. 65. 71. 86.

108. 130.

600-900 Lb.

25. 34. 42. 49. 56. 64. 73. 83. 92.

100. 119. 148. 176.

1500 Lb.

35. 44. 55. 63. 72. 85.

108. 111. 121. 123. 144. 177. 211.

2500 Lb.

40. 50. 63. 73. 85. 98.

110. 114. 124. - - - -

Section Two--MARSHLAND PIPELINES .63


General Notes

Consideration should be given to the following items when applying the time requirements for the following labor crew and equipment spread:

1) All pressure testing should be conducted with due regard for the public. ---Ti Installation of fill lines and filling operation.

3) Sectionalized testing may be required depending on limitation of water supply.

4) Pretesting of water crossings or prefabricated sections may be required or desired.

5) Dewatering of lines with the use of scrapers or spheres.

6) Should defects be found repair or replace same.

7) Provide radio communication equipment to control and co-ordinate all phases of testing.


CLEANING AND TESTING PIPELINES I

Labor Crew 1 I



Foreman ............................................. ............................................. Operator

................................................ Oiler

............................................... Welder

Welder Helper ........................................ ............................................ Pipefitter

Pipefitter Helper ...................................... ............................................. Swamper


Total Crew ...........................................

Length of time required to pig and test line will be determined by length of time required to set up pig launcher and receiver and length and size of pipeline to be tested. This must be estimated for the individual project.

! -


1

1

1

6

6

6

6

1

6

2

36

. . . . . . . , ... . . . . . . . . . . . ,'. _ . . . . . . . . . . i . . I . . . . . . . . .. - ;- : ' . i " . ' . . . . . . . . . .

Section Three

-. iJlc

ONSHORE - -

OFFSHORE

This section provides labor crew and equipment spread tables for the installation of onshore pipelines running a short distance fiom storage or blending facilities and con- tinuing through the offshore surf-zone area only.

No consideration has been given to the installation of storage and blending facilities or pumping stations. Construction methods, labor, materials and equipment for these facilities vary greatly from those required for pipeline installation and therefore should be evaluated for the particular project and estimated accordingly.

Landlay pipeline crews normally work a single shift of ten (10) hours per day. Because of the high cost of marine equipment, the vagaries of the weather, etc., offshore pipelay crews usually work two (2) shifts of twelve (12) hours each for a twenty-four (24) hour day total.

The manpower listed in the tables is for one crew, working a single shift only. Should a land crew be assisted by or support an offshore spread, the land crews and equipment spreads should be adjusted in cost to equal the time frame of the offshore spread.

It is assumed that at least one pick-up truck in each spread will be equipped with short-wave radio equipment capable of communicating with all required office, storage and individual spread facilities and that each spread will be equipped with walkie-talkie radios for communicating between the various spreads.

68 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SUW-ZONE PIPELINES

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE-ON LAND, NEARSHORE,UNDERGROUNB

Linear Feet of Pipelay Per Ten (10) Hour Day In Trench in Level Rock-Free Terrain

The construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should provide for all operations in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in a ten (10) hour work day, in level rock-free ground, fr0;h';horeline to storage or process facilities located a maximum of two (2) miles inland from shoreline.

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

Productivity will vary where different types of terrain andlor rock are encountered.

See following respective tables and explanations covering productivity factors to be applied for variation in terrain and rock.



0.000 through 0.250

4,320 3,840 3,650 3,560 3,440 3,360 3,200 3,120 2,960 - - - -

1


0.251 through 0.375

4,200 3,760 3,560 3,510 3,360 3,290 3,130 3,060 2,900 2,640 2,400 - -

0.376 through 0.500

4,120 3,690 3,490 3,430 3,290 3,270 3,070 3,000 2,840 2,590 2,350 2,160 1,920

0.501 through 0.625

- -

3,420 3,360 3,230 3,200 3,010 2,940 2,790 2,540 2,300 2,120 1,880

0.626 through 0.750

- - - -

3,160 3,140 2,950 2,880 2,730 2,490 2,260 2,080 1,840

0.756 through 1.000

- - - - - -

2,890 2,820 2,670 2,430 2,210 2,040 1,800

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORS SUW-ZONE PIPELINES 69

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE- ON LAND, NEAR SHORE, ABOVE GROUND

ON SUPPORTS

Linear Feet of Pipelay Per Ten (10) Hour Day On Supports to Waist-High, On Level Ground

[ 'I The construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should provide for all operations involved t. . in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in a ten (10) hour work day, on waist-high supports on level

ground, from shoreline to storage or process facilities located a maximqm of two (2) miles inland from shoreline.

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

. Productivity will vary depending on contour of terrain and accessibility.

1,. See following respective tables and explanation covering productivity factors to be applied for variation in terrain.


See pages xi-xiv for explanation covering productivity factors to be applied for labor. C.;;

I Above footage is based on installing double random joints of pipe.

0.751 through 1.000

- - - - - -

2,920 2,830 2,730 2,480 2,270 2,060 1,830

0.626 through 0.750

A

- - -

3,270 3,240 2,980 2,880 2,790 2,530 2,310 2,100 1,860

0.000 through 0.250

4,530 4,030 3,830 3,760 3,520 3,480 3,220 3,120 3,020 - - - -

0.376 through 0.500

4,350 3,870 3,680 3,610 3,400 3,360 3,100 3,000 2,900 2,640 2,400 2,180 1,940

0.251 through 0.375

4,440 3,952 3,750 3,680 3,450 3,430 3,150 3,060 2,960 2,690 2,450 - -

0.501 through 0.625

- -m

- 3,600 3,540 3,330 3,300 3,030 2,940 2,840 2,590 2,350 2,140 1,900

70 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE- OFFSHORE SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE

LANIB FABRICATE-BARGE PULL

Linear ,Feet of Concrete Weight Coated Pipe Per Twenty-Four (24) Hour Day

In JLPre-Excavated Trench or On Bottom

The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow should provide for all operations, excluding trench blasting that may be involved in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in the offshore surf-zone area, a maximum distance of three thousand (3000) linear feet, working a double twelve (12) hour shift or twenty-four (24) hour day total.

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

The above linear feet ofpipelay is based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on land and pulling with winch and cables from an anchored barge offshore specifically rigged with proper equipment for this type operation.


PIPE W&L THICKNESS IN INCHES

0.250

3,810 3,370 3,210 3,150 3,000 2,940 2,800 2,740 2,610 - - - -

0.251 through 0.375

3,700 3,300 3,120 3,090 2,970 2,910 2,770 2,640 2,590 2,460 2,240 - -

0.376 through 0.500

3,560 3,180

. 3,060 3,000 2,880 2,850 2,680 2,620 2,490 2,270 2,070 1,900 1,690

0.501 through 0.625

- -

3,000 2,940 2,820 2,760 2,600 2,550 2,420 2,200 2,000 1,840 1,640

0.626 through

0.750

- - - -

2,740 2,700 2,550 2,500 2,370 2,160 1,960 1,800 1,610

0.756 through

1.000

- - - - - -

2,500 2,450 2,320 2,120 1,920 1,760 1,580

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 7 1

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE- aFFSHORE SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE

LAY BARGE FABRICATE-LAND PULL

Linear Feet of Concrete Weight Coated Pipe Per Twenty-Four (24) Hour Day

In Pre-Excavated Trench or On Bottom

The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should provide for all operations, excIuding trench blasting, that may be involved in the installation of the above quantities of pipe in the offshore surf-zone area, amaximum distance of three thousand (3000) linear feet, working a double twelve (12) hour shift or twenty-four (24) hour day total.

Nominal Pipe Size

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 .

36 42

The above linear feet pipelay is based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a pipelay barge and pulling from the beach with pre-anchored winches and cables specifically rigged with the proper equipment for this type operation.



0.751 through 1.000

- -

- -

. - 3,250 3,190

3,0803,020 2,760 2,500 2,290 2,050

0.626 through 0.750

- - - -

3,560 3,510 3,320 3,250

2,810 2,550 2,340 2,090

0.250

4,950 4,380 4,180 4,100 3,900 3,820 3,640 3,560 3,400 - - - -

0.376 through 0,500

4,630 4,130 3,980 3,900 3,740 3,700 3,480 3,400 3,240 2,950 - 2,690 2,470 2,200

0.251 through 0.375

4,810 4,290 4,060 4,020 3,860 3,780 3,600 3,430 3,370 3,200 2,920 - -

0.501 through 0.625

- -

3,900 3,820 3,670 3,590 3,380 3,320 3,150 2,860 2,600 2,390 2,130

72 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHOFUZ SURF-ZONE PIPELINES

PRODUCTIVITY AND PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY FACTORS

As previously stated, the preceding time frame tables are based on one hundred percent productivity efficiency. Due to many factors this is seldom if ever achieved. In the installation of onshore beach area and offshore surf-zone area pipelay, we have found that the most important items that effect the percentage of efficiency are labor, both on and offshore, terrain and rock conditions onshore and bottom conditions offshore.

The following productivity efficiency factor tables covering labor, onshore terrain and rock, and offshore bottom can be cross-referenced with the preceding pipelay tables to assist the estimator in arriving a t the actual average total linear feet per day of pipelay

--- that should be obtained. An example of the application of these factors is included.

In some areas wind, wave, and currents may become serious factors. If this is the case, see Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES.

1

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 73

,; Productivity factors to be applied to labor for linear feet of onshore and offshore surf-zone pipelay per day are as follows:

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS NEAR SHOR;E, ON-LAND PIPELAY

I

5; - The following production elements should be given consideration for the application of

1 labor productivity percentage:

I

?... .+% Type of Productivity

i. :. ....................................... Excellent i ............................... Very Good i ..... :

y ', -. ! ,. ....................*.................*. .. ,. . . . Average

............................................ . , .{ . Low ....................................... c., .. Verg Low

1. General Economy j I 2. Project Supervision i

3. Labor Conditions i

i 4. Job Conditions 5. Equipment

f 6. Weather 1 L ' For full description of above elements and example of obtaining labor productivity

percentage see pages xi-xiv.

Percentage Range

0.901 Through 1.000 0.801, Through: 0.900 0.601 Through 0.,800 0.401 Through,0:600 0.001 Through 0.400

*

,

74 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES i !

Productivity factors for terrain to be applied to linear feet of near-shore, on-land pipelay j per day are as follows:

TERRAIN PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS NEAR-SHORE; ON-LAND PIPELAY , - I -. ......

I

Level Sandy Loam: Smooth and level with constant minor upgrade.

Description Of Terrain

Level Sandy Loam .....................................

Sandy Loam With Sand Dunes: Constant contour changes with small sand dunes.

Productivity Factor

1.000

Muck and Mud: Dirty slush and wet sticky mud.

Minor Up-and Down-Grade Changes: Partially level with minor contour changes, slues and valleys.

Steep Up-Grade Changes: Constant steep up-grade changes, major hills, slues and valleys.

sandy ~ o a m with sand ~ u n e s ......................... - 1 0.950 Muck zind Mud ......................................... Minor Up and Down Grade Changes .....................

... Steep Upgrade Change ; ..............................

0.80g. 0.750 0.500


' Productivity factors to be applied for rock to linear feet of near-shore, on-land pipelay per day are as follows:

F' I

: I I k,

I ri' . . - '' ,

i

I !

ROCK PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS NEAR-SHORE, ON-LAND PIPELAY

Percent of Rock

Productivity Factor

0 .............................................. Oto 25 ............................................'.. 25to 40 ............-................................... 40 to 55 .............................................. 55 to 70 ....................................... ...... . 70 to 85 ......................... ....................

.............................................. 85 to 100

L.. Percent: i 0: No rock-few small pebbles.

/ 0 to 25: Minor small rocks. e- -

25 to 40: Major rocks and some small boulders.

1 40 to 55: Major rocks and some small and large boulders.

55 to 70: Minor small and large boulders with frequent occurrence.

; 70 to 85: Large boulders with frequent occurrence.

i .: 85 to 100: Large boulders with frequent to almost continuous occurrence.

I

76 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES i

Productivity factors for offshore surf-zone bottom conditions to be applied to linear feet of ,

submerged pipelay per day are as follows if pipeline is to be buried:

BOTTOM CONDITION PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS OFFSHORE SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPELAY

Description of Productivity Bottom Factor

Gradually Sloping Sandy h a m .......................... 1.000 Gradually Sloping Muck and Mud ....................... 0.850

.............................................. SoftRock 0.750- . - . - - - Medium Soft Rock ....................................... 0.650

Gradually Sloping Sandy Loam: Sand and dirt easily removed by dredge bucket opera- ! i

tion, backhoe or jetting. , I

, .

Gradually Sloping Muck and Mud: Muck and mud removable with dredge bucket, backhoe or jetting. i

Soft Rock: Rock fairly easily removed with dredge buckets or backhoe. i i

Medium Soft Rock: Rock somewhat more difficult to remove with dredge buckets or I backhoe. - -

- "

If blasting is required, see Section Five-DREDGING, BLASTING AND JETTING. I


EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS

The following example shows how to apply the labor, terrain, rock and bottom factor tables in this section to correctly arrive at the total linear feet of pipelay one might expect to accomplish in a work day as outlined.

For our example we assume that we have three thousand (3000) linear feet of 20-inch by %-inch wall pipe to be installed in a trench on land and two thousand (2000) linear feet of concrete weight coated 20-inch by %-inch wall pipe to be installed in a trench in the offshore surf-zone area.

In accordance with our schedule we estimate that the on-land portion can be installed working a ten (10) hour day and that the submerged surf-zone portion, due to the expensive cost of offshore equipment, will be installed utilizing a double shift working twelve (12) hours each for a twenty-four (24) hour work day.

We further assume that, due to the fact that we are going to continue the submerged pipelay for several miles offshore to a platform, we will use the land fabricate-pull barge method of installation for the surf area submerged pipelay.

First we consider the on-land portion of the pipe. From the preceding "On-Land, Near- Shore, Underground Pipelay Table" (page 68), we determine that two thousand nine hundred (2,900) linear feet of 20-inch by %-inch wall pipe can be laid in a trench, in level sandy loam during a ten (10) hour work day.

From the labor analyzation table, and the example of labor productivity (pages xi-xiv), to this manual, it has been determined that our labor productivity is equal to sixty-five (65) percent.

I 78 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES I

I I I

I

EXAMPLE-APPLICATION OF FACTORS (continued) I I I i Let us assume that the total on-land pipeline is not to be laid in total level sandy loam and f 1 I that the following terrain and rock factors must be applied: i *

EXAMPLE TERRAIN FACTORS j . i - i .

Terrain Factor = - 2795. - - 0.932 3000.

Description of Terrain

Level Sandy Loam ....................... Sandy Loam With Sand Dunes ............ Muck and Mud .......................... Minor Up and Down Grade Changes ....... Steep Upgrade Changes ..................

Total ...................................

EXAMPLE ROCK FACTORS

Terrain Factor

1.000 0.950 0.800 0.750 0.500

-

Rock Factor = - 2846. - - 0.949 3000.

Percent of Rock

0 ......................... Oto25.. .......................

25 t o 4 0 . ........................ 40to55. ........................ 55 to 70. ........................

Total ............................

Linear Feet of Pipe

2000 300 200 400 100

3000

Use Factor

2000.0 285.0 160.0 300.0 50.0

2795.0

Rock Factor

1.000 0.840 0.720 0.627 0.547

-

Linear Feet of Pipe

2500 100 200 100 100

3000

Use Factor

2500.0 84.0

144.0 63.0 55.0

2846.0

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 79 I

I I


Based o n the preceding assumption, the average rate of on-land pipelay per ten (10) hour day is equal ta: 1 . - .

Linear Feet Per Day x Labor Factor x Terrain Factor x Rock Factor I I

i or j 3000 L.E x 0.65 x 0.932 x 0.949 = 1725 L.E Per Day

I I

On-land piping on supports can be estimated the same way, using the factors that may i

apply.

Next, for our example, we consider the surf-zone, concrete weight coated, submerged pipelay. From the pipelay table on page 70, we determine that two thousand five hundred ninety (2590) linear feet of 20-inch by %-inch wall pipe can be laid in a trench on a gradually sloping sandy loam bottom during a double work shift of twelve (12) hours each or a twenty-four (24) hour period.



Assume that labor productivity is sixty-five (65) percent, as previously explained and outlined.

Let us assume that the total offshore piping is not to be installed in total gradually sloping sandy loam and that the following bottom condition factors must be applied:

Bottom Factor = - 1415 - - 0.708 2000

Description of Bottom

Gradually Sloping Sandy Loam ........... Soft Rock ............................... Medium Soft Rock .......................

Total ...................................

Average rate of offshore, surf-zone pipelay per twenty-four (24) hour day, based on the preceding assumption is equal to:

Linear Feet Per Day x Labor Factor x Bottom Factor or

200 L.F. x 0.65 x 0.708 = 920 L.F. Per Day

Bottom Factor

1.000 0.750 0.650

-

The direct installation cost per linear foot of pipelay can be obtained by the following formula:

Direct Cost Per Foot = Cost Per Day of Spreads Linear Feet Per Day of Lay

Linear Feet of Pipe

1200 200 100

2000

Use actor

1200.0 150.0 65.0

1415.0


ONSHORE CLEARING AND GRADING RIGHT-OF-WAY

General Notes

When estimating a total time frame for the following labor crew and equipment spread, the following items, as they may apply to a given project, should be given consideration:

1) Rem~val of trees, brush stumps.

2) Grubbing and removal of stumps that are in the way of the ditch.

3) Disposal of all debris, including method of disposal and length of haul.

4) Clear area spoil a sufficient distance from the ditchline to insure that the spoil bank from the ditching operations will not fall in any foreign material that might become mixed with the excavated spoil.

5) Cutting of merchantable timber into standard length and stacked along the right-of-way for disposition by others (if specifically required by the right-of- way agreement).

6) Provide temporary walks, passageways, fences or other structures so as not to interfere with traffic.

7) Provide sufficient and proper lighting where required.

8) Provide guards where required.

9) Preserve all trees, shrubs, hedges and lawns where required.

10) Grade irregularities where required.

11) Preserve topsoil for replacement, through improved areas, to its original position.

12) Proper grading of the terrain to allow passage of loaded trucks and equipment-hauling vehicles so ditching operations can be performed efficiently.

13) ~ io tec t and preserve existing drainage facilities.

14) Protect any existing structures or pipelines.

15) Protect any utility or telephone lines and keep them in service.

16) Install gates and fences where necessary.


ONSHORE CLEAR AND GRADE RIGHT-OF-WAY

Labor Crew

NUMBER OF MEN FOR I 1

Above total crew should be ample for clearing and grading one-haf (34) mile of right-of-way per ten (10) hour day for the widths and conditions outlined.


Foreman ......... ......... Operator

Mechanic ........ Swamper.. ....... TruckDriver ..... Laborer.. ........

Totalcrew .........

Crew spread includes cutting, stacking or piling, loading and hauling a round trip distance of two (2) miles.

If burning is necessary or permitted, substitute fire tenders for dump truck drivers. See clearing and grading equipment spread for number of dump trucks.



. .

.- .

j i ' I

i I .

i ? :..

I

i _ . I i ' :

i . ' . ' I . . ' . -

(. :. ' : 1 ,. .. ; !. . -.. , -,- - :

!- !. .;- .- I.' . . .

L

1

1 1 2 4

10


1

1 1 2 4

10

L

1

1 1 2 8

14


L

1

1 2 3

12

21

M M H H

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 6

12

1

1 1 2 8

14

1

1 1 2 6

12

1

1 2 3

12

21

M M H H

1 1 1 2 2

1 2 3

10

19

1

1 2 3

10

19

M M H H

1 2 2 3 3

1 2 3

14

24

1

1 2 3

14

24

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SUW-ZONE PIPELINES 83

ONSHORE CWARING AND GRADING RIGHT-OF-WAY

Equipment Spread

Width Width Width

Above equipment spread should be ample for clearing and grading one-half (%) mile of right-of-way per ten (10) hour day for the widths and conditions outlined.

L M M H H L M M H - H L M M H H

Haul trucks are based on round-trip haul of two (2) miles. If brush and trees are to be burned on site, delete above dump trucks.

DSTractor WithDozer D7TractorWithDozer Truck-2MTonDump

..... Truck-Pick-up Ripper or BrushRake

Small tools such as saws, axes, etc., must be added as required for the individualfob.


1 0 1 1 1

I 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 2 1 1

2 1 2 1 2

2 1 2

' 1 2


ONSHORE PIPELINE LAY-OUT

Labor Crew

Engineer-Surveyor .................................. Rod Man ............................................. Chain Man ........................................... Laborer '. ............................................. Truck Driver .........................................


Total Crew ...........................................


I . &.. . . . . . . : . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . .

. . . !. . I . . j ' . ! ' '

Equipment and Tool Spread

Equipment and Tool Description

Above labor crew, equipment and tools are ample for layout and staking of up to three thousand (3000) linear feet of near-shore pipeline per ten (10) hour day.


Transit ............................................. Flag Pole ............................................ Tape Chains ......................................... Ten Pound Sledge Hammer ........................... Axe ..........................*...........*.......*.. Pick-up Truck ........................................

Trench bottom grades can be shot with transit; however, it may be desirable to accomplish this with th$*,se of a - . . level. If level is to be used, add this to the above equipment spread.

1 1 1 1 1 1


ONSHORE UNLOADING, HANDLING, HAULING AND STRINGING PIPE

General Notes

In estimating the time requirements for the following labor crew and equipment spread, consideration should be given to the following items should they be related to the particular project at hand:

1) Obtain hauling permits if required by federal, state and/or local law.

2) Offload pipe, valves, fittings, pipe materials, casings, etc., at point of delivery if required, and haul to storage facilities.

3) Secure storage sites.

4) Unload and store on racks if required.

5) Check material for damage when received.

6) Load, haul and string pipe and materials along right-of-way.

7) When handling pre-coated pipe, protect coating by use of padded chains or slings.

I I

t

86 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES I

I

ONSHORE UNLOADING, HANDLING, HAULING AND STRINGING PIPE

Labor Crew

I

Foreman ............................................. . -

Operator ............................'................. Oiler ................................................ Truck Driver .................... ..................... Hooker ............................................-.. Laborer ..............................................


Total Crew ........................................... I 13


I

j Equipment Spread

I t 1 1

Crane ............................................... D7 Side Boom ....................................... Truck With Pipe Trailer .............................. Truck-Pick-up .....................................


1

Above labor crew and equipment spread is ample for handling, hauling, unloading and stringing pipe along a right-of-way that is accessible to vehicles involved.


Length of haul and size and quantity of pipe will determine time above labor crew and equipment spread will be i required.

. .

I . '

j: "_,

. . . . . . _ j

1 ?.>! ..- ' I

/ . . :. > ..-.x

-.-I, - .

. . . : i . .+ ;:, :i

1- :. - :%

r- i- I v r . 7 : .'( '. .' !

?. .

:I : I ; i . . . t .:

f 1 - : I!.) [I - I:) : r 11. ;

i ,; *, . s .d

I I

' .>

. .

. .

. - ..... . . . . . . -. . _

} - ! ,

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORJ3 SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 81

ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE DITCHING AND TRENCHING

General Notes

In determining a time frame for application of the following labor crews and equipment spreads, the following should be given consideration should they apply to the particular project:

On-Shore:

1) Ditching or trenching for buried pipelines should be in accordance with the following table of minimum width and coverage for all soil formations.

2) In rock, cut ditches a t least six (6) inches wider.

3) If dirt-filled benches are used, ditch should be excavated deeper to obtain proper coverage.

Normal Minimum Coverage

Inches

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 36 36

Nominal Pipe Size Inches

4 6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42

Minimum Width Inches

22 26 26 26 30 * .-

32 36 38 40 44 50 52 58


ONSHORE DITCHING AND TRENCHING

Labor Crew

Manpower will vary, depending on length, width and type of excavation, type of terrain, and soil conditions.


Foreman ............................................. Operator .............................................. Oiler ................................................ Swamper ......................-...................... Grader ............................................... Operator-Jackhammer ...............................

..................................... Operator-Drills .......................................... Powder Man - -

Truck Driver ......................................... Laborer ..............................................

Total Crew ...........................................

The above labor crew is based on conditions outlined on pages 77-80 and should be the maximum required to open ditch far enough in advance of the pipelaying crews so as not to delay pipelay operations.

--- - -


1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 4 6

24

If demolition of rocks and boulders is unnecessary, or if no blasting is required, delete the craf'tsmen for these operations fkom the above crew.

Water height permitting, the above crew can be utilized for excavation in the surf-zone area a t low tide.

90 Section Three-ONSHOIB AND OFFSHORE S-URF-ZONE PIPELINES

ONSHORE DITCHING AND TRENCHING

Equipment Spread


- - -

Backhoe With 96 Cy. to 1 Cy. Bucket ................... Tractor With Dozer Blade ............................. Tractor With Tow-D6 or D7 .......................... Air Compressor--365 to 500 CFM. ..................... Jackhammer-Light to Heavy ........................ Drills-Wagon or Train-4" to 5%" .................... Water Pumps-2 to 6 ............................... Trucks-Dump-5 to 12 Cy. .......................... Trucks-Pick-up-% to 94 Ton ........................


Size of above equipment may vary, depending on length, width and type of excavation, type of terrain, and soil conditions.

The above equipment spread is based on the conditions outlined on pages 77-80 and should be the maximum required to open ditch far enough in advance of the pipelaying crews so as not to delay pipelay operations.

If demolition of rocks and boulders is unnecessary, or no blasting is required, delete the equipment for these operations from the above spread.

Water height permitting, the above spread can be utilized for excavation in the surf-zone area at low tide.

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHOFE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 91

OFFSHORE DITCHING AND TRENCHING

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


BargelDitch Foreman ................................. Mechanic ............................................. Anchor Operator ...................................... Backhoe Operator ..................................... Skiff Operator ......................................... Oiler ; .................................. ............. LaborerISwamper ..................................... Truck Driver .........................................

Total Crew ...........................................


1 .1 1 1 1 1 4 1

11

Above labor and equipment spreads are ample for ditching operations in the offshore surf-zone area in sand, mud and light clay type soils.


Tug-165 HP. (Fully Manned) ........................ Material Barge ...................................... Skiff With Motor ..................................... CraneIBackhoe ...................................... Carry All ........................................... Walkie Talkie .......................................

Length of time required for the above crew and spread will be determined by the type of soil, width and depth of

[ , '

ditch, and length of run.


1 1 1 1 1 2

i. - :;. Where feasible the use of a land spread should be used in the surf-zone area a t low tide. f

If blasting of coral or rock is required, see Section Five-DREDGING, BLASTING AND FTITING.

A fully manned dredge can be substituted for the above if desired.

I If excavated material is to be disposed of a t sea, additional equipment, fully manned for this operation, must be added.

Labor crew and equipment spread similar to the above can be used for backfilling. .....


ONSHORE BENDING OPERATIONS

General Notes

In estimating the time requirements for bending operations, consideration should be given to the following items:

1) Bending machine should be of proper size and design.

2) All bends should be cold bends without wrinkles.

3) Curvature of bend should be distributed uniformly throughout as great a length of the pipe as possible.

4) Bends should be used for difference in elevation of the surface of the ground as well as for alignment.

5) Bends should not exceed one and one-half degrees (1%") per diameter length of pipe.

6) Bend should be made no nearer than six (6) feet from the end of the joint of pipe. When pipe is double-jointed before bending, bends should not be closer to the weld than one (1) pipe diameter. If, however, it should be necessary to bend pipe through a circumferential weld, the weld should be x-rayed after bending.

I . . ' ._..: . . : I , ,

i

I I-'.


[I. . ..+ :

ONSHORE BENDING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman ................................................ Engineer ................................................ Engineer Helper ......................................... Operator-Tractor . ; ...................................... Operaw-Bending Machine ..............................

.............................. Operator-Bending Mandrel

Oiler ........................ , .......................... Pipefitter ................................................ Laborer ................................................. X-Ray Technician ........................................

............................................. Totalcrew..

Nwnber of Men Each

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

4

1

14

Above labor crew and equipment spread are ample for minor bending operations of all sizes.

Size of pipe will dictate size of bending equipment to be used.

When possible, bends should be shipped to the job prefabricated.


Pipe Bending Machine .................................... Pipe Bending Mandrel .................................... Dent Remover ........................................... Air Compressor 365 CFM ................................. Tractor WISide Boom D6 or D7 ............................ Transit ..................................................

Truck-Pick-up .......................................... X-Ray Equipment ........................................

j . . . . , . .

Number of Units Each

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1


ONSHORE ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS

General Notes

In keeping with the average pipelay table (page 46), consideration should be given to the following items for aligning and welding operations:

1) The labor crew and equipment spread is based on welds made by the manual shielded metal-arc method.

2) Welding machines should be of the size and type suitable for the work.

3) Welding machines are to be operated within the amperage and voltage ranges recommended for each size and type of electrode.

4) Remove all foreign matter from the beveled ends before welding. Clean with hand or power tools.

5) Pipe ends to have proper bevels for the work intended.

6) The alignment of abutting pipe ends should be such as to minimize the offset between pipe surface. Hammering of pipe to obtain proper line-up should be held to a minimum.

7) Internal line-up clamps should be used where possible. Use external line-up clamps when it is impractical or impossible to use an internal line-up clamp.

8) If roll welding is used, add skids or structural framework and required roller dollies to the equipment spread.

9) Use a minimum of root bead, filler bead and finish bead.

10) Brush and clean the finished weld.

11) Only qualified welders should be used. - - - .-

12) Where required, apply heat treatment-preheating and postheating.

13) Conduct radiographic inspection of welds where required.

i I


I a

ONSHORE ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

The above labor crew is the maximum that should be required for aligning and welding of pipe as outlined in the average pipelay table and the example application of factors on pages 72-80.

Above manpower is based on aligning and welding up to three thousand (3000) linear feet of pipeline. Above spread

I should be adjusted upward for larger projects.


Foreman ......................... ................ Welder-Stringer

Welder-Line .................... Welder-Helper .................. ClampMan ...................... Stabber ............................ Spacer ........................... Buffer ........................... Operator ......................... Oiler ............................ Swamper ........................ TruckDriver ..................... Laborer ........................... X-Ray Technician ................ Total Crew .......................

it is not the intent of the above labor crew to provide manpower requirements for piping of tank farms, blending facilities or process facilities.


20" to 24"

2

2

6

8

2

1

1

2

3

3

1

2

6

1

40

4" to 14"

1

2

2

4

2

1

1

2

3

3

1

2

4

1

29

16" to 24"

2

2

4

6

2

1

1

2

3

3

1

2

5

1

35

j

1 96 Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES

I

ONSHORE ALIGNING AND WELDING OPERATIONS i

Equi~ment Spread

The above equipment spread is the maximum that should be required for aligning and welding of pipe as outlined '

in the average pipelay table and the example application of factors on pages 72-80. --


300 Amp. Krelding Machine ....... Beveling and Cutting Rig .......... D7SideBoom .................... D6 Tow Tractor ................... Buffingoutfit .................... Line-Up Clamps .................. Truck-2 Ton Winch .............. Truck-5Ton ....................

.................. Truck-Pick-up

Carry All or Bus .................. X-Ray Equipment-Set Up ........

Above equipment spread is based on aligning and welding up to three thousand (3000) linear feet of pipeline. a

Above spread should be adjusted upward for larger projects. I

I t is not the intent of the above spread to provide equipment requirements for piping of tank farms, blending facilities or process facilities.

NUMBER OF UNITS PER SIZES

4" to 14"

4

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

16 to 24" 3 0 to 42"

6 8

1 1

2 2

1 1

2 2

2 - 2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 -1 ."*Y., ,.-


ONSHORE, LAND SHOVE, SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE INSTALLATION

ALIGNING, WELDING AND SHOVING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew -

This labor crew is for installing piping from the shoreline outward to sea and can be used for this type of installation without the back-up of a lay barge to pull the line, assuming distance and surf-zone conditions will permit this type of operation.


Foreman ......................... Welder .......................... Welder Helper ................... Spacer ........................... Stabber .......................... Buffer ........................... Operator ......................... Oiler ............................ Swamper ......................... Pot Fireman ..................... Laborer .......................... Truck Driver ..................... X-Ray Technician ................ Total Crew .......................

The above labor crew should be added to the pipelay barge labor crew if the land-fabricate barge pull method is used.

.I . . . . . . . . .

i .. .:-,. . :.. . .::. .--:I- . I ....._..._.-.... [.-.:'. :.; . : : :.. ... , .: . -.,: ..:. .: :. '.. . . . . . . . . . . . . !.. . . . . . . . . . . . . :.. _ . . _. _._: ._. :- . _ . . . . . . I . . . : . : . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j . , .. _.- ..... . ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . __ . . . _ . . . . . . I . . :. -...: .::' ... ':.'.. . . . . . . . . , .

NUMBER OF MEN FOR SIZES

See section 4, "Ocean and Sea F'ipelines" page 153, for pipelay barge labor crew.

30" to 42"

1

8

8

1

1

6

6

4

2

1

10

3

1

52

4" to 14"

1

4

4

1

1

2

5

3

1

1

6

3

1

33

1 6 to 24"

1

6

6

1

1

4

6

4

2

1

8

3

1

44


ONSHORE, LAND SHOVE, SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE INSTALLATION

ALIGNING, WELDING AND SHOVING OPERATIONS

Equipment Spread

This equipment spread is for installing piping from the shoreline outward to sea and can be used for this type of installation without the back-up of a lay barge to pull the line, assuming distance and surf-zone conditions will permit this type of operation.


Crane-50 Ton+ ................. Side Boom-D6 or D7 ............. Clam or Drag Bucket-% Cy ....... Welding Machine-300 Amp ...... Generator-75 KW ............... Air Compressor- 165 CFM .........

...................... Hoist-Pull

Hoist-Hold Back ................ Line Up Clamps .................. Concrete Mixer ................... Tar Kettle ....................... Jet Pump 6" ...................... Launch Shoes .................... Skiff With Motor ................. Winch Truck-2 Ton ..............

.................. Truck-Pick-up

Cany All or Bus .................. Holiday Detector ................. X-Ray Set-up ..................... Radio- Walkie Talkie ............

This equipment spread should be added to the pipelay barge equipment spread if the land-fabricate barge pull method is used.

Onshore concrete deadmen or anchor system for anchoring hoist is not included above and must be added to fit the needs of the individual project.

NUMBER

4" to 14"

1

1

1

4

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

See Section 4, "Ocean and Sea Pipelines" page 154 for pipelay barge equipment spread.

OF UNITS

16" to 24" - 1

2

1

6

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

FOR SIZES

30" to 42"

1

2

1

8

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2


ONSHORE, LAND PULL, SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE INSTALLATION

ALIGNING AIW) PULLING OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

1 NUMBER OF MEN FOR SIZES

This labor crew is for onshore assisting by pulling. Lay barge-fabricated pipe pushed from a position offshore beyond the surf-zone.


Foreman, ........................ Welder ........................... Welder Helper ................... Operator ......................... Oiler ............................ Swamper ........................ Laborer .......................... TruckJJriver ..................... Total Crew .......................

The above labor crew should be added to the pipelay barge labor crew if the lay barge-fabricate land pull method is used.

See Section 4, "Ocean and Sea Pipelines" page 153 for pipelay barge labor crew.

-30"-to . . . 42" - -

1

4

2

5

5

2

10

3

32

4" to 1411

1

2

1

4

4

1

6

3

22

16" to 2411 .

1

4

2

5

5

2

8

3 - -

30


ONSHORE, LAND PULL, SUBMERGED SURF-ZONE PIPE INSTALLATION

ALIGNING AND PULLING OPERATIONS

Equipment Spread


Crane-50 Ton+ ................. Side Boom-D6 or D7 ............. Clam or Drag Bucket 94 Cy ........ Welding Machine .. .; .............

............... Generator-75 KW

Air Compressor-165 CFM ........ Hoist-Pull ......................

.................... Jet Pump-6

Skiff With Motor ................. Winch Truck-2 Ton .............. Truck-Pick-up .................. Carry All or Bus .............:.... Radio-Walkie-Talkie ............

NUMBER OF UNITS FOR SIZES

This equipment spread is for onshore assisting by pulling lay barge-fabricated pipe pushed from a position offshore beyond the surf-zone.

The above equipment spread should be added to the pipelay barge equipment spread if the method of lay barge- fabricate land pull method is used.

Onshore concrete deadmen or anchor system for anchoring hoist are not included above and must be added to fit the needs of the individual project.

See Section 4, "Ocean and Sea Pipelines" page 154 for pipelay barge equipment spread.


ONSHORE CLEANING, PSZMING, COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS

General Notes

Consideration should be given to the items listed below when estimating the time requirements for the labor crews and equipment spreads on pages 102-105:

1) Clean and remove all dirt, mill scale, rust, welding scale and all other foreign material.

2) Some or all of the following operations may be required in applying the coating and wrapping the pipe or joints:

i) Priming vii) Enamel coat No. 3 ii) Enamel finish viii) Krafi wrapping

iii) Fiber glass wrap ix) Unbonded wrap iv) Enamel coat No. 2 X) Whitewash v) Asbestos felt wrap xi) Wood lagging

vi) Fiber glass wrap No. 2

3) Always handle coated pipe with equipment designed to prevent damage to the coating.

4) Where pipe is to be laid in trench excavated in rock, pad trench to prevent damage to pipe coating.

5) Check all coatings for holidays with a high-voltage electric holiday.

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 103 m r -

I i. 2 TOTAL FIELD ONSHORE CLEANING, PRIMING,

COATING AND WRAPPING OPERATIONS OF JOINTS ONLY

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman ............................................. Operator ............................................. Oiler ................................................. Buffer ............................................... Dye, Enamel and Wrappers ........................... Pot Fireman ......................................... Laborer ..............................................

........................................ Truck Driver. -, -- Total Crew ...........................................

: The above labor crew and equipment spread will cover cleaning, priming, coating and wrapping of pipe joints only, . for the quantities of pipelay listed in the average pipelay table on page 68-69.


1 .

1

1

2

4

1

2

1

13

I Iftotal pipeline is to be field coated and wrapped, see tables on page 102.


D7-Side Boom ...................................... , 3 Bbl Tar Kettle ...................................... ,

Holiday Detector ..................................... 6 KW Generator. ..................................... Buffer ............................................... Pick-up Truck ........................................


1

-1

1

2

3

1


SANDBLAST AND PAINT PIPE

Labr Crew


Foreman ..................................................

Number of Men

Blasters and Painters ....................................... I Pot Man or Helper .......................................... 1 Operator .................................................. I

.............................................. TruckDriver

Total Crew ................................................

Print Spray Equipment ..................................... I

Equipment Spread

Air Compressor-600 CFM ................................. I


- - Sand Pot and Blast Equipment ..............................

The above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for cleaning (by blasting) and painting pipe installed on supports or racks and should be capable of blasting twelve hundred (1200) square feet and painting one thousand (1000) square feet of pipeline per ten (10) hour day.

Number of Units

1

! Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 105

I - A ONSHORE LOWERING PIPE IN TRENCH ,.. I--

General Notes &.--j

[- The following operations should be considered when lowering pipe into a trench: r. ,

1) Remove rocks and other objects from trench that could damage pipe.

f- 2) Allow slack in line to properly fit ditch. L

p--y 3) Use only canvas slings to lower pipe into trench.

k ] 4) Use holiday detector behind the last lowering in belt a t all times. 5) Where it is necessary to pull or drag sections of pipe, protect coating.

.I 6) Keep open ends of pipe closed at all times with "night-caps."

! [ I i .

7) Should dents, buckles or defects be found in pipe, replace same.


ONSHORE LOWERING OF PIPE IN TRENCH

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread

Personnel. Description

Foreman .......................... .......................... Operator

Oiler ............................. .......................... Swamper

.......................... Laborers

Truck Driver ....................... ........................ Total Crew

..,.. I . : i . . . . ,. . i . ! . . !..

i . . . ! ! ' .



Side Boom-D7 or D8 ......... Drag Line-% to % Cy ........ Water Pump-4" to 6" ......... Truck-Pick-up ..............

Above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for lowering pipe, of the sizes listed, into a preexcavated trench, based on the pipe quantities listed in the average pipelay table, page 68.

4"to20"

1

2

2

1

4

1

11

. . I . . / ; - a

. . ' . I 1 I

. . I:

24" to42"

1

3

3

1

6

1

15


4" to 20"

2

1

2

1

24" to 4 2

3

1

2

1

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES

VALVE INSTALLATION

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread - .


Foreman ...................................................

PipefitterIW-elder ....................... i ................... ............................................ Pipefitter Helper

Operator ; ...................................... ............ Oiler .......................................................

Laborer ....................................................

Truck Driver ...............................-.............. ................................................ Totalcrew

Number of Men

1

6

6

1

1

4

1

20

The above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for the installation of valves in pipelines.

[I The number of valves to be installed and the valve size, type and location will govern the actual size of crew and

. , . equipment spread required. t

b


Light Crane , ................................................

Welding Machine-300 Amp ................................. Generator ..................................................

Flatbed Truck-2 Ton ...................................... Pick-up Truck .................................................

I - See page 108 for average hourly time requirements for valve installation.

Number of Units

1

1

1

1

1


VALVE INSTAUATION

iiverage Hourly Time Requirements

WELD END VALVES

Nominal Pipe Size

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 36 42

Above manhours are for total valve installation including loadout, handle, haul, flange welds, bolt-ups and valve end weld where required.

2-

See preceding table for suggested valve installation labor crew and equipment spread.

FLANGED AND BOLTED VALVES


150 Lb.

17. 19. 27. 3 1. 36. 41. 48. 53. 58. 65. 79. 100. 121.

300-400 Lb.

19. 24. 29. 35. 40. 46. 54. 60. 65. 71. 86. 108. 130.

2500 Lb.

40. 50. 63. 73. 85. 98. 110. 114. 124. - - - -

600-900 Lb.

25. 34. 42. 49. 56. 64. 73. 83. 92. 100. 119. 148. 176.

1500 Lb.

35. 44. 55. 63. 72. 85. 108. 111. 121. 123. 144. 177. 211.


ONSHORE CLEANING AND TESTING OF PIPELINES

General Notes

The following items should be considered when estimating the time requirements for the labor crew and equipment spread on pages 110-1 11:

1) All pressure testing should be conducted with due regard for the public.

2) Installation of fill line and filling.

3) Sectionalized testing may be required depending on limitations of the water supply or to limit the degree of public exposure.

4) Pretesting major road crossings, railroad crossings and prefabricated sections prior to installation may be necessary or desirable.

5) Dewatering of lines with the use of scrapers or spheres.

6) should defects be found, repair or replace same.

7) Provide radio communication equipment to control and coordinate all phases of testing.

I.. ,I



Labor Crew


Personnei Description

................................................... Foreman

................................................... Operatar

Oiler.. ..................................................... Welder ............... !. .................................... Welder Helper ................... t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................................... Pipefitter

Pipefitter Helper ............................................ ................................................... Swamper

..................................................... Laborer

TruckDriver ............................................... Totalcrew ................................................

Length of time required to pig and test line will be determined by length of time required to set up pig launcher and receiver and length and size of pipeline to be tested. This must be estimated for the individual project.

Number of Men

1

1

1

6

6

6

6

1

6

2

36

. . I . _ < . I . .. a .. I .... I... .



Equipment Spread

The above equipment spread is ample for pig cleaning and hydrostatic testing of pipelines.


Light Crane .................................... ...................... ............ Pig Launcher ;

........................................ PigTrap . . .

Pigs ............................................ Misc. Pipe, Valves and Fittings ............. ; ..... Anchor Forgings and Tie Downs .................. Generator-75 KW .............................. Welding Machine-300 Amp ..................... Air Compressor-165 CFM ....................... Water Pump-6" ................................ Test Pump ...................................... Miscellaneous Gauges ........................... Holiday Detector ................................ Truck-Flatbed .................................. Truck-Pick-up ................................. Carry All or Bus. ................................

-1 . - Radios (Walkie-Talkie) ...........................

Time requirements, for the above equipment, to pig and test line will be governed by length of time required to set up pig launcher and receiver and length and size of pipeline to be tested. This must be estimated for the individual project.

Unit

Each

Each

Each

Each

Lot

Lot

Each

Each

Each

Each

Each

Lot

Each

Each

Each

Each

Each

Number -of Units

1

. . 1

1'.

4.

1

1

2

6

1

2

2

1

. 2

1

1

1

2


ONSHORE BACKFILLING

General Notes

In estimating the time requirements for the labor crew and eqqipment spread on page 113, the following items should be considered.

1) Keep backfill as close as possible to lowering-in operation.

2) Hand backfill to six (6) inches above top of pipe.

3) Rock, if available, usually can be used to backfill from six (6) inches above pipe i ! I

to top of trench. i I

I I

4) Do not use foreign substances or refuse for backfill material. I

I 1

5) Place good earth in cultivated areas or where required. I i I

6) Protect backfill from washing. - --+ I I

7) Place riprap when required and where necessary.

8) Cover all bends on the same day they are lowered into trench.


ONSHORE TRENCH BACKFIUING

Labor Crew


Foreman ...........................

........................... Laborer I I 4

Operator ........................... ............................. Oiler

Swamper ..........................

Total Crew 7 I 12 ........................


Equipment Spread

4" to 20"

1

2

1

1

Equipment Description *.-A,----- -- -

24" to 42

1

3

2

2

NTTMRFlR OF' UNITS FOR PIPE SIZES

LI . Above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for bacldilling of trench after pipe is installed, assuming pipelay at the rate stipulated in the average pipelay table, (page 68).

If joints are exposed for test, additional spread time will be required to return and backfill joints.

I If additional fill material is required, add hauling labor and equipment to above spread.

Tractor-Front End Loader .... - - -

1 2


I

ONSHORE CLEAN-UP OPERATION , ! i I

General Notes I

j j I I i f -

1 i

In estimating time requirements for clean-up operations, the following items should be I I

considered: I 1 . 1 , . . 1) General clean-up of the entire right-of-way. I i

I I

2) Follow up lowering-in and backfill crews as closely as possible. i . , 3) Remove anyrubbish, brush, trees, stumps, paint drums and loose rocks. f

f i i'

i 4) Restore beach areas to their original contour. 1 5) Where erosion is possible, install rip-rap or sand bags.

,. . ' . .. .

6) Repair damage to or replace fences, terraces, roadways, bridges, culverts, etc. I I . -

7) Install pipeline right-of-way markers.

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELWES 115

ONSHORE CLEAN-UP OPERATION

.............................................. Oiler ;. ...... I

Labor Crew

........................................ Swamper .......... ; .............................................. Truck Driver I


......................................... Foreman ........ - Operator ....................................................

..................................................... Labor I

Number f l . 4- . . . . ,"

of Men

1

2

................................................ Total Crew

Equipment Spread

.......................................... Front End Loader I


Dozer-D7 or D8 ...........................................

.............................................. Truck-2 Ton I

Number of Units

2

............................................. Truck-Dump I I I . k I Above labor crew and equipment spread should be ample for clean-up, after construction is completed, of debris

and miscellaneous materials all in accordance with the average pipelay table (page 68). r

f 1 - The above labor and equipment spread do not include hauling or burning of brush and trees. f 1. -. L -


ONSHORE UTILITY OPERATIONS

General Notes

Utility operations can vary greatly dependent on the obstructions that may lie in the way of the pipeline. Therefore, adjustment of the labor crew and equipment spread on page 117 may be required depending on the operations involved. Some items that may necessi- tate adjustment of the tables are:

1) Boring under highways, roads, railroads, etc.

2) Placing conductor piping or casings. 1 5

3) Break out and remove pavements and repair and replace damage to same.

4) Install and maintain safety precautions as required such as lanterns, bar- - - _ - I I

I

ricades, warning signs, etc. I

Section Three-ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE SURF-ZONE PIPELINES 1 17 I

1 . i

ONSHORE UTILITY OPERATIONS

Labor Crew

Equipment Spread


Foreman : ...................................... ........... Mechanic ..................................................

Operator .................................................. Oiler : ....................................... .............. Air Tool Operator ..........................................

Swamper .................................................. Welder ;. ............................... ................... Welder Helper ............................................. Truck Driver .............................................. Laborer ...................................................

................................................ Total Crew

Number of Men

1

1

3

2

2

3

2

2

2

4

22

Above labor crew and equipment spread are average for installation of casements and miscellaneous borings and other utility type operations that may be involved in the installation of the onshore portion of a pipeiine.

I

I - - ! - , .

Equipment Desci-iption

Drag Line ................................................. ............................................ Side Side Boom

Dozer .....................................................

Welding Machine ..........................................

Boring Machine ............................................

Cut and Bevel Outfit .......................................

Asphalt Kettle ............................................. Air Compressor ............................................

Truck-6 x 6 ..............................................

Truck-2 Ton ..............................................

Truck-Pick-up ............................................

The number and type of utility operations will govern the size of crew and spread required for the individual I 1

project. The above labor crew and equipment spread must be adjusted to the particular project. ,

I

Number of Units

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Section Four

OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES The purpose of this section is to assist in the estimation of time frames, labor crews and equipment spreads required for the installation of offshore submerged concrete weight coated pipelines.

A wide range of variables affect the installation of submerged pipelines; if the proper crews and equipment spreads are utilized, these variables can be reduced to those of labor productivity and wind, wave and current conditions.

Based on one hundred percent productivity, we have included average pipelay and riser installation tables. Also included are percentage efficiency factors to be applied against the pipelay and riser tables, giving due consideration to labor, wind, wave and current conditions. Labor crews and equipment spreads are given for the various operations in the installations of submerged pipelines and for application against the estimated time frames. The labor listed in the following crew tables is for a double shift working a twenty-four (24) hour day, using the equipment spreads full time.

It is assumed that any available deck space on the lay barge will be used for hauling and storing as much of the pipe as possible and that material or cargo barges in the proper size and capacity will be added to the spread as needed.

To find the total direct daily cost of any labor and equipment spread: 1) Determine the daily rate, including all fiinges, of each craft or position and

multiply each rate by the number of men required for that position.

2) Determine the daily rate of each rigged-up piece of equipment, including all its components.

3) Determine the daily cost of fuel, oil and grease required to run the spread and add this cost to the spread.

4) Determine the cost of small tools and consumable supplies required to support the spread for the project, prorate on a daily basis and add the prorated cost to the daily spread cost.

5) If quartering and catering of personnel are required, estimate the cost per man day, multiply by the number of men in the crew, and add daily rate for the total crew to the spread.

6) Estimate the total costs of (1) through (5) above to arrive a t the total direct cost of the spread per working day.

To determine the daily direct cost of a spread for a non-working or stand-by day, simply reduce the working day spread cost by the cost of the fuel, oil and grease and the consumable supplies that would normally be used when working.

120 Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE (Water Depth to 50 Feet)

Lay or Derrick Barge Fabricate and Install

NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORK DAY

The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the above quantities of submerged, concrete weight coated pipe working a twenty-four (24) hour day.

O.D. Pipesize Inches

4.500 5.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000

-. - 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

The above single random joints of submergehpipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths see pages 121 through 140.


For unlisted sizes and wall thicknesses extrapolate from above or other average pipelay tables.

0.312 through 0.337

583 - - -

* - - - - - - - - -

lfdouble random lengths of pipe are to be installed, use 65 percent of the above number ofjoints.

0.365 through 0.375

- - 537 507 449 442 397 389 370 344 326 310 297

0.432 through 0.438

567 - 530 503 445 438 393 387 367 341 323 307 294

0.500 through 0.531

556 - 527 497 440 433 389 385 363 338 320 304 291

0.5625 through 0.625

- - 515 485 432 425 381 378 356 331 313 298 285

0.675 - -

540 420 - - - - - - - - - - -

Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES 121



NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

I The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the

1. 7 above quantities of submerged, concrete weight coated pipe working a twenty-four (24) hour day.

O.D. Pipe Size Inches

26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

1 r The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay ' barge or combination layldenick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.

' I For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths see page 120 and pages 122 through 140. L ' .


For unlisted sizes axd wall thicknesses extrapolate from above or other average pipelay tables. l. .'

0.625

277 268 259 250 240 231 214 197 148 111 83 62 46

0.375

288 279 270 260 250 240 - - - - -

- . - -

-

0.500

282 273 265 255 245 235 218 201 151 113 85 63 47

0.4325

285 276 267 257 247 237 221 204 153 115 86 64 . .g_

48

0.5625

279 271 262 252 242 233 216 200 150 112 84 63 47






OD. Pipe Size

Inches

20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laytderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shown see pages 120 and 121 and 123 through 140.



1.0000

244 233 222 215

. 208 202 194 187 179 166 153 103 77 58 43 33

- 0.6875

313 298 285 277 268 259 250 240 231 214 197 148 111 83 62 46

0.8125

301 287 274 266 257 249 240 231 223 206 190 134 100

75 56 42

0.750

307 293 279 271 262 254 245 235 226 2 10 193 141 106 79 59 45

0.875

301 287 274 266 257 249 240 231 221 205 189 127 95 7 1 54 40

0.9375

271 258 246 239 231 224 216 208 199 185 170 114 86 64 48 36


I 1, b.:.

AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE (Water Depth from 50 to 75 Feet)

or Derrick Barge Fabricate and Install

NUMBER OF SINGIJE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGII[T COATED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the above quantities of submerged; concrete weight coated pipe working a twenty-four (24) hour day.

-I*L-


4.500 5.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shown, see pages 120 through 140.

PIPE WALL THICKNESS IN IPU'CHES


If double random lengths of pipe are to be installed, use 65 percent of the above number ofjoints.

0.675 - -

491 382 -

. - - - - - - - - - -

0.500 through 0.531

506 - 480 452 400 394 354 350 330 308 291 277 265

0.432 through 0.438

516 -

482 458 405 399 358 352 334 310 294 279 268

0.312 through 0.337

530 - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5625 through 0.625

- - 469 441 393 387 347 344 324 301 285 271 259

0.365 through 0,375

- - 489 461 409 402 361 354 337 313 297 282 270



\





26.000 28.000 30,000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the cperations involved.




0.375

262 254 246 237 228 218 - - - - - - -

0.4325

259 251 243 234 225 216 201 186 139 105 78

' 58 44

0.500

257 248 241 232 223 214 198 183 137

- 103 77 57 43

0.5625

254 247 238 229 220 212 197 182 137 102 76 57 43

0.625

252 244 236 228 218 210 195 179 135 101 =. 75- 56 42





I

PIPE WAIL THICKNESS IN INCHES O.D. Pipe Size Inches

20.000 22.000 24.000 26,000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000


0.6875

285 271 259 252 244 236 228 218 210 195 179 135 101 75 56 42







NUMBER OF S1NGI.Z RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

I PIPE WALL THICKNESS IN INCHES






If double random lengths of pipe are to be installed, use 65 percent of the above number ofjoints;


AVERAGE PIPELAY TAB= (Water Depth from 75 to 100 Feet)

'Lay or Derrick Barge Fabricate and ~ns'tall



The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight mated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.


26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shown, see pages 120 through 140. - -



0.625

222 214 207 200 192 185 171 158 118 88 66

-

0.5625

223 217 210 202 194 186 173 160 120 89 67 - -

0.500

226 218 212 204 196 188 174 161 121 90 68 50 37

. 0.375

230 223 216 208 200 192 - - - - - - -

0.4325

228 221 214 206 198 190 177 163 122 92 69 5 1 38





The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the above quantities of submerged, concrete weight coated pipe working a twenty-faur (24) hour-day.


20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000





1.0000

195 186 178 172 166 162 155 150 143 133 122 82 62 46 - -

0.9375

217 206 197 191 185 179 173 166 159 148 136 91 69 51 - -

0.6875

250 238 228 222 214 207 200 192 185 171 158 118 89 66 - -

0.750

246 234 223 217 210 203 196 188 181 168 154-6 -

113 85 63 - -

0.8125

241 230 219 213 206 199 192 185 178 165 152 107 80 60 - -

0.875

241 230 219 213 206 199 192 185 177 164 15 1 102 76 57 - -


r? I , ,

I

t . . .:




NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COKC'ED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coat$ pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.


4.500 5.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shorn, see pages 120 through 140.


PIPE WALL THICKNESS IN I N C W


0.675 - -

410 319 - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5625 thmugh 0.625

- - 391 369 328 323 290 287 271 252 238 226 217

0.500 through 0.531

423 - 401 378 334 329 296 293 276 257 243 231 221

0.432 through 0.438

431 - 403 382 338 333 299 294 279 259 245 233 223

0.312 through 0.337

443 - - - - -

- - - - - -

0.365 through 0.375

-

408 385 341 336 302 296 281 261 248 236 226





-


O.D. Pipesize

Inches

26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.009 56.000 60.000




PIPE WALL THICKNESS I N INCHES -

0.375

219 212 205 198 190 182 - - - - - - -

0.4325

217 210 203 195 188 180 168 155 116 87 65 - -

0.500

214 207 201 194 186 179 166 153 115 86 64 - -

0.5625

212 206 199 192 184 177 164 152 114 85 63 - - .

0.625

211 204 197 190 182 176 163 150 112 84 62 - -

Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES 13 1


Lay or Derrick Zhrge Fabricate and Install





4

20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

,.I: 1 For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shown, see pages 120 through 140. G". 1 '. :, ,


I -


1.0000

185 177 169 163 158 154 147 142 136 126 116 78 59 44 - -

.

0.9375

206 196

. 187 182 176 170 164 158 151 141 129 87 65 49 - -

0.875

229 218 208 202 195 189 182 176 168 156 143 97 72 54 - -

0.8125

229 218 208 202 195 189 182 176 169 157 144 102 76 57 - -

0.6875

238 226 217 211 204 195 190 182 176 163 150 112 84 63 - -

0.750

233 223 212 206 199 193 186 179 172 160 147 107 81 60 - -


AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE ('Wa%er Depth from 125 to 150 Feet)

Lay or Derrick Barge Fabricate and Install I

NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED j I

PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY 1 I j I

[ I

4

I

f i j - .

i . I I ! I


4.500 5.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000


The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laytderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.




Kdouble random lengths of pipe are to be installed, use 65 percent of the above number ofjoints.

0.312 through 0.337

408 - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.365 through 0.375

- - 376 355 314 309 278 272 259 241 228 217 208

0.432 through 0.438

397 - 371 352 312 307 275 271 257 239 226 215 206

0.500

through 0.531

389 - 369 348 308 303 272 270 254 237 224 213 204

0.5625 through 0.625

- - 361 340 302 298 267 265 249 232 219 209 200

0.675 - -

378 294 - - - - - - - - - - -





NUMBER OF SINGIX RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick berge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.

O.D. Pipe Size

Inches

26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water deptb not shown, see pages 120 through 140.


PIPE WAIL THICKNESS IN INCHES

0.625

194 188 181 175 168 162 150 138 104 77 - - -

0.5625

195 190 183 176

- 169 163 151 140 105 78 - - -

0.500

197 191 186 179 172 165 153 141 106 79 - - .&- - -

0.375

202 195 189 182 175 168 - - - - - - -

0.4325

200 193 187 180 173 166 155 143 107 81 60 -







20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000





0.6875

219 209 200 194 188 181 175 168 162 150 138 104 78 - - -

0.750

215 205 195 190 183 178 172 165 158 147 135 99 74 - - -

0.8125

211 201 192 186 180 174 168 162 156 144 133 94 70 - - -

0.875

211 201 192 186 180 174 168 162 155 143 132 89 67 - - -

L

0.9375

190 181 172 167 162 157 151 146 139 130 119 80 60 - - -

1.0000

171 163 155 151 146 141 136 131 125 116

' 107 72 54 - - -

- Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES 135



I ?u --: NUMBER OF SINGIB RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED . -. PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

.. r ' y

x % O.D. , - Pipesize i - 1- Inches

4.500

F: 5.500 .5.563 1 6.625 8.625

I ' I j The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the above quantities of submerged, concrete weight coated pipe working a twenty-four (24) hour day.

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations I 1 . involved. k< *


! T 1 - For unlisted sizes and wall thicknesses extrapolate from above or other average pipelay tables. L If double random lengths of pipe are to be installed, use 65 percent of the above number ofjoints.

s I - F .


i' - 10.750

0.675 - -

340 265 - - - - - - - - - - -

i 12.750 14.000

I ' 16.000 18.000

f 20.000

I 22.000 24.000

0.5625 through 0.625

- - 324 306 272 268 240 238 224 209 197 188 180

0.500 through 0.531

350 -

332 313 277 273 245 243 229 213 202 192 183

0.432 through

0.438

357 - 334 317 280 276 248 244 231 215 203 193 185

0.312 through 0.337

367 - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.365 through 0.375

- - 338 319 283 278 250 245 233 217 205 195 187


AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE (Water Depth from 150 to 200 Feet) i 1 I

I


NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COAmD PIPE PER TRZENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY


O.D. Pipe Size

Inches

26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay i barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved.


For uniisted sizes and wall thicknesses extrapolate from above or other average pipelay tables.

PIPE WALL THICKNESS I N INCHES

0.375

181 176 170 164 158 151 - - - - - - -

0.4325

180 174 168 162 156 149 139 129 96 72 - - -

0.500

178 172 167 161 154 148 137 127 95 71 - - -

0.5625

176 171 165 159 152 147 136 126 94 - - - -

0.625

175 169 163 158 15 1 146 135 124 93 - - - -





I 8' NUMBER OF SINGLE RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED

PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

I . The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight mated pipe on a lay barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations

a ' involved.

j I- O.D. Pipe Size

vz-. - - . .. Inches

1::l : 20.000 - -

22.000 24.000

- 26.000 - 28.000

30.000

I 32.000 34.000

i ' 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

% <




1.0000

154 147 140 135 131 127 122 118 113 105 96 65 - - - -

0.9375

171 163 155 151 146 141 136 131 125 117 107 72 - - - -

0.875

190 181 173 168 162 157 151 146 139 129 119

80 - - - -

0.8125

190 181 173 168 162 157 151 146 140 130 120

84 - - - -

0.6875

197 188 180 175 169 163 158 151 146 135 124 93 - - - -

0.750

193 185 176 17 1 165 160 154 148 142 132 122 89 - - - -



Lay or Derrick Barge Fabricate and Insfall



.-


4.500 5.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000



PIPE WALL THICKNE3S IN INCHES


0,312 through 0.337

326 - - - - - - - - - - - -


0.365 through 0.375

- - 301 284 251 248 222 218 207 193 183 174 166

0.432 through 0.438

318 - 297 282 249 245 220 217 206 191 181 172 165

0.500 through 0.531

31 1 -

295 278 246 242 218 216 203 189 179 170 163

0.5625 through 0.625 .

- - 288 272 242 238 213 212 199 185 175 167 160

0.675 - -

302 235' - - - - - - - - - - -


AVERAGE PIPELAY TABLE (plater Depth from 200 to 250 Feet)


NUMBER OF SINGIB RANDOM JOINTS OF CONCRETE WEIGHT COATED -

PIPE PER TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOUR WORKING DAY

The related construction labor and equipment spreads that follow in this section should be ample for installing the above quantities of submerged, concrete weigRt coated pipe working a twenty-four (24) hour day.


26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000




For unlisted sizes and wall thicknesses extrapolate from above or other average pipelay tables-


0.500

158 153 148 143 137 132 122 113 85 63 - -

0.375

161 156 151 146 140 134 - - - - -

-

0.5625

156 152 147 141 136 130 121 112 84 - - - -

0.4325

160 155 150 144 138 133 124 114 86 64 - - -

0.625

155 150 145 140 134 129 120 110 83 - - - -

140 Section Four-OCEAN AND SEA PIPELINES ! I

I

AVERAGE PIPELAY TmIE I

(Water Depth from 200 to 250 Feet) I I




O.D. Pipe Size

Inches

20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 48.000 52.000 56.000 60.000

The above single random joints of submerged pipelay are based on assembling concrete weight coated pipe on a lay :

barge or combination laylderrick barge properly rigged with equipment necessary for performing the operations involved. . . 1. For other sizes, wall thicknesses and water depths not shown, see pages 120 through 139.



0.6875

175 167 160 155 150 145 140 134 129 120 110 - - - - -

0.750

172 164 156 152 147 142 137 132 127 118 108 - - - - -

z 0.8125

169 161 153 149 144 139 134 129 125 115 106 - - - - -

0.875

169 161 153 149 144 139 134 129 124 114 105 - - - - -

0.9375

152 144 138 134 129 125 121 116 111 104 95 - - - - -

. 1.0000

137 130 124 120 116 113 109 105 100 93 86 - - - - -

cost_estimating_manual_for_pipelines_&_marine_structures

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