cost of living report of
TRANSCRIPT
TRE/.SUft TLI,,T/.RY
COST OF LIVINGREPORT OF
COMMISSION
ENQUIRY
1lrr
:t
r-€N
PERSONNEIJ OF THE COMMISSION.
COMMISSIONER,S.
IIrs IIoNouR, SrR J. W. Benru, Kr., c.B.E. (Chairman).
IIrs Ifonoun Mn. Jusrrcs G. H. Prcrnnrrc (Chairman in the absence olSir Jacob Barth, lrom Kenya).
'Isp How. Corvrvey Hlnvpy.
Mn. A. 'WAr,ron, Statistician to the Governors' Conference.
Mn. H. E. Wer,nv, District Commissioner, Nairobi.
Mn. A. E. Fonnpsr, Principal Assistant Treasurer (Seuetary).
Mn. A. A. I-:pcer.
Mn. W. Tvson.
Mas. Ar,rcp Bperorv.
Mn. T. A. Wooo, o.M.c., Irr.B.E.
Mn. J. Gneuelr Dewsolr.
Mn. A. IfonNsv.
Mn. U. K. Oze.
K. IJ.
w.wMn.
Mn.
Assistant S ecretaries.
IfuNTEn, Assistant District Commissioner, Nairobi.
. Broour.
t
,
!a
,
LIST Otr WITNESSES AND CORBESPONDENTS.
1.
59.
60.
63.
2.
!).
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I10.
11.
12.
13.
Anglo Baltic Timber Co.
Anonymous
Anonymous
Anonymous
Agriculture, Acting Director of .. .
Aronson, J. G.
Bailey, Mrs. M. P.
Beaton, Mrs. A.
Beckley, Mrs. D.
Blacklaws and Brown
Blowers, A. II.Brassey Edwards,
Brown, Major C.
Rudheo. N. M.
Rrrtter lletailers
Churuber o f Commerce,ated of E.A.
Cole, Hon. G.
Cox, Mrs. Ra1fles
Corbett, N.
Dalgety & Co.
Delamere, Irord
District Commissioner
Eadies Footwear, I-"rtd.
East African Estates,
E. A. W. League
Elliot, M. S. & Co.
Equator Saw Mills
Fochs, Mrs. M.
Gasson, R. V.
Ilarris, l\{ajor
If arrison, E.
Iifenderson, H. E.
Ilowse & McGeorge,.
Ilunter A. C.
Jacobs, I-.,,tcI.
Joiner, J. D.
Joyce, F. de Y
Kilima Kiu
Legat
Ley, Colonel E. M.
I-.,iston-Foulis, Chs.
I:urnbwa Co-operative Society
Mayers, G. R,.
Nfaxwell Davies, W. H.Nervrnark, D.
Estates
Nicholson, Major R.
Ogden, NIrs.
Patterson, Major J.
Raf{les Cox, Mrs.
Ramisi Sugar Estate
Robinson, Ir. P.
Sands, A. B.
Srnithfield Rutchery
Steele, Major C.
Stockbreeders l)irect
PAGE.
60
59
21
31
46
B9
16
12,13
8, 15
35
69
31.
61.
30.
33.
35.,)n
38.
41.
16.
42.
43.
57.
44.
1.
45.
39.
46.
26.
47.
48.
o.
22.
49.
50.
19.
44.
5L.
62.
9.
37.
oJ.
bl.
54.
bu.
55.
5(t.
PAGE.
1
11
34
4
t4
9, 77
4L
47
4t40
t)l
30
(the late) ...
L4,
57.
15.
16.
17.
57.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
26.
2.
27.
28.
29.
30.
2t.
31.
Lttl.
44
72
4lt2
5
2
30
6
4lt2
12
35
30
30
33
61
54
I3B
46
74
36
3
3B
l5
67
B9
61
34
t4
30
91
t7
62
44
9, 77
24
72
36
24
6
itz
Major
E.
Meat
60
56
... 16,37
54
Supply, Ltd.
Stollard, Miss K.
Stronacli, J. C.
Sukari, Ltd.
Tannahill, A. C.
Torr: J.
Town Clerk
Tucker, Colonel W. K.
Turney, Major F.
Unga, Ltd.
\reterinary Dept. Officer
\ieterinary O{ficer, Acting Chief...
Victorla Nyanza
Watkins, Mrs.
Welby, H. E.
White, A. A.
\Yhiteaway I=laidlaw & Co., Ltd.Wilson, C. J.
Sugar Co., Ltd.
,1
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34
33
1
Wimhurst, Ltrl.
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSION.
Youn ExcuJLENcY,
Your Commission was appointed to inquire into and report upon :*-(a) The reason for the rise in the cost of commodities in Kenya and
particularly in Nair,obi, with special reference to local products;ancl
(b) The e,ost of living in relation to salary and earnings.
2. ft appearecl advisable in the firsb instance to determine the extentof any changes in the level of prices of commodities in Kenya, and advantagervas taken of the Statistical organisation functioning' under the Conferenceof East African Governors to collect and analyse returns of prices for asmany articles as possible cluring the past four years.
3. Consiilerable difficuliy was experienced in securing returns fromretailers ancl this delayed the analytical work for many months. It wasnecessary in the first place for the Statistical Department to prepare formsand clistribute them to the various retail and wholesale establishments, thento collect and analyse the results.
4. The tables showing the changes in the price level of cornrnoditieswere at first brought up to June, 1928, and the results, wliich depentl onabout 120 articles, q,re shown as relative index numbers on Jautary, L927,as base, group by group, in Table 2 of Appendix A. The actual valueswill be founcl in Table 1. As so much delay had occurred in printing thesetables, it was considered advisable to extend them and bring them up toOctober, 1928. This was accordingly clone, and the results are shown inl'able 3 of Appendix A for each of the months July, August, September andOctober, 1928, computed on 1927 and 1924 as bases.
5. The articles are cliviiled into 7 groups as follows:-1. Groceries.
2. Clothing.
3. Household Requirements.
4. Motor Transport.
5. Pharmaceutical Products.
6. Milk.7. Meat and Fish.
The mean inclex numbers for each of these groups from L924 to October,1928, on January, L927, as base, are as follows :-
EpochGnoup
t926 t927 1"";1928
1010983o<a
960995
10001110
6-ctoirer1928
l. Croceries2. Clothing ..3. Household Requirements4. Motor Transport5. Pharmaceutical Products6. Milk7. Meat and Fish
Unweighted N{ean..
tM2I11511101232to44756890
10621 13810331264983865972
1039t0461099I 135t0t21000tot2
100799998B974
tao210001006
995987942930995
10001110
1049 997
X'rom these figures it will be seen that the unweighted means of the 7 groupsincrease slightly from 1030 to L052 between 1924 and 1925, anrl thenclecrease to 994 in October, 1928.
6. fn order to ascertain the change which hacl taken place between .1924 antl 1928 shown as a percentage of the value rn L924, the prices in thevarious groups for October, L928, were calculatetl as an index number on
iv
1924 as base, and it will be seen that prices have fallen by 2.4 per cent. ofthe value in 1924. It shouid be noted that all these values depend upon theaverage of the highest ancl lowest recorcleii values.
7. While this rnethod indicates the tlend of prices of commodities, ther:ost of living of the individual should in realiiy be the minimum at whichsuch articles of consumption can be procured on the local market. Thetlifficulties of distribution, however, and the methods of marketing to whichhousekeepers in Kenya are condemned, make it almost impossible forindividuals to take advantage of these minirnurn prices, so that the averageappears to be a more representative figure than the minimum under theconditions obtaining in Kenya. The difliculties of distriklution and marketingwill be referrecl to in later paragraphs of this report.
B. It is not an easy matter to determine the proportion in which thesevarious groups enter into the ordinary faniiiy burlget, but one or two carefully-conirolled schedules indicate that the following proportions may be takenas fairly representative, the total expenditure on the groups being taken as
100 :-Weigh,t in tamily budget
t?
I
I,l"l
I
I
I
1.
2.or).
4.
5.
6.
7.
Group.
GroceriesClothingHousehold RequirementslVlotor TransportPharmaceutical ProductsMilkMeat and Fish
efrpenses.
49
15
For 39 im,portedarticles.
1100
1071
1043
1002
999
Fish and NIilk the
6
11
4
4
11
100
This leads to the following relative mean weighted values for each year :-7924 1060
1925 L7241926 1048
1927 1040
June 1928 1005
October 1928 997
Ii will be seen in c,onsequence that the tendency has been downwardssince 1925. Under Group 1 : Groceries, local produce was then separatedfrom imported articles. The two resulting index values are as follows :-
For 76 articles olIocal groaery
produce.
955
1050
10521006
1014
If to ihese local grocery products are added Meat,following figures are obtained for the 19 articles :-
For 79 arLicles oflocal produce.
1924
l-925
1926
1927
June 1928
19247925
L9267927
June 1928
9381034
t0521013
1023
The corresponding figures
lr'
Meat ancl Fish
MirkMeatX'ish
7924.
7DO
890
BB9
for Milk,
7925.
865 ...969
1009
7926. 7927.
1000 1000
998 9921167 7t57
are as follows :-Ju,ne
1928.
1000
1110
1111
Oct.7928.
1000
1110
1111
Mean 845
L From these values it is seen that the local prices have increased from938 in lg24 to 1023 in October, 1928, or by 10 per cent. on the 1927 valueS,while imported articles have clecreased from 1100 t,o 999 during the sameperiod. The Commission is inclined to the belief that the trend of pricesof the local produce has been the principal factor in determining the demandfor inquiry into cost of living values, as popular attention is arrested moreeasily by the comparatively few and very essential articles which areproduced locally than by the multitude of irnported articles which are incommon use, while the relative value of each is overlooked in ihe budgetexpenditure
10; The relation between wholesale prices and retail prices of theprincipal articles of local produce was next examined, and the result is shownin Table 6 of Appendix {. The percentage difference between the wholesaleprice anil the retail price is computed both on the w'liolesale price and on theretail price respectively, and shown in the last column of this'Iable.
11. Dealing with these articles individually it is found that the per-centage difference in the case of Flour, based on the wholesale price,jncreasetl from 36.6 per cent. in 1925 to over 50 per cent. in the third quarterof 1928. 'I'his change was due to,a steady decrease in the wholesale pricenot reflected in the retail price until the fourth quarter of 1928.* Retail profitsin consequence increasecl. In the case of Butter, the percentage decreasedfrom 26 per cent. in 1925 to ab,out 10 per cent. in 1928; for this item it isthe wholesale price which has risen more rapidly than the retail so thatretail profits are less. Bcicom sholvs a decrease from 52 per cent. in Lg24 to37 per cent. in the third quarter of 1928; to this comparatively low value inthe third quarter, 1928, reference will be made in subsequent paragraphsdealing wiih the effect of the publication of the prices of staple articles,which has been. the policy of the Statistical Department lor the last 18
moflths. The percentage difference in the case gf Beer increasecl fromr-2O per..cent.,in, 1924.to.30 per.cent. in 1928. This increase was due partlyto a faljing off in .the wholesale price and partly to an increase inthe retaii lrice. ' In the I case of Maize Meal , the percentage differencedecreased from 37 per cent. in 7927 to 22 per cent. in the sec.ond quartelof 1928. The recorcls for previous yea,rs in respect of this article aredefective. The percentage difference in ihe case of Milk fell from135 per cent. in 1924 to 60 per cent. in 1928. The retail price of milk hasbeen steady since 7926, while the rvholesale has risen by 100 pel'cent. since 1924 with consequent clecrease in retail profits. The percentagedifference in the case of Su.gar has been very variable; it rose from 17 percent. in 1924 to 51 per cent. in 1926, and fell to 1() per cent. in the thirdcluarter of 1928, fn the case of Cheese the decrease in the percentage differenceis very markecl, having fallerr from 57 per cent. in L9'24 to below 10 per cent.in 1928 ; the wholesale price has increased steadily and niore rapidly thanthe retail price.
12. Further information concerning the trend of prices of importedarticles was sought from the Tratle Reports, and the index values'of a largenumber of articles will he found'in Appenilix B. It has not been possible,
*'I'he corresponding values for the fourth quarter, 1928, will be found in the resum6on page 133. They are as follows; flour,35l; hutter, l2%; bhcon,29l;beet, 281 1 maize meal, 341 ; milk, 89f ; sugar, 2l)i, ztnd, cheese, 16f .
vlr
for obvious reasons, to arrange these groups completely couparable withthose formed from articles reiailed in Nairobi, but a rough classification hasbeen made into groups closely resembling them, as follows :-
Groceries.
Clothing.
I{ousehold Requirements.
Motor Transport.
The mean index numbers derived from these Customs figures are as follows :-l. Index Numbers on 1927 as base.
Me,u{ oF INDEX Nurrasns oF Arrr,
Cusrolrs RprunNsINTO TIIF]
7923.
Groceries 1091
Clothing LQBT
Household Requirements 1118
Motor Transport 1163
Ilrponrno Anrrcrps AS DERTVED FRoM TsEWIIICE COULD BE CI,ASSIFIEDFor,LowrNG Gnoups.
7924. 7925.
1019 1046
1340 1356
1058 1010
7926.
t025l22Bl0421071
7927.
.. 1000
.. 1000
.. 1000
.. 1000
Mean
2. Index Numbers on 1927 as base.
Mpe,lt or fwnnx Nulrnpns oF Arrrr flrponrnn Anrrcr,gs AS DERTvED FR,ol\t
Cusroirrs Bnrunxs wHrcn cour,D Nor BE cr,ASSrFrED uNDEn, ANy' oF TrIE l{n.rnrNos ABovE, DETATTJs oF wurcu
ARE snowN rr Appnuorx B.
7923. 7924. 7925. 7926.
Building Materials L275 1203 1299 1113
Office Material 7142 1166 1086 1116
Agricultural Implements 1340 12Bg 1161 1079
Sunclry (not classified) ... 1305 1254 1385 l2l5
Mean
Mean of all articles l2]5 1L77 1176 1110 1000
7927.1000100010001000
1
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Separating the imported articles whichwhich have risen we fintl :-FALLEN IN PRICE-GROUP I.-GROCERIES.
Maize Meal and Flour.Tea.Sugar in bulk and in jaggerv.Sugar. Othe's, mostly in tins.Marmalade, fams and .fellies.Fruits, Bottled. Canned and otherwise Pre-
served-Milk, Condensed.Butter.Margarine and Marrorv-fat.Fish, Canned.Whisky.Rum.Gin and Geneva.Cigarettes.Tobacco, Manufactured.Snuff.Spices.Confectionery.Meat, Tinned, Canned and
served.
have fallen in price from those
GROCERIES.
MBIN INorx Nuusnns FoR ARTICLESPnrcrs oF wurcH Hevr Fanrx.
' 1924 ..1925 ..1926 ..1927 ..
otherwise Pre-
l1B11t2310691000
RISEN IN PRICE-GROUPWheat Meal and Flour.Biscuits.Rice.Maiz-e.Dates.Cheese.Bacon and Ham.Ghee.
!lt
I-GROCERIES
Lard and its Compounds.Fish, Pickled. Salted and Dried.Aerated Waters.Beverages and Syrups.Ale, Reer and Stout.Brandy.Liqueurs.Wines.Cigars and Cigarillos.Tobacco, Unmanufactured.Matches.Salt, Table.Salt, Other.Garlic and Onions.Soap.Wheat.
FALLEN IN PRICE-GROUP II_CLOTHING.Silk Tissues.I,inen Piece Goods.I-inen Thread.Boots and Shoes..Hats, Caps, etc.Hosiery, (Cotton or Wool).Other Hose.Cotton Yarns and Piece Goods-
Grey, Unbleached.Bleached.Printed.Dyed in the Piece.Coloured.Blankets-Thread.Cotton Yarn.
Woollen and Worsted Yarns.Yarns.
RISEN IN PRICE-GROUP II-CLOTHING.
Silk Yarns.Woollen and Worsted Yarns-Blankets.
GROCERIES.
Mr,ex Irorx Nulrsons FoR An.rrcr.rsPRICES oF WHICH HAVE RISEN.
1924 .. 891t9'25 . . 9851926 .. 989t927 .. 1000
CLOTHING-
MrnN INoox NUMBERS FoR , ARTTCLESPRTCES oF wgrcH HAvE FALT.EN.
1924 ..t925 ..1926 ..t927 ..
1392r37712471000
CLOTHING.
Mneiv INDEX NUMBERS FoR AntrclEsPRICES oF WHICH HAYE RISEN.
t9241925t926t927
92tI 19310721000
FALLEN IN PRICE-GROUP III-HOUSEHOLD REQUIREMENTS.Razors,Wire Mattresses.Aluminium Hollo'r-'v:reDisiirfectant and. Insecticides.Glass Chimneys, Globes and Shades.Bedsteads and Finished Parts.Hollow-ware, Enamelled.Lamps and Lanterns.Starch and Blue.Stoves, Grates and Ranges.
RISEN IN PRICE-GROUP III-HOUSEHOLD REQUIREMENTS.Knives.Carpets, Rugs.Clocks, CompleteCoir Mats'and MattingHollow-ware, Not Enamelled.Mineral Oil or Burning Oil.Methylated Spirit.
HOUSEHOLD REQUIREMENTS.
MreN Iuopx NUMBERS FoR ARTTcLESPRICES OF wHICH HAvE FALLEN.
t924 ..1925 ..1926 ..t927 ..
1 185tto210831000
It
HOUSEHOLD REQUIREMENTS.
MreN INDEX NuMsrns FoR ARTICLESPRTcES oF wHIcH HAvE RrsEN.
t924t925tg?b1927
876877983
1000
, blylu
FAI.LEN IN PRICE-GROUP IV-MOTOR TRANSPORT.
Porver Lorries.Lubricating Oils and Spirits.Motor Spirit.Cycles (not Nlotor).Motor Cycles and Sidecars.
MOTOR TRANSPOR'['-
MBaN INoBx NTTMBERS FoR ARTI('I.EsPRICES oF wHrcH HAvE l'At,r,EN.
1924 ..t925 ..t926 ..t927 ..
t263I t5710881000
RISEN IN PRICE-GROUP IV-MOTORTyres and Tubes (Motor Cars and C-vcles).Motor Cars.l\{otor l-orries and Tractors.
TRANSPORT.
MOTOR TRANSPORT.
N,IreN INDEx NurvrBERS roR Antrcr.rsPRICES oF wHICH uevo RrsrN.
1924r925t926t927
Retail Price.Aoerage Inder Number.
110010711043
1002
ort10431000
792
The decrease in the declared value of clothing, motor transport material,building material ancl agricultural implements is very markecl.
13. It will be seen at once that the average values tend to corroboratethe trend of the statistics derivecl from retail price lists. Although the twosets are not strictly comparable, it is of interest to place them in juxtalnsition,thus :-
tg}4Lg251926
1927
The fall inthe price ofper cent.
Customs Value.Aoerage Iniler, Number.
7177
117611101000
ln1B
the price of retail articles is about 10 per cent. whereas thatgoods landecl in Mombasa as recorcled in the Customs was
L4. Inquiry was next directed to the relative prices in Kenya and incertain other countries, anfl here again the Commission had re@urse to theGovernor's Conference Statistical Department. Comparative figures, as atthe time of this inquiry, are shown in Appendix C. Great care has beenexercisecl in order to secure comparisons of the same grade in the differentterritories considered, but it is evident that this cannot always be effected.For purposes of reference, schedules are appendecl to the tables showing theauthorities for prices in other countries. The tables show the comparativeprices of importecl articles and. local produce separately, together with aninclex number on England as base.
15. Nearly all articles are markedly above the corresponding prices inNew Zealand ancl South Africa. Coffee and meat are below the prices ofcoffee ancl home-grown meat'in England; all other articles are above, andthe average of 19 articles produced locally is 42 per cent. aboi,e thecorreslrcncling prices in England. ft should, however, be borne in mintl thatforeign chillecl meat is procurable in England and that the consumption isconsiderable whereas this cheap quality is not available in Kenya.
16. fn the case 'of imported articles, Table I of Appenilix C,groceries are 81 per cent.,,plove English prices, ancl thd mb'an of all groupsis 73 per cent. above. ft is only natural to expect that imported articles shouldbe much above the corresponding prices in Englancl on account of thegeographical position of the. Colony, and reference will be macle later tothe eflect of the various costs of shipping, freight, internal transport andcustoms.
,I
?
\-
, . 17: While these facts were being established by reference to officiallstiurces, the Comrnission decicletl to call for evidence, anil meetings'were.heldon several occasions at which the public were asketl by notices in the Pressto lay facts concelning prices beft-rre the Comnrission, and express their viewsas to causes and remeclies. The results were disappointing as few members I
of any community took advantage of the opporiunity offerecl, ar-rd such evidenceas was forthcoming was conflicting.
18. The next action on the part of the Commission was to summoncertain persons, who, it was thought, would be able to furnish evidence bothas to the facts of increase in the prices of cornmoclities, if any, and to theunderlying causes of such variations in prices as their eviclence rnight reveal.Witnesses were heard on the follor.ving subjects :-
I
I
l
LI
Bacon.Boots and Clothing.Builtling Materials.Butter.Fruit and Vegetables.Glassware.
Grain and Bread.Groceries.
Meat"
Mitk.n,Iotor Transport.Pharmaceutical Products.Poultry.Rent.Sngar.
19. The evidence given by these rnitnesses was also confliciing, buton the whole tended to show ttrat there iracl been no increase in importedarticles ; no increase in house rents ; and that while local produce hadundoubtedly increased in price, the increase in the oost of production hadbeen greater than in the selling' price and profits had, in consequence, ifanything, fallen off. The evidence given by these witnesses is collected inpages 30-94, and sumrnarisecl under articles in pages 95-109.
' 20. It is needless to say that your Commission is not in agreement withmany of the conclusions drawn frorn facts by witnesses, although it has notappeared necessa,ry to refute thenr individually. fn regard to the statementsof prices, accurate figures have been coliected by the Statisiical Departmentof the Governors' Conference and it is on these figures that the conclusionsand recomntendations of the Comuri'ssion have been primarily based in dealingwith prices. The evidence collected is. however, of very considerable valuein other respects.
21. Three important points appeal' to have been made by the majorityof witnesses l-
(it High retaii prices charged by the local traders., (ii) 'Iransport difficulties-both personal and commercial.(iii) Defective methods of distribution and organisation for placing local
produce on the niarket.
22. The numerous complaints made by certain witnesses of exce$siveprofits on the part of some retailers do not appear to be altog'ether unfounded.In sq far as local produce is, concerned, the systematic publication of pricesof . commodities, which has been a feature of the bulletins issued by theGovernors' Conference Statistical Departnrent, undoubiedly had the effectof reducing the prices of certairr articles. Toward the latter part of October,1928, sugar dropped from 40 Cents to 33 Cents per 1b., flour from 35 Centsto 27 Cents;bacon, wl"rich had forrnerly been sold at a flat rate, was graded.These results speak for themselves.
l
23. The difference between the F.O.B. cost at the port of origin .and
the cost in Kenya, inclusive of insurance, freight and duty, for a largenumber of articles, is shown in Table 4 of Appendix C, and while sornearticles of luxury show ,a very high percentage of increased cost on the F.O.B.prices, the average does not appe&r to justify an increase of B0 per cent.over the prices in England. The total charges on the average do not ailpea,rto be greatly in excess of 50 per cent. on the F.O.B. cnost (see Table 4,Appendix C) except in the case of luxuries referred to above. Ithat the
,.,
x
decrease in home costs has not beeu fully handecl on to the consumer isevidenced by the clifference between the decrease in values derived from retailprices 10 per cent. (see page viii), and the decrease derived from Customslanded costs (18 per cent.). On the other hand it is necessary to take intoconsideration the very high rates charged for rents in commercial areas;these are mentioned by a number of witnesses. The statements made by theprincipal witnesses on this matter will be found on pages 31-40 of theevidence.
24. A certain amount of what may be termecl " profiteering " appearsto be due to the fact that competition is inoperative, although some witnesseshave given evidence io the contrary.* The beneficial effect of competition isnot felt, principally on account of the methods of marketing which the house-holders have adopted, rightly or wrongly, in Kenya. It is not an ea,sy matterfor housewives to do their own shopping-, when living on the outskirts of thetown; the result is that monthly credits ate the rule, ancl shopping is donethrough the intermediary of native servants at establishments which havebeen selected rather from convenience antl habit, than from the fact thatarticles may be obtained more cheaply there than elsewhere.
25. While recognising tltat prices are high, it is impossible to lose sightof ihe fact that trading in l(enya is an extremely difficult problem.As already stated irr paragraph 23, retailers are called upon to pay very highrents, much higher, especially in relation to turnover, than ihey woulil becalled upon to pay in many large centres, where the turnover, and con-sequently the profits, are very nruch greater than thev are in Kenya. Further,they are forcecl to carry very rnuch larger stocks than they woukl in theordinary course of business, where a,(:cess to large wholesale warehouses ispossible.
26. Two items of consumption stand out as being unusually high :-(a) Bread, a staple item of diet, certainly appears to ihe Commission
to be sold at prices out of proportion to the cost of production.(b) Meat,' the increase in the wholesale price of meat is not com-
menBurate with the increase in the retail price ancl this is statedby th" butchers to be due to the fact that they are unable toclispose of anything but the best cuts, while the shortage of cattlelearls to rlifficuliies of distribution and marketing.
27. Some witnesses have stated that excessive credit is the cause of thehigh cost of living. 'Ihe traders themselves, however, are by no means inagreement with this. In many cases it is impossible to traile on a cashbasis, and the only alternative would be to insist upon cleposit accounts.As pointed out by one witness, the maintenance of deposit accounts woulilcost the trader just as much apart from the comparatively small item of badclebts, as the present system of monthly credits.
28. Several witnesses have urged that the payment of juniors by theweek woulcl facilitate the introrluction of a system of cash payments. Thereare a great many difficulties in the way of such a system in Nairobi, and sofar as the evidence goes, it does not seem to be advocated by either theemployers or the employees.
29. The method of procuring household requirements which has beenmentionecl above is directly linkecl up with difficulties of transport. Thetotal absence of any cheap methocl of travelling is undoubteclly an importantfactor, not only in producing the enhancecl cost of living, but especially inits effect on the high standard of living which prevails throughout Kenya.
* The Statistical Office communicated a memorandum to the Chamber of Commerce inJuly, 1928, illustrating that trade competition in Kenya clid not appear to beoperative in controlling prices. This is given in Appendix E.
i
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i'I
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30. The third irnportant difficulty to which reference has been made bywitnesses is that of distribution, marketing and organisation for the disposalof pr,oduce.
31. These three aspects of the problem, as it presents itself to theCommission, Iiave been specially referred to because it is felt that they arematters on which co-operative enterprise on the part of the whole com-munity can effect remedies. These matters will be dealt with further insubsequent paragraphs.
32. In regard to the causes of any enhancecl values indicated in theevidence secured, they may be divided into three categories :-
(a) Those due to causes inevitable in a distant colony and inland town,i.e., freight, customs, railway transport, etc.
(b) Those due t,o ec,onomic cimses tlependent on the development of theterritory itself, i.2., protective duties, increase in lancl values, rents,etc.
(c) Those due to the conditions of living- il I(enya which coukl beavoided either by action on the part of the individual, or by actionon the pari of the comnrunity through Government, municipal orcommunal enterprise; such as high standaril of living by theindividrral , lack of transpolt facilities bv the community, etc.
TEe influence of these three categ,olies of calrses will now be dealt withseparately.
33. Ordinary customs duties on irnported staple articles are shown inTable 3 of Appendix C, together rvith tlre revenue derived frour each article in7927 . The effect of the reiluction o1' duties ou these articles in so far as thecost of living is c,oncerned, is a problem the solution of which demandsconsiderable care. It is very evident that protection must increase clirectly,to some extent, the prices of the cornrnoilities to which it is applied, otherwisethere woukl be no object in giving protecti,on to the industries producing thosecommoclities. The Commission desires, irr this connection, to call the attentionof Governrnent to the fact that uncerta,inty or violent alterations in customsduties produce uncerta,inty and risk in trading centres rnhich have to be metby increased prices not always coi.nn)ensurate with the duties imposed.
34. Retailers ale very prone to increase costs when new duties areleviecl, but cannot always diminish them proportionately when existing dutiesare removed. Ihis is particularly the case in the conditions obtaining inKenya, where, as has already been pointed out, large stocks have to be carrieclin order to meet local requirements, and traders are forced to sell at thehigher figure until old stocks have been cornpletely exhausted.. The Com-mission understands that the whole question of customs duties has beenalready consiclereil by a Tariff Committee and will be dealt with by theTnter-Colonial Customs C,ommission shortly to be appointed. The extent towhich protection is accorded to any industry in the future must in con-sequence depend, in great measure, on the policy which this fnter-ColonialCommission will define. The comments of the Cost of Living Commissionon this subject will be found in the concluding paragraphs of this Report.
35. Transport from the coast figures to a very large extent in actualcosts. Although it does not appear feasible to make railway policy clependenton problems related to the cost of living, it is just possible that an analysisof transport charges on staples may leail to a readjustment which woulcltend to relieve the existiug strain.
36. The manner in which railway transport affects prices will be seen
from the Table in Appendix D, where the charges on importecl com-
modities from Mombasa to Nairobi are shown, and the railway freight isgiven as a percentage on the Nairobi price of the article including freight,the Nairobi price excluding freight and the Mombasa price, where this liasbeen obtainable. The freight per 100 lbs. on sundry commodities will be
found on page 155. It will be seen thai the freight on certain articles ig
t_
rrndoubtetlly'.uf: i{s sostappear thntin Nairobi.
xu
high. Oatureal, on ilr:count of its packing, pays 26 pel cent.['or freiqht ; petrol pays 21 per cent. On the average it wouldraiir.vrry fleiglrt anrounts to l0 per cent. of the price actually paid
37 . Causes a,ffectecl by econornic considerations bring the question ofoosts,on to a very clebata,ble ground. In the first place, wherever intensivedevelopment is in progress all over the rn.orld, the phenomen,on of iricreaseclprices is ah'vays observed. Tire reasons ar:e nranifoid. Firstly, there is aninevitabie expansion of money, in the fornr of ,credit ancl turnover, and thischeapens money in reltrtion to other commodities. Secondly, there is greatercornpetition for land, for housing and for service, with consequent increasein costs of p.r.oduction whicli can ouly be met by a corresponding increase inselling prices. If these prices depend on world rnarkets, the industriesconcerned suffer, restricrt their output and dernand protection. ff, on theother hantl, produce is absorberl by local derirantls, ihe prices are almost sureto rise, while if lesort is hacl at tlie saure time to protective duties externalcompetition ceases and aggravates conditions.
38. It r1oes rxrt a1ryeal t,o the (lorrrrnission tirat anything' can be doneto modify conditions plorlut:etl by tlicse cilrlses arrd so provoke a tlecrease incosts. 'I'lte Colony. depends for its vel.y existerlce o1l intensive developmentancl the various industlies u,lricli ]rilve beerr started as a result of ihe enter-prise and initiirtive of the settlers nrust bc rriirintained if econornically sound.As soon as these itrtlustries irre firnily established atrd are in a position tosupply local clerrrir,nds, it seerrrs probable tha,t prices of such locally producedcornrnoclities will trot mle higher tliln the-v tlo at the present in NewZealand an<l South Africa. It is inrpossible, in consequence, to do more thanoall atteution to this fact.
39. The tliircl ciluse of elhant'ed values js produced by ihe conditionsof living in Kenyn. It is perhaps one of the nrost potent of all causes inmaintaining the difficuliies under rvhich the c.ommunity lives and works.These conditions cirn only be modified by thp gooclwill of the inhabitantsthemselves acting comniunally or intlividually.
40. 'Ihere is no iloubt that the stiurdarcl of living adopied here by thevast 'maiority of inclividuals is higher:, niuch higher, than would obtain inthe c,ountries fronr which they have ernigratetl. As has already been pointeclout, a g'reat deai of tlris is due to tratrsport tlifficuities. The psychologicaleffect of ownership of independent nteitns of transport is by no means onervhich can be neglected. On the othel hand, the standard of living of theEuropean conrrnunity irr a nrrtive setting, where practically all manual labouris carrietl out by native races, tenders it difficult to adopt a style of livingwhich would bring tlie f,)urripean perilously near a standard affecting theprestige of the u'hite race. Tliis difticulty is, of course, met to a certainextent by the higher rate of $,'ages dlalvu by Europeans in the Colonies, butit does not appear: likelv that it can be entirely overcome until a very muchlarger u.hite populati<.rn is resident in the colrntry.
4I. Before making any recontnrendations calculated t,o relieve theexisting c.ouditions, it remaius to refer to the second term of reference," The cost of Jiving in relation to salary and earnings." On this subject, ithas been alrnost impossible to secure reliabie evidence. Forms were alrawnup in 1)eceniber, 1926, by the Statistician to the Governors' Conference,with a.vierv to securing family budgets fr,om the different classes of the com-rnunity, but the I'esponse has been negligible. A further effort was made byapplication to sorne of the lu,rge business antl commercial establishments withinterest overseas, to set:ure comparzrtive figures of r,vages and earnings. TheBanks were urrable to supply the infornration desired. One of ihe largebusiness concel'ns, lr,ith oflices irt Europe, \vas more helpful ancl gave as a
comparative figure :-Sh. 500 a month in Nairobi.Sh. 300 a ntonth in Engiand.
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Another witness, v'hose evidence will be found on page 36, staied that menwho would have been paid 417 in England were receiving S30 in Kenya.The results of the inquiry on this heail are, however, to say the least,disappointing, and the Commission has hacl recourse to a comparison betweenthe conditions obtaining in the case of one class only-the imported ladytypist and stenographer.
42. The salary of this class in Itrnglancl is about JB 10s. a week.Boariling costs about J2 a r,veek leaving a balance for other expenses ofabout Jl 10s. a week. Iu Nair,obi, salaries are !25 a month with houseallowance of J4 3s. a month. The cost of living in boarding houses is statedto be from *,12 to *,14 a rnonth, leaving a balance of about 115 a month forother expenses as compared with .{6 a rnonth in England. This margin afterthe payment of living expeuses is about 150 per cent. above the margin inEngland. As costs of cl,othing, etc., ate shown to be 78 per cent. higher inKenya than in England, this class has little to complain of, as comparedwiih Englancl. 'Even when the necessity of providing for frequent leave, as
well as provision for a sornervhat higher standard of living is taken into con-sideration, the comparison is still in favour of Kenya conditions. Othersalaries appear to be about 80 per cent. above English rates.
43. Summarising the facts relative to the prices of commodities, wefind :-
1. The prices of imported articles have decreaseal over the period 1924to 1928 by 10 per cent.
2. The prices of imported articles &re on the average 78 per cent.higfiLer than in England.
3. The prices of local foodstulf produce have increased by 9 per cent.on the ayerage, the greatest increase being on meat, 23 per cent.
4. The prices of local foodstuft produce are 42 per cent. above Englishprices on the averase, the gleatest difference being in the case ofbreacl, 147 per cent. (See page 147).
5. There has been little increase in house rents during the past fouryears, but coruurercial rerts a,ppear to have bec.ome unusualiy high.
6. The difference between actual costs of oomruodities in Kenya andin England appear to be conruiensulate with ihe difference irr ratesof wages and salaries.
7. The cost of living is seriously influeuced by expenses of uraintenanceof motor vehicles for local transport, home leave, and highstandard of living sei by certain sections of the European com-munity.
R,ECOMMENDATIONS.44. The Commission submits for your consideration the following
recommendations which may assist in modifying and controlling the cost ofliving, if not in producing a marked and immediate decrease :-
(i) Consideration should be given to the possibility of instituting sornemeans of transport beiween the outskirts of Nairobi and the com-urercial centres; such a service might be untler the control eitherof the Municipality or of the Railway, but in any case it woulddemand a substantial subsidy for several years. The Commissionfeels that if effrciently organised this will facilitate the task ofprovicling for household requirements on the part of the housewife,and also enable dwellings to be erected on the outskirts of the townwhere land is not s,o expensive as in the more densely lnpulatedparis of Nairobi.
(ii) The Commission recommend that an immeiliaie reduction shoulcl beeffected in the charges (customs and railways) on baby foods.
(iii) A permanent board comprising representatives of the different com-munities shoulcl be appointed to consider excessive pr,ices and maikerecommendations for a reconsicleration of charges on essentialfooclstuffs, such as butter, ghee, rice, barley, sago, tinneil milk,etc., and where a reduction in charges is not found to be possible,
xiv
to consider the advisability of permitting the entry of efficient cheapsubstitutes into the Colony ,rrd", a reduced Cusloms Tariff, whichwill render tlie charges on these articles as small as possible. fngiving their consideration to the excessive prices, the Board shouldalso be requested to institute inquiries into the causes which mayhave produced them and to suggest remedies where possible. Thepresent system of publishing the prices of staple articles of con-sumption shoulil be continued, so that public opinion may becentred on any marked fluctuations. It should also be possible forsuch a Boarcl , if appointed, to examine and make recommendationsin connection with any excessive rents, eiiher for private residencesor for commercial establishments. The Commission is fully awarethat it has not been possible to investigate the conditions rulingthe cost of living for all communities in Kenya, but it considers thata Board, such as that recommended above, would be able to considerthe special conditions affeciing specific communities should aclefinite demand f,or inquiry be made.
(iv) Iieference has been made already to the defective organisation formarketing, and for the disposal of farm procluce, and under thisheail, the Comrnission recornmends-(a) that steps should be taken to establish an efficient cold storage
in Nairobi;(b) that the Bailway should be asked to run cold storage wagons for
the transport up anil down the line of perishable foodstuffs.(c) that the suggestions put forward by several witnesses for the
inauguration of a farmers' market might be tried, in orcler torecluce the price of fruit ,and vegeiables ;
(d) that the question of postage and parcel rates on foodstuffs ancl
market produce shoukl be examinecl with a view to reducethem as low as possible.
(v) A careful inquiry shoulcl be made into the manufacture of bread, andregulations should be framed for governing quality, price ancl
weight.(vi) The municipal regulations in regard to the erection of flats should be
reconsidered, and special facilities anil encouragements should, ifpossible, be given to any enterprise in this direction, either forbachelor accommodation or for accommodation for married persons.
(vii) Attention has been called to the large amount of pretlial larcenywhich discourages the planting of fruit and vegetables, ancl theCommission recommend.s that the penalties for conviction underthis heacl should be reconsidered, with a view to make themdeterrent.
45. The Commissiorr feels that if these recommendations are atloptetl, a
large measure of relief will be afforded to conditions which are inherentlydidcult, on account of the rapid progress in the Colony's development. The
Commission is convincecl that other improvements in the general conditions
of living in this territory can only be brought about gradually by the success
of the *various
Government activities and enterprises connecied with the
improvement of industrial conditions ancl the graclual eliminatiop of those
disaclvantages uncler which proclucers are labouring in a new Colony.
46. While the evidence laid before the Commission tends to show that
some measur,e of protection is still essential for the clevelopment of most of
the local intlustries producing foodstuffs, and that this will be necessary for
some ieals to come, in the }orm of a tariff wall, subsirlies or anti-clumping
t"girt"iio", the commission is of ihe opinion that during this rlevelopment
.ii,g"l U"iir wholesale anil retail prices for local consumption shoultl be
,.rioii.uUv reviewecl ancl, if uecesstry, controlled' ft woultl be a mistaken
ilily ;; ;iihdraw all protection, as the welfare, progress ancl internal trado
ir t[" Colony rlepenrl- in large measure on the prosperity of its local
inilustries.
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47. In conclusion the Commission feels that some explanation isrequired of the delay in rendering this Report. In the first place, the taskof securing accurate information on which to base recommendations, wasfouncl not only to be difficult, but to demand a very considerable amount oftime both in collection ancl in analysis. The greatest delay, however, hasbeen caused by the difficulty in securing printed copies of the tables anilevidence. The tables were first sent to press in June, 1928, proofs were notreceived until late in the year 1928, when it was decided to bring the tablesup to the end of October; the final proofs of the tables were not receiveduntil April, 1929, and the proofs of the evidence were not receiveil until theend of May. This delay is regrettable, but it was apparently ilue to causegbeyond the control of the Government Printer.
48. The signatures of three rrtembers of the Courmission have not beenobtained as they are at present absent from the Colony, but there is noreason to believe that the findings of this Report would not meet with theirapproval. Mr. W. Tyson resigneil from the Commission in April, 1928, onhis ileparture from the Colony.
49. The compilation of the statistical tables was carriedl out by one ofthe members of the Commission, Mr. Walter, and the other members wishto record their appreciation of this valuable and essential work.
J. W. BARTH.
CONWAY HARVEY.
A. WAIJTEB,.
A. E. X'OEBEST.
A. A. IJEGAT.
AIJICE BEATON.
T. A. WOOD.
J. GIiAHAM DAWSON.
U. K. OZA,
LETTERS AND MEMORANDA RECEIVED BYTHE COMMISSION.
25. I'rom (Mns.) F,. V. Gessolt, Soysambu, P.O. Soy.
(Addressed to Secretary, tr'ood Commission, Eldoret,)
6tlt. March, L926.
With reference to thp Food Enquiry to be held in Eldoret on the gth inst.,I woulcl like to draw your. attention to the present price of flour : retailingprice is S5 per bag, which seems to me to be quite a famine price. Ifbought by the bag of 200 lbs. nett the cost is Sh. 55.
The difference between the cost of wheat per bag ancl the cost of flourseems to hold no comparison in price.
We all know this is a clififrcult country for wheat-growing, but evenwith impori,ed wheat the present retail price is too high. We must haveflgur, as bread is the staple food of life, and we cannot all have farms togrow wheat for our daily bread. Surely something can possibly be clone toreduce this undue profiteering by somebocly. You may hear much oppositionagainst any attempt at irying to reduce prices of wheat or fleur, especiallyin Elcloret. Even so you can also hear some idea which is only in fairnessto the community ancl country at large and not confined to a few who arestuclying their own ends.
Yours faithfully,R. V. Gesson.
P.S.-We understand that wheat-grewers of South Plateau say they aregetting from seven to ten bags of wheat to the acre. Well this, at Sh. 28or thereabouts per bag is more than a comfortable living and could easily clowell if wheat paid at Sh. 20 per bag. On top of this mills appear to bemaking morc than a comfortable living, and this should be thoroug'hlyinvestigated
81. From Me,ron F. op V. Jovcn, Kilima Kiu, Ulu.(Adclressed to the Hon. Director of Agriculture.)
Bth Auqust, 1926.
In answer to your E 5121443L of August 5th, I enclose herewith figuresshowing our costs per gallon of milk for 1922,7923, L924 and 1925.
It is worth noting, howevgr, that-(1) It is pasteurised milk and one of the heaviest items is depreciation
on machinery anil plant;(2) That for L922, 1923 ancl L924 the loss on dairi' cows was nst
incluclecl as it shoukl have been. There always is a considerable lossbecause :
(o) we raise practically no calves-kill 90 per cent. of them atbirth;
(b) we sell our culls yearly and for half or less than halt wehave to pay for replacements.
- r have no objection whatever to your quoting the source of origin ofthese figures.
Yours siucerely,X'. op V. Joycp.
2
COST OF PRODUCING 1 GALL,ON OF \,{II,K AT KILI\1A KIU.
t922 t923 t924 1925
Average sales per daf in gallons
1. Consumable Stores-e.g. I-ead seals, filbrixcloth, soda, soap, brushes, belting, etc.
Native labourlreights on U.R. ..Telegrams, Stamps, Statiorrery ' 'Advertising, Insurance, Trarelling and I-egal
Expenses ..
2t1194137104
z.
4.
Accounts
Dipping
Upkeep
Cents
4.416.224.O
a.t
0.82.4
11.7
1u
Cents
4.113.4i9.0
1.6
0.81.35.62.90.21.1
15.32.5
1B'010.7Not
known
6.2x
Cents
5-41 1.813.52.3
0-21.33.52.60.10'6
I a-o
1.71 1.56-3
Notknown
Cents
2-1I 1.5t2.5
1.1
0.21.13.62.10.10.6
t6.41.5
20.44.8
26.O
5.6.7.
9.10.11.12.13.14.
Repairs andEngine l'uelMedicines
DepreciattonI-.O. Rents
1.810.0
\ niztt(Not
known15. Cattle Food (r:.3'. Cotten seed, Sirnsim cake. bran'
maize ensilage, etc.)
'f otal
Salaries and SupervisionInterest on O/D and LoansLoss on Dairy Cattle
x Very good rains.
N.B.-All milk Pasteurised'
2.-Loss on dairY cattle lor 1922,
respectivelY.
S lts t 134 1/03
t Droueht.
1923 and 1924, es,"imared at 15, 30 and 15 cents
L4. From Tnu HoN. G.lr,sn,Arrrr Cclr-n, Kekopey, Gilgil.
(Addressed to the Hon. Director of Agriculture.)
10th August, L926.
Irr replv to your letter of the 6th instant, the following information is,I ani afraid, not as accur&te as I should Iike, but both the questions vou
ask me L,orlcern so many factols that it is dillicult to give really accuratereplies.
(1) Cost o! production ol aoerage firse-year'old, steer and aoerage weight.
I estimate the cost of production to be J5 and the average weight 550 lbs.This refers to first-cross shorthorn-native closs, which I have found themost satisfactorY.
The cost is made up as foUows :-Pure bred bu,lls.-These are the heaviest expense. They cost on
an average J100 each. Again they cost at least fi20 a year to feed,giving them simply a maintenance ration. 'Ihere is a g'ood deal ofrisk incurred in importing and accliniatising and you will readily see
that the loss of two or three bulls rlust make a good deal of differencein thp cost of production of a steer.
Other costs are : Managernent, dipping, inoculating, rent, death ratedue to lions and disease, acciclents, etc.
. (2) The a,aerage carryirug capacitA ol grazing land.
This is a difficult question tg answer, where the area is not enclosed,as zebra chiefly and game generally cannot be excluded. I find on my placehere that I am stocked to my fullest capacity in an average season (rainfall24 inches) if I carr;,2,000 head of cattle and 10,000 sheep. That makes itsay 1 sheep per 1$ acres and I beast to 10 acres.
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It has to be borne in mincl that this only refers to my property in theIiift Valley, and such heavy carrying' is only possible owing to the fact thatwater has been laid on throughout the place, so that practically all the landconcerneil is avai]able
With regard to West Kenya, which is a totally different proposition froma stock-carrying point of view, I would say that on unenclosed land doublethe acreage would be required to run the same number of stock year in yearout.
I have no objection to your quoting the source of origin of this informa-tion, such as it is. I wish f could give you more accurate figures. ff thereis any other question which you would care to ask, f shall be very glad toinform you to the best of my ability.
Yours sincerely,(Intld-) E. C.
p.p. GAr'r;BarrE Cor,E.
20. From A. C. Iluurpn, Ese., Department of Agriculture.(Addressecl !o .Qapta-ip Tyson.)
Slst January, L927.
As requestecl I attach hereto a comparative table showing the export andimport quantities ancl values (c.i.f. I\fombasa) of certain cornmodities whichcan be regardecl as being necessities of life in the Colony : it u,ill be observedthat the export of these commodities is on the increase ancl represents about33$ per cent. of the value of the imporiations, which curiously are also onthe increase.
As explained to you verbally my opinion is that the Colony is over-exporting thus causing local prices to remain high, it should be borne in mindthat the importation figures do not include import duties (in 'some casesprotective), railway freights, clearing charges, etc., whilst the export figuresare inclusive of all local charges, thus the consumer is bearing all theseunnecessary charges to my mind needlessly. I consider that the wholequestion of exports and the re-introduction of export duties on all local needsother than actual surplus should be looked into ; the present famine in Kav.i-rondo necessitaiing the curtailment of exports from that area is adequate proofof this ; as a matter of fact the high prices of local produce rather point to apartial famine throughout the Colony, due to over exporting and the need forimporting the same necessities of life.
Since f returned from leave 16 months ago I have paid prices rangingfrom Sh. ].l:15 to Sh. 3/75 per lb. for butter, yet in the last 11 months theColony has exported 761 cwts. of butter for which I believe they netted about10ri. per.lb., the figure of 761 cwts. may appear irifling nevertheless thaiquantity had it been conserved in the Colony, would have provided each of the12,500 European residents with aboui 7 lb. extra during these 11 months, a
quantity which would have gone far to prevent the frequent shortage ofsupplies and ext,ortionate costs. I have quoted the case of buiter only as anexample of the criterion which applies to all the commodities referred to inthe enclosure.
In acldition to the above f hope that you will bear in mind my views onthe high cost of individual transpert in Nairobi; the public is more or less com-pelled by cir:cumstances to own motor vehicles which it can ill afford. f suggestthat the Railway Aclministration as representing the Colony's transportgenerally might rvell be expected to run a service of motor omnibuses inNairobi at a reasonable cost and within the limits of the individual purse.
f wish your enquiry every success anal if f can in any way assist you fshall be most happy to do so. The above is written in my capacity as acitizen and not as a Civil Servant.
Your sincerely,A. C. Iluwrpn.
i
I
It
CoMMoDI't y
Bacon ancl Hams
Rutter
Cheese .
Ghee
Wheat & WheatFlour
Sugar
Quantit.r Value
1926 (Jan.-Nov.)
ValueQuantitl Value
Cwt.58
24
32
7,309
56,242
26,896
Quantity
Czut.*
*
J+
6,245
50,653
19,314
Value
f
*
,a
45,628
50,438
20,48O
2,447
5,490
f816
2,084
909
420
2,107
9,613
Cttt.122
761
t439
3, 181
19,316
Tt,nt7,U6
t,277
330
3,n9
24,544
Cu't.83
550
162
62
t5,949
88. From Cres. J. LrsroN-Four,ts, Ese., Woodhall, Fort Ternan.(Atldressed to Mrs. Beaton.)
L}th February,1:927.
Knowing you to be interested in the cost of living the following figuresmay be of interest to you and possibly of some use.
The figures are averaged over the two years 1925-1926, the family con-cerned conristing of 2 men (adults), 1 woman, and 1 girl of 13/14 residentfor 3 months in the year, all resident in the country, beyonil Nakuru.
No servants' wages are included<r clothing, or liquor-but the figuresincluCe cigarettes and tobacco, but few if any luxuries.
Aoerage ol)er L925 &nil1926.Groceries, per month J13 49
l "'*
BreadButterMeat
1119
5
23o.
Carriage on railway for above groceries,approximately 150
szl 15 4
Yours faithfully,Cses. J. LrsroN-FouLrs.
20. From TUB Eesr AFnrcAN WoMEN's IJEAGUE.
(Addressecl to Mrs. Beaton.)lSth February, Lg27 .
I am enclosing herewith the views which f have received from a few of theup-country districts of the l-league, which may be of use to you on the Com-mlgslon.
If I rece.ive any more opinions from up-country I will sencl them on to youat once.
Yours sincerely,
Er,srp Macurt.t,Hon, Secretary and Treaturer.
* Figures not yet available.
a
n
?
5
Views ol the Districts ol the E.A.W.L. on th,e Question of th,e Co'st ol Lioing.Tsml. D.V.P. Mrs. Rae.
Agreeil to ask that the E.A.W.IJ. request that the Commission to enquireinto the costs of living report :-
(a) Why all Kenya products are more expensive than those imported.
(b) Why high prices prevail rnore particularly for butter, meat, bacon,flour, sugar.
(c) Whether bread is not usually short weight.
Agreetl that since the standardisation of prices of local proclucts wouldprevent the rising scale of prices of goods sokl by natives, a circular letter besent to all househoklers in the district suggesting agreed maximum prices forlocal produce and inviting suggestions.
Soxonon. D.V.P. Mrs. IIarriss.Mrs. Bardwell proposed and Mrs. Pullen seconded that a suggestion
should be sent to the Central Committee to ask that quinine and othermerlicines for natives should be available for settlers (bona fide) at cost price.Carried unanimously.
NArvess.a,.
The meeting considered that imported groceries which are not producecl inthe Colony, should pay less Customs, and that tea and Eoap are much morecostly than they should be, also the price charged for flour is out of all pro-portion to the price paid the farmer for wheat.
Narunu.It was unanimously agreed that the cost of living was abnormally high.
X'rom the prices of the few items we have on hand on which we can base anyopinion, it is evident that the retail price is excessive.
ft was also considerecl that the profit demanded by the retailer on importedgoods was excessive. In almost every c&se goods are 100 per cent. or moreabove home prices, but we realise that a good deal of this is due to the highCustoms dues and railway freight, but this is not altogether sufficient excuse.
It is zuggested that a careful enquiry be made into the export of prorlucewhich is already scarce and difficult to obtain in the country. This, we think,shoulil be legislated for, anil properly controlled, as is done in other countries.
It is evident that the export of a commodity of which there is an in-sufficient supply to meet local demands at a reasonable price has the materialtentlency to increase the cost of living.
5. From Tsu HoN. Cor,orsmr, Sscnutenv, Kenya Colony.
l,st March,1928.
I enclose, for your information a copy of Besolution No. 17 of the Resolu-tions passed at the Session of the Association of Chambers of Commerce ofEastern Africa, held at Jinja on 15th February.
G. R,. SeNnnono,
lor Acting Colonial Secretary.
Rpsor,urror No. l7.-ExcEssrvE Cnuurr." In view of the harmful results of excessive credit particularly in its
efrect on wage earners, this Association recommends employers and shopkeepers :-
1. To pay salaries weekly to employees earning less than S500 per&nnum.
2. To conduct their business on & cash basis as far as possible.
3. Where saving or extra profits can be made under above to shareguch with the public and thus encourage the elimination of credit topurchasers of small means. "
15.
6
tr'rom N. E. F. Connnrr, Esq.
(Ertracts.\
6th March, 1927.
f have no particular eyidence beyond the facts which have been notoriousfor years
Butter from Sh. ll50 to Sh.2175 per lb.-Now unobtainable altogether.
Flour, Sh. 51 per 180 lb.-Sh. 52 in 7925. Generally good, sometimesuneatable. In England about Sh. 47 to Sh. 50 for 280 lb.(wholesale).
Cheese, Sh.,2 Ib. 1923, Sh. U50. Scarce.
Bacon.-Since infliction of protection practically non-existent. Veryrarely indeed obtainable at Sh. 2/50-Sh. 2175 lb. Bristolbacon factory recently advertised English bacon at Sh. U5L lb.
Lamp oil about Sh. 2/9 gallon.
Petrol about Sh. 4. Slightly less now at pumps.
While nobody grudges a fair . profit such as risk theircapital in dairying in B.E.A., it is suggested that if cattle were fedin the dry season the perpetual shortage would not occur-tliough sorne risein price would. be inevitable probably. If they are not, the dairy industry isnot efficient and shoulcl not be protected. Apart frorn distance, etc., it isquite protected enough by quality, since few people really prefer tinned milkancl butter and Dutch cheeses to fresh.
It is suggested that in a country alnrost entirely dependent on export forreal money and which produces very little indeed for local use, even after yearsof protection, such export should be stimulated to the limit and that localindustries should take a second place. The present cost of living and, inconsequence, of. everything elsg, is a very great hindrance to economicexport.
Food and drink should be allowed in at' the lowest possible rate-andincidentally railway and Governtnent revenue would probably benefit.
bb. From Dn. C. J. WtrsoN, Nairobi.
Bth March, 1927.
The enclosed price list of an Asiatic traclesman at Machakos may be ofinterest. I understand that the prices as shown are lower than those prevailingin Nairobi ; yet this Machakos traclesman is prepared to deliver goods at thedoor in Nairobi.
Yours faithfully,C. J. Wrr,soN.
t-
7
M. D. Punr, I\fachakos.
Price I-,ist No. 104.Dear Sir/Madam,
We have great pleasure in announcing that our Christmas Bazaar isaow reaily nnrl opened. Hundreds of bargains in toy line, useful articlesfor home use, glassware, brushware, celluloid toys, dressed dolls, trains,aeroplanes, ladies' and children's stockings and socks, towels, wools, laces,tea and table cloths, maclapolin, Clrristmas cards, hair slides, Christmascrackers, and all other things aide our previous notice.
Following is a small list of goods irnported by us during October andNovember, 1926. We stock everything in provision line-fresh and at theprices that defy competition.
PRICE OF FRESH BUTTER REDUCED TO 1_75 PER lb.
Almonds, Whole (per lb.),, Finest Sweet Jordan
Apple Rings, Dried .
ApricotsAsparagus. C. & B. (large tin)
Bacon, I-plands 1\liddlesBaked Beans. Heinz .
Baking Powder, " Royal " 1l1O,2lOOBicarbonate of Soda (1 lb. Pkt.)Biscuits, H. & P. (No. 2 tins)--
Petit Beurre.Short Cake (round)CheeseWaterLunchDigestiveGem ..I-ittle FolkFamilyMarieNice ..Ginger NutsOsborneStandard Asscrted ..(Almost all otlrer kinds in stock)
Riscuits, Jacobs' Cream Crackers ..Blue, Colma.ir's .
Bovril (2 oz. and 4 oz.) 1 l9OBromo Toilet PaPersBulbs, Sparklets " B" 2l9O " C "
Sh. c.t25425t75225350240150400075
475475375375J/5500425450425450525550500475
425150360250400
Cheese, Local (1b.) 1 40
Candles (8 in sma)I, 6 targe) 0 90
Chocolates, Cadbury-Breakfast ($ lb.) 1 25
Cocoa and Milk Powder (+ Ib') " 1 40
Mexican . 'Small 0 60 l-arge 0 90
Nut Milk ,, 1 40 ,, | 75(Sticks) ,, 0 50 ,, 0 90
Bournville Nut Chocolate" 1 40
Fruit and Nut Chocolate . . 1 50
Bourneville Nut Chocolate Cubes' ' 2 50
Imperial Assorted (! lb. tin) ? 71
King George 2 90
Alm"onds 2 90Fruit Cremes 2 25
Boxesllb.-i125 1tb. 550Biscuits-, Bourneville 4 50Wafer 5 25Stiriing 5 50
Cocoa, Bournville (|, +, l) ll-, 1160 3 00
Corned Beef, LibbY's or Fra. 1 50Coffee, French'Mission (loose) 1 75
,, ,, ,, (llb' tin) " 2 25
Corn Flour, B. & P' 1 65
Cod Liver Oil and Nlait . . 4 00 & 6 50
Cod Roes, LazenbY's 1 90Currants, Best Patras 1 10
Custard Powder, Bird's O 75
,, (tin) 2 25
Sh. c.Cigarettes-
Kensitas (50s) 2 50Passing Show (SOs) 1 t0555 State Express (50s) 3 40Abdulla Egvptian and Turkish (5Os) 4 75Lovalist (50) 2 75Gold Flake (50s) 2 lOFrench (per 1,000) .. 15 00Three Castles (50s) 2 BO\i'averley (50s) 1 60(All other brands in stock)
Dates, Turcan Brand (pkt.). . 1 10
,, Loose, Best (lb.) 0 90
Embrocation, Morton's,, Elliman's
Egg PowCer, Eird's (tin)Envelopes. Crcxley's (boxEssences, C. & B.
Fruits in Syrup-
200225100
500) s 50160
Pears ,, 150 ,. 2Floor Polish, Ronuk llarge tin) 2Fruit -Salt " Iinos " 2 50 I.arge 4Fislr ancl \!eat Pastes Ol25 to 1
Ginger Crystallised, C. & B. 22,, Preserr,ed in jars
Claxo (per tin)Claxo (per tin) 4Golden Syrup, I-yie's (2 lb. tin) I
Haddock (large tin) . . IHerrings, Fresh (large tin) . . I
,, in Tomato Sauce . 1
Apricots SmallPeachesPine Api-.les. .
25 l-arge 225,.240,2
1
25255060255050
25755060
60002525606025254050
,, Kippered . .
,, in Shrimp Surc. . .
,, i, Anchovy Sauce. . IHalibut, C. & B.B.3
c.&B. 1Herring Roes, C. & B. IHeinz Ketchup. . Small 1 60 l.arge 2
Jams (all good makes)-1 lb. tin 1/50 to2 lb. tin 2l5O to(Jams in jars now on rail)
Jelly Powder, I-azenby'sMorton and Bird's . .
KipperSnacks(tin).. 050
Lard, Local, Uplands (1 lb. pkt.) I 85Lantern Dietz . 4/50 and 6 00Lime Juice Cordiai, Rose 3 75Lobster (large tin) 5 75Lunch Tongues 3 00Lux (pkt.) 0 85
t75275
080o70
I
Macoroni, Travers BestMarrow-fat (2 Ib. tin)
S/t. c.140350
Spagetti, Travers Best (pkt.)Sugar, (lb.)
Sh. c.150035
20@375360375r25450
160375350325375375360loo
13 00
090
300575275275550
160150290o25125
16 0020 5013 25ll 50550625
16@475
13 50
Marmalade-C.&8,Kieller
Mincemeat (tin)Methylated Spirit (bottle)Mustard, Colman's +-1125, +-2125
Oats, Quaker-tin ll75 dozenOatmeal, Grants 4 lb. tin ' .
,',,7,,14,'"
Olives, Stuffed (Imp. pt.)
Patna Rice, extra fine (ib.) . .
Peaches, Dried (lb.) . .
Pea Flour, Symington'sPeel, Condid, mixed (ib.)
135150225190460
20 0o375550
t0 75s75
,, (load, 60 lb.),, Icing (4 lb.,, Castor,, Chopped
Sultanas, Best (per 1b.)Sweets (per lb.)
(A very big consignment of Pascallssweets and contectionerv notv onrail).
Syrup, Golden, Lyle's (2 lb. tin) . .
Tart Fruits in bottle . . 2175Tea, Ioose (ltr.) 2l- , 250, 3l - and,
,, B.B. Green (vacuum) . .
,, Red,, l.ipton (yellow),, Voonia Gerden (Fannin5;)
Thirst Quencher, Bird's (tin). .
Toffee, Sharp's Super Kream (4 lb.). .
(All other sizes in stock).Trvink (all shades stocked) ..Tobacco_
070200r50190
Pickles-C. & B., (large) 2 75
,, Branston.. 275,, Princes, Sweet . 2 75
,, Mixed Cruet 4 50
,, Mixed, Small Cruet 2 25
Onions, (I-p' PY.). . 2 75
walnuts 2 75
Plum Pudding (1 lb. tin) ? WPrawns, Bratiria (tin) 2 90
Prunes, Dried (tb.) I 50
Quinine Hydr. (100x5) 7 00
Raisins, Best Selected (1b.) ' . I 25
Salmon (t lb. tin)., 11b. tl4o, 1/50,
Sardines-Skipper 1 00 .. LargeMortonsPortuguese ..French (14 oz.)
Sauce, Harvev's: LazenbY's .-^ '^'
.. L. & 'P. . .1/90 &
([{..anv other varieties in stock)Sciubbs'Ammonia (bottle) . 'Soap, Sunlight (Pkt.)
(dozen)
.Starch, Colman's (1 Ib. Pkt.) ':,, 4-51b. Pkt' (Per 1b.)
Capstan (t lb. tin),, (+ lb. tin)
100250
190090o75240275300
2125 and
225175
20 50t25100
Rhodian (t lb. tin)C. to C. Mixture (t lb. tin)Springbok (1 lb. tin)
Uplands tinned goods all in stock.Vinegar, C. & B. Distilled ..Vermicelli, Travers BestVinegar (various sizes. .
Whiting, Imported (lb.)Walnuts (1b.)Wines ani dpirits (a few iines)-
Beer, Local (dozen bottles),, " Girl " (dozen bottles),, ,, (dozen pints)
Gin, Gordons Dry . .
Port, TraversInvalid
Stout, Local (dozen bottles)Vermouth, N.P. or CinzWhisky (all makes)(All kinds of Wines and
stocked).
These Prices are delivered R.O.S. Makindu to Nairobi.Nairobi delivery at your door.
MAcHAros,LOth Decernber, 1926
6.
M.D. PURI,General Merchants.
X'rom Mns. D. W.(Aclclressed to
BrcrluY, Nairobi.Mrs. Beaton.)
26th March, L927.
I think the following figures would bear a little investigation, as theycertainly do not encourage the Kenya woman to try and economise by" home productions ".
BalI jam jars, 1 lb. size, Nairobi : Sh. 19/20 per dozen.
BalI jam jars, 1 lb. size, Pretoria : Bs. 6d. per dozen.
Screw top (similar), 1lb. size, I:ondon (Army and Navy Stores),7s. 3d. per alozen.
BaIl jars are imported to South Africa. The import duty is, I believe,20 per cent. The freight on 100 lbs. of glassware from Table Bay toJohannesburg is 16s. 1d., anil would be a trifle more to Pret'oria, aboutfifty miles further on. The Pretoria tratlesman fincls in pays him to seU atls. 3d. more than the Londoner, but the Nairobi trad.esmen iharge Sh. lLmore than the Loniloner, &nd Sh. 10 mora than his South African- confrere.
Yours truly,Doms W. Bsorr,ry.
87.
I
X'rom G. R. Maysns, Ese., Munaging Director,The Victoria Nyanza Sugar Co., Ltd.
First yealSecond. yearThird year
Total profi,ts earned, in Keny* tor fioe gears.
To 31st March, 1926
Total amount of dioid'enil paid to sh,areholders.
To 31st March, 1926 (our last B/S) 985,000
Unclivitlerl profits L,79g1713*86,7991713
Equalling en averege yearly rsturn to shareholders on theircapital of S6.49 Per cent.
24th March, L927.
.Ee SUGAR.
We have to acknowledge receipt of your letter (undated), requestinginformation as to costs of production of sugar, and regret having to ailviseyou that we have no figures available that will give you the detailed informa-tion set out on the lines of your schedule. It will take some years ofexperience in the Colony before any dependable average data that would beof any real value, can.be collected, as numerous factors must be taken intoconsiileration. To quote a few :-
Qualitg of soil.-l*erage crops which can be produced over a, given period.
Diseases in cane, and iheir effects upon production. (You are doubtlessaware that the best indigenous variety of cane, i.e. " Kampala ", has begnbannecl in this district by the Director of Agriculture). We have approxi-mately 1,500 acres of this variety of cane, which has to be rooted out atconsiderable expense.
Quality o! cane.-Up to date it has taken approximately twelve tonsof cane to procluce one ton of sugar. The average in South Africa is roughlyten tons of cane to one ton of sugar, and in Queensland (raw sugar) abouteight tons to one ton of Bugar.
Growth of cane.-This Colony, even under the most favourable con-ditions, cannot be considered an ideal count'ry for this purpose, owing to theerratic rainfall followecl by spells r:f hot scorching weather with dry winds.During these perioils canes become pincheil, ancl even under the very bestcultivation they become wdody and deteriorate in sucrose content.
Droughts.-In the short period we have been operating, canes havebeen twice severely damagetl by tlroughts.
Depteciation and, reneuals.-Sums, larger than is usual in other couu-tries, have to be provideil under this heading, owing to inferior and inefficientlabour.
Medi,cal enpenses are all poid bg the Company on beholt o! employees.
In order that you may have some facts to guide you in consiclering costs
of productiqn in the sugar industry, we set out hereunder figures compileilfrom the Company's balance sheet, showing the nett profit on operations inKenya since the formation of the Company to date of last balance sheet :-
Date ot' conlrnencenl,ent of operations-lst April, 1921.
Capitnl subscribed, and Paiil uP.*210,350€250,000J300,000
s86,7991713
10
For your further information we set outset aside to cover depreciation from 1st April,
Mill buildings and plantWater supply plantTrarnway and rolling stqck ...Agricultural plantBrickmaking plantFurniture and fittingsBuildings (employees') ...Motor carsI-:ive stock
Regarding tlte Price
The average nett prices received for
Season.t92Ll2ts22l3192314792415ts2516
11 nicnths of 192617
herein particulars of amounts1921, to 31st March, Lg26:-
19,623758
4,L957,439
I966
1,5051,0491,902
56l.5386
11 4
251601B
740160
9,37,450 t0 I
of Sugar.
all sugar sokl by the Company
Aoerage price (per ton).No sales
{371t313438/B/es37lr9lBEzel2le8241010 (approx.)
country (including England) con-to protect the industry against
Our thanks ar€ due to Governmentindustry. To-day every suga,r producing
for protection afforded to the sugar
siders this precaution necessary in order"clurnping ".
During the period we have been selling sugar in East Africa, we have(with the exception of some tw-o months) aimed at and succeeded in keepingthe price dorvn to a level which has caused the protection affordecl to be
effectual only i-n Tauganyika Territory and from Mombasa inlancl to Makintlu.From Makindu westwarals, owing to the high railway freights, no importerconlil profitably place foreign duty-free sugar on the market. Therefore,any reduction in protection would result in the dumping of Java surplussugar in Tanganyika and the coastal towus of Kenya and thereby forcingthe few mills in this Colony out of those markets, whilst the position inlanilfrom Makindu, as previousl;' intimated, would remain unafiected.
\Yith reference to the period 192314, when our average price amountedto €38/8/b-. We appencl particulars showing the approximate market pricesof sugar elsewhere during the same periad :-
l
l
l
EnglandAustraliaNew ZealandSouth Africa
i,57947g,5L
€34 t,: 437
This ycar we have reduced the price of cur No. 1 quality white tablesugar to !,24 per ion Celivered free on rail at Miwani, and at this price weare now supplying our regular customers under twelve months' contracts.During the past few weeks there has been a movement by certain tradersto again corner the sugar market and thereby aclvance prices. In order tocombat this movement we have recently advanced prices to casual customers,thereby placing them at a disadvantage with our regular customers.
To-day we havefor regular suppliesJune, when the mill
in our store approximately 800 tons of sugar to provideto our custemers during the wet season from April towill be closed for yearly overhaul.
I1
It is difficult to understancl why there shoulcl be a shortage of sugar inEast Africa, as from latest statistics available, it would appear that 5,500tons of sugar filled the requirements of Kenya, Ugantla and Tanganyika.Since July, 1"926, we have proiluced 6,600 tons of sugar and shall increasethis figure to 7,000 tons before closing down for this season. During thatperiod we have actually soltl 5,800 tons of sugar and assuming at a con-iervative estimate that the sales of the remaining tirree mills in East Africahave amounted to 2,200 tons during the same period-the total consumptionduring the eight months would be approximately 8,000 tons, or, during twelvemonths, about 12,000 tons. This represents an jncreased consurnption of6,500 tons per annum over the figure quoted from available statistics.
We can only assume that owing to the reduction in prices, the nativeshave taken to sugar as an article of diet.
1927129 Season.-We estimate having approximately 60,000 tons of sugarcane available from our own plantation, antl about 40,000 tons availablefronr surrounding farmers, making a total of 100,000 tons of cane availablefor the season. From this total we expect to produce 8,500 tons of sugarof No. 1 whjte table quality, and in order to copi with this increased outputwe are taking advantage of the approaching slack season to instal a completenew water-tube boiler anil several other necessary units.
We mighi add that the area under sugar cane in the Nyanza Provinceis rapidly increasing.
It has always been the policy of this Company to keep the marketprice of sugar as low as possible, with a view to fostering increased consump-tion, and judging by ihe facts given previously in this letter relative to thepresent rate of consumption, we think you will agree that our policy hasbeen fully justifierl.
We trust that the information furnished herein, although not set outon the lines indicated in your letter, will nevertheless be of some use to youin pursuing your enquiries.
Yours faithfully,
f or and, on behall of
THE VICTORIA NYANZA SUGAR CO., I:TD.MAYERS,
Managing Director.
G. R,.
Seasonal Shortage of Butter.
tr'rom A. A. I:noar, Esq., Nairobi.
2814127.
I consicler that the question of duties on butter, which at present areproh,ibitioe, ancl not proteetive, miglit well be consiclered.
. The utilising of cold storage facilities, at present available at Mombasa,woukl assist in titling over se&sonal shortages in butter. It would be a con-venience if a cold sto'fage for similar purposes could be established in an
'rmpgrlan$ distributing centre like Nairobi.
61.
.+
A. A. Lpoer.
t2.
L2
From H. E. 'Wnr,nY, Ese., Nairobi.
L6l5l27 .
I agree that seasonal shortages of butter and other perishable local producewould best be guarded against by the provision of adequate cold storage.
To be effective for the couutry as a whole, I suggest thaf this ,should beprovided at Nairobi as well as a't Mombasa.
X'or the supply of the latter place, whose residents complain of thedifficulty of obtaining local produce at any time of the }rear, the adequacy oflhe refrigeration during transport on the railway is important.
With the provision of cold storage at Nairobi, it would appear advisablethat the Nairobi retail distributors, most of whom do not, I believe, makeforward contracts with the suppliers, should be encourageil at lepst to makesome arrangement with the latter as to the amount of their normal monthlyrequirements throughout the year.
II. E. 'Wor,nY,
District C ommissioner.
Fronr I\[ns. BearoN, Nairobi.17 I 5127 .
The shoriage of butier and other perishable products at certain seasons ofthe year is largely clue to the fact that there ar€ no cool stores in Nairobi.'fhe absence of the,se stores has been apparent for years, ancl the Creameries,in their own interests, woultl be well advised ,t'o erect cool stores in Nairobia,nd Mombasa without delay, otherwise the present protective duties should beremovecl so as to enable consumer,s to obtain this essential foodstufl aj areasonable price from without.
Ar,rcp BperoN.
L7. From. Lono Dpr,eupnp.(Aildressed to the President of the Chamber of Commerce, Nairobi.)
Lsl4l2B.
Captain Poole has asked me if I have anything to say as you are goingto ailclress the Chamber of Commerce on .the question of meat shortage orprices.
I suggest that comparative retail prices from England of fresh beef shouklbe procurecl.
In comparing retail prices there, it must be remembered that practically noforequarter meat is saleable to Europeans in this country, and that the fore-ouarter rneat, which is somewhere about a third in weight of the animaliclead weight), is therefore passecl on wholesale ir,t an avera,ge price less thanthe price given dead weight for the nreat. That loss and lack of profit basgot to be taken into oonsideration in fixing retail prices of the meat whichis sold over the courLter. That is one point, which, of course, also means thatgood wholesome forequarter meat could be bought at probably less than halfthe present price of picked joints, practically the only things saleable to-dayover the counter. Another point is ghat there is no protection on meat; thatthere are millions of native cattle which have been gradually excludecl fromthe market because of different reasons. One is that individual trade in cattlein the nafive reserves has been made iu practice almost impossible; Somalitraders who did,rnost of this trade originally have been practically'prohibitetl;that drought-time native cattle are hardly fit for slaughter at all owing .toifailureof Government to deal with the question of numbers on the grounil and withpleuro in Jhe Masai Reserve.
I
I
I
I
Il
I
5.
I
13
The price of grade bullocks is not high. The farmer here is getting almostidentically the same price as the farmer in Bhodesia is getting on theJohannesburg market. Only a few years ago, when the cattle industry wasin the making as it is here now, bullocks were wor.th very much more inJohannesburg-up to i15 apiece.
The importation of bulls for the breeding of grade stock adds a great dealto the cost. European-bred sheep are at present an exotic, and the supplynarilly meets the dernand. Overhead charges are very high in bu.t-cheries here,as the organisation of both buying and selling is very complicated and requirescareful overseeing ancl expensive people.
In the past, bad debts have been a serious item in this business. Slaughterhouse fees and demands are high, and very little is given in return.
For instance, the SJockbreeders' Association have to pay privately for theweighing of their bullocks at the slaughter house, in addition to high ,slaughterfees, and have to provicle their own boys for slaughtering.
To sum up, I believe it will be found :-(a) That the price of bullocks given to-ilay compares favourably with
oiher countries of the sort. I mean, it is not too high.
That the retail price of beef (taking into considerationscrapping of a third) is not high.
That people who really cannoS afford best joints and cutsbuy forequarter nreat very cheaply if they so choose.
That the country swarrns with native cattle.
(e) That no action has been taken by the butchers to avoid buyingnaiive cat,tle and selling at least a propo.rtion of native beef,but in practice they are very difficult 'now to get. Thatslaughtering is expensive. (I think about 41,800 is paid by thebutchers yearly).
(/) That the price of sheep is not too high.
(g) That we have just come through the biggest drought for manyyears, and the butchers' industry is not protected.
DEleuEnn,Managing Director, Stockbreeders, Ltd.
5* From l\[rs. D. Bn.troN, Nairobi.% l4l2e.
.Ee Bqtter.-As requested, the following is the result of my enquiries :-Y.M.C.A.-Normal consumption, 35 lbs. per week. At the moment can
only obtain B to 10 lbs. Direot from the producer ai Sh. B/50 per lb.
Y.W.C.A.-Normal consumption, 22 lbs. per week. At the moment canonly obtain 16 lbs. Purchased at Sands' Auction at prices varyingfrom Sh. 3125 lo Sh. 4 per lb.
Nairobi European sch.ool.-consumption, B0 lbs. per week. purchased.by contract direct from Messrs. Dalgety and Co., at Sh. ZIZE perlb.No shortage.
European Hospital.-Average consumption, 20 lbs. per week. purcha,sedfrom private farm and from Messrs. Dalgety and Co. at Sh. Zleiper lb. No shortage.
Yours truly,Ar,rcr BreroN.
the(b)
(c)
(d)
t
L4
From the Lulrnwe Co-oppnerrvp Socrprv or B.E.A., Lrn.2414128.
'We are in receipt of your wire asking for figures regarcling output, etc.,and have pleasure in handing you herewith figures showing our total produc-tion, sales, and wholesale price for the period covering April, 7927, to March,1928, both inclusive.
We w,ould point out that had it not been for the abnormal droughtexperienced throughoug the Colony there vrculd have been no shortage what-ever, as we had stored no less ,than 28,000 lbs. of butter to guard against therrsual shortage experienced during the months l)ecember to March, but un-fortunately we could not fclesee thal the rains would entirely fail as theyhave done. Further, we woultl rnention that on three separate occasions during1927 we receiveil cables from South Africa, a,sking us for butter, the last cablebeing in September, 1927, asking for 12,500 lbs., but although we hadthe butier, we refused to sell, &s we had definitely decided that this buttershould be stored itr order to avoid any shortage in this counrry.
IMe are,' Yours faithfully,
I-,u\,lswa Co-opnn.{rrvs Socrprv oF B.E.A., I.,To.,
P. Bnenv,Secretorg.
Lumbua Co-operatioe Society of B.E.A., Ltd.Production for the twelve months-April 1927, to March, 1928 :-
202,019 lbs.Sales during same period :-
105,048 lb. in Kenya Colony.78,687 lb. in Uganda.18,284 lb. in Tanganyika Territory.
202,0t9
85.
50.
Wholesale price during same
April, 1927May-Nov. 15th16th Nov.-Dec. 15th16th Dec.-date
period :-Per lb.
sh. 2.252.002.252.50
f.o.r. Lumbwa.,, ,,
', ,,,, ,,
P. BRADY,
In reply to Your letter of the 26ihimpossibte for the Municipal Corporationundertaking as a bus service, al we haveporations Ordinance to do so.
tr'rom Tnu TorvN Cr,Pnr, Nairobi.Secretary.
28th Apri,l, 7928.
instant, Ref. 402128, it is quiteto take responsibility for such anno powers in the Municipal Cor-
40 . Memorandurn from Mn. Josups }lontrunn, Nairobi.April, L928.
The various reasons for the high cost of living have often been referredto as a " vicious circle ". I suppose the present inquiry is to find, if possible,a way to break the circle and perhaps to create a beneficient circle in its place.
I have heard it sugg'ested that Government should control prices. Iventure to suggest that this would be impracticable as it would place uponthe Government the obligation of supplies and the supervision and controlof distributiori.
As others more able than I will be clealing with costs of goods, overheadtlistribution expenses, selling prices, profits, etc., I propose to deal withthe effects of the Colony's methods of taxation on the cost of living.
May I quote from Adam Srlith's " Wealth of Nations " ? '-" The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support
of the Government as nearly as possible in proportion to their respectiveabiliiies ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectivelyenjoy under the protection of the state . in the observance or neglectof this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality oftaxation. "
f
15
The Poll Tax and the Education cess, the Leasehold I-.iand system orsystems, customs and. Iiailway TarilIs all violate the above principle. Theyaie grossly unfair in their inciclence, they create inequalities, place restrictionson tiade, add materially to the cost of food and personal and household neces-
saries, tencl to inflate value of land, houses and shops, increase the cost ofbuil,ling and to some extent are respousible for high rents. Briefly I wouldsuggest :-
First. Land Policy.-Freehold.. All -existing leaseholders to be per-mitted to exchange their leasehold for freehold on equitable terrus. In Iieuof rent, taxation on site or land values of every description. No tax upondevelopment and irnprevements made by the holder.
Second. Income Tar.-At tliis stage of the Colony's history we shouldno longer depend on Custorns for revenue. It is generally agreed that incometax is the most equitable in its incidenoe of all the rrrethods of taxation. Bythis method proper allowance can be rnade for those with small incomes, forwives, children or other dependants, while the wealthy would contributeaccording to their means.
Third. Customs.-Custems could still be used for some portion of therevenue, but more for the regulation and control of imports and exportsaccording to ihe neetls and requirements of the Colony. Most important otall, the Gevernment would be free to rernove all artificial barriers to thesupply of foodstuffs, persorral and household necessaries, raw material, timberand other building niaterial and to general trade. Motorists rnight be willingfor a petrol tax, the proceeds to go to a road fund. 'Ihere might, withadvantage, be levied an export duty on a sliding scale on produce exportedfrom Mombasa. This suggestion was made by Mr. Ivan Pedersen and isto be brought up a,t the next meeting of the Nairobi Chamber of Commerce.The object appears to be abolition of the flat rate on the Railway for maizeancl to autematically regulate export of produce in times of threatened scarcity.
ITailway.-At present the Railwsy manag€ment by their tariffs endeavoulto supplement the duties of the Custonrs officers by favourable or unfavourablerates. While it is ail to the good to encourage co-operative production,marketing' and distribution, as undoubtgdly many economies can be effectedand facilities obtained lr'hich would be impossible for an individual proclucer,but neither the Government nor the Railway rna,nagement shoukl give prefer-ential trgatment to any industry or association to the detriment of otherindustries and the community at large. It is quite obyious that the costof living has beerr increased in some measure by such preference. I shall bePleased to attend before the Commission to explain in greater cletail the variousviews expressed herewith.
Trusting that your efforts will be crownecl with success and thankingyou in anticipation.
From Mns. D. BscKr,ay, Nairobi.Znd May, 1928.
In response to your request for figures and witnesses the following mayassist you in your task.
From l\fay 1926-7927 I occupied a house whose large gar.den containedmany fine orange trees.
I sold the oranges at the following prices. Very large 20 per Sh. 1, large25 per Sh. 1, smaller 30 per Sh. 1. IIany were disposed of at the door. Thesurplus r sold in town for from 35 to 50 per Sh. 1. Taking the fruit to theshops myself-Colonial Stores-and therefore having my petrol to pay for.These oranges were neyer sold for less than 10 per Sh. 1.
The very high prices of fruit is one of the hardships of the poorer mothersof this town, and is totally unjustifiable.
47. From l\frss K. Sror,r,enn, Ruiru.6th May, 1928.
Re the " Cost of Iriving Commission " may I point out that the wholesaletheft by natives is also to blame more especially in the matter of fruit.
6.
16
Take .my shanrba as an example, most excellent bananas, ladies' fingersand red ones, grow near the swa,mp, and I put in over half a mile as a sideline,yet to get enough for myself and rny friends is impossible.
There is the same trouble over dairy produce not only here but up country.
The result is that on a place of this size (a square mile) instead of being avenilor of spare produce I find it cheaper to buy what I require in Nairobi.
From Mns. M. Blri,Bv, Kakamega.L1th May, L928.
May I bring to your notice one factor in the high cost of }iving in Kenya.I sent recently for 4 bags of yeast, weighing in all ll lb., from a Nairobi firm,which is unobtainable in this part of the country. X'or safety in transit, theyeast was packed in a tin box which just took it. The weight of the box was11b., and measured l foot by 6 inches by 10 inches. The yeast cost me Sh. 4.The postage cost me Sh. 3. People living away from shopping centres in thigcountry are constantly having to meet postage expenses of this sort on articlesof food that are absolutely necessary.
4.
39. Memo. from Tup Surrsrrpr-n BurcEEny,
1 Gn-rop Ox 429 r,as.
Nairobi.LTth May, 1928.
Per I9. c.
Sh. c.195 00
214 ?5
20 lb. Soup meat22 ,, Topsidel8 ,, Silverside ..15 ,, Thick flank17 ,, Rump3 ,, Fillet
24 ., Sirloin16 ,, Ribs4 ,, Suet
14 00300225
80019 B0t6 20t2co22 tO450
28 8016 00320500
59 40
040090090080r30150120100080010027
Brought forward ..
Ib. Waste and ShrinkageHideOffalTongue
Sh,
50 ,, Bones2h ,, ior.-qu.*.r, Flank
Carried forzuard . .
I certify these weights as near as possibleon a bullock weighing 429 lb. to be correct.
P. IvIcFARI-ANE,Smitfuteld Rutchn'y.
e2. Statement furnished by A MnnaER oF TsE Vorpnrrcenv Dnpr.
APPRoXIMATE FIGURES SHOWING THE DISPOSAL OF THE CARCASE, HIDE AND OFTAL
OF A MEDIUM FAT NATIYE OX, IN DETAIL.
Live Weight .. 880 lb.
Dead Weight (Beef) 55% 484 lb.
Priceperlb_
Soldotherwise
Pricesrealised
Shs, cts.
RemarksTneor Tnnl.ts
HrND-euARTEns 48o/o232 lb. approx.
Legs or Shanks ..Thick flanksTopsides . .
Silversides. .
Aitch bonesRump steakFillet steakSirloinThin flankKidney suetRump bones
trin-rmings
18323026t220
92<
2710
13
630t6 00t9 s015 60840t6 00810
28 00l0 80800
035050065060070080090080040080
Europeans
NativesEuropeans
t
'
To whomusually sold
015
17
Appnoxlrrratnly DBratts Drsposar. or Nartve Ox.-Contd.
TRADE TERMS,
Fonr-Qurrnrens 52lo252 lb. approx.-
HumpRibsBrisketShort or topribs ..ChucksClodsShinsPlatesNeck trimmings ..
HroR exo Orrar-TongrreBrain
Sweet breadsL,iver
Lb.Priceperlb.
Soldotherwise.
To whomusually sold.
E,rropeans
N atil es
EuropeansNativesDogs meat, etc.
Dogs meat, etc.Europeans
Remarks.
Nairobimostly con-
demned.I)emandsby Euro-peans un-certain.
Nairobi6 rb. 50%of rawprodupt,17+ lb.
Unsaleable
50% ofgreen wt.Nairobi14l-.
B
42
205054171B7
4
,
06006006504004c040035040015
12
j
Bo
As a wholeDo.
As a whole70 cts. each
As dripping
250-50-50450
504050
Sold withthe offal.
I35
229
24I
t6
40
1204031
65
As a whole
As a whole
When dried
May,1.:9?,8.
From MpssRS. UNGA, I-rrn., Njoro.
29th June,7928.
Wsuar X'loun AND ArrA.
As requesteil in your letterof the 10th of Xfay, Ref. C.O.L.lL019, we begto give the following infornration.
(L) Cost ol Wheat.The price we pay for all wheat of " fair average quality," by agreement
with Kenya Farnrers'Association, I-.itd., is Sh.24 per bag of 200 lb. f.o.r.grower's station. The railway freight, which we pay, averages 90 cts. per bag.Total average cost of wheat at our rnill, Sh. 24/90 per bag.
--l
1B
(2) Price ol Flour.In the following calculaton we have taken the average price of all grades
of flour and atta. Superfine flour represents only about 40 per cent. of theflour and atta, and therefore no useful conclusion can be based on ihe priceof this product alone. I{owever, we attach a list of separate prices of allrgrades of flour and atta.
During the four months, February to May, 1928, inclusive, the averageprice which we received for all grades of wheat flour and atta was Sh. 39/24per 200 lb. F.O.R. Njoro, including bags. The figures given relate to purewheat flour and atta only.
(3) Price of Offals (Bran and Pollard).
This varies considerably, as we sometimes have to export an unsaleablesurplus at a vely low price. Sh. 4/26 per 100 lb. (including sacks) is a fairaverage throughout the year, although during the last few rnonths we haveaveraged Sh. 4/70 ow'ing to the high prioe of other feeding stuff. The offalsare packed in the sacks in which wheat is purchased. New sacks are used forall flour anil atta.
(4) Costs, per 200 lb. of wheat:-200 lb. of wheat, at millMilling, and overhead charges, per bag
Sacks for packing 1.52lb. of flour and atta
per 200 lb.
sh. 24190
3/68
177
sh. 29/35
Sh. 29/821le2
(D) Realised, from 200 lb. of wheat :-152 lb. flour and atta, at Sh. 39/24
45 lb. offals at Sh. 4125 per 100 lb.
3 lb. loss (chaff and dirt)
sh. 3u74
$) Profi't.
The above shows a profft of 7 .55 per cent. on the selling price of products.
This equals about, 1| cts. pel Ib. of floul and atta,.
AlthouglL this plrlfit is <1uite utlerluate, ir.ncl it r'vill be the policy of thecompany to recluce the late as the output, iucleases (as it has done in the past),
it will be seerr that the totiri expeuses irud charges adcled by tltis cornpany tothe cost of the raw ntaterial, viz., SII. ill68 for cost of rnillirlg, overheadchalges, etc., autl Sh. 2/39 profit, pet bag of r'vheat, allloullts to oply 4 cts.
per Ib. of flour and atta. 'I'helefore, ally ecoltollries iu lv,ot'kiug expenses arrd
r.eduction in the rate of profit cannot vet'y nrateriaily reduce the plice of flourand bread to the cotlsumel'. On the other hand, we und.erstand that some
retailers add 11 cts. per' lb. (or nearly 50 pel cerrt.) to the cost of the flourcarriage paid Nairobi.
Since Janualy, 1926, oulpfices ltave beetr ledttced Sh.4 and Sh.5 per'
bag, accorcling to grade, and the enteleal vaiue of irnpot'ted flour, according toCustoms teturns, has declinetl about Sh. 8 per bag.
Lrsr op Pnrcps To N,IIRoBI Buvuns. WHoLoseL,r.
Superfi,ne fr'lour.
10 tons per month
5 totrs per ntouthSmall lots
sh. 43
sh. 44
sh. 45
l-9
Household l'lour40 per cent. of total.About
Atta No. 4
Atta No 3
About 60 per cent. of total.
The above prices ale per 200 lbs. net.,l.o.r. Njoro, bags included.
Buyer pays railway freight : Sh. 2/15 per 200 lbs.
The prices charged at the coast (I\fombasa and Dar es Sa,laam) are lowerthan these. The prices charged above Nairobi are hig-her.
Yours faithfully,for Unga l-.iimited,
A. K. CoNsreNrrNE,
Manager
59. Mernorandum on Butter Production, submitted anonymously throughMns. L. A. Horvsr.
L}tlt. June, 1928.
A great deal has been written on the present position of the dairy industryin this Colony, especia.lly as regards the questiorr of butter production. Ilostof ttre letters and articles are written by people having no knowledge of thesubject or b1' persons who have an axe to grind. By taking the questionin iis entiretl,, starting with miiking an<l following on in logical sequencB,it is possible to grasp tlie situation.
Except for a few cases, rnost dairy farrns are owrred ancl run by amateurs,retired service and professional men, generally with private incomes orpensions. These gentleuren have little or no knowledge of dairy scienceand naturally, not being dependent on farming for a living, do not give theclose attention that is required to produce a reaJly first-class article. Dairyfarming is certainly the hardest of all types of farming if carried out properly.Oonsequently the raw milk and cream is chiefly produced by native employeesancl as such is often very indifferent in quality. Again, most dairy farmers areranching, not dairy farming, very little attempt is made at siali feedingand periods of dry weather make such a marked difference in productionthat it is obvious that the industry must be put on a sound basis if it is tosucceed. Grazing should be closely paddocked, crops grown for ensilage,etc., and grass lands suitably treated to make up for the constituents thatare lost in the milk and are not returned in the manure, but go right ofithe farm. Nature cannot replace these chemicals as rapidly as they aretaken off, hence infertility. Every farmer I have spoken to seems perfectlysure that it is econoruically impossible to grorv feed for butter fat so as tostall-feed entirely, but no one knows to'what extent stall-feeding may beprofitably carried out. Personally I think to a far greater extent than anyfarmer imagines, Apart from the return in butter fat, feeding would preventdeath from starvation and disease follorn'ing poor condition. One sees ]ittleattempt to cull unprofitable cows and except for rare cases, no farmer knowswhich are unprofitable antl which are not. f know of no standard set forthis country by which a farmer says : " I will net rear a calf unless itsmother has given or rather gave so nrany gallons during'her last lactation ".Any text book u,ill give the information of the advantages of clean milking.clean stalls, good water supply, care of grass lands, growing feeds, etc., soit is unnecessary fer lrre to give the more or less obvious reasons here.I)isease is a great drawback to the slock industry in this country, especiallywith the movement of native cattle, and it probably deters many farmersfrom getting down to rnethods as applied in other countries. Transport,one of the Colony's bugbears, is also an important item in the dairy world,
sh.
sh.
sh.
38
3B
35
I
I
l
I
I
I
20
and here is often the cause of milk and cream being decidedly ofr on reachingits destination. So rnuch for the production side of the raw procluct. Nol'folk:ws the butter making. This is either clone on the farm or at thecreamery. If made properly on a farrn, butter always scores higher thancream€ry butter the world ovel, but owing to the lack of suitable facilitiesit cannot be kept fbr any length of time. It is not difiicult to rnake aneatable butter, but it is difficult to rnake a good uniform butter that willkeep for six months or nrore. I'he two leadiug countries in the dairy worldare Denmark and New Z,ealand, Canatla and II.S.A. following. fn theformer, milk is supplied daily frorn an average radius of five miles. Perfectcontrol qf acidity, etc., can therefore be obtained. In Npw Z,ealand, bothmilk ancl crearn ale supplied from an avera€le radius of fifteen rniles ; creanrinvariably three times a week. Both these countries have a very highgrading standarcl. Here the radius may be fifty miles and often only delivereilonce a week. Naturallv crearr arrives at the creamer.y with a very hig'Lacitlity, often taintecl, gassey, part churned and rnouldy. Owing to theinadequate supplies there is consequently r1o very high grading standard,hence a seconal grade butter production, for no one coulcl call Kenya's averag'ebutter first grade as compared wiih the worltl market.
Summing up, the reasons are'-1. Native produceil crearn, or insuffioient white supervision.2. Unsuitable milking bornas and facilities.3. Mixing of different lots of crealn rvithout propel prer:autions.4. I-,ong distances to be transported in tlie heat.5. No farnrer takes the interest in crearn sent to a cleamery; care is
only given to tlie creilm kept for butter making on the farm.
It is a great pity that a, certaitt expert lecl so rnany dairy fatrners tobelieve that good butter could be niade from pool cream. This is the biggestfallacy ever expouncled to a, set of people ever reacly to tirke up some theorythat results in less rvork. Local buttgr' !vas olrce soid irr Lortdon arrd favourablyreported on ; it is strongly lurnoured that it was specially bought and boosterl.A great many taints are removed and a redLrction of acidity made in the processof pasteurizinE, 616 neutralizing, but the benefits obtained from these can onlybe kept if the washing watel is absolutely pure. As far as the writer knows,ne creamery in the couutry has a really pure ',vater supply and the problemof obtaining one is very great in the tropics, as rvater cannot be chemicallytreated as a town's supply can, orving to the taste it would leave in the butter.Most water in this country contains intestinal gerrns, rancicl producingorganisms ; it is therefore quite unnecessary to elaborate on what the publichas to consulne. When a real outbreak of some disease is traced to butterthen we shall have a hue and cry. To keep butter for six months onemust have a high g'racle crearn, a pure water supply and a cold store. Butterkept in colrl store rnust always be untler zero to prevent bacierial decomposi-tion. To lreep any private cold store under zero woulcl necessitate the freezingplant being run for such long periods as to rnake it uneconomical. There-fore butter must be sent to the Coast, ancl we know what butter is like afterbeing in the Coast store ancl havirrg rniles of travel in the Railway . Whenthe temperature in a store rises over zero, moisture forms on the outside ofthe butter stored and causes mould growth and allows liquefying and rancidbacteria to conrmence oper:ations. This accounts for the poor quality of thelocal butter, as there is ever),thjng against the creanrery butter maker fromthe start. Should any attempt be made to grade the cream at a higher orstricter scale_, the probable result u,ould be that the supplies, already inade-quate, would drop still further.
With rel'erence to tlie high prices, this is naturally irr indirect ratio toproduction ; and the pr,oduction is snraller than even drought should makeit, because of :-
1. A small and scattered cow population.2. Banching instead of dairy farming.3. Inbred and unprofitable cattle.4. Non-professional farmers.5. Distance to be transported.6. L,ack of feed from want of care.7. Disease, etc.
,i
I
I
TIIEASURTLIBRARY
21
Two creameries are far too big for the present local production, and theirworking costs are out of proportion to their output, and I see no hope foryears to oomg to justify their existence on such a scale. While on thesubject of creameries, I would like to rnention the discontent that one hearsover the butter fat test. Farmers rirake ruost startling charges of cheating.They should study a text book on the reasons for variation and in practicallyevery case they will find the fault is tt their end. \raliationsdepend on speecl of separator, rate of flor.r', teurperatule of milk, set of screr,v,periods between milking, amount of srvill water usecl to clean bowl, etc., etc.Iaking all facts intc consideration and allorvitrg' fol rnoisture content, saltash curcl, content of butter, also loss of buttel fat in butter-milk, spilling,etc., a creanrery's oyerrun shoukl be 20 io 2l- per cent., ancl this will givethe best guide as to whether fat tests ale can'ied out fairly.
With regard to the vexed <luestion of taxirrg iuipolted butter', nry onlyuomment is that from the lax way dairl' fiurning is carlied on it would appearthat the tax is not being' justified and is not likely to be, uuless a littlemore initiative is displayed irr the neal future. Thele are enough taxes onfoodstuffs, without keeping one on an alticle that cannot be produced insuffrcient quantities to last the year relrncl, let alone expolt it.
To sum up, eyen if all the uudesilable poiuts as pr,eviously mentionedare eradicateci, I see no hope of Kenya butter competing fa,rrcurably on theworld's market now that the consurnptir-ru of buttel is lower each year owingto the increased use of substitutes. I r.vould suggest that the clairy farmersconcentrate on milk and cheese ploduction, which ale solely needed bv aconsuming populatiorr that is gror,ving quicker than the producing cow popula-tion.
60. I'rorn A Sntrr,nn rN RurvruRUTI.
Il,e'|. yow letter No. C.O.L.lllc.Bu,tter.
In L924 I was a membel of a syndicate with 15,000 acres of grazingand 900 head of cattle. 'l'he purpose of the syndicate was to supply butter toNairobi ; average turnover per week 200 lbs. at Sh. 1 per lb. This butterwas sold at Sh. 3/60 per lb., when all costs wele paid to the shop by our-selves !
Pigs.
My neighbout'had thp gr:gatest diflicultv in 1922 i1 <lestroying his herd of200 pigs. A.s thele was no price, he ooulcl trot sell thenr nol bacon a,t 80cents per lb., and could not give thenr away as thete was rro demand. Asyou are &ware, bacon subsequently ran to a, very high p1ice.
Wh.eat.
In 1922 I grew 40 bags of wheat and sent a sarnple to the millers.I receivecl a letter stating that the wheat r'vas unsuitable because it was hard,url(qt.
My neighbour seut a sample to the same firrn of rnillers, who statecl thatthey conld not buy because it rvas soft, wheat. Both of these letters werereceived about the same time.
The conclusions I have founcl froru the above are : that the farmer couldproduce foodstuffs as cheaply in this country as in any other, provided hehad an assured rnarket, but the difficulty in l(enya is to superintencl the saleof products, especially those of a perishable nature.
To wake up any enthusiasm amongst the mixed farming communityin Kenya, it is necessary for the Govet'nment to arrange some system wherebythe farmer can off-load the bulk of his surplus produce for a cash sale at arecognised fee unsupervised by himself.
Meat-5. I would point out to you that a steer is sold on the Rugby market
at *,28 to *,32 and meat is retailed frorn 9d. to 1s. 2d. per lb : average pricehere €5 to €B per hearl.
22
1 sent 42 bullocks, sold on my farm for *711010, to a Nairobibutcher this year. IIy neighbour sold 35 bullocks, sold by weight afterslaughter to another firm in Nairobi about the same tinre. IVIy neighbour'sbullocks wasted away in Nairobi and he received a relatively small pricefor them, while my builocks, which were paid for on the hoof, were slaugh-tered quickly. Th-ere was comparatively no difference in the two types ofbullocks.
I suggest that produce for internal consunrption could be doubled in thiscountry provided that the organizatiorl for distribution could be not onlycontrolled, but guaranteed by either the Government or the various munici-palities.
20. Memorandum frorn Tnn Knnlcno IJRANCH, I!.A.W.Ir.(Addressed to the Hon. Sec., E.A.W.L., Nairobi.)
24tlt, Julg, 1928.
Would you please put the following resolution before the HeadquarterCouncil :-
Rel Cost ot' Li,tsing.
" That before any moye was rnade to take off duties,iuvestigatiqns should be made into profits o\ retail prices. "
Yours sincerely,
GIJADYS HOWIJAND,Hon. Sec., Kericho.
P.S.-I arn asked to send the enclosed (account frour Messrs. Wardle) toshow trigh cost of postages.-G.H.
Copv.E. B. Bracly, Esq.,
Box 3, Irumbwa.
Nairobi,25th May, 1928.
Bought o/ A. H. Wardle & Co., I-.,td., Chernists:-Sh. cts.
Eucalyptus Oil I 00Peroxide 2 50
Eno's 4 50
Am. Tr. of Quinine 2 00
Post and charges
13 50
Equal to 35 per cent. on cost.
20. From Mns. E. O'Hana BR-tIlv, Lunrbwa.(Addressed to the President, E.A.W.L.)
4tlt. August, 1928.
In reading the minutes of rr meeting of the Headquarters Council qf theE.A.W.L., June 1lth, under " Cost of I-.,iving Commission," I observe thatMrs. Focks states in.f er alia ; " Ry the rernoval of protection duties, bacsn,sugar, cheese, and butter, could be imported primarily frorn South Africa andsold at cheaper prices than is norn'the case with local products ". I beg todiffer very much with Mrs. Focks regarding this ; take for instance butter :
last year to rny certain knowledge south Africa was asking this couniry for
10 00350
t
I
23
butter, in spite of the fact South Aflica is producing a great quantity ofseeond grade butter r,vhich they are uirable to dispose of. Is this the stuffyou wish imported into this courrtly to the detriment of the settler-andat th-e same time helping to dr:ive tlie stmggling crrttle owners of this countryout of business altog'ethet'? Hnving been a cattle owner myself I know alittle of their struggles.
You may think Sh. 2150 per lb. a high price for butter in the badseason, but when you take into considera,tion the enernrous losses the farmershave in deaths frorn disease of young' and mature stock which the VeterinaryDepartment have as yet been rurable to combat ; thefts by natives; loss ofstock by wild animais ; etc. ; you rvould consider Sh. 2/50 per lb. buttelabsurtlly cheap in a struggling agricnltural non-mineral country.
When the \reterinary Department combat tlie diseases which are soraurpant there is no doubt that a great many rnore people will go in fordairying industry r,vith the corlsequence prices are bounrl to ceme down.
I would lik-e to call your attention to articles in the " Farmers'Weekly,"South Africa, May 2iird and iJ0th, June 20th, Julv 4h and 18th.
f enclose herewith a copy letter from tlie " tr'arrnels' Weekly " whichmore or less put a part of the case in a rrutshell.
Take sugar : the iast packet of sugar I bought fronr the Victoria NyanzaSugar Co. cost rre 30 cents per lb., including- freight to lrurnbwa-excellentclean sugar.
This company had the courage to invest big capital in a young untriedcountry employing white and rrative labour. To iinport Natal sugar (a veryunknown article) mearls curtailing the conrpanv's activities and the reductionqf employment by them, therebv not likely to be in the best interest of thiscountry which should be considered by those who Iive in it, before anothercountry.
If it is necessary to import the articles mentioned in your minutes, i.e.,bacon, sug'ar, cheese and buttgr, then let us clo so from the best markets.
I woulil like to suggest that before any one branch speak for theE.A.W.L. in a matter such as this concerning the policy of the whole country,it would be bettel to ascertain the opinions of up-country members-themajority settlers' 'w,ives who knolv from experience the siruggles of thefarmers, rather than Nairobi, whose population is greatly Governm-entofficials who ltave not had the exPerience ancl losses of lean 1,ears.
I feel very stronglv upon the subject of boosting another country'sprodncts to the disparagement of the country in which we are living.
Extract from " Tno F.qnunns'Ilrponrs rnolt
Yours truly,Er-srn O'IIene Bneoy.
'Wsprir,v " 30th May, 1928.Ausrn.tr,t.t.
I notice in your issue of \tav 16th that 50,000 lb. of butter was landed atDurban from Austlalia and New Zealand.
Now, hew can the dairy farrner expect the creameries to give fair prices forcream, u,hgn they are up against cotnpetition of this kind? Aiso, what mustthe dairy fartner think of the Government expert's advice to feed our cows inthe winter to take advantage of the high prices for winter cream when everyyear the Governrnent allosls butter to be dumped here to bring down theprice of butter?
J. P. Munnev.Newry, P.O. Maritzain Station, C.I'.
24
58. Frorn Mussns. Wurroervey I-,l-lror,ew AND Co., I-rro., Nairobi.
76th August, L928.
In reply to your letter dated August Srd, Ref. N. C.O,IJ. 6/A regardingsalaries pai,1 to our junior assistants.
Our nrale assistants are brought out to this country on a three years'agreement starting on a salary of Sh. 452 per month, rising Sh. 25 per yearplus commissiotr, which averages about Sh. 50 per month, also they aregiven Sh. 200 as clothing allowance when they first arrive, the same assistantsin England would get about *,2175 per week plus cornmission which wouldamount to about Sh. 15 to Sh. 20 per week.
We would suggest you writing to some of the leading I:ondon stores as towhat salary they pay, as it would be better for you to take their figures thanours, and would give a better and truer conrparison than we can give you, aE
the figures given above are taken from what the assistants we have recentlvbrought out to this coutrtry state, and the undersigned has not worked irrltrngland for many years, a,nd cannot vouch for the exact figures.
We trust that this information is wha,t is wanted.
Yours faithfully,A. E. Rononrs,
Manager,Wlr.iteawag Laidlaw and Co., Ltd.
58. Menio. by Mns. Ot-t;r \M.qrxrss.
Septembttr, 1:9!,8.
Cost of living is a matter of relative values. Because it inevitably bearsa relation to the prevailing standards of living, and to the local rates of pay,it is almost impossible to compar,e the cost iuternationally.
I am told for instance on the unirnpeachable evidence of a person thatliving in Italy is cheaper. Ile spent his last leave there and knows. I amsure that it is, for an English parson on leave frorn tire Colonial service, withBritish colonial pay in his pocket. In ltaly if he lived there his pay rvouldpr:obably be twenty pouuds a nronth or half the pay he dlaws here. Cheaperchristenings and funerals have after: all a bealing on the cost of living asdirect, though not as great, as cheaper grocers' assistants.
It is therefore most difficult to cornpare cost of living between countriesrvithout stating the complementary fact of rates of pay.
Tyrol is however to a certain extent an exception to this, having withiuthe last few years after a terri{ic financial crisis been stabilised by the Ehglishpound, having converted her money into shillings (of a different value to ours),but having in the main adopted with this stabilisation a standard of moneyvalues in direct proportion to ours.
The places, which I can by personal expelience compale are Kent, the'Iyrol, Nairobi ancl Mombasa and Kyambu. Of all of this I have had personalexperience within the last four or flve years of keeping a family of childrenunder very much the same circumstances in each place.
Kenya compares very favourably with any of these. In order of cheap-ness for a given standard of living, i.e., my own standard, the places are asfollows :-
X'irst, Mombasa.Seconil, Farm near Nairobi.Third, Tyrol.Fourth, Nairobi itself,Ancl clearest of all is Kent.
25
My circumstances are as follows :-My family consists of a minimum of :,1 children, more usually 4 or 5.
I have had the same nurse in each country and whether my husband is withus or not, f have had the sarrre rlorley on which to housekeep. In eachcountry I have had free housing, rates, and iaxes paid separately, doctorseither free, or paid separately also.
'l'he sum on which I have kept house in all these places is J40 per month,rvith J10 more to cever extras, aud nrost of the clothing for self and children.
'Ihis sum was reasonably comfortable in Nairobi five years ago, wasequally cornfortable on a I(yambu farru, coverirrg the food there of one extraperson. Tn the Tylol it could be done rvith care. but in I(ent it was extrenrelyuncomfortable. At Mombasa I could have a margin, but the very much largerhousehold has sent it up to J57.
I append prices to show ligur.es actually.
But two or three things are most important, anal are nearly always over-looked by people locally. Fuel in Europe is very dear, and much more isrequirecl. The arrerage for lighting throughout the year is higher in England.One has ro feed the cook and other servants if an,v. Laundrv is higher. Andwinter clothes are much dearer than the clothes necessary fot a ,voung familyout here.
I admit it costs lnore to " dress " out here, but loose covers as generallyworn are cheaper, anal more feasible.
ff you leave the two main ihings of rents and transport out, living is mostcertainly cheaper out here thau " at home." Food remains much the same,for what we gain on meat and potatoes locally we loose on groceries.
Rents neerl tackling.
Transport is of course admittedly much rnore expensive locally and, whileI aur not one of those r,vho uphokl that ca,rs for the srnaller wage earners arean unnecessary luxury, I do maintain that lve use them over much. Cal:transport is probably much more necessary out here than at home because oflack of trams, buses and the holidav char-a-bancs, but the incessant unthinkingantl unr,eckoning use of cars day in day out is surely an unnecessary additionalexpense. Why is it that, for instatrce, one never sees the push bike used forthe daily trip to office or for short trips to the tennis club etc,. ?
l
26
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27
From the above figures it will be seen that while food prices remarnapproximately level with England (meat being cheaper and groceries dearer1the lower cost of fuel and smaller amount r.equired, together r,vith the fact thatwe do not as yet have to feed our local domestic servants, makes the cost ofIiving considerably cheaper in Kenya than it is in Eng-land. 'Ihis has beenproved to me inversely in a rather clevastating rvay when I had to live at homefor a year without my husband, but being allowed alt the time the sum of J40a month to which I had been used for the family (including my husband) forhousekeeping in Nairobi. My rent was free, my rates were paid, also an.y
doctor's bills, so I had just the same money per month, but the allowance onlyprovidecl & nurse and one very srnall servant, while f had to do most of thelaundry myself, and only one sitting roorn was avililable for the five of us incolcl weather. A light supper had to take the place of the usual late dinnerto which w"' had been accustomed. All ihis was uncomfortable but feasiblewhile my husband was not with us, but would have meant extreme discomforthad he been there.
The Con'stru,ctioe Proposal, puL to the Com,mission. as t'he Result ol the
Du,al Enperience ol F"n'ming and Llousekeeytinl.
I have one constructive proposal to make. We are not taking advantageof one local condition but here, which would bring dorvn the cost of living veryconsiderably for us all.
For a moment let me speak as a farmer, and the chief difficulty we farmershave to face is the levelling up of our urinor crops for the market. If I growtomatoes, they all ripen at once, and sirnultaneously with everyore else's !
If I try for other seAsorls, the crop does not come in tlte sirine profusion. Itis in fact a country of alternative gluts and famine.
We can rnake no use of the glut u'hen it corrres, for thele is no rneausof marketirig the proiluce. What am I to do with f of tr ton of tomatoes,three times a month for two months only? Only hotels, etc., can tackle thequantity an,l they contract fol their stufi.
Would it be possible to have a rnarket, irrl open quad, in Nairobi, notcovered in, but surrounded on three sides by a long covered passage waydivided into tiny booths. Cement topped counters, under a tiled roof.
If these counters could be hired out by the week at Sh. 5 each, or themonth at Sh. 20, we could take one for an;r glut that carne, putting our ownheadmen in charge, and placing befole the prrblic the enormous quantity ofproduce that goes otheru'ise to waste. The nriddleman profits always have tobe very high, because he loses a lot of the produce handled by him. Wetherefore need a market run on cheap lines, N,hich we could keep suppliedwith cheap produce without having to deal with a middleman.
It would mean that housewives, schools, etc., could avail thernselves ofan influx of tomatoes for making chutney, etc., of green mealies, of very largequantities of green beans, and all the sort of vegetables that experience hasshown us flood the market most unprofitably for short periods at a time.
The cost of such a market would I think be negiigible.
Knowing a little by experience of the cost of building, I should estimatethat three lines of covered stalls, ten in a line, each line forming one side ofa small open square, leaving the forih side open, with the centre court paved,woukl cost somewhere under 41,500 to build.
Thirty slalls at even Sh. 5 a week each, J1 per rrrsntli-J360 a year, whichwould more than cover interest on the money distributed, plus wages for acouple of boys to clean up. The stalls might be sold like cinema tickeis, butweekly instead of <laily.
To my definite knowleilge there are many crops falling to the ground now,because the marketing possibilities are at present impossible.
The Indian market does riot meet the .case, the whole building being ofa large and expensive type, with the stalls so expensive that no farmer woul<ltake one for his temporary glut, and after one or two attempts to deal througha middleman he usually gives it up, and if he cannot get into direct touchwith the consumer, he just lets the particular crop drop while he goes on wiih
28
work that does pay. 'I'he crops in question are (as far as I know) tomatoes,green peas, young meaiies, lernons, green beans, chillies, bananas, plums,loquots; and there are even occasional surpluses of milk. We farmers wouldall immediately add to these by growing more, could we but dispose of itreasonably.
Each farm could place its stall for the week or monlh in charge of its ownhead boy, who could render account to his nraster direct, so the expenseswould be limited to this boy's pa,y, and the hire of the stall.
The whole object would be at once defeated if the price of stalls wereraisecl to the price at present prevailirrg in the wholly covered-in market.Another way to make the experirnelrt r,vorrlil be to lower the cost of all stalls inthe present ruatket (if this lvere possible) aurl to a,dvertise that ftrct loudly.
It woukl take ir ),ear ol'so befole tlre fuil berrefits lvele felt, for peopl"would have to be accustonred to finding the stalls r.vell filled, and that irritself would take tirne. But I knolv it rvould make a vast difference to thocost of living.
AcnrculruR-\L PAB,ct L Posr or r-Hp UNroN orr SourH Ar,nrcl.(Statement suppliecl by Mrs. Beaton).
1. fu'ticles tlrntsrrrissil.rle trtrd Rntes ol Postoqc.
Pa,lcels contairring plirnary products of tlie soil, horticultural products,clairy produr:e, antl foodstuffs pr.oducerl u'itliin the lJnion of South Africa,acldressecl to any place u,ithin the sarrre, lvill be accepted at the followingr-educed rates :-
Up to 1+ lb.
Over 1{ lb. and not more than 3 lbs.
Over 3 lb. and not more than 6 lbs.
Over 6 Ib. and not more than g lbs.
Over I lb. and not more than 11 lbs.
2. Definitions.
Primary prrotlucts of tlre sojl coniprise the following : bark, betel leaves,tea, bush tea, dried fmit, herbs, glain, rnealies, monkev-nuts, tobacco leafand rarv cotton.
rrolticultulal ploducts corriplise : bulbs, seeds, plants, fluit trees, cuttingsof plants, fowers, fruit, vegetables, heath and ynoss.
Oaill prorluce and foodsttrllls conrll'ise : cheese, bacon, poultry, meat(fresh, dried, preserved, ancl iu exact folm), drierl fish (in properly solderedtins), dried locusts, meal, flour, tiger oats, bread, biscuits, rusks, cake,macaroni, sugar,, swe_ets,.j_arn, kolfyt, preserves, honey, chutney, yeast, pea-nut butter, condensed milk, nutrine and fnvalactic.
.Note.-It is suggested that in Iienya the following definitions might beapplied :-
Pri'mary proclu,cts of tlte scrll : bark, tea,nuts, tobacco, Btc.
Horticu,ltural protlu,cts : bulbs, seeds,plants, flowers, fruit, vegetables, etc.
driecl fluit, herbs, grain, rnealies,
plants, fruit trees, cuttings of
DailA produce and foodsttt.fls: cheese, bacon, poultry, meat, dried fish,meal, flour, bread, biscuits, lusks, cake, macaroni, sugar, sweets, jr-,preserves, honey, chutney, yeast, peanut butter, condensed milk, etc.'
3. Prohibitions and Restrictions.Butter, cream, ch_ees-e, eggs, lar,d, dripping, ancl fresh or pickled fish
may not be sent through the post.
Manufacturecl tebacco, leather gooals, soap (including boer or home-madesoap), feathers, wool, mohair, skins, mineril and indistrial products, andyych liquids as beverage and rneclicines, may not be sent uy egri"oltrrriParcel Post.
29
soft and semi-soft fruit, including tornatoes and guavas, can only be
acc'epted for transrnission by parcel post when packed with absorbent materialin srich a way as te ensure thit .,th", articles in the mail will not be damaged
by exudations or leakage from the fruit, such being liable to occur if thefiuit gets bruised, ever-r when it is not thoroughly ripe. In the case ofortlina-ry fruit boxes, an effective outside rn'rapping is also necessaly. Icardboard box is not ..t snitirble contrriner for fresh fruit, and parcels offresh fruit so packetl r,vill not be accepterl. -{11 par:cels of fruit should be
marked: " Fruit, with care ".4. Label.
A special label nrust be attached to each agricultural parcel'
The penalty for a false declaration is a fine not exceeding fifty pounds,rr imprisonrlent rvitli or u,ithout htrrd labour fol a periorl of six months.
5. Returned Empties.
Returned empties may be sent by Agriculturni Parcel Post. Theoriginal declaration label urust be attached, etrilorsetl " Returned Empty ",and the empty parcel rnust be addlessed to the person who signed thedeclaration. I.)ostage must be prepaid at the rates rueutioned above.
' CoIIPAR--\TIYD It-ttos, P,rncel, Posr.Kenya Local R,q.tes.-1-3 lbs., Sh. 1150;3-7 lbs., Sh. 3/-; 7-11 lbs.,
sh. 4/50.Union of South, Alrica.-4 ozs.,2d.; B ozs., 4d.; 1 lb., 6d.; Over 1 lb.,
6d. per lb.Southerru Rhoclesia.-1-3 lbs., Sh. I /3 ; 3-7 lbs., Sh. 2/6 ; 7-11 lbs.,
sh. 4/-.Southern Rlr,odcsia Agricultural Posf.-Not exceeding 1| lbs., 3d.; not
exceeding 2 lbs.,6d.;3 to 11 lbs.,3d. per lb.
SOUTH AFRICAN RAILAGE RATES FROM DURBAN.
trou-:
J:NOA
Sugar-l00lbCandles-30 lb. case . .
Ver. Soap-S4 lb. case . .
Rice-100 ]b.Mealie Meal, Flour, Boer
Fowl Food-100 lb. ..
s. d.-5-J
-4-9
J.II1
4
2346
2
!ootrutro.
Fr
IF{lotr I-dti- I6N I6'I'i.l2 rcl1 11 I2 5l7 5l
I
1 2l411s 11 |
--t1 5le 11 I| 2l3 1l I
s. d.271922610
12310566109lra
3B
s. d.24t61 11
591162597B11
d.1127B
10B
9B
2106
Fc.
5tr'd n:a; \t'
ItrlsrI !-tqEItrI arr)I OO
lE."t-.ls.d.13 8l'> ali i;la rr
165072I 11
12 1
l649
Yc
}Y.:Nq
s. d,793959
10 1
46B
9046
s. d..,J2t)a
134767B2ilI1344
8666
10011 3t775050
Paraffin--casePetrol--caseGroceries--lOO lb. (Rate 2)Hardware or Soft Goods-100 lb.-South African Salt-100 lb.Imported Salt-100 lb. . .
to,F=
^i'r.rq:
Ea
! r.'r;d rr)i;N
PASSENGER TRAIN.
C.O.D. PARCEL POST-Parcels can be sent C.O.D. in the Union only.
IUII-ES 100lb.
11-15 . .
t6-25 ..26-50 ..st-75 ..
s. d.-4_a_B-10
s. d.-7-8-10-10
s. d.-10-1012l6
s. d.-4-7-7
s. d.t92l2529
d.2290
d.8
101010
s. d.2t242936
.r. d.31394256
l.
OnotNenv PosrAL RATES.
2d per 4 oi. 4d per B oz. 6d per lb. orpart thereof.
Bechuanaland ..Southern RhodesiaNorthern Rhodesia
Acnrcurrunel PosrAL RATES.
Up to 1+ lb. 3d
All South African produce can besent by Agricultural Post, except Butter,Lard, etc.
To
30
EVIDENCE GIVEN BEFORE THE COMMISSION.
57. Mns. Renrt,ns Cox, Eldoret.(On behalf of the Local Banch of the East Africa'Womens' League.)
9th March, 1927.
Mrs. Raffies Cox dealt with several anonralies in prices, amongst thernbeing the charges for dress materials which she affirmed cost less in Kampalathan in Eldoret. She also derrlt with building, and emphasisecl the case of a
concrete roorrr 24 feet l-.y 21 feei with a tiled loof, u'hicrh cost *400 to erect.Stenographels she alleged wele gettirrg'€tsO a rttonth, and female shopassistants rriuch tlre sarne while rnale assistants received frorn *,20 to *,40;that butter cost ruole il }lldolet than it did in New York City in the middleof witrter; nrilk rvas 50 cents a quart; tueat was Sh. 1, a 1b., antl vegetablescould be obtained at 4 lb. for Sh. L
She attributed much of the trouble of high prices to the extensive creditsystem. Bacl debts had been enormous in the district, btrt the situation wasimproving graclually.
19. Cor,ounr, W. K. 'Iucr<pn. D.S.O., C.M.G., Nairobi.(Managing Director East African Estates, Ltcl.l
74th April, L927.
Colonel Tucker gave evidence regarding Uplands Bacon Factory. Hestated that the price paid to the pig breeders had always left a fair margin ofprofit to the latter. Cornpetition with the pork butcher had always had atendency to keep tlie figure high, as the pork butcher frankly stated that nornatter lvhirt, the price the llacotr factor:y paicl , he rvill always pay a little more,so as to assule a supply ofi pork, ttot because his sales wele big, but becausethe regular customer in beef and mutton always expected to obtain pork whenhe desired, and the butcher desired to oblige.
For some tinre the bacon factory souglit to pay higher than the butchers,but when the price had reached 75 cents a pourrd dead weight, the factolydecideil to stop raising its price, and ttrat is the price paid to the br,eedersto-clay, though the butcher paid more.
The demand for bacon to-day far exceeded the supply, and sorne personshad suggested that the price of bacon be raised, in order to reiluce the demand,ancl hence balance the market; but the factory had not adopted the suggestion.
Bacon to-day cost approximately Sh. 1/40 a pound to procluce, and thehighest price charged f.o.r. the factory for sides of bacon was Sh. Ll60 apound. Though the price paid to tlie bleeder was 75 cents dead weighi, afterwastage in slaughter, offais, head, hoofs, etc., had been deducted and disposedof, the price of the sides in the factory ready for curing was estimated at97 cents a pound. 'Ihe difference between that figure and the figure of 1/40a pound for bacon, replesented the overhead charges as detailecl in his con-ficlential figures filed with the Assistant Secretary.
Three years ago the price of bacon was 30 per cent. lower than to-day,and it was hard t,o sell the product, while at to-day's price, the demand cannotbe fulfilleil. IIe estinrated the present number of pigs required to meet thedenrantls of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika at about 8,000 pigs a year. TheAgricultural Census gives the numbers of bleeding sows in the Coiony in 1926tobe1,7\4, and taking an average of 10 pigs per sos'brought to maturity perannum, the supply should ureet the dernand. 'Jlhe increase supply of pigswas steadily becorrriug ttpparerrt, and with exteusion of building and plant thefactory hoped to increase their output by about 150 per cent. when the newplant is erected.
He stated that the price paid ft-rr pigs could be reduced by about 10 centsper pound, but no more, and that such a reduction of purchase price shouldresult in a reduction of price of about 25 cents a pouud to the consumer. This
l
I
I
i
I
'l
19.
31
was €xplained by the fact that the price of oflals was more or less constant,ancl therefore the price obtained fol these latter would be the same even if thepig cost less, and it would therefore recluce the figure of 97 cents a pound forthe baoon sides in the factory ready for curirtg.
During March the factory's bacon was distributed in the following pro-portion: Kenya 79 per cent., Uganda 16 per cent., Tanganyika 6 per cent.
Colonel Tucker shou,'ecl that the bad debts of tlie company averagedbetween J50 and .{60 per annllln on alr ulurual turtrover aboui .€20,000.
Referring to the rnol'e g'er)erirl rluestiott of the cost of living, he gave ashis opinion that rents in Nairobi \!'ere one of the rrrain causes of the high costof living. Ife instanced the cost of a snrall gr'ocer, u'ho paid approximatelythree tiures as high a l'ent iu tliis country as lte would in England, attd inNairobi must have a dwelling in addition, while in Englanri he r,vould ordinarih'live on the same premises over his shop.
Flom Colouut tl'ucxnn.
lLth, April, L927.
I have the honour to advert to the evidence I gave on the subject of bacon.
When explaining the policy of the Uplands Bacon I'actory towards pigfeeders in our efforts to foster arrd tuaintain supplies of pigs, I onritted kl statethe following important point, aiz.-t'hat for sorne long tirne past we have beenready to contract with falmet's-and in rttany cases have contracted-wherebyan assureal market is guaranteed for five years aheacl, and that we have followedthis system up by gualanteeing a rnininium prir-e of 50 cents per lb., duringthe whole period. This is an unprececlented action which may not be justified,but it is only one more of the abnorrnal efforts we have made to create asufficient supply of pigs to rneet the requit'ements of I(enya and the adjoiningterritories.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,Your obedient servarrt,
W. K. TucxEn,Managing Director.
68. Ilxtract from letter dated 24th Novenrber, 1926 :-" I was interested in the interview with Colonel 'I'ucker pubiished in the
' East African Standard ' and by no mearls in agleerneut with his views.
If pigs were reduced. they would be about the only things inthe country that are being sold at a reasonable price. IIe seems to lose sightof the fact that if a farmer goes into Nairobi to purchase anything for his farmor his wife and farnily he has to pay througli the lose, and tlie only way inr,vhich the farmer can lir,e is to do his best to rnake the public do the saurefor anything he rnay have to sell. I quite agree it lvould be good to reduce thehigh cost of living, but one only has to inrport things like clothing andu-redicines, etc., by parcels post to see that prices in general in Nairobi are fo1sorne leason far too high, and this being the case we carr only live if we alslcan get high prices for our produce."
32
56. NIn. V. 'I. P-rl'Er,, at Nairobi.(Representing Messrs. \Yimhursts, Ltd.)
20th April, 1927.
Mr. Patel furnished the following information on the subject of breacl :--Average price sold 44 cents per 1 lb. loali.
A bag of flour made 33 doz. loaves.
Local flour cost Sh. 51 per bag.
fmporterl flour cost Sh. 62 to Sh. 64 per bag.
A 10 per cent. nett profit was made on turnover.Daily turnover on bread was Sh. 246.
Daily running cost including rent rvas Sh. 161.
25 per cent. daily sales rvere for cash.
Gross profit on turnover was 2l) per cent.
Book debts cost 2 per cent. of turnover to carry.
Could sell cheaper on cash basis.
Month,lg. Bakery efrpenses.
RentBoysFuel
Retailing.WagesRent
Conservancy and water
Bakers' wages
Sh. Cts.
2,000 00400 00200 00100 0026 00
Sh. Cts.
2,726 00
1,300 00
4,026 00
6,150 005,000 00
11,150 00
9,101 00
Accounts, invoices, books, wrapping etc.
500300500
00
0000
Materials.37| sacks flour
Sales.
15,000 loavesBiscuits, cakes,
Butter, eggs, sugar, oil, etc.
etc.
1,950 003,L25 00
5,075 00
4,026 005,075 00
Total monthly turnoverBakery ancl shop expensesMaterials
Bad clebts 5 per cent. of turnover
Wastage, thefts, etc., approx. 5 per
cent. as above
2,049 00557 50
50
50
l,4gl
557
Profii on bread and cakes 934 00
N.B.-This reveals a profit of about 10| per cent. on the monthly outlay.The capital employed is not shown in this evidence,
83
2L. MR. J. D. Jorrsn(Manager of Messrs. Elliot and Co.)
Mr. Joiner supplied the following information as regards cost of pro-visions, etc. :-
Percent-Cost in Country of Origin Landed cost,
Nairobi
'Iea-,ih.SugarRice .: :: :.Rice, Patna--Sh. 70167 (2 cwt.)
Oa.tmeal-S/2. 35/50 (per case) . .
Golden Srrup-.S/2. 33iC0 (pcr case) . .
Jams-SZ. 38i00 (4 dozen jars)
Coffee (Ar-erage price) . .
Tinned X'IilkB rtterImported FIour-SZ. 30137 t,20C lb.)
l,ocal Flour-200 lb. (sold as a blend) . .
Sh. rt.315026o26
111 99 or 50 cts.per lb.
4 50 (.7 tb.\70 80 or 1126 (,2
ll' '70 00 or 1/55 per
Jar1100 83.52. 27
59 23
42 N tc, Sh.Sl
age ofIncrease
o//o49
SalePrice
,Slt. ct.395c33033075
650190
200
140100250
72 00or AOcts.per lb.037
or 4Octs.per ltr.
36 to 48cts. per
loaf
Profit onI-anded
Clost
o//O
z5272750
4t5C
)o
40301022
33tbusiness.
A hag of flour (200 lb.) made approximately 520 one lb. loaves, and realiaed Shs. 120.
per cent. prolits considered ess€ntial to the successful running of &
About 79 per cent. of turnover was credit trade and 21 per cent. cash,these former were caried on books.
Overheacl charges were estimated at 18 per cent .of turnover. The per-centage was low as the manager was a partner drawing only a nominal sa,lary.
Cash basis considered impracticable. Competition had a tendency toreduce prices, .as the firms wer.e more actiye in their buying.
There had been practically no fluctuation in bread prices since 1921.
Witness had been in business about 15 years and had not notioed an;{increage in cost of living over the last 5 years, during which period he hailbeen married.
Avglage railage on provisions from Mombasa was about Sh. 14 per 100 lb.
Norn'By AssrsrANr SEcRETARy.-According to an official army b,ookrefering to England :-
(a) 100 lb. of wheat proiluces 70 lb. of flour.(b) 100 lb. of flour produces 130 lb. of breacl.
I
I
l
o//o24252733*35t633*2522!,2
2tt2lc+25
.9/t. ct.3253500331000352N1752@250225100250040
Sh. ct.261270025075025t7t130160204185089227032
s0.
b4,
Cor,oxor, E. M. I_my, D.S.O.(Managing Director S. Jacobs, Ltd., Nairobi).
Colonel Ley supplied the following figures :-
Invoice PdceCountry of Origin
t7t041
o zo ri rc.)0 60 (2 lb.)0 80 (l lb. jar)
(2 lb.)(1 1b.)
LandedCost
Nairobi
SalePrice
Profit onLaneddCost
TeaCeylon TeaSugar (Local)i"[..i-p"tied(cube) .. :.Rice (Mwanza) ..OatmealGolden SyrupJa-Jam, South ASfCoffee. LocalTinrred Milk
Flour, Imported . .
The business always carried on its books about the amount of one month'sturnover. Bad clebts were a,bout $ per cent. of the total turnover for year (onsales prices).
Ovorhead expenses (excluding dopreciation and bank charges) wer€ 25 percent. of the turnover.
Rent was 12 per cent. of overhead expenses.
Estimated cost of carrying book debts was 2 per cent. of the turnover.
It was impossible to run business on cash basis as a departmental store.If it was found lrcssible to introduce cash basis the public would not derivemuch benefit as the average profit was only 25 per cent., and this exactly metoverhead charges. Witness was of the opinion that competition tendeil tolower prices.
Imported provisions such as matches, tinned milk, oatmeal, tea, flour,salrce, salt, soap, biscuits, jam had dropped about 10 per cent. in prices sinceL924.
Employees had expressed opinion thev did not want weekly wagepayment.
Butter
&9. Mn. J. E. Tonn, Baker, Nairobi.
Mr. Torr staterl he paid from Sh. 51 to Sh. 64 per 200 lb. for local flour.Imported flour was about Sh. 65 per 200 tb.
X'or making breacl a blend of the two was made, about 50 per cent. of each.
200 lb. of flour macle approximately 250 one pound loaves of bread, whichwere sokl at 48 cents per loaf retail (fresh) and 38 cents to 40 cents per loafwholesale.
An inferior bread was -ade by natives for native trade, out of all localftour, ancl w&s solil at 28 cents a loaf.
In England he believed that a bag of 280 lb. flour cost approximatelySh. 40 ancl this made about 300 2 lb. loaves. The prices of bread in Englandhe believecl to be 9|d. per 4 ib. loaf.
A European baker should turn about 8 bags of flour a week into bread.I{is wage would be J40 per mensem'. In addition it cost about Sh. 2 a bagof fluor for yeast and salt-approximately 1-1 cents per loaf.
Taking flour at Sh. 64 per 200 lb., and a bag to produce 250 loaves, a loafwould cost approximately 37 cents to produce.
A itruropeao baker in England drew about SB per month. He expectedan average gtoss profit of 40 per oent., ancl estimated making about 43 per cent.on present business which includes confectionary.
A 33 per cent. profit was expected in England.
The price of bread had fallen : in 1919 a 1lb. loaf cost 66 cents, and hadrteadily dropped since then to the present price of 48 cents per 1 lb. loaf.
Tinned butter imported froru England cost about Sh. 1.70 per lb. lancledin Nairobi.
18. Mn. C. Eenrs.(Representing Messrs. Eadies Footwear, L,tcl., Nairobi).
Mr. Eailie stated the landed cost of articles was about 45 per cent. to 50per cent. more than the invoice price in the country of origin.
The average percentage of profit over landed cost was 50 per cent. gross,which gave a, nett profit of about 83 per cent.
Overhead charges were about 2l per t'ent. of tlre turnover.
Outstanclings were about 10 per cent. of turnover
The cost of carrying book debts was about 4$ per cent. of the turnover.
Rent was about 10 per cent. of the overhead charges. He did not con-eider business on a cash basis was possible until weekly payment of wages wasintrorluced.
Competition should tend to recluce prices.
As there were no warehouses, a large stock had to be carried, with theconsequcnt locking uP of caPital'
The solling price of goods had been reduced during the last 5 years, owingto a largor turnover.
7. NIn. J. B. Blecxr,ews.
(Partner in the firm of l\[essrs. Blacklaws and Brown, Provision Merchants,Nairobi.)
Mr. Blacklaws gave evidence as follows :-
SellingPrice
Profit
o//o2028
33t
2532JU
2l201310t720
Sh. ct.3753650 33+0 33+025
to 40 ct.600175145
to | 17525C175I 00,250040038
;, SouthCoffee (lb.)
41662 /2 1b.)
Tinned MilkButter, Local
(per tin) ..
Flour, BombaY,, Local
Bacon-Whole sides 1/60 per !b' F'O'R'Three-qttarters ll75 per lb. F'.O'R'
Middles 1/85 Per ll'' F'O'R'
Freight is paid on all return empties'
Ile considerecl the percentage of profit on landed cost essential to successful
business approximatetl 25 per cent. to 30 per cent.
Sh. ct.312285026029024
480133130
2051450 88+227034o32
Invoice Price inCounrty of Origin
Sh. ct.
re*
2 10 per 7lb. tin0 60 per tin0 66 per tirr
LandedCost
Nairobi
Tea, B. Bond,, Voonia
Sugar, Local,, ImPorted
Rice, Local
OatmealGolden SyruPJam, Chivers
(per 1b.)
36
Approximately 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. of the outstandings at the enclof one month, were carrieil to the seconcl month,
Witness could give no figures as regarcls the firm's overheacl charges as hisbusiness hacl been running only one year. They were probably about 20 percent.
He did not consider it possible to introduce business on a cash basis without,the weekly payment <-,f salaries.
One diffrculty was that all shopping was done by boys, altl consequentlythere woulcl be loss of cash.
B,ent was 20 per cent. of the total overhead charges.
IIe did not think the percentage of profit coukl be reduced even if allaccounts were settled by 15th of month following.
28. Mn. LnoNeno A. Howsn, Chemist. Nairobi.
Mn. Howsn stated that in his business the general average profit arriveclat was 50 per cent. gross profit. When everything was considerecl thisper centage was essential to successfuI business.
Quinine had now dropped to pre-war plices.
Outstandings were about 23 per cent. of credit sales.
Overhead charges about 25 per cent. of turnover.
The cost of carrying book clebts was about 6| per cent. of turnover.
Such a business could not be rurr on cash basis.
Rent was about 25 per cent. of the overhead charges.
R,ailage on medicines from Monrbasa was about Sh. 19 per 100 lbs'
Drugs cost landed in Nairobi about 300 per cent. more than invoiceprice in the country of origin.
Baby food was classed as provisions for the purposes of railway freightancl cost Sh. 24 per 100 lbs. from Mombasa.
Competition made no difference to prices.
He believed that chemists at lfome required 50 per cent. gross profit.
The salaries paid since the war liad increasetl. A man on J30 a monthiu this country would clraw about Ll7 per nionth in a similar position atIlome.
54. Mn. A. A. Wnrrr:, Chemist. Nairobi.
Mn. Wurrp gave evidence as follows :-Quinine :-Invoice price, Sh. 3 per oz. ; landed cost 3s. 2cl. to 3s. 5d. ;
selling price, plus 25 per cent. to i)0 per cent.
Epsom salts :-Lancled cost, Sh. 28 to Sh. 35 per cwt. ; selling price,Sh. 1 per lb., proflt 45 per cent.
He oonsidered ihat drugs u,ere charged at too high a rate on the railway.The railway freights from l\4ombasa to Nair,obi rvere almost equal to the
freight from London to Nlombasa.
The price of drugs had gone up appreciably since pre-war.
Toilet preparations had gone up. This was partly accounted for by a30 per cent. import duty.
Outstandings were approximately 25 per cent. of turn-over.
Overhead charges anrountecl to about 33$ per cent. of turnover.
The cost of carrying book debts was between 7pL per cent. and 10 percent. of credit sales.
s1
ft was impossible to run his business on a cash basis as many customerswere in out-districis anal \&'ere unable to estimate cost of their requirements.
Eent was 25 per cent. of his overhead charges.
Baby footl paid an inrport duty of 20 per cent. This duty shoukl beremoved, 15 .per cent. to 20 per cent. profit was added to landed cost. Thiscomrnodity was booked as rnedicine on the railway, ancl consequently a highrate was charged.
It cost approximately Sh. 5 a week to feetl a baby on baby food at thepresent time
48. Me;ron J. Perrenson, D.S.O., Dairy Owner, Nairobi.
Major Patterson stated the cost of production of gne gallon of milk wasSh. 2154, which represented only overhead chir"rges, and did not includeinterest on capital, rent, etc.
He retailed at Sh. 3120 per gallon.
Surplus was sold in bulk to'lndians, who took delivery at the dairy atSh. 2/50 per gallon.
Business could not be run on cash basis, as natives delivered the milkdaily.
He had no bad tlebts.
The cost of cattle was steadily rising and also the price of feed.
Both had risen about 100 per cent. during the last three to four years.
Boys' wages had gone up from Sh. 14 to Sh. 20 during the last threeyears.
Consequently the price of milk must rise shortly.
There was comPetition in town.
He desired to draw attention to the fact that there .was no sulplus of
Cooper's Dip in the country, and if some elngrg-ency cut off transport, allgrade cattle in Nairobi would die for lack of dipping.
89. Mn. P. McFlnr,eNp, Smithfiekl Butchery, Nairobi.
McFarlane gave the following evidence :--
,9/2. ct.
500300200300
12 c0
Total cost per bullock of 400 Ib.Equals 36 cents per lb.
25
t45
MurtoN-Cost 33 .cents per lb. live weight, equalling BO cent.r per lb. dead
weight' ,Sh. ct.
Slaughterhouse Fees 1 00
B<ryiWages, Cartage, etc... 0 50
Deatr,s 2d/o 2 0O
Thefts 1/o 1 00
Rait 1 00
Per Sheep ,r. ,j1
Average neight 40 lb., equalling 13 cents pet lb.Total cost 93 cents per lb. in the shop.
B8
PoRK-Cost 75 lo 8A cents per lb. dead weight. Average weight 150 lb.
Sh. ct.Railage 2 CA
Slaughterhouse . I 50Pig Food and Rent t 00Firewood 0 50Boys Wages and Cartage .. 1 00
Per pig of 150 Ib. 6 00Equalling 4 cents per |b.
Sale Prices.Beef , cents 30 to Sh. 1/20 per lb.Mutton, cents 60 to Sh. 1/30 per lb.Pork, Sh. 1 to Sh. 1/30 per lb.
He considereil that 15 per cent. was the essential profit for the successfulrunning of such a business.
His bad debts for the year 1926 amountetl to Sh. 10,000. That yearthe business showed a loss of *250.
The overhead expenses per month amounted to Sh. L0j77, made up asrunder :-
WagesI-ricencesRentLightWaterfnterestBad Debts
sh. 4,00024
600143
103,0001,0002,000Sundries
The average kills per month aamounted to :-190 oxen, equalling 76,000 lbs.200 sheep equalling 8,000 lbs.50 pigs, equalling 7,500 lbs.
Witness considered that business on & cash basis was impossible.
Competition has no effect unless greater supplies of beasts were madeavailable.
The high cost of rneat was due to short supplies. The opening of theNorthern Frontier Province w,ould tend to reduce the price of meat, asthe cost price of animals would fall.
His safari expenses hacl not been taken into acceunt in the foregoingfigures. These amounted to a considerable figure per annum and necessitatedthe upkeep of a car.
Ma,ron IIenRrs, Nairobi.(Manager of the Stock Breeders Direct Meat Supply.)
Major Harris gave evidence as follows :-Cost of beet per lb. landed in the shop.
Sh. cts.500 lbs. bullock, at 30
cents per lb. dead weight 150 00Freightage 5 20Slaughter Fees 3 00Weighing charges 75Dipping and seruming ... 504 per cent. cendemned *... 4 18
163 63
28.
*This loss was borne by the suppliers, but freightage, slaug.hter
fee-1 a-ncl weighing charges had to be distributed over tlie remainingbullocks.
1 per cent. Iosses from accident and disease.
I
Cost per lb. landeil at
39
shop, Nairobi :
Sale Price.
sh. 0.3265.
Beef, Wholesale-ForequartersSirloin, rib, rump steak, filet steak, etc. ...
Cost price of mutton and pork-Mutton : 72 cents per lb. deacl weight.Pork : 65 cents per lb. live weight.
Monthly kill-259 sheeP:11,314 lbs' dead weight.134 oxen :59,620lbs. dead weight.
Total cost price-Mutton, 11,314 lbs. at 72 cents. ...Beef , 59,620 lbs. at 32.65 cents ...
Selling price-Mutton, 11,314 lb. at 81 cents.Beef , 59,620 lbs. at 46 cents.
Gross profit per month...Overhead chargesNett monthlv profit
Pqwer ancl
SaltPaperStringI(anzusliepairs andStamps andInterest onStationery
Total per month Sh. 1,005 00
27 cls. per lb.46 cts. per lb.
Sh. cts.
9,146 0g19,465 93
sh. 27,6t2 01
Sh. Qts.
9,164 3427,425 20
sh. 36,589 54
Sh. cts.9,977 537,565 001,412 53
Sh. cts.90 0036 00
300 0013 0040 0080 0036 0050 00
360 00
0000000000
a
t
Monthly ooerhead
SalariesRentShop expensesI-regal expensesDiscount and allowances...
charges.
5,040720
1,005200600
sh.7,565 00
fll Europeans demanded the best cuts anil consequently all forequarteraancl flanks hail to be sold to the rndian and Native markets below cosl price,with the result that the sale price of the better cuts had to bo oorrespondinglyincreased,
40
The effect of the introduction of business on a cash basis would meanthat it would have to be transacted on a deposit account system. It wouldnecessitate the same amount of book-keeping ancl the only saving would be :-
(a) non-accumulation of bad debts : S125.
(b) non-employment of legal men to collect outstandings : €120.
This would recluce th,e price of beef $ of a cent per
The firm's overhead charges were Sh. 7 ,565 per month.
B,ent was 8.7 per cent. of this.
Witness considered that close competition would raisepetition in buying cattle must raise price of cattle.
The selling price of beef had risen from 32 cents. a46 cents. per lb. to-day.
in June, L925,lo
The selling price of mutton had risen from 74 cents per lb. in June, 1925,81 cents per lb. to-day. In April and March,1926, it was as high ascents per Ib.
42. Mns. Ooouu, at Mombasa,
23ril April, 1927.
of expenditure affecting the
Bacon.-Present price Sh. 2/50 to Sh. 2175 per lb.
The price had risen 50 cents in the last year. The heavy irnportduties prevented imported bacon competing with local.
Butter"-Present price was Sh. 2150 and was Sh. 3 a short time ago.The price six years age was Sh. 2125.
Eggs.-Present price was 10 cents each for indifferent native eggs, priceuseil to be 5 cents each. Up-country eggs were unobtainable inMombasa.
Vegetables were all supplied fronr Nairobi, and difficult to obiain. Only" odds and ends " were sent to Mombasa for sale. Witness suggestedthat cold storage on the railway woulcl alleviate the position.
.F'fsh.-She believed that the Intliau middle-men, who controlled themarket, threw away fish when catches were big, rather than reducethe price.
Bread, was 56 cents a lb.
Fots.-No dripping wastinned. marrow fat.
Fruit, waa expensive, and harcl to obtain. Zanzibar oranges were subjectto a duty. I-:ocal mangoes were sent to Nairobi, and not put on thelocal market.
oonsumer.
as com-
to84
aMrs. Ogden stated that the chief items
cost of living were the following :-
AlI local produce sent to Mombasa was short inquantity, and expensive; while Customs duties madestufis expensive.
Bogs' n*ges have risen since. the war by 100 per cent.was less efficient.
Rents hacl been gradually raisecl owing to the owners taking advantageof the scarcity of houses, which was partly due, it is believed, to thesuspension of buikling operations pending completion of the TownPlanning Scheme.
Mrs. Ogden undertook to get out figures of pricessix years and forward them to the Commission.
loaf , locally made.
obtainable ancl people were compellecl to buy
supply, barl inimportecl fooil-
and the service
over the last
11.
.41Mn. N. M. Buospo, Mombasa.
23rd April, 1927.
Mr. Budheo statecl that he gave eviclence as an individuai ancl not onbehalf of the Social Service I-,eague, of which he was President.
He believed that the cost of living had risen recently. The causes werehigh rents, protective duties since 1923 on such articles as ghee, wheat anclflour, ancl high railway rates on local produce f,or local consumption.
He believed that the cost of labour had been put up by the high localrailway rates affecting cost of articles consumed by natives, such as maize anclsimsim oil.
He did not know thai these rates had been increased during the lastfive years.
He believed the rise in the cost of living was also very largely due to theduties imposed on imported articles of food.
Witness stated that there was an acute shortage of housing accommoda-tion for the Indian community, with the consequent high rents.
He clid not believe that the building of the Makupa causeway wouldrelieve the situation for this community, but believed that encourag-ement ofbuilding was required. He stated that if the Government building programmefor housing their Asian staff were proceeded with, it would greatly relievethe situation.
Mr. Budheo quoted as a restriction now disc,ouraging building the ruleallpwing, in the case of resiclences, only half the plot mighi be built on.H-e further stated that there w&s a 300 per cent. duty on imported buildingtimber, but that supplies of local timber were short, and much more difficultto obtain than formallv.
88. Mn. W. I{. MexwpLL DAvlES, Mombasa.23rd April, L927.
Mr. Maxwell Davies stated that as regard rents his experience had beenfor quarters consisting of three roo[ls, residence or office combined, near theArab well, the rent in 1924 was Sh. 100 per month. This rent was raisedin 1925 to Sh. 180, and again in January, lg27 , to Sh. 250 per month.
Witness believed that this was typical of Mombasa.
He himself had had nrany applications for inforrnation regarding- accem-modation and believed the causes were the strortage of houses, due to increasedpopulation following general development. The high cost of building, largelydue to. import duties on building materials, especially timber. The shorfageof available land, with consequent high price, and the absence of any buildingand development company.
I{e believerl the buikling of the Makupa causeway anil a bridge mightease the situation.
He thought that Chamgamwe would become the suburb of Mombasa.Even now rents for houses over the ferry ran to about sh. 800 per month.
witness believed ihat the heavy duties borne by imported articles w&s avery large factor in the cost of living.
16. The late Me.ron Renoor,ps Nrcnor,solr, of the firm of Dalgetyand comPanY' r-,,id'
zbilL aprit, 7gz:.,l
I
Major Nicholson stated :-1. Dalgety ancl Company, Irimited, acted as
Naivasha Creamery and the Nanyuki Creamery, anclposition to give evidence regarding butter ,supplies from
selling agents for thetherefore he was in athese two creameries.
42
2. The Naivasha Creamery cornrnenced opera.tions in April, 1926. TheNanyuki Creamery comrnenced operations about the middle of January, 1928.There wa,s one other large creamery in the Colony, namely, the LumbwaCreamery.
3. The capacity of the creameries in the Colony was far greater tltanwas requirecl for the butter consumption in the Eastern African territories.
4. During the eighteen months ended the 31st March, 1928, thefollowing figures referred to the Naivasha Crearnery :-
The largest output of butter was in June, 1927;11| tons ofbutter were procluced in lhat month and the cost of manufac,ture to
, the Creamery was 31.6 cents per lb.
The lowest output was jlr Malch, 1928, when slightly under 3|tons of butter were procluced in the rrronth, and the cost of manu-facture was 89.7 cents per lb.
The difference in the cost of manufacturethe lowest output was 58.1 cents per lb.
The average proiluction over the periodeight and one-seventh tons per month, anclmanufacture had been 50.9 cents per lb.
As regards the wholesale sellingtionerl, the highesi was Sh. 2150 perSh. 1/55; and the aYerage, Sh. 1/95.
of butter during the period men-butter f.o.r. factory; ,the lowest,
Since November, 1926, the Crearneries had all entered into selling pricearrangements between themselves whereby the wholesale selling price-wasfixecl. The policy agreecl to between the Creameries as regards wholesaleselling price was to charge Sh. 2 per lb. during the wet months when supplieswere plentiful, ancl Sh. 2/6d. during the dry months when the demandexceedecl the supply. It had been agreed that unless extraorclinary circum-stances demandeil it, the wholesale selling price should never be below nora,bove the prices mentionecl, namely, Sh. 2 to Sh. 2/6d. per lb. When theprice had been alterecl it had been raised or lowered by 3d. a lb. at a time.
5. During the shortage of butter had the policy of fixing the wholesaleprice of butter not been in force it was probable' that but'ter prices wouldhave s,oared to possibly Sh. 7/6d. or Sh. 10 per lb., as it had occurred in thepast before prices rvere controllecl. It would be noted that although the whole-sale selling price of butter had been increasecl 6d. per lb., the increase in thecost of manufacture had been 58.1 cents per lb., and, further, it must beremembereil that during the drought the dairy farmer had been compellecl to" feed " his cows, whieh w&s an expensive matter. Therefore the dairyfarmer hacl received less for his produce.
6. Roughly speaking, the l_iumbwa Creamery supplied the local marketsfronr Lumbwa westwards, i.e., IJganda, and witness understood that they soldan a,verage of 5 to 6 tons per month, but he was not sure of this point.
The Naivasha ancl Nanyuki Creameries supplied the market from I:umbwaeastwaratrs, i.e., Nakuru, Nairobi, Mombasa, Tanga, Dar es Salaam, anclZanzlbur, and should sell an ayera,ge of 10 to 11 tons per month. This couldbe increased by selling further supplies to ships calling at Mombasa for theships' own use.
7. The Nanyuki Creamery produced 2fi tons in February, 1928, ancl 3 tonsin March, and it was hoped that they would increase their output shortly tb4 or 5 tons a month. This Creamery had only started in a small way; ithafl chiefly hand-worked machinery; it had no refrigeration plant or coldchamber, anil ,therefore its supplies of butter were rather more difficult tolranclle and sell. Its butter mus't be sold " fresh " on the Nairobi or otherlocal market, ancl could not be kept in cold store for any length of time, as thebutter was not cooled tb the necessary low temperature when it was manu-factured.
B. The method adopted in placing the butter on the local market wa.tas follows;-
on the highest and
mentioned hail beenthe average cost of
prrcelb. of
i
t
I
I
I
l
I
I
I
43
The Creameries railed the but,ier to the market centre, where the sellingagents took the delivery and placeil it in a cold chamber, i.e., in Mombasa, inihe Government Cokl Store, antl in Nairobi, in Dalgety's ice chost, which held2 tons. The butt'er was kept there and issued out 'to bona fide ilistributors,-quch as shops, clubs, etc. In this way the butter ,shoulil reach the consumerquite hard and in as good condition a's possible.
9. The present shortage in supplies of butter was due to the drought.The policy of Creameries was as follows :-
During months when grass should be plentiful , i.e., Lprll to Novernber,when supplies exceeded demantl, the excess butter was accumulatetl in coldstore, where it was kept to meet the ileficiency during the dry mon'ths, f.e.,December to March, when the demand exceeded the suppl;i. Approximatelyi]0 tons were requirecl tb meet this {eficiency. Had there been really gooclrains in 1927 it would have been possible ,to accumulate 30 tons of buiter ini:olil store, and there woulcl not have been any butter .shortage. Unfortunately,owing to ,shortage of rain, it was only possible to accumulate 72 tons of butterin cold store, leaving a shortage of 18 tons, and this to a great extent explainedr,he present shortage of butter in the market. If there were good rains in1928, the Creameries should be able to carry out the above policy, avoidinoany chance of a shortage in future.
10. No butter had been exportetl since 1926 ,to any country outside theEastern Africa territories which were in the Customs Union. fn one Customsexport return it was stated that in L927 five cases of butter were exporteclto Seychelle,s. These were actually sold to the broker for the MessageriesMaritimes, for the ships' own supplies.
11. Contracts for supplying butter to ships calling at Mombasa for theships' own supplies amounted to 350 lbs. per month.
These contracts would fall due for renewal in a monthls time. ff theshortage of butter continued it was probable that, ,these contracts would notbe renewed.
With regard to the retail price of butter during the shortage, althoughthe wholesale price had been controllecl at Sh. 2150 per lb., certain shops hadsolcl butter at Sh. 3/50 and Sh. 3/75 per lb. On the other hand, there hadbeen at least twb shops in Nairobi that had mantained the retail price atSh. 2175 per lb. On a small turnover, it was doubtful whether 3d. per lb..,vas sufficient for retailer's gross profit, and the witness thought that themaximum of 6d. would not be unreasonable. On a large turnover gross profitcoulil be reduced.
Really g-ood quality imported butter could be sold in Nairobi at aboutSh. 3 per lb., after having paicl the existing duty. If the duty were removedthe selling price of imported butter would be about Sh. 2 per lb. In this thewitness referrecl to best quality New Zealand butter.
L2. fn connection with the development of the clairy industry came thequestion of increasing the number of pure-bred pedigree bulls with good milkrecorcls on both sides, and it might be interesting to note the number olbulls which had been imported during' the previous four years :-
In 1924In 1925In 1926In 1927
27 bulls.111 ,,
11; ,,,,
Making a total of ,.. W ,,
During the same period, over-700 rams had been imported, and accordingto the Agricultural Census the following were the total numbers of cattle antsheep in European ownership in the Colony in 1927 :-
" CattleSheep
215,650244,272
rt would be seen that while the importation of rams showed a comnara-tivelv satisfactory figure, the importation of bulls was very much below'whatii sbould have been. This was most probably clue to the very high cost of
44
transporting bulls to this countrl, and the Government scheme for givingfinancial assistance to the importdtion of pedigree livestock shoukl help thisposition, proviiled certain irksome conditions in the scheme were ,am.encled torneet the wishes of livestock owners.
13. The dairy industry must be regarded as in its infancy,'and theprogress in developing it has been slow, due, amongst other reasons, to thefollowing :-
(a) Disease and death in livestock ;
(b) Drought;(c) The high cost of transporting pedigree anirnals into the Colony,
As rega,rds D'isease a,nd Deat'lls.-On one dairy farm for the year ending30th September,1927, the deaths in livestock amountecl to over J1,500, whichrepresentecl 17 per cent. on the gross sales of dairy produce, etc., from that
13. With regard to the relationship of the import duty on butter, witnesqgave the following figures which, in his opi,onion, helped to prove the neces-sity for maintaining the duty. As stated before, if the import duty werelemoved, irnpor,ted butter of tlie flnest quality could be sold at about Sh. 2per lb. ; lower grade butter could be sold at Sh. 1/6d. per lb. ; and whilstthe dairy industry in this Colony wa,s in its infancy and passing throughsuch difticult and expensive times he was of the opinion that dairy farmerswould not make satisfactory progress nor develop ,the industry if they onlyr:eceived for their produce 75 cents to Sh. 1 per lb., which would be thellrobable price after deducting the cost of manufacture antl selling expenses.There were sufficient creameries in the country to produce far more suppliesof but,ier than would meet local requirements. Two out of three creamerieshad only recently commenced operations, and their outputs had so far beenvery low, with resulting high cost of rnanufacture. As soon as good rainsfell and the death rate improved and more bulls were imported into thecountry, the output of all the creameries should very greatly increase, whichwould recluce the cost of manufacture, and necessarily result in a lower pricefor butter to the public.
:
The industry needed protection ancl encouragement before it could beregarded as being on a firm footing. It was tlifficult to say how long suchprotection and enoouragement should continue, but the witness would estimateihe period of two generations in cattle, f.e., six years from now. After thatthe evidence in connection with the industry might be reconsidered.
14. The whoiesale price of rnilli f.o.r. Nairobi frorn an estate, of whichthe witness had knowledgc of the accounts, w&s Sh. 1/79 per gallon, whereasthe retail price in bottles in Nairobi was Sh. :)/20 per gallon, which showedthe gross profit tb the retailer of Sh. 1/41 per gallon.
' 15. Prices paid to dairy farmers during the 18 months ending 31s{March, 1928, were as follows :-
Per lb ol bottle fat.
2 months at Sh. 1/60.5 months at Sh. 1/75.5 months at Sh. 1/80.2 months at Sh. 2/00.2 months at Sh. 2/10.
Meron H. H. Bnasssy Eowenos, Nairobi.(Acting Chief Veterinary Offrcer.)
gilr, May, LgZg.
Major Brassey Edwards stated that there were two sources of meatsupplies-Native Reserves ancl Settled Area,s.
Settled, Areas.-The shortage of bullocks in settlecl areas was causecl by thefact that farmers did not generally go in for ,the production of beef animals,but rather bred for dairy purposes. In a drought this class of beast Quickly
9.
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lost condition. As bullocks were purchased by weight of the carcase, ittolloweil that with rapicl loss of condi'tion the price paid droppecl accordingly,and hence the farrner kept his animais until grazing wa,s plentiful ancl
animals regained condition, and therefore increasecl in value.
The average dead weight of grade stock wa,s from 300 lbs. to 500 lbs.A further reason for the shortage of beef in dry months was that the butchersdid not accumulate supplies of slaughter cattle during the more suitable timesof the year. It was recommended that butchers arrange to keep an amplesupply on hanil, and acquire grazing for the purpose. S5 cents per lb.dead weight was tlie ruling price at present. The average value of gradebullocks was about !71L0 to J8. The high cost of mert was largely due tothe high prices paid for slaughter ca,ttle, and to the fact that so manyanimals were required to nteet the demand for best cuts by all Europeans.Meat in this country wa,s generally of poor qurlity, a great deal of whicliwould be condemnerl at home for " emaciation." In this pountry practicallyall condemnation was due to infection with measles, which was very prevalentiu certain areas, and therefore reduced the scope of purchasers of slaughterstock. The percentage of condemned carcases during the lasi five years hadbeen about 5 per cent. This figure was lower than the percentage of con-demnations in Engiand, which worked out at 5.7 per cent. for 1924, 5.8 percent. for 1926, anil 5. 26 per cent. for 1927.
Musai Reserae Cattle.-In 1927, seven-tenths of meat sokl in Nairobicame from the Masai Reserve. In the last four years approximately 20,000bullocks had been purchased from this area. These cattle were brought inby natives ancl Somali trad,ers to Ngong, where they were sold to the butchers.The Administration was arranging for heifers to be allowed into the MasaiIioserve for exchange for bullocks, as it was considered this would increasethe supply of slaughter stbck. The Masaj had expressed their willingness tobring in slaug'hter stock for sale at Kajiado, provided they were auttioned bythe District Commissioner. ft was hoped to arrang'e a valuable market onthose lines. Government was prepared to allow butchers free grazing andwater at certain places for the purpose of accumulating slaughter bullocks.
Northern Frontier Proohrce.-About 600 head of cattle from the NorthernFrontier were allowed into rsiolo Quarantine Station in LgzT, but they werefound to be infected with pleuro pneum,onia, and could not therefbre beallowed out. A special veterinary staff was proceeding into the Northern .
Frontier Province for the purpose of making a .survey and noting the centresof disease. When these areas had been defined tliey oould be-avoided andeventually slaughter cattle will be obtainable from clean areas. Arrangementswere- being ry?dg t9 me,et the immediate demand by coltecting bufocks inSamburu, and bringing thgn to_Isiolo, and.as_th_ey were required.-for slaughterthey would be escorted to Fort Hall and railed there to Nairobi.
wesL suk.-An officer rnaking a.survey reported that 60 to 70 animals auronth were supplied for Kitale. The average price paid was sh. 80. Kitaleancl Eldoret seemed likely to absorb most of the supplies from this source.Samburu bullocks were selling at about sh. 40, and Masai bullocks at Ngongat about Sh. 50 to Sh. 70.
Every year just after Chris,tmas, butchers bewailed the shortage ofslaughter cattle, and they should be appealed to, to make forward arringe-ments in the future,
witness considered that the meat of native cattle was every bit as goodfrom_ a nutritive point of view as grade meat. 'Ihere w&s a shortage in ttresupply of sheep f'rom the Reserves, and their numbers were decreasing. It,was recommended that ,the flocks in the Reserves be carefully watched, witha view to prohibiting export when the numbers of breeding stock got belownormai. The witness hacl every hope of an improvement in the stoc[ industryoy,rrg to the-confidence being created by the compulsory dipping and fencingbills, coupled wiih the assistance of loans from the proposed I_rand Bank.Veterinary activities in Native Reserves would al,so have a marked beneficialefrect by-decreasing the number_of epidemics and the heavy recurrent mortality,caused_ the-reby, al$ tlrou_gh the improvement of native stock by improvedmethods of animal husbandry.
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2. Mn. E. Ilanusoll, NI.S.A., B.Sc. (Edin.), N.D.A. (Hons.).' (Acting Director of Agriculture.)
Mr. I{arrison answerecl the following que,stions put to him byChairman:-
1. Do you consid,er that there is a shortage of impo,rted bulls in ,the
country ?-Yes.
2. Has this affected the production of butter recently?-shortage ofbulls commencecl three years a,go, according to your earlier witness. , Theheifers sired by bulls introduced three years ago would not yet be in milk.
3. What ,steps do you consider shoultl be taken to make this iolonya highly producing butter country?-Dip and fence ancl control diseasos, sothat higher grader and higher milk-yielding cattle may be kept and brecl from.
4. IIow does the prit'e of local wheat comDare with,the price of wheatimported into South Africa f .o.r. Durban, including cluty?-The price of wheatdelivered at mills in Kenya is slightly higher than that of Australian ex wharf ,Ilurban.
5. Is there any surplus of wheat in this country?-Yes, a small ex-portable surplus.
6. What is the export price per bag'?-At Mombasa it is probably w-orth1B/6d. per bag. Wheat relatively to flour is leviecl with too heavy a duty;itl should rather be half of the flour cluty.
7. Is the cost of manufacturing butter in this country high?-Yes, onaccount of the small output.
8. To what do you attribute this?-Relative tb the plant and therninimuril staff.
9. What is the average cost of making butterfourpence per pound on the averaSe. See Beport ofClommittee (Dairy Industry, July,7924, page 15).
the
in South Africa?-Say,Economic and Finance
10. According' ,to the evidence of Major Nicholson, the average cost ofmaking butter at the Naivasha Creamery over a period of eighteen monthsrvorked out at 50.9 cents per lb. .Do you c,onsider this a high figure?-It is ahigh figure, but !,ommensurate with sma,ll output.
11. How do salaribs here compare with.,those in England?-r take ityou mea.n wages.. salar-ies.are only slightly higher, but wages, on accountof the difference in the ba,sic factor, are much higher.
L2. Do you consider the importation of butter under licence advisableduring periorls of local shortage?-No, it would be diffrcult to work andperhaps unfair.
18. rn the event of protective duties- being removed would importedbutter compete with the local product?-only when the price becam"bl_ imore.
L4. Do you think ihat lopal dairymen'have done everything in theirpower towards better developrnent ,since the i,dustry has been protected ?_T am una,ble to say, b,t several other rreasures require to be i,aopt"J .or_currently to enable the dairymen to develop
15. rf protection is to be continued, what steps do you consider dairymenshould be required to take to ensure higher developmeni Z_Witt, ttr. ,uirOrriof risk, with the development gf ^a
large local demand, there will be somest,imulus. Dairymen do not need customs pro,tection, they need,protecti.";;their farms from disease in their stock and theft of their produc'e.
----- "--
. 16. . D_o ygy berieve that protection in the form of import duty is wronsin principal? rf -you j: ,.o,,rp,prove.of protection i" tri" io.* .f"'d;;y;';";
<lo you suggest that the.industry _might_be -protectea from the nr#ilrs ;ilhe market with imported butter?-r would rather.". u"tia"-prng legisration.
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t?. Would the removal of protective duties affect the dairying industryadversely?-I do not think it would affe-ot it adver,sely; in fact, it may be good.IIigh local prices are not advantageous ; I mean prices like three or fourshillings per pound for butter and two shillings per pouncl for cheose; they onlyr:ause inflated capital values, which being ephemeral cause loss ultimately.
18. What do you understand were the reasons f,or the imposition of theprotective duty on butter?-I am entirely un&ware of the re&sons save that itmight help the cattle industry and the efforts at organising creameries whichwere then young.
19. Ifave any of these objects been achieved and what has been the totalr:esult,of protection?-An aclditional creamery was built, but the cattle in-dustry is no better ol1. I{ad we had no.droughis and little cllsease, I thinkthere would have been no great criticism of the duty.
20. Wlrat rneans ('iln you suggest to lecluce the cost of living?-Peopleshould live more simply, should shop personally and not all within two hours.A daily rnarket lor perishables should be heltl. An investigation should beheld into bakers' profits, and al,xr into costs of .storage and the cost of credit ;
prices of articles should be marked on show cards in shops.
21. What contributory causes to the liigh cost of living can you mention?--High cluties, heavy costs of carrying stocks, deterioration of such stocks,t,heft, bad debts partially, heavy rentals, inordinate ideas of the value ofc:apital, ancl so forth, together with the effort at living ab,ove average made bypreople who ought not tb do so.
4L. Mn. I)evrn Nnr,vu,rnri. Nairobi.
10th May, 1928.
Mr. N,ewmark stated that from information he hacl been able to collecthe lound that during the past seyen months insufficient sugar hail beenproduced to supply the whole need,s of the Colony, and therefore the largestrnanufacturers (at Miwani) hacl not been able to keep their contracts. One ofthe biggest contracts,the company had was with a finn in town for the supplyof 1,500 bags of sugar per nr,onth. 'I'he landed price per bag f.o,r. Nairobiwas Sh. 54. During the period November till May, the Miwani CompanyLrad at tirnes supplied not more than 800 bags per month to the firm inquestion.
Mr. Newmark had found that, owing to the shortage of sugar, pricos haclrisen.
The wholesale price was from Sh. 82 to Sh. 84 per bag, Nairobi, butduring February the price went up tb Sh. 112. Sugar cost the retailer 36 centsper lb., and had been sold at 40 cents per lb.
A further importunt factor was tlte quality rif sugar. The standardqualities were No. 1 Java and No. 1 Natal, and No. 1 Java contained threetirnes the sucrose contents of No. 1 Kenya.
Taking off the protective duty of Sh. 12 per 100 lbs. which was nowcharged on impor,ted sugar, but allowing for 20 per cent. food duties and thepresent impor,t rate on the laiiway, i.e., Sh. 6/81 per 100 lbs., No.'1 Javasugar could be landed in Nairobi at 26 cents per lb.
Imported sugar was now sold at 50 cents per lb., but housewivespreferred that to the local product at 33 to 40 cents per lb., as they foundthat one spoonful of imported had a greater sweetening power than ,three ofiocal sugar.
In a dry season the ,sucrose pontent of the caue was less than in a wetse&son and the qualiiy of sugar was affected by a cer,tain amount of moistureretained in the manufacturing. In South Africa sugar cane hacl to be cut bya certain date. Sugar could be imported at a smaller cost than it could bebought from the local growel ouly if the Sh. 12 per 1()0 lbs. protective dutywere removed.t
4s
Mr. Newmark could not say what the actual cousumption w&s, but heestimatecl that, taking only the population consumption of Kenya, exclusive ofnatives, about three tons per day were required. Further there shoulcl betaken into consideration the sup;ar useil in cooking, jam-making, etc. Hisstatement that a shortage of sugar existed was borne out by the fact thatcontracts were not fulfilled.
The Governm,ent had an arrangement with the Miwani Company wherebyseven thousand bags were to be stocked against times of ,shortage. Ife under-stood that these had not been released.
Mr. Newmark stated tliat he was speaking fr,om his own experience whenhe said. that No. 1 gratle I{jry, sugar was not equa_l to No. 1 Java, and hiscomparison was made on the present sugar supplied to the consumer. Hervas inclined to the view that if No. 1 Java was worth 30 cents per lb.,Kenya sugar was worth only 10 cent,s per lb. I{e was speaking from thehuyers'and sellers'point of view, who bought entirely upon look and tast'e.
Butter.-On the question of butter and butter prices, Mr. Newmarkstated that in 1922 butter could be bought during the wet periods of the yearat from Cts. 65 to Sh. 1 per lb. ft had since risen to Sh. 2 anrl Sh. 2/50 in thewet months, and any price one liked to pay for it in the dry months. Thehighest price notecl was at Mr. Sands' sale-Sh. 4/10 per Ib., ancl, at two shopsin the town, Sh. 4. Messrs. Elliott and Co. sold at Sh. 2175. In the last-namecl case it was recognised that it was profitable dealing, inasmuch as theypaid Sh. 2152 for it.
Mr. Newmark had not been able to as.certain that the cost of cattlefeeding had risen in proportion from 7922 fo 1928. The only figures he wasable ,to give to obtain some insight into the extreme cost of production werethe overhead charges, which had gone up during the last few years.
Iti had been aaceptecl as a fact that this is a dairy country, and if thisr.vere the case it was difficult to understand why New Zealand, similarlyplaced as Kenya, could produce butter to-day in the worst time of the year andsell it in I-.ondon at 1s. 6d.
He hail been given to understand that the butter suppliecl at present wasuot of such good quality a.s had been,suppliecl in the past, and it was not asgood in quality as New Zealanrl, South African or Danish butter. It was ofrnterest to know that the highest retail price in England, in February,l92B,1,1,s,g (Bridgewater butter) 2s. 5d. per lb., and lowest (Hereforcl butter),.1,s. 8cl.
Mr. Newmark had had no personal experience of insulaied trucks, butlocal grocer.s were in the position to state that butter imported into the countryarrived in Nairotri in perfect condition. It had been done in the past, andurould be done even better to-day in view of the improved railway facilities.
IIe was quoting the considered opinion of various consumers when hestated that ihe butter supplied during the past seven months was not so goodas in the past.
Bread,.-Mr. Newmark submitted the following statement of the cost ofbreacl production in Nairobi :-
Cost of Bread, Productiom in l,lairobi, Mag, 1928." 224lbs. flour produces 288 1lb. loaves
Using 5 bags of flour per.diem procluces 43,200 loaves per month.Using 6 bags of flour per diem produces 51,846 loaves per month.
- -Estimating that you manufacture your bread in the ratio of two bags oflocal flour to one bag of imported, your cost of flour is as follows .-
Per bag ol 200 lbs.
2 bags local flour (Sh.
1 bag imported flour44 per bug) ..
Shs. Cts.88 0058 00
Or Sh. 54176 per bag of 224 lbs.If all local flour, Sh. 49150 per bag of.224lbs.
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L46 00
49
Mixed flour, 43,200 loaves will cost, for fl,our only, 19 cents per loaf,overheads, as below, l0 cents.
Mixed flour,51,840 loaves, will cost for flour only, 19 cents per loaf ;overheads, 9 cents; a total of 28 cents per ioaf.
Local flour will cost 17 cents per load ; overheacrs, 10 cents; a total of27 cents per loaf.
Ooer'head, Ch,arqes.illighest known cost. Plant cost J2,000; capacity 150,000 loaves
Head bakerAssistantBoysFueltr'actory rentGeneral expensesPercentage, depreciationRepairs ancl renewals
of plant
DistributionMaterials
per mon1,h.)
1,70507275201016162tBO
J310
As staff will also be occupied in producing fancv goods, etc., an allowanceshould be made of .€70, leaving J240 overheads for bread-rnaking-.
selling bread all round at 36 cents leaves 7 cents per roaf nett profit.43,200 loaves at 7 cents, J151 net profit.Local flour to be sold at say 34 cents, giving same nett profit.,,
witness stated that he had gone very thoroughly into the matter. Asshown in his statement a baker using five bags of flourper day would produce43,200 loaves per month or, if six bags, 51,fr40 loaves per rnonth, usirg twobags of local flour to one bag of imported. Local flouicosts sh. 44 pei bagof 200 lbs. and imported flour sh. bB. one bag of " mixecl " *oold cortsh. 54/56 per bag of 224 ibs., ancl ]ocal flour sri.49ib0 per bag of e24lbs.43,200 loaves of mixed flour w,ould cost 1g cents per loaf for flour, and thesame applied to 51,840 loaves.
Taking overhead charges at 10 cents per loaf, a mixed flour loaf wouldt:ost, all in,29 cents, while, if made of local flour, a joaf should only cost27 cents.
The present day retail price of bread was 48 cents and wholesaie 40 cents.Meut.-Mr. Newmirtk pointed out thrrt the Statistiriln hacl published the
fact that the cost'of nrcat (retail) had g'one trp 75 per cent. since 1g22.
rre undelstood that in 1922 the butcher_lvas p.rriirg on a general averagebetween,€4 and €5 for his rneat on the hoof,-but to-ciay he was payiigLetweeu J7 and fB.
A butcher in 1922 received- "oth-Tg'
for his hides or offal. To-day hereceived from Sh. 18 to Sh. 20 for a hicle, and Sh. 5 for offat.
Mr. Newrnilrk's considt:red opinion was that the cost of the whoiesalethe retail prices. IIeiTices of meat had not gone up in cornparison with
thought the former had gone up 20 per cent. on1y. Itgoocl meat could be boug'ht at B0 cents per ib. whichat Sh. 1/30. He hiniself was buying meat at Kajiado
was known to-day thatin town was being soldat 50 cents per Ib.
I{e drew attention to t}re lack of sufficient competition and free access tothe meat-producing districts.' House Rents.-Mr. Newmark referred the commission to the questionof household statistics-what a man earned and his expenditure in ielationrhereto. IIe was expounding no new theory with regard io these statistics andthe.accepted percentage had been laid down by many authorities;p"; tii;subject.
50
ft was well known that no ordinary wrrking-class householcler could afiorclto pay more than 7$ per cent. of his salary for house rent. I{e went on to saythat the total population of Nair,obi was 30,000; namely, Europeans 3,000,Asians 11,000, natives 16,000; and the total earning capacity was about9150,000.
The spending capacity of Kenya anrl I-Igand& was roughly i17,000,000per annum. By that he meant that J17,000,000 worth of stuff was sold torhe inhabitants of Kenya and Uganda. The consurnption of goods proclucedin Kenya ancl sold in the country amounteil to nearly one ancl a half millions.
Mr. Newmark statetl that generally speaking the cost of houses was33 per cent. to 50 per cent. highel tiran it was five or six years ago.
Having referred to the . 83 houses rented by the Government and thehig'h rentals paid as against private persons, NIr. Newmark said that somemonths ago His Excellency had refelred to the housing question, but hervould imagine that he had not had placerl belore him the fact that Govern-nrent was paying more for houses than ordinary individuals.
In reply t'o a question he said that he would be in favour of a schemewlrereby Government advauced nloney to nrembers of the Civil Service, at, alow rate of interest, to allow them to purchase houses, provided that thecost of each house was strictly limited to the occupant's earning capacity. Hebasecl his statement that (*overturtent was paving higher rentals upon hispersonal experience. He opined that the P.W.D., rvith a little more businessacumen, would get houses for considerably less than they were paying.
40. Mn. Josrrs MoRTrrrrun, Nairobi.(Retired Butcher.)
10tlr, May, Lg2B.
With legarcl to larrcl tettule, IIr. Nlortirrret saitl that he wished to amplif;rwhat he had stated in his letter to the Oorntuission (Merno. N<-r. 40, ilatedApril, 1928, see p. 14).
He thought thtlt freehold, as giving the best security for improvements,coupled with an undevelopecl lanil or site value iax. would encourage greaterdevelopment and preveut artificial inflatiorr of values.
IIe unclerstood that at present rto taxes were paid il respect <-rf freehoklland.
He thought that land tenur,e had a leL'y clirect eltect upon the cost ofliving. If all lanrl rvere taxed uporr the uuirnpror.eil valne, whether occupiedol'not, there rvould be gleater developurent ancl lower rents.
Questioned reg'arding the lelative relills of g'md and bad land urrder thepresent systern of leasehold. X,Ir. Mott;irrrer poitrted out that the taxation ofeach piece of fueehold laud would be based u1rcrr its a.ctual value, whereas thepresent systeur created inequalities. Ile instanced the higher ground rentsof plots in Sixth Avenns as compared lvith sites of equal value in GovernmentIload.
He understood that there were alreatly a considerable number of freeholdplots throughout the Colony.
He thought too that, if for any re&son the residential value of land inugricultural districts was likely to inrprove the Government should share thebenefit of the increased value.
Meat.-Wtth regard to the quality of meat, NIr. Xfortimer thought itwas a fact that one firnr witli its large nrentbership and wide field of operationshad created almost a monopoly in glade cattle and sheep.
It was almost inrpossible for other butchers to obtain grade cattle.As far as he knew no hand feeding was done.
For these reasons, the Veterinary Depa.rtment, should do all it could tot)pen up any further ,sources of supply. It was a very great handicap thatonly ten or twelve days' supply of cattle or ,sheep could be brought intoNairobi with safety. If kept in torvn beyoud that period the animals werealmost -certain to fall sick.
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lnconte Tat,.-\[r. Mortimer suggested incorne tax as a means of revenud.t{e rlicl not think that a lig}rt tax of this description would retard ilevelopment,and urged that this tax rvhen applied in 1921 had not hatl a fair trial.
He did not lo,se sight of the frrct thirt capital frorn a,broail was requiredin the Colony fol developnrent, and s'ould like to irvoid taxing it, but, onthe other hand, large incorrres lvhich escapecl trxation were being rnaile incofiee, sisal, nraize and cornmercial utrdertakings. His chief object was tor,elieve the (lovernnrent of llte necessitl'of collecting revenue frour Custorns,so that it rrright be free to rleal rvith Custotns in the best interests of thecountry.
Witness urged that, it r,l,as no pir,r't of tlie ltailway Manag-ement's dutyto act as Custorns officers. 'I'he railway taliffs should be based upon purelvbusiness principles only.
Farming.-If any tax at all r,vele fountl necessary, Mr. Mortiurer saiclhe would prefer to tax flour and leave wheat as free as possible. It would givework to the looal rnills, and the b1,-11'oducts of rvheat,, blan, pollard, etc.,were uecessru'y fbl the use o1 the tlaily falrners, lr'ho rvould liave to do morehand feeding than hitherto.
If wheat lvere al.lowecl io cotrre into the ct-rttutry f'ree ol nearly free ofduty, it woulil nol, intedere seriously witli the wheat industry, but would beof great atlvantage to the country.
He understood thai for baking the proportion nrust be at least one bagof imported flour to t'tuo bags of the Iocal product.
IIe was certain that the Custotrrs hari irelpetl to rrraintairr the highestprices for local wheat, and lte t'el'etled to tlre c,ase of llutter, New Zealand andDanish, which, in the worsl tirrres, c<-rttld be bought in Ilnglarrtl at Sh. 2per pound.
Second Memorandum from Mn. Jospps MoRtrtttEn, Nairobi.12th May, 1928.
When I was before the Commission on Thursday the 10th inst. I wasaskecl if I could give the names of countries which had adopted the policy oftaxation of " Uncleveloped l:anrl Values. " I could not give the information atthe time, so by your cout'fesy rrray f suppleutertt rry eviclence by the accom.panying memorandum.
Yours, etc.,Josnpn Monrrypn.
Results ol Rating Land Valu.es in tlte Dominions.Mention has been made that the Rating of Land \ralues is in force inr
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. The following are a fewstatements which explain some of the benefits that have been derived from thereform.
QureNsr,rNl.-In his oflicial report to the British Government (see BlueBook CD. 4750) on ttre Queensland systeur of rating, Mr. L".C. Corrie, Presi-dent of the Queensland Institute of Architects, said : The new system of taxa-tion, falling as it has fallen, upon the unimproved vtrlue of Lrnd. owners havefelt the strain severely, and this incidence. it is believed, will alwayshave a tieterrent effect upon the holding of laud for rrrerely speculative purposes.fn the provision of the unimproved-value-of-land basis for taxation, one of theprinciples involvecl, viz., the stinrult.rs expected to accrue tos,ard the promotionof improvements, was very early recognised in this State.
Nprv Sourn Wer,ns.-In 1912 ninety nlayols and alder.men in the muni-cipalities surrounding Sydney dlew up and signed a docurneut which said inregard to the rating of land values:-
It has reduced the rates of a very large propoltion of the ratepayers,although we are raising a large revenue. It has stimulated the building tiade,employment is more constant, and business genrally is on a rnuch sounderfooting. It had iniluceil a number of ratepayers to build, or dispose of landwhich they lvere not able or lvilling to use theurselr.es. It specially
52
benefits those ratepayers rn'hose use of lancl is rnost eftective and creditable tothe municipality, lrlhile it has put eflective pressure upoll i:r nurriber of ownersof itlle or partly used land to change their: tactics.
The I-:ord Muyo. of Sydney in June, 1f)17, said: I_Incler this systementerprises that have beautilied the city liar,.e beerr relieved of taxation in agreat number of cases whilst the land jobbers, with old buildings on valuablesites, have been penalised.
Sourrr'Ausrner,te.-Tlre 'lown Clerk of 'I'hebtrrton, in a report on thetrew system, has said: 'Ihe effect on land speculittion has been to induce largeowners to cut up their land and sell it out in tllotnrents. Ir'or instance, 134acres of vacant, land, let for grazing pulposes, only paid Jl)1/7s. in rtates,whereas under the new system it paid J25,i/11)s. llhis forced the ortrners tocut it up, and now there are trvo factories rrnd eig'hty-one houses on the land.When rates were removed fronr buikling to the unimproved land value aninducement was offered to willing persons to erect buildings within the muni-cipality, which they have taken aclvantage of.
Npw Zn-ql,eNo.-The Town Clerk of Wellington, in his Anrrnal Report(1902-3) to the Mayor ancl Counciliors of the City, sairl : The result of the,first year's trial of this systern niust be considelecl a gratifying one, and leavesno rooln for regret at its adoption. 'Iliat whicli rn as claimetl by its exponentshas been amply fulfilled ; it encour:rges iurprovements, stimulates the use ofland. . and paralyses the oltl systern urrder which rental values coulcl,by simple manipulation, r'educe local taxirtion to a farce. It is onlystating a fact, to say that nruch, if not all, of the activity of the buildingoperations of the City and surroundings during the past year, is due to theinfluence of this healthy nreasure.
fn New Zealand the systeni of lating on land values is optional-that isto say it is adopted if the local authority concernetl decides in favour of thechance. Only those ratepayers can vote fol the proposiri who orvn land in thedistrict. The best tribute to the s(rccess of ttie systern is the fact that since1896 the movement has steadily gro\r'rr. Up to Nlay, 1919, the rating of landvalues had been carried in ll8 of tlie 1l7 counties nnd in 61 of the 116 boroughs.Only in four cases, as the result of polls tirken, have locaI authorities reverteclto the old systern, and these were trll snrilll pluces.
Tnlusveer,.-The following infonuation, publislred by the Labour Woild,Johannesburg, of August 29th, 1918, shor,r,s thrlt tho change has been to theaclvantage of the orrlinary houselLoldels, rvhile penalising the speculative landcompanles.
The Johannesburg Assessment Cards are being deiivered for payment onsite values only, and the drop in the arnourrt due is so sudderr from the previousaccount rendered, tliat the property liolder scents sornething " fishy " in it,especially as the atternpt has been rnade to say that taxation is increasing.
Quite a nuniber ale r.vaiting f<tr another account to be rendered for theproperty, for the news that the l1rst account is the last they ar.e liable for, istoo good to be tru,e.
We subrnit the follor,ving irrstatrces, tirlien frorn ofllcial lecords, to showwhat the alteration nleans to tlie owner of ploperty. 'rhe stand number isnot given here, but is on the records rnentioned.
The old rate was 2fd. on thc capital value oI land and buiidings ; the nervrate is 6$d. on the capitai value of land alone.
Valu,ation.Lancl. Buildings. Olcl rate.
S, J Ss. d.10 90 12 117 600 619 1
10 96C 11 2 :)55 590 77 1t)
520 5,490 68 17 4475 16,000 lBB 15 6
tr'orest Hill
Melville
Parktown
I'lew rate.Js. d.0510370471111
1.1 - f-LO O L)
11 9BThese examples are sufficient to sho"v the striking difference between the
old rate and the new.
5:-l
The reasons for the opposition of the Township Companies can be seenin the same records 'uvhere those mentioneil alone liave to pay !75,520 10s. 1d.more than in 1915-16.
Cexaoe..-The result of rating lanrl values oniy is illustratecl by theexperieuce of the Hudson l3iry Cornpuny, rvhich had lvithheld from use aof land in the centre of Edmonton. In 1912, after the rates were concentratedon to land values only, the Cornpany hatl to pay.€45,000 in rates, which causedthem to undertake the sub-division and disposal of the land.
W'h,at the Ratinq ol Site Vah,res uil,l do.
Ii will bring land now hekl idle into beneficial use. The revenue deriverlfrom this new xrorce v'ill reduce the burden ott the plesent ratepayers.
Under its operation public irni.l'overnents, which raise the value of land,will increase the revenue of tlie conittiunity.
It will g-ive an inrpetus to tlie buikliug- lrade by rnaking land available andremoving the rate charge now levied on the buildings.
ft will create irn increased demarrd for labour in the building trade and allthe allied trades.
It will increase competition amongst owners of unoccupied land to getusers for their land, and this cottrpetition will prevent owners from adding therate to the price of the lantl.
It will induce the rate cliarge on property whele the value of the buildingis greater than the value of the lancl .
It wilt solve the slurrr pr,oblem by making it unprofitable to keep dilapi-dated buildings on valuable Iand.
It will improve the health of the cornnrunity by the lemoval of insanitarydwellings.
These social advantag'es rlo trot exist in theory only. They have followedthe application of the principle of Ratrng L,and Values wherever the principlehas been adopted.
Tire folegoingCommittee for the
is an exttacL fto'lu a 1;arrrlrirlet I'trblished b,t'tlre Ilniterltaxation of f-larrcl \ralues, Westrninster llouse, S.W. 1.
To this list of municipalities can be added Nairobi for rating purposes.
Fortunately, in Kenya the taxing of irnprovernent has never been intro-duced.
The underlying principles of the leasehold systems in vogue is the " Taxa-tion of Unimproved Iranrl Yrrlues," but ihe intervais of revision, g'enerally 30
years, are far too long. ilhe valuations gets out of touch u'ith the real values,
elspecially in townstrips and in the neighbourhood of ltrrge towns ; the changes
wl-ren made on revisiin, rrrust be Inore or less violeut anrl the increase in landvalues is being appr,opriated bl priYate intei:ests over long periods.
To prevent altificia.l inflati,on of lancl values and to secure the fullest and
hest use of land in totvn ritd countly, lesidential, cotttmercial or agricultural,one must have security that rvhatevel his labour or capital procluces on the landshall be his.
I therefore eontencl that freehold tenure with taxation on the proper
unimproved vahte, wliether the land is used or lying idle, will accomplish this.
The result being uroi'e abundant and cheaper production. ancl lower rents,
which must necess"iily 1rur," a marked effect on the cost of living.
Josppu Nfonrrlmn.
46.
54
Me,ron C. Sruplu, Planter, Ngong.
I\th May, 1928.
Major Steele statecl that he considered that the extraordinarily high costof vegetables, during the recent shortage, was very largely due to the fact thatso many people, such as boarding-house keepers, who could make contractsdid not do so.
It was admittecl that, during tirnes of plenty, they could bu.y in the localmarket slightly cheaper thau bv contrirct, but orr a balance througlrout the year,a contract with a, producer would pay them vely well indeed.
When it was a case of a regular contract witness did not mind whotu hesupplied. He had offered his produce to man-y of the sltops and sometimegsupplied stuff to one or two dealers in Nairobi.
Ifis present price, in the case of sorne contracts, was 17 cents per lb flatrate.
Witness thouglit a grea,t inrprovement uright be effected if a market forEuropean-grown produce were held under covelsay upon two morrrings a week.He did not suggest an auction market as most people hatl not the necessarytime to aitend auctions. Neither would he suggest the erection of an expensivebuilding, th,e rent or interest of u,hich would add to the cost of retailing.
He agreed that, such a scheme would not be popular with the shops.
Asked if he considered Europeau growers in ol neau Nairobi were able tosupply the demand Majgr Steele stated that production, at the present time,was increasing rapidly. Ile himseif rvas producring about two tons per monthbut what other people wele doing he could not say.
29. Mns. M. l'ooris, of thika.30th. lVag, 7928.
Mrs. Focks appeared as replesentative of the llast Africa lMomerr's Leagueand submitted ihe tbllowing resolutions passed by that body :-
" 1. That in view of the fact that the local producers do not seeurable to provide us with the essential local foodstuffs, the protective ilutiesbe taken off to enable us to obtain such foods as we require (which arenot luxuries) and at a reasonable price."
" 2. That the attention,of Governrnerrt be dlawu to the serious short-age of meat in the Colony and the cousequent high prices demanded whichare adversely aflectiug all races of the community, and that Governmentbe invited to investigate any other ayenues of supply and to remove anyhindrances that exist."
" 3. That this rneeting urges that bread be sold by weight throughourthe Colony."
Mrs. F,ocks stated that the very high cost of living was a,ffecting adverselythe small salaried farnilies of all races; if the duties were removed it woultlenable the local suppliers to import an adequate supply to meet local demandsduring the yearly dry periods and retail at moderate prices.
Since February tlis year the prices of butter and sugar had steadilyincreasecl and these articles were alnoug the ntost essential fooclstuffs producedlocally and in the witness's opinion retailed at a higher price per lb. than inany other country she knew.
Butter in Souih Africa was retailed at frour 10d. to Sh. 2 per lb. all theyear rouncl.
In Kenya Sh. 1 per lb. for butter was unheard of ; the lowest price beingSh. 2 to Sh. 2125 per lb.
If butter was produced and retailed at from 10d. to Sh. 2 all the yearround in a country like South Africa, where labour r.vas better paid and stockhand-fed during the winder months, there seemecl no reason for the high prices
55
deTanded in Kenya where a small perceniage only of farmers fed their stockand. labour was,cheaper, unless it was ascribed to the high protective duty andan insufficient local supply. rt was believed that butte.r could be retailbd, ifimportetl free of duty, at Sh. 2 per lb.
With regard to.sugar, flour, cheese ancl bacorr-all ,essential foodstuffs-ifthe duties wefe removed, local competition would soon reduce the retail pricesto reasonable rates. The witness ag'ain drew a comparison between the pricesin Kenya and South Africa of the following articles produced in both countries :
35 ,, ,,tl60 ,, ,,2125 ,, ,,
South Africa was quoted because farming conditions there were somewhatlike those prevailing in Kenya.
Particular attention shoukl be drawn to the enormous differ,ence betweenthe price paid to the grower for his wheat and the retail price of flour.
The grower got about Sh. 25 for what was ultimately sold to the consumerfor Sh. 70.
On the Johannesburg rnarket, which was supposed to be the best, theSouth African grower got Sh. 27 16 per 200 lb. bag of flour.
The E.A.W. League was of the opinion tliat a reduction of rail freights onflour and other necessities would help to recluce local prices.
With regard to the second resolution Mrs. Focks mentioned that up to afew years ago, a large number of cattle were drawn from the Northern I'rontierand sold by traders at Gilgil. This had been stopped by veterinary regulationsand it was requested that Government would investigate the question of re-opening the area ancl trade routes with a view to reilucfng the meat shortag'eand securing a regular suppl;, at a cheaper rate than the present price of grademeat.
The witness did not suggest that cattle farmers who had importecl gooclstock should be called upon to reduce their price but that Government shoultlallow cheaper meat to be brought in for the use of the poor. Many people inthis country could not buy the common necessities of life and did not havemeat to eat more than once a week. People who could alTord to pay for luxuriesmust do so, but essentials must be provided as chililren must be properly fedto be properly developed.
A man in South Africa was wel] off on J20 a month but in this country onthat wage he coulcl not possibly do his duty to his wife and children.
Government hacl ailoweil this class of person to enter the country anilthere were numbers of them u'ho had got to be considered.
Witness thought the price of bacon scanilalous ; when there were sufficientpigs the factory offered 18 cents per lb., so she gave up keeping them. Shehad solcl the progeny of imported pigs, that should have reaiised !,4 at Sh. 10to'get ricl of ihem. She ha<l not sufficient faith in the buyers to warrant pigkeeping again.
Speaking upon the third resolution Mrs. tr'ocks pointed out that at someshops one was given a loaf weighing 74 ozs., at others less, while at someplaces, a pound of breail could be'bought'
She had never hearcl of any inspection or prosecution under the existinglaw which appeared to be a dead letter. She was not in favour of peoplebuying bread. but some women could not make their own as they had workto clo.
Questioned by Mr. I-,egat regarding ckrthing, the witness considered thatthe cost was at least 50 per cent. higher than in South Africa. She coulcl sendto England for any frock over the value of J2 and it would be delivered at herpost office with a 20 per cent. dutY, but postage free.
If firms abroad would clo that for a retail buyer there was no reason whythe local wholesale buyer should not get a greater recluction,
SugarX'lourCheese
Bacon
Kenga.40 cents. per lb.
South Atrica.25 cents. per lb.24 ', ',8 lbs. for 10i-
1/- per lb.
56,
Askecl by Mrs. Beaton if it was not the case that some wom€n had trieclto help their husbands by selling fruit but had given it up owing to low pricesobtained, Mrs. Focks replied that stre herself had done so. She had had 20acres of citrus, 10-18 years old and had sold the fruit at Sh. 3 per 100, picked,properly packed nad delivered f.o.r. Nairobi Station. This price did not payfor packing cultivation, manure and sprayiug and the result was that the wholeorcharcl was destroyed with the exception of enough for the use of the family.The shopkeepers who paid Sh. 3 per 100 usually retailed ihe fruit at 10 forsh. 1.
45. Mn. Anrnun Bucsex.q.N SANDS, Auctioneer, Nairobi.
30tlt, May, L928.
Mr. Sands answered tlie following questions put to him by the Chairmanand members.
The ChairmYou hold a weekly rnarket, do you not?-Yes.
What can you tell us of the shortage qf cattle ; is there a shortage ofcf c.:t,tle?-Yes, there is decidedly a shortage'
IIave you any idea on the subject of the shortage?-Well, there is one
very big item corning into it and that is that the bulk of the cattlefarm,ers in this country are going into dairying and not ranchingany ionger; they supply the creameries and then they cannot feedtheir bull calves and knock them on the head at birth; thereforethere will be a shortage of steers.
Whai about native cattle?-There is 60 per cent. of the catile; I havenot gone into figures, but from the observations I have made I cansay that 60 per cent. only in Nairobi corne from the reserves ancl arenative stock; the quality is extremely bad.
From what point of view?-Thin, and the good cuts are not on them.The best native cattle tirey have got are the Botan, which reserve isat present closed and has been since 1921.
For veterinary purposes?-Yes, I think it was 1927 ot 7922.
what rernedy do you suggest for the poor quality and the shortageof cattle;we cannot rnake people keep thern if they do not, want to?-Outside of perhaps six people there is l1o one at all ranching in thiscountry, and the rest do not cclunt at all.
Mr. Legat:-With regard to the shortage of beef in this country, do you think it would
be possible for butchers to look ahead a little bit and keep stocksahead of their requirelnents?-They cannot get stocks; for the Iasttwo years in the sales at Naivasha I do not suppose we have averaged16 fat bullocks, wheteas, prior to that we used to have about 200 a
month; I arr talking of fat stock.
European stock?-Yes, I do not suppose there has been an average of 16a month.
Would the best tliat comes into the market here be considereil the bestat h,ome?-Very little of it would be A1 quality-perhaps 10 per cent.
It would b,e considered fit for consurnption?-Yes, but it is not. firstquality; the bulk of the beef here would be third and fourth quality.
The Chairman'-What would be the whoJesale price of that in New Zealand?-Sh. 28 to
Sh. 30 per 100 lbs., for first quality.
That is the wholesale price?-Yes.
What would the beef be like ?-The bulk of ihe beef sold here wouklrcalize in New Zealand from Sh. 22 to Sh. 26 f.or 100 lbs.
n7
Mr. Legat:-Where does the bulk of meat that comes to Nairobi come from ?-The
Masai Beserve.
Ilave you any idea of the number of head that come in?-Every day?
Every montli?-Yes, the nunrber of head that comes every month wouldbe approxirnately 600.
Ilave you any idea nlrtt price tlre butchels pa,y to the natives?-No, itis all done by private treatt,; this }Iasai stuff kills at frorn 200 to300 lbs. a beast; the best Boran and Suk ayera,ge at about 350 lbs.
What is your opinion as to the nutrition of native cattle as compared withgrade caitle?-I do not think there is any difference, it is a questionof feeding.
You do not consider there is niore rntrition in native cattle than in grade?
-They are longer growing than good grade stock ; you haYe got to
keep steers instead of having them ready in 2]- to 3 years and theyare not ready tiil 4 and 5 years. It can be done, because I sold abig line of steers attd they realised t7l10l0 each at 2 years olcl; antlyou can put them on the narket rvithout boma-ing at that age.
What difference does boma-iug rnake ?-Cattle like to sleep in the middleof the day and feed at night.
Mr. Wejby:-Keringet sells steers at 3 years?-I do not know whether they have
any steers; perhaps they have a very few; they used to have a biglot.
Mr. Legat:-Is there any particular reason why people are going into dairying so
much nrore and leaving stock farming?-Yes, the price of land; youcannot ranch cattle out here on land at over #1 an acre.
There is a fair death rate, too?-It is not tremendous;the averageispretty good.
Do vou think the industry would be helped by fencing schernes?-Yes,as soor] as they get fenced paddocks they couid run their cattle atnight instead of boma-ing, and if you ferrce and shift frorn onepaddock to another, land ferrced in blocks will carry far more cattlethan land not cut into blocks.
What is the average aol'eage per beast;is there a rough acreage?-In thebest parts of the country, taking it all round, a beasi; to eight acres,and in some of the drier parts I should say a beast to 12 acres; someof the land would carry a lot more in insolated spots.
Do you consider that butchers here charge very high prioes in relationto what they have to pay for anirnals ?-I do not think the pricesare excessive; they lose on their forequarters which go to nativebutchers in the bazaar.
If you go into a shop and ask to buy a forecluarter, rvhat do they charge?
-I do not know.
The Chairman'-A lady said here this afternoon that you got mostly bone at 50 cents
per lb. unless you took the whole forequarter. She got the shankyparts, I suppose. I know the forequarter is a big worry here.
Mr. I-.legat :-Athome it isconsidered very good?-It is the very best; ask Mrs. Beaton.
I have sent for dogs' rrieat here and I get neck of mutton thrownin, because it has been left over.
The Chiarman:-Do you know anything about the supply of sheep; is that on the down-
grade or the increase?-We have just started on Boran sheep fromthe Northern Fronti-er ; they are very much smaller than grade, butthere is a big trade in them among the Indians. The number ofsheep in the country is increasing.
,58Is that independent of the wool industry?-It is the rvool inclustry which
is pushing up the increase of sheep.
What is the averag'e price of ol 200 nr 300 lbs. bullock?-I cannot tellyou about native stock, because f do not lflrow, but grade stock andstock sokl through the a,uction realisetl froni Sh. ilO to Slr.33 per 100lbs. A 400 lbs. bullock rvould average S6/10/0.
And what about the price of sheep ?-Sheep are only 30 to 33 cents perlb. alive. If you have got a wether weighing about 100 lbs. it isworth about Sh. 30 to Sh. 33. I do not l<now the weight of nativesheep; the Boran makes Sh. 16 to Sh. 19 in Nairobi alive.
Their dead weight rvould not be very great ?-I do not know their weighi;there is quite a lot ea,ten by Europeans : they eat very well.
Mr. Welby:-Ifow far do you think the present shqrtage of cattle is seasonal?-You
have to go back to 1922-23, when quite a large number of cattlecame from the Northern Frontier, brought in by the Greeks, bothbefore and after the war; there were a lot in the country rounclRumuruti anil I suppose 2,000 or 3,000 head of steers came ilribblingin. That is closecl completely : then the creameries started and wherethey are milking you do not get fat bullocks; no cloubt it has beena very bad year, there is a big shortage of steers.
Mr. I-regat :-I woulcl like to ask about the sale of fruit anrl vegetables ; cluring the ilry
weather is the supply very much under what you can sell?-Yes.
The supply is not equal to the demand in either of these things?-No,'but it is only for a very short time-perhaps two months at theoutside, I should say.
Do you consider that the prices are hig'h?-Yes, but not every year;lastyear there was no shortag'e at all and vegetables were low in priceall throug'h the tlry weather ; this year there was a big shortage.
ll'he Chairman:-What is that due to?-Springs drying up and no lvater ili the soil; we
have had four fairly dry years.
1.926 was'"r,et.-Yes, but taking the average it is the.driest period wehave had fot 24 vears from the Kyambu boma.
Mr. I-:egat :-Are the supplies of poultry fairly regular?-Poultry is going tlown in
price anil supplies are working up rnonth after month'
There is bigger production now ?-Very much bigger production and theUkamba chickens are much better as Government have been supply-ing good big cockerels ancl the native chickens are showing the effectof this new blood.
Is the price at which you sell the pouliry in these days tt, reasonableprici?-I consider ii is quite reasonable.
'Ihe Chairman :-What sort of price do they fetch?-Chickens are fetching Sh. 2 to Sh. 4;
ducks from Sh. 3/6 to Sh. 516 and turkeys from Sh. 9 for hens,to Sh. 14;and lior gobblels from Sh. 15 to Sh.22, which is quitereasonable ?
Mr. Welby:-what is the cqmparative price of slaughter stock in south Africa?-l ilo
not know the South African nriarket; I thirtk they are much about thesame as here, but irr this cottntry I do not know whether it isbecause of the boma-ing, but you do not get the same weight as
you do in other ceuntries. If you look at a mob of bullocks, yottmight think they would be about 800 lbs., but they would be onlyabout, 500 lbs. They never seeur the same as in other countries.
59
such as New Zealand, and it is very rarely that you get a bullockover 500 lbs., except special beasts ; you very rarely get a line ofbullocks going 500 lbs.
Mr. Legat :-As regard butter, has the shortage this year been normal, or has it b,een
rather more pronounced than in previous years?-Yes, and of lateyears Indians are eating a lot more butter than in former years ;
when we started the market first we had very few Indian clients,but nor,v they take quite a big amount of butter.
fs that sold to intlividual Tndians or to shops?-Roth, especially the shopsdown River Road.
Since October of last yenr you have always been short of stocks-ofbutter, I suppose?
The price has gone up ; on one occasion it was over Sh. 3/20, but now itis Sh. ll50 to Sh. 2,
The Chairrnan :-That is a seasonal shortage rvhich happens every year?-Not to such a
great extent, but it does happen.
What about fruit?-There is quite a good supply of fruit coming- in.
I)oes that get fairly good prices?-Yes, the nuntber of producers isincreasing every y€ar and trore people are goir-rg iu for fruit.
Most of the evidence u,'e have htrtl is that people aI'e going out of fruitbecause the terms are so low.-Are they sperrking of citrus?
Yes, mainly, I think.-There ale quite a lot of people going in forapplies, pears, plums, etc., now, and it is very good quality fruit,too.
Ilave you got any views on a urunicipal market?-fn a verv short timeyou will sea a market running'two or three days a week.
That is a private affair'?-Yes.
Mr. Welby:-You rnean itn iruction malket ?-Yes.
Mr. I-.iegat :-.That should have u tendency t<l keep prices dowrr in the shops ?-l think
the only way to handle lrcrishable fruit is by auction; all the bigplaces in South Aft'icir, -'\usttaliil, Neu' Zeitland and South Americailre run by attotiotr.
Could that auction busilress not be extended to other things, such asmeat ?
The Chainuan.-It would be rather difficult to auction a rirutton chop.
Meat is auctioued in South Africa, Austlalia and Nerv Zealand whole-sale; beef is sold by sides and sheep by carcases, but it requires a
mint of money, as yon rnust have coid storage and must regulateit son-rehow ; if ;,'ou get hundretls of bullocks when only fifty arerequirgd you have got to have somewhere to store them.
Mr. Legat:-Would this ma'rket have rnilk in it?-No.
The Chairman'-You would not deal in perishable stuff like nrilk and rneat ?-Milk has
to be delivererl every niorning at the tloor.
Mr. Welby:-Ifave you any estimate of what is the amount of butter proiluced in the
country outside the creameries?-I could not tell you.
You have no idea?-No.
Is there any other observation vou would like to rnake ?-No ; I thinkit is high living and not the cost of living which is to blame,
.)
.60
1. Mn. L. P. RonrNsol, at Nairobi.
(Manager of the Anglo-Baltic Timber Co., Ltd.)l9th, June,7928.
Mr. Robinson answered the following questions put to him by the Chair-man pnd Mcnrbers :-
What sort of timber do you deal in, imported or local?-Local only.
Can you give us any information about imported timber?-We getquotations frorn Scanclinavian firrns re imported timber. With the
. present protective duty it is n,ot admissible to import it.I{ow does the duty affeci it?-Can you tell me anything regarding the
price or percentage of imported timber?-Abitut 6il cents per squarefsoi
That is with duty?-Yes, in Nairobi.
What kind of timber is that?-Swedish deal.
What is the cost of podo?-'Ihe cost of podo lan,led in Nairobi is about24 cents.
Can you tell us how much the 63 cents is representecl by railage and duty?
-I could not say exactly.
fs there a preferential duty betu,een imported and local iimber?-Yes.Imported tinrber is rated at Class 6, whilst local timber is rated atClass 9 (okl Class 1).
Mr. Welby:-ff the duty were removed, could the imported timber compete with the
Iocal timber?-Yes, not necessarily Swedish deal, but Canadiandouglas fir.
IIow does that compare in quality ?-It is a timber that is not lar"gelyknown out here, but in South Africa it is very largely used.Just now some Canadian firms have been exporting to this countrydouglas fir joinery.
The Chairmar :-That is seasonecl wood, is it?-It is.
Is that cheaper ot tlearer tharr the Scandarravian?-Ctreaper.
What would ihat cost?-It would werk out at 52 cents per square foot.
Mr. Welby:-What is, roughly, the amount of timber used in, say, a 93,000 house?-
It is irnpossible for me to say ; that would be for contractors, etc.
The Chairman:-What are the costs or cest of cement? Can you tell us what percentage
is represented by railage; the cost in Nairobi, for instance?-Acask is Sh. 4172 from the Coast. (Old rate Sh. B.)
Does that include duty?-No. Sh. 2 per barrel.
Whai is the cost of barrels landed in Nairobi?-The cost would be aboutSh. 22; that is the cement we purchase. Of course there are foreignbrands which, I believe, can be purchased cheaper.
Ten shillings of that is represented by railage and duty?-Yes, practically.
What other building material enters largely into construction?-ft alldepenrls upon the building.
You don't cleal in tiles?-No.
Do you know the dutv on tiles?-Yes, 10 per cent.
61
Mn. Anrnun C. TeNN-l.HrLr,, at Nairobi.(I\Ianager of the Equator Saw Mills).
19th June, 1928.
Mr. Tannahill stated that he had been asked to give evidence on timberiin relation to Customs duty. He took that as the main issue.
The witness then read the following mernorandum.
7. Cwstoms Duty.In 1922 (Ordinance No. 13 of 1922) a Customs Duiy of 50 per cent. was
levied on tirnber. This was reduced fronr lst January, 1924 (OrdinanceNo. 36 Of 1923) to 30 per cent., at rvhich latter rate it lernains to-day.
2. Prices o'f local timber be'jore institution of Protectirse 1'arifls and, to-duy.In October, L921, at, a rueeting of the whole of the tirnber millers, min-
imum prices to be charged for timber in Nairobr were agreed and arecornpared with to-day's prices as follows :-
The prices quoted are per ton measurement of 50 cubic feet.
L-ccla.r
Pt;,do
It is maintained that the irnposition of a protective tariff against foreigncompetition has enabled the local miller and merchant to establish the localtimber industry and has resulted in a 25 per cent. benefit to the consumer.
3. Prices ol imported cleals at Morytbasa.I have this month received the following quotations for imported deals
at llombasa :-In bcnd: Sh. 170 per ton. Ex. godown: Sh. 240 per ton.
The clifference between the price " in bond " and " ex. godown'l ismade up as follows :-
Price in Bond,4dd Customs Duty at 30 per cent. ...
,, IIanclling, transport, storage, breakages
Price ex. goclown Sh. 240
Assuming the importer allorvs 10 per cent. profit, the probable cost ofimportecl timber c.i.f. and landing charges Mombasa is about Sh. 155 per ton.
4. Compari,son ol prices in ll[ombasq under o,srious scales of Duty ; imported,d,eals and local timber.
PRrcBs Pnn Tol
Charges Ex. Godown
sh.170
51
19
I\IPoRTED f)l]els--
No duty charged
10)i dutY charged
3Colo duty char.ged
Loc-tlr. Pooo
221On RailSh. c!.190 40
Shs.
t9
t9
19
10
Shs. ct.
189 C0
246 CA
240 c0
vJ9 40
Liqt Prices.June,1923
Trade Prices
June,1928Rt'ductionsirrce 1921
The local timber is only slightly dearer at a l0 per cent. duty.
62
5. Comporrtioe up-cou.ntry prices.fmportecl tirnber is chalgetl fol raihvay freight uutler Class 6.
I-:ocal timber is chat:ged for t'trilway .freight under Cllass g.
Irnported tinrber weighs apllroxiruatelv 2,(xX) lbs. pel tou rueasurement.I-rocal podo tinrber weighs apploxiruately 2,500 lbs. per ten measurement.
The railway freight charge florn Nlourbasa to Ntrirobi, l)30 miles, is :-For iurported tirnber: 2,(XX) Ibs. at 4.07 per 100 lbs. ... Sh.81/40For local tinrber: 2,500 lbs. at 1.76 per 100 lbs. Sh.44/00
In the following comparison it is assuuied tliat the locill prices forimported deals will be the bontled plice plus r:ail freight otrly, whereas an extracharge for handling and storage rrt destinatiotr lvoulcl necessarily be incurred.
The prices given are per ton of 50 cubic feet.
| ,,,,I at tO'l,
Dutyat 309'i
I
l
r
,
t
Plact:
Nairobi
N{ajiNlazuri
6
9
Ex. ,vard
6
9
251 40 268 40
193 60
180 00
285 00
221 @
140 00
210 60
180 00
302 00
238 00
,Slt. ct.
302 40
243 60
180 o0
336 00
272 00
140 00 |
r40 cn
6. Amount of timber u,sed, in build,ing.
I have been entleavouring te ascertain what prop,ortion the cost of timberbears to the total cost of a building, and it of course varies enormously witlrthe type of builcling.
My firm recently erected the steel and concrete buildiig in Sadler Street,now occupied by Messrs. Ilutchings, Bienrer & Co.. at a total cost of J6,00();the timber useal cost only !72, equivalent to 1.2 per cent. of the total cost.
Mr. Stronach advised nre that liis office estimated for ordinary bungalowcenstruction that 7.6 per cent. of the total cost was timber.
Mr. Wevill was good enough to work out the cost of timber on a S3,000g'ood-class bungalorv r'r.ith u tiled roof , electric wired and good water-bornesauitary fittings, at 1i1.5 per cent. of the total cost.
In the following calculations I have adopted l\1r. Wevill's figures.
7. Saoing in cost of building by total reur,oaal ol Custonw Duty.Reference to paras. 4 and 5 shorv that only Mombasa will benefit by a
recluction in the Customs 'Iariffs on timber and then only by the total removalof Customs Duty.
Per Lon.8h,. cts.209 40
go-down at 189 00
Saving Sh. 20 40
This is a saving of 9.74 per cent., but sa;'10 per cent.
Therefore in buildirrg a ht.ruse thele lvould be a saving of 10 per cent. of13.5 per cent.:1.1J5 per cent. on the totul cos', cf tire building.
On a S3,000 house thele rvould be rr saving of J40 and assuming theowner required 15 per cent. per annlun on iris expenditure the rental couldbe reduced by Sh. 10 per month.
It will be noted that these figures appiy only l; \fcmbast.
'1
The price of podo to-clay in }lombasa isDeal, free of Custotrrs could be sold ex.
63
B. -Loss to the Colony by using iruported, timber d,uty free.On Mr. Wevill's figures of 1.a.5 per cent., a S13,000 house would use $405
worth of timber, equivalent to approximately 43 tons.
By using timber ilrported duty free the Oolony would loose :-(a) Through the Forest Department, loss in
Royalty on 43 tons at Sh. 25 per ton 53 15
(b) Through the llailway, loss in freight chalgeson 43 tons at Sh. 50 per ton ... 107 10
(c) Through the Customs, loss in Duty on 43 tonsat S7 lL\ per ton (J333.5) at 30 per cent ... 100 00
Cash loss to Colony *26L
In addition to the cash loss to the Col,ony of over 4260, about S330 wouldgo out of the Colony, the principal portion of it to N,orway or Sweden, noteven to Great Britain.
9. lmports.In the Forestry pamphlet " Progress B,eport for the Empire Forestry
Conference, 1928 ", Table VI states lhat 646,764 cubic feet of timber havebeen imported into this Colony yearly on an average for the last five years,i.e. since the duty was recluced from 50 per cent. to 30 per cent. Of this total70 per cent. approximately comes from Baltic ports.
This is equivalent to 8,784.71 tons of deals annually.
The annual loss to
Iloyalties andsh. 75
the Colony, in cash, is :- fiRailway frBight, 8,784.7L tons at
Received through Customs, 30 per cent. on f6B,0B0
32,942
20,424
Annual nett cash loss to Colony *1:2,5LB
During the five years the Colony lost in revenue through using importeddeals over 962,000 and sent out of the Colony over J349,000 to pay a foreigncompetitor for goods which could have been supplied locally.
Note.-The Fqrestry Schedule shows the value of the imported timberat only *2 per ton which appears to me wrong, but if correct showsthe annual cash loss to the Colony as much higher than given above,viz. :-
l-ross in }l,oyalties and Rail freightl!
32,942
5,270Iieceived by Oustoms, 30 per cent. on *17,569
Annual nett cash loss to Oolon;1... *27,672
L0. Locut, 'ltrnbets,
Anywhere outside Kenya, where podo has been abominably treated inthe past and where in the Highlands it suflers from a terribly fierce dryclimate, yellow wood or podo carps (gracilior, milungiu,nus and elongato) hasthe reputatrori ef being one of the finest soft woods in the world ; in SouthAfrica a house containing a yellow wood floor iras the fact advertised in salesin large lemers.
It rs rn a class inlinitely supelior to the imported timbers, which aregenerally thrrd or fourth class unsorted, wh€reas lndo would be rated as prime.
Podo rs sxghtly heavicr, has a much eloscr grain and a very much greaterstrength. lnar the rmported deals.
61
The following is a conrparison of thestpengths in pounds per square inch :-
Locai-MusharagiPodo Gransilior
Deals-Oregan PineYellow PineWhite Spruce
respective breaking and crushing
Breaking Crushing
9,200 10,6008,700 5,800
2,9202,6001,940
will be realisedup; local timber
6,3405,4605,200
Mr. Eckbo, the timber-seasoning expert, r,vho reported on timbersseasonecl for Kenya in 1926, said : " Podo is a much superior wood to Arch-a_ngel Second ", and " the Government could well atlopt the policy of usingKenya timbers for Kenya buildings ".tl. Deductions.
(o) B;, using local timbers the consumer is getting a better articre andis therefore not penalised in thai respect.
(b) The Protective Tariff has to a very large extent established the localindustry.
(c) The producer has not used protection to hold up prices to the con-sumer.
(d) since protection was instituted the consunrer has received a 25 percent. benefit.
(e) By removing customs Duiy the saving t,o the consumer at the coastonly, is at the nrost 1.Ib per cent. ou the cost of building.
U) For every J40 saved to the consumer by the rem,oval of customsDuty the Coiony would loose in cash !26llblO.
The Chairman '-What dc the Railwav charge?-On actual weight. It
that we do not send local tinrber fronr }foinbasa,comes'from the Hig-hlands.
rs the up and dor,vn freight the same on _local tirnbel?-yes, except forexport and fo' long distance h.ul to Mombasa. There is arr exportrate which is at 6 ce,ts per ton pe, mile and a rate to Mom6asawhich prescribes a, nraximum of Sh. 2 per 100 lbs.with refere,ce .te. the. conparative staternent re local prices forimported deals, it is fair.ly evident from these figures that the onlypeople who can benefit by a red,ction on the proiective tariff wouldbe those at Monibasa ancr a few rniles up frorri the coast.There_is one grave fear that the tinrber industry has, and that isthat Norway or Sweden rnight clump a shipload Lf tirrrb", into thiscolony at a. ve-ry much lorver price ihan th-at quoted r srr. rzo. rfthey can a{liord to hire a " trar,p " and also ifford to send five orten thousand to,s.of tirnber -they courd get a steamer or sa,ingship ihat woulcl reduce that sh. 170 per ton quiie considerably. r?must be realised tkl if y:u bI{ imported deajs, the money goes toNorway, Sweden, trintand or Riga;it cloes
"ot go il A;;;; ririiri".rs it.not advantageous to import tiniber that is sea,sonetl ?-T-toca! timberis seasoned. 'r'he.e is one difticuity with seasoning timber. rnNairobi the amount of seasoning given to imported ti;be; practically
does not count; it has to be re-ieisoned herel r "u;;i; one or twoexample. The iate sir Northrupp i\racmillan imporiJ a very orrrblack oak refectory table; it aiiived in or aboit ihe middle ofJanuary and by the end of February you could put a fork betweengvqry one of the boards. we suffLr-in Nairobi from-one of thefiercest drying wildg in the world; it is worse trr*-iorrr.rnesburg.r obtain reports of the humidity_ contents of the ,torlffiru throughthe Agricuttural l)epartrnent. i remember one insta"i"-i" Januaryof this year r'vhen, wiririn six days, the humidiiy;;;p#from 96 per
l65
cerrt, to 42 per cerrt. ; 100 per cent. is, of course, satulation point. Irecently received a Burrna forests report on sorne timber seasoningexperiments and there the atnrospliere hunridity clid not drop below75 per cent. fn England I do not know the average humidity, butI very much doubt whether it goes below 65 per cent. in thedriest. It is the smaller rtrnge of variation that makes ali thedifference t,o timber. ilhere is a very old adage u,hich says that " theclimate that is g'ood for iron is bad for timber ". In Mombasa,while timber never goes wrong', corrugated iron may last five orsix years, in Nairobi there is corrugated iron unpainted, in goodcontlition after twenty years' expesure. Podo, through the scandalousway it has been ha,ndled in the past by ourselves and others, I amsorry to say, has got a bad name that is absolutely unwarrantecl.
Mr. Walter:-Without wishing to contest those figures, Mr. Tannahill, have you any
idea what time of the day they refer to?-I understand that theAgricultural Depariment took these at about 9.20 in the morning.
Can you tell us what lecl to the irnposition of 50 per cent. duty?-The50 per cent. was, I think, recommended by the Economic Committeeanil subsequBntly it was reducecl to 30 per cent., I believe due to avery strong outcry that 50 per cent. ma,de it quite prohibitive. fnthose days there was not a recognised substitute for teak as we haveat present. I really do bdlieve ihat the Uganda Mvuli (Uganda Teak)is a very efficient substitute for teak.
(Iieferring to para. 2 relative to the meeting of the timber millers) ; Don'tyou think that this is rather an exarnple of a combine ? You saythat the timber millers fixed the prices at a certain figure. Itseems from the statistics we have had before this Commission thattimber is not the only thing for which the price has been fixed bya combination ?-After the meeting' the millers have broken awayand never met again. The competition is extremely fierce.
It is rather important to call notice to that, ancl, accorcling to what appearshere, a combine has fixed a figure without any qualifications?-Aliowme to cornment upon it. 1 pa,rticularly mentioned it because itwas a definitely recorded figure on il certain knov'n date. Theagreement lasted n<2 longer thatr seven nrotrths and it has never beensuggested since. Competition has ruled prices ever since. Therewas a reduction on railway carriage, I forget the year, on i0 ton lots.ft certainly assisted and that reduction was reflected in the price tothe consumer within a very short tinre. Thele has been a steadyreduction in the plices charged for timber. One of the reasons isthat the output has been incleasing steadily wiihout a proportionateincrease in overheads and the consumer has got the benefit of thereduced costs of production.
Are the forests not being depleted; cutting them down at a greater ratethan trees are being replaced?-Except last year, which was anexceptional year for output, f ihink the Forest Department saydefinitely that they are replacing- rather more than has been cut out.
AII the same type of tree : are they not replacing eucalyptus? This mightappear so at first sight because eucalyptus piantations for fuel pur_poses are very common alongside the Raiiway. If you get awayfrom the Railway you will see hundreds of acres of re-afforestationin indigenous trees, including podo. r think ii is an absolutely safestatement that the Forest Department is keeping up with .thepresent output ancl gradually replacing more than is extracted.r have seen reports, r think from canada, stating that a forest isnot a e,ornmercial proposition unless vou have fort}r to fifty tonsof merchantable timber to the acre. we in Kenya are extremelylucky- if we g'et fifteen tons out of an acre. My loggers will spencltwo days in cutting a small way i,to the jungle to get out a coupleof tons, the jungte being so dense. That is one of ihu rur.oor w-hyit is so frightfully drfficult and expensive to get the timber out.
Mr. Ilornby :-How long, in your own opinion,' indefinitely, so that it shall
66
should the duty remainplevent timber being
country.
What would you say with legarcl to foodstuffs?-I could not say.
'l'he Chairman :-But the same argument does not apply to foodstuffs, does
were importing a shipload of butter, fior instance.oould keep butter for quite a long time in coldnot know how to compare them.
Replying to Mr. Hqrnby : If the Oolony produced at the same priceof the imported article, then, I think, you shoulcl do everything youpossibly can to keep the ilnported article out, especially if it is aforeign imported article. I think we shoultl protect an industry fromhaving fqreign material riumped on to the market.
Mr. Walter:-Ilave vou any idea how ntany people are eurployed in the timber industry
here?-Well, my own firm is only one of nlilny. I think there arehe
T
twenty-flve Europeans, rlost of thenr with fanrilies, twenty to ihirtyhighly-skilled Indians, and about three thousancl natives in my ownfirm directly interested in the work. f have never been able toascertain v'hat our proportion is of the whole output, but I shouldthink we can supply 30 per cent., that is the Equator Saw Mills.
So, in your opinion, it is an industry that is of advantage to the Colonyitself ; that goes to increase the prosperity of the Colony?-Undoubtedly. It is the third biggest traffic on the Uganda Railway,which is something.
The Chairman :-Do you favour an additional freiglrt ort iruyrrted l,rroduce, as well as the
protective tarilf ?-Ncr, it is unnecessary- 1t does not pay to haveimported deals, and those concerned are slowly beginning to realisethat Mvuli, as a substitute for imporied teak, is quite good enoughAs time g\les oD, the importation of timber into Kenya willget less and less. Anrl apart frorn nty luerno. there is one itenrwhich, I think, is going to add to the cost of buildirrg in Nairobi,that is the srrbstitrrtiou for ox ttanspolt, nhicli has to cease in Nairobion Septeurber .1 st. Orre oi the t'ornparries I do business' for arebuilcling a hotel opposite the Nerv Stanlev llotel. frr this connectiorrI had a fir'm's qtrotatiorr fot'the trarrslnlt of brir'l<s by Inclian cartersa Sh.6 per thousand. 'l'he blicks will not be r.equired until afterSeptember 1st, and the lolvest .estirutrte is Sh. 10, mechanicaltranspert, which is no small iiem in transport.
it? Supposing
-I think thatstorage, but I
IIow many bricks can you transp't uow?-A one ton lorlybricks.
Mr. Tannahill went ,on to explain that excavatiou work in black cottonsoil entailed considerable transport. He alluded in this connectionto a big godown being put up in Sadler Street, which necessitatedmany thousand cubic feet of black ootton soil being taken out. Heestirnated that a dillerence in transport of soruewhere about Sh. 4 perton would add very considerably to the cost in the case of a building.
22. I-.letter from Mn. A. C. 'I':rNuAHlLL, with leference togiven orr June 19th, 1928.
lst August, Lg2B
Ot, Trunsport u.nd. Meclrurrical 1'ranspo,rt.
. .Will
yo-o bg good enoug'h to add to nry evidence antl correct an assumptionin view of furthel in{oi'maiion received.
The evidence I gave r,r'a,s correctly reporled when I stated that I had beenpaying for cartage of bricks SLr. 6 per thousand by ox transport and the Iowestl,ender I had received to date lol cal'tage b; ruotor trarrspolt rvas Sh. 10 perthousarxl.
youweclo
on ?-Absolutelydumpecl in this
take 330
evidence
67
The very next morning I found in my office a quotation for Sh. 6 perl,housand by motor ,transport.
I fully intended to inform you of this later information, ancl f wasfirmly of opinion I had done ,so, and it was not until my return frorn Mombasaon Monday, when I saw rny evidence printecl, thaS f examined my file andfincl I must have overlooked it.
48. Mn. J. C. Srnouecu B.A., B.A.I., f.S.E., Nairobi.(Superintending Engineer, Public Works Dept.)
l9th June, lg29.
Mr. Stronach answered the following questions put to him by the Chair-nran and members :-The Chairman:
I suppose you have had a good detrl of experience in building?-Yes, acertain amount in this country and considerable experience in fndia.
Can you tell us what is ttre proportion of timber taken in a house anclthe cost ?-It is rather a big question anil would depend on the sizeof house.
Take a thousand pound house ?-In a thousand pound house the costwoulil be, say, seventy-six pounds fbr " podo " tiurber; this was thefigure relrcrted by a sub-comrnittee appointed by Government toenquire into building costs in 1925-26.
And cement?-It depends upon the construction of the house. A housebuilt in concrete blocks would require n greater quantity of cementthan a house constructed in brick.
If builcling in stone it w,ould be used for nrortar and trhe floors; or youmight use wootl-block floors ancl concrete ?-You simply want to takeany particular kind of colstruction and work it out.
The question of duiy on tintber does uot enter into it ?-Not in the caseof Governnrent buildings, because Governurent do not pay duty.
The cost of tirrrber or duty is not very great as affecting the cost?-No;skilled labour is a very great it'em.
^ By thai what do you mean?-Indian Artisans.
What cloes the labour bill come to?-Betrveen forty and fifty per cent. ofthe value of rnaterials. I have been looking up ,some figures inconnection with costs in India, anil the labour bill comes to betweenfifteen and twenty-five per cent. of the cost of materials.
Whai is that due to? Higher wages?-Yes, skilled labour is paid four tofive 3im,es as much in this countrY.
How is tha,t ? The cost of living'?-I suppose it is on account of theirliving away from their country. The Europeans in this country inGovernment Service are very rnuch lower paid than in fndia, sopresumably in this country it ought not Sb cost as nruch as for Incliansin India.
Is competition a factor? Catr you get as many artisarrs?-There is nodifficulty in obtaining Indian artisans.
Are they really skilled?-Well, crrll tlrem seuri-skilled.
Is there any lack of supply?-No, there i.s no lack of supply.
Whaf cloes an ordinary carpenter get in this country?-Sh. 1to Sh. 1/10per hour.
What is their working day ?-About eig'ht hours per day.
IIow many days a rnonth c1o they work'/-fn contract work it was par-ticularly stipulated that they nmst not rvork on Suudays. Of course,they get their religious holidays.
'I'hey work on Sundays here, clon't they'/-Yes, I do not say they do notwot K on Sundays on Government work if it is a question of urgency.
68
By religious holidu,ys, clo yotr ttteatt weekly holidays or not?--Religiousholidays regarding Nlosleurs, Sikhs, etc.
You think if they work seven days a week the quality of work woulddepreciate?-I shoulcl not.think so if they observe their own religiousholidays. I thinl< the Inditrn :rrtisals do as much in this country as
in India, but I cannot say that the quality is as go,od.
What does the altisan get llter:e?-He gets fr,om Rs. 1/B to Rs. 2 per day.
Nlr. Walter:Is that a qualified or tlte sarne type of i:alpenter as employed in this
country?-Yes, illore or less the silnre type. We have the Sikhcarpenter in Northern Tndia trt fronr lis. 1/8 to Bs. 2 per day.
Can you tell us what importecl dea,ls are in bond?-The iW.D. louglta consignment of irirported deals a sliort time ago which cost Sh. 160per ton at frfty cubl-c feei in bond.
Iiailage?-The ordinary railage, less 15 per cent.
'I'he Chairman :
What kind of deais?-They are mixed.
Scanilinavian ?-Baltic.Mr. Walter:
Can you account fbr the enol'rnous diflet'ence in the price of contracts inIndia and here. It is just tlie satne sort of labour, is not?-Theordinary Indian coolie labour js mtrch cheaper than in this country.
You mean native labour?-It is cheapel than in this country.
Take the case of bricks?-In this c,ountry brick manufacturers havegenerally to mix sand and cnrshecl stone with the available clay toobtain a satisfactory mixture for burning, and this is one of thecauses of high cost of bricks. Again coal is available in fndia at avery low cost. Wood fuel is unsatisfact,ory. The normal price allover fndia is Sh. 20 per th,ousand. 'Ihe brickfields turn them out inmillions. In Delhi an out-turn of a million per day was possibleduring the brick-burning season.
Do you think native skilled labour would make an enormous ilifference ?-You are probably aware that there are three schemes for trainingnatives, one at the N.LT.D.,also a schen.re for training theinstructbrs.
Kabete, the P.W.D. scheme, andprisoners at the ga,ols by means of
Do you consider tha,t the native wiil be willing to work at a lower figurethan the Indians work at?-Apart from the instructional school,a skilled African can be engaged at 50 cents per hour at the presenttime. It would be hardly reasonable to suppose that the skilledAfrican could cornmancl the hig-h rates of wages now being paid toInilians.
Yes, but he has not the san're instruction as the Indian. What if he iseducated up to tlie fndian ?-We ale ilt presen! entirely in hands ofthe Indian. Before any drastic cut in the wages of fndians wasmade it would be necessir,ry to -investigate their living expense inthis country.
If all builders combine ?-You have got to have a combine tb reducewages.
It is rather a matter of custom than anything else?-Yes, the country isfull of artisans, but their wages ltave certainly not gone up since Icame into lhe country tr,venty rnonths ago.
Walter:fhe houses built by natives in Northern Rhodesia appear to be very good.
Hornby :
Can Mr. Stronach tell us anvthing about tiles;the cost landed here?-Mang'alore tiles, lantled price, Sh. 180 a thousand; railage t"o Nairobi,Sh. 161;total, Sh. 341. That was alrcut two years ag'o; the pricehas been altered slightly since.
Mr.
Mr.
69
Mr. Walter:What is the percentage of breakage; what do you allow on Mangalore
tiles?-It ail depends; 40,000 Mangalore tiles were sent to Eliloretabout three months ago and the percentage of breakages workecl outat about ] per cent. You might get a consignment fairly well
packed, and you might get 20'per cent.
What, do you allow?-Certainly not more than 5 per cent.
Mr. Hornby:Is that Sh. 180 after allowing dutv?-Yes.
Mn. Alspnr Eorv.rno Blou,Dns. Nairobi.(Of the firm of George Blon'et's, Builder and Contractor.)
22nd June,7928.
Mr. Blowers answered the following questions put by the Chairman andmembers :-'l'he Chairman :
How long have you been in the buildir-rg trade ?-About 30 years.
Can you tell us approxinrately the proportion of materials and labour in,,say, the cost of an ordiuary house?=-We can put, up to-day a smallhouse in concrete 6ls6rks r'vith zlll modeln conveniences, consistingof one dining loonr, tn,o l;et1 r'oonrs, front velandah, kitchen and,store, bath roorn and flush lavatory, ,at between seven and eighthundrecl pounds. JMe have iust built five small houses for Mr. Fosterin concrete blocks at J700 each. The outside sizes of the smallhouses are 30 feet frontage by 33 feet.
IIow much will that €750 to .€800 be representecl by labour?-Well, thatis rather a difficult thing to say. With regard to my own house, itcost J200 for labour.
fs that a very low propor:tion?-No, it is a very high proportion. X'orty-two pounds sorne ye&rs ago was <'onsiderecl erloug-h for a six-roomedhouse compiete. In 1924, at hotle, tl.re average cost of labour on asix-roomed house, senri-detachecl , n-a,s -{42; the total cost of thehouse being from J500 to J5ir0.
In the house that you talk about, concreje blocks, etc., the materialsare the most expensive part?-'Ilirnber', etc.
'We were told the other day by Mr. llobinson what the landed cost ofcement was?-Sh. 23114.
Anrl ien shillings of that is duty and railage?-Yes.
Take a house, say, of about J800. IIorv rnuch concrete would be used?Do you make your own concrete blocks?-Yes. I shoukl say aboutor up to a thousand blocks, all according' to the ,size and design ofthe house. When we design ourselves, we take Jhe outside wallsdown to a solid foundation and place a 4in. concrete raft over thewhol,e area, ancl buiid the internal walls on same, which we find stopsthe white ants getting through.
Ilow much cement would be required?-About thirty barrels to a house;forty tons of sand; sand costs Sh. B/50 a ton.
Mr. Woocl:It is Sh. B/50 at the station ; you haye to land it presumably on the
site of the building?-Yes, it cosis one shilling per ton per mile.
The Chairman :
Ancl ,timber?-The cost of timber required for a small house is betweeuJ75 antl JB0.
What sort of timber is that?-Podo. The average extra cost of a tileroof above corrugated iron is between J80 to $100 per house, owingto the extra timber required to carry ihe tiles.
70
Ifave you any experience of the costs of local and imported timber?-There is a difference. Teak costs Sh. 1/17 per squar€ foot landed inNairobi; deal (imported from Norway), 47 cents per fooJ super; podo,38'cents per foot super.
XIr. Welby :
That S200 is on a i1,300 house?-Yes;you see, the height makes a lotof difference. At home the height of rooms generally is eight feet,whereas out here it is ten feet. This exira two feet makes aclifference, not only in the case of concrete but timber also.
illhe Chairman:I-.rabour is clearer, cerlent is rlearer, and timber is clearer?-Of course, one
mechanic at home will do three times tlte amount of work doneout here.
The cosj of labour-can you give us any estimate?-Labour in 1914 athome wa,s 10)d. per hour ; to-day it is 1s. 8d. per hour.
But you say tliat building is twenty per cent. cheaper than it is at home.Are you leferring to 1914, or at the present time?-No, at thepresent.
Materials are dearer here than at home?-Yes.Labour is excessive?-Take the average or ordinary fundi. He will take
half a day to put a lock on, ancl the average fundi gets Sh. 1/20 perhour.
But all trhat seems to point to the fact that building is dearer here?-No,I think it is cheaper. 'l'he ordinary house you build here for J700you could not builcl in Lonilon to-day for the same amount, takinginto consideration the cost of rnaterials here and at home.
There is no suggestion you can make to reduce lhe cost of building?-Iclo not think so.
If the cost of railage on cement were reclucecl it would make a difference ?-Oh, yes, it would make a lot of difference.
1{r. Welby:Has the local price of building dropped within the lasg two years?-I
think it has dropped a bit.
1Ir. Wood :
You mentionecl some relationship re the height of rooms at home anilhere. Are you suggesting that the local by-laws may have ,an adverseeffect on building costs?-\Yell, I think so. Of course, two feetmake a tremendous difference on a house in ihe price of material..
What is the price of cedar?-About 38 cents per super. Joinery stuffcosts about 40 cents.
Mr. Wmd:Is there anyihing in the relationship of quality these days? The deal from
the Baltic, for instance; what is the moclern deal class?-fi is com-mon spruce, almost the same as common red deal.
They are still importing thirds?-Yes.
'fhe Chairrnan :
What is thaJ?-Quality.
Mr. Graham Dawson:The quality is all right for roofing?-Yes.
The Chairman:As a builcler, which would you prefer, apart from the price?-Oh, deal
every time, although podo is a good roofing timber.
Mr. Wood:There is a lot of evidence to the effect that podo is very much iheaper?-
Cedar is not much used for rooflng owing to its brittle nature, butrnost people like to use it where they can owing to white ants nottouching it.
I
Mr.
Mr.
1L
I coul<l not say what building costs to-day at home, buj it wouldnot cort anything like ,€200 for labour. Just before 1913 at horne
the average cost of carpenters' work on a six-roomed house completewas about l1.3l70l-.
Ifornby :
If the duty were taken off imported timber, n'oulcl you be able to sell as
cheaply as the present price of local tiniber?-Yes.
Walter :
What do you think is the per:centage for rent t'o charge on the value ofa house here?-f think ten per crellt.
Mr. Wood:Do you mean a ten per cent. nett or gross return ?-A ten per cent. gross
return.
Mr. Walter:Do you think ten per cent. is a fair return on the capitel borne on the
house?-It is a question of rent.
Ilave rents gone up ?-I think they have come alown as compared withwhat rents were wheu l came out in 1919; a house which was thenIet for €15 is now let for {10.
X[r. Hornby :
Do you not think that in 1919 it was a
we a,re having concrete atttl stonego up, people are leaving the older
Wood:
case of tin houses, whereas to-dayhouses built ?-As modern placeshouses.
Re rents and the question of leduc.tion. f can quote you somethingto the contrary, (Here the speaker gaYe a corLcr:ete example where,in one particular case, there had been a twenty-fir,'e per cent. increasein the rent within a period of three years, remarking, " Ifow is it thatparticular gentleman is raising the rent? I am not contesting youridea, but simply giving an exantple, A contrrete example, to theopposite. ")
I\[r. Blowers :
f can only vouc,h for the ploperty rve Jlave.
Mr. Wood:You have actually retluced your own rents?-Well, we fintl that if we
get a good tenant it is tclvi'sable to tlo so.
That brings us to another point rvhiclt you might be able to help theCommittee on. Apropos of the statement of so many that some rentshave lisen, is it cltte to the cirange of the local tenant?-f think wemust ltave put tip lilst yetll close on. seventy hortses.
The Chairman :
I{ow is the supply norv in relation to t}re dernand ? Are there anyempty hous'es?-No, J t1o nofi think there a,re any.
11r. Walter :
Does your l'enlark apply to business premises as lvell, or is ii just thehouses?-I do trot thirrk the reuts ltilve been recluced in town much.Mr. Geolge Blowers tras trvo sliops in Nair:obi.
Well, how rlo tlie rents conipale?-l do r-rot think there is any difference.
'Ihe Chairman :
Ifave you not pu5 your t:ents up since 1919?-No.
I[r" Wood:Those particulur shops were not btrilt in 1919 were they?-No.Rents have rernaitrercl at the sttrrrilard sittce they were built?-Yes.
'lhe Chairmart :
. 1919 lvas one of the boonr yeat's, r'vits it not?-Yes, there was a boom.
Can you tell us if those premises in Government Road are let on lease?-Three years' lea.se.
Is there any observation you would like to make on the general questionof cost of living?-I do not think so.
Mr.
72
Mr. Wood:The wages of
under (a)
can neYer
The
Indian artisans. What q,'ould the amount of wages be, say,a European, (b) for an fndian?-That is a thing,that youget down to, but they wiil work for an Indian for half the
of native labour?-Yes, we have about 100 out
it is, fairly.
jtfr.
wages we pay them.
Chairman :
Any labour shortage?-'Ihere is plenty of labour at the present time.
Walter:Ifave you any experience
a3 Muthaiga Quarry.Is their work good?-Yes,
10.
Their wages?-Some of tliern get Sli. 120, Sh. 130, to Sh. 150 a month,but you cannot rely upon thenr. Oue day we have theur, and thenext day lve have none at all. We used to pay thent per month,but.they are now,on piece w.ork, and paid by the foot run, which theylike much better, as thet' can work when they like.
Mrs. Beaton :
Woull it not be possible fol all the lluropearr builclers to combine and,say that they wiil not give any rtore than so much an hour, anil sobring down,the prices?-I do not think so, as most of the fndianartisans that cone over irorn India rvork from about 12 to 18 monthsand then return to India for a holiday.
NIeron Cnlnlus 1J. Bnorvu, Nairobi.(Civil and Constructional llngineer,)
22nd June, lg29.
Major Brown answered the following questions asked by the Chairmanand members :-'l'he Chairman :
Ilave you had much exl)el'ience in the cos,t of builcling iu Nairobi or otherparts of the country?-Quite a lot.
How long have you been pltrctising here?-Since 1919.
In your experietce, has tlie r',ost of building golle up,or down since then?-It has gone up.
To what extent?-I could rro1, sa'y. In rrry opinion i! is the labour, notthe rnatelials, thai tras gone up. Labour has gone up very con-siderably.
Can you te1l us in what proportion, say in a J700 to house ?-Onehas gone upof J750 in the old days, and one quite recently.
roughiy i over tlre wlrole, say J2 per cent.
Has the price of nraterials gone up olgone down?-'Ihe prices of materialsto-day, in the aggregate, ale tlte sante practicaily.
Ilave you had any expelience of building at home?-Yes.
Twoof the wilnesses stated that building- is cheaper here than at home?-Building here is from 20 to 25 per cent. cheaper, but we do not getthe quality of finish; Iabour is not sufficiently well irained to give youthe fine finish that you ge.t at home.
Would it be possible to build ir ltouse here of reasonable size that woulclbe let for, say, !60 or J70 a year?-It rnight be. I think so, a houseof. *,750 finished, without land.
IIow much would the land represent on ,tbp of that ?-That naturallydepends. You can get land at, say, J75, and then a,stone's throwaway it would probably go to J120.
What do you think is the return on the outlay?-lO per cent. per a,nnum.
US
inJB
JBOO.I5
r!ewthis
Replying to Mr. Wood in r,egard to costs and upkeep of ahouse, witness rem,arked : " Outsiile paint d,oes not last in
73
country. You can reckon orr repainting the outside every twelvemonths, but inside decoration, no. fnside you may have somepaiching to clo, but not complete decoration."
The Chairman :
You say you have to do it every year?-I would say patcirirrg every year,but not entire renovation.
At this stage 1\Ir. Weiter r,efened witness to property atStreatham. Aliuding to a srrrall cottage, the cost of which was*,4110 l- per rnonth, containing tu'o frliriy lilrge roorns below, kitchenand scullery, stairctlse, bedroonrs, another st,ailcase and attic, he askedif the same sort of house could be built here.
In his reply witness reruarked : " lf the sa.ure building conditionswere used here, yes, you carr."
Mr. Walter:That, of course, rv<-rriid rnean goitrg'orrt oll tou'1, rvould it nol?-Yes, out
of the rnunicipal bounrlary.
On the questiol o[ by-laws hele artd at horue regardilg the heightof a rooni, witness explained that at llfold, lbr instance, they allowedB feet, which ghey called " clear," but that here we insist on 10 feet" clear," which, in his opiniotr, r,vas uot nt ali necessary.
lilhe Chairman :
Is there a rnedical reason?-fes, l arri ri{r'aitl t}rere is a rnedical reasorlfbr it.
Mr. Wood:Is it really a nretlical leuson?-So tlie Xledical Officel of Health says.
Mr. Wood relelred to the di{lerent classes of courtrrunity }rere.and of the possibiiity in sorne cases of ther,e being an excessive orunreasonable number: of people iu oue room in proportion to thefloor area.
'[]he Chairman :
You mean you have got to nrake tlteru sufficiently high owing to theirkeeping tlie glound coveled bv 1-roople?-\ es, I think so.
'1' rutwyorL- ll' Lrg cs .
Witness said that ole of .the i1 etrs cortcellilg tire c<.rsl of building inilfs country rva.s the ruattel ot tlanspolt. ()ne clid not' seetn to reali'se theamount of money that trausprort tost, here. 'Ihen again )rou calne to thequestion of distance frolu tlre quiln'l uhet'e ltaterials al'e got, to where build-ing was being carried on. Iou bought a t'on of sand in Nairobi at, say, Sh. Bor Sh.9, as the case triight be, and took it out to Ngong.Road, and it wouldoost, you, say, Sh. 7 for cartrrge, mtlking a total of, say, Sh. 16 per ton.ilhat was where a lot of Irloney went in building. 'I'hen he was afraid ourIndian artisans nrade excessive profit. Ile, witness, paid anything from Sh. 8to Sh. 10 and Sh. 12, per day, according to the quality of the man. You gotout of the fundi on a wage basis, eight hours per day, 5| Oays to the week.You got for a month 188 hours and paid round ab,out Sh. 230 to Sh. 232.Now, the Indian would work on a communal basis a thirty-day month, tenh.ours per ilay. He got 300 hours end he paid at the rate of Sh. 6 per day." That man," conlinuecl wittress, " is getting rouglily 112 hours more forhimself at a cost of Sh. ir tttore tltarr irry cost. That is rvhere the mone,ygoes. That money goes out to India. We cannot plevent it. They will notwork for us at that late. '1'he only way would be for tlte masters to gettogether ancl have a rnaster buildels' association. If that could be done and thearchitects would'ba.ck'this assoc,iation, y,clu rrriglrt force a series of strikes orhold up a buildirrg fol a tinre, brrt l alr cer,tain the artisans would have tocome anal work for a schedule rate of \\'rrges. I3y a scliedule rate, I meana,ccording to the work turned out for the day. "
Mr. Walter:I{ave you any experience of native labour?-Yes, and want no more.
You do not think they can ever repiace the Indians?-No. I spenp eightyears, building harbours, etc., in irnother country, and you are havingthe saure experience as we had there.
rl4
Can he tlo work of the sanre qualitl' as the Indian?-I am sorry to say, Iclon't think s<-r. 'Iake yorrr:' \femorirrl Ha]l ts an example.
Mr. Wood:As the trencl of 1,he enquiry is to get trosts down, have you any idea of
the differ:ence of costs between this kind of work and the ordinarysystem?-I clo trot retnentbel tlre ttctnal figltres, but if my memoryserves rne right you c,oulrl hirr.e g'ot 1,lie Mernorial I{all cheaper by.€800.
The question is, u,ould it hrrve been constrructed for less moneY by beingconstructetl irr the oldinaly method existing at that time?-Decideilly.
Contittuing, witness saitl : " The question of timber-there isno doubt about it that thrs coutttry possesses some very fine timber,equal to atry cortntry I ktrou,. It is only tr questiotr of seasoning.We rrre gettirrg it in rr green stitte, irnrl I venture to state that if thattimber was pr"operly curerl. thele would be no ttecessity for importingtimber into tlris countt'y except for f u,ncY r,l'olk ; and with your Mvuliyou have ir,s good titrrbel il,s votr woulil u'ish to find in any otherpart of the rvolltl , botlr irard atrd soft woods.
Ileplying to tlre (lhairrnrrn, rvitness said for: heavy engineering'work lie lvould prefel to use potlo rtrther tlritn imported timber. ftdid not suffer fronr fatigue of fibre, irt anlr t'ate rts tnuch as Indianor Norwegian tirnbet:s.
Mr. Wood:Apropos of the iluty or-r tirnber'. Supposing the duty u,rts ttcirmally down,
tlo _vou think it u-oukl have the lestrlt of reducing the local price oftimber to a ruole leasoniible lel.el?--l irm afraid they u'ouid haveto come into line.
Would they be losing r)rollelr; u'oukl they get belou' the economic levelif they did reduce the pi'ice, because of the fact that the importedartjcle r,l'as sold t little cheaper by leason of the rerluction of duty?-I cannot ansy,er that question ; I do not tirink it rvould. I ihink withthe railway fleight, up-crourrtly they rvouid still continue to useindigenous timber,s, rrrrd f thinli tha,t '"vitli one's e.xperience ilownhere, where it carire 1o lteav,t'tinrbet', rve shoultl stili use the poclo.The class of timber tlrat is beirrg importeil to-day is ,of a very poor
' quality.
Is not the reason for it that they are tlying to get, imports over the tariffwalls?-I still do not think it woukl make nruch difference if voutook off the duty.
27. Mn. Ifanor,o Il. HnNnriln,s()N,
22nd June,1928.
Mr. Henderson answerecl the foliowing questions put to hi'm bv thechairman and the members.
'Ihe Chairman:How long have you been practising in this country?-Since June, 1912.
You have heard 1\Ir. Blower's evidence witli regard to relative costs ofbuilding. Do you aglee with therrr ?-Not u,ltogether'. If you meanrelative costs between here and :rt horne ancl hetween now and 1919.As regards relative costs at horne and here, costs ilre cheaper here.
What do you base that on, Mr. I{enderson ?-I agree with Mr. Blowers-I-.iabour since the rvar has gone up very considerabiy at home. It has
. also Sone up here since I carrre to the country; to a certain extent thelabour cannot be compaleri to Britisli labour. The only differencebetween the two is in regard to materials. 'Ihe materials producerlin this country are cheaper than sirnilar material at home.
lt5
The timber you get in the country?-Timber and stone. The stone youcan obtain here varies from Sh. ll25 lo Sh. 2 and, if you look at thelatest home prices, you will find a tlifference of betv'een Sh. 2 andSh. 5/6 ; here ordinary tsotre work can be got at Sh. 2 and roughdressetl stone Sh. 1/25.
Mr. Woocl :
I{ow do they <,e11p11re in quality'/-,\s r:egarrls quality, the stone you gethere is mostly volca,nic, antl not so good us irr Ilngland. 'I'he stonethat is usecl in London costs as rttuclt as Sh. 716.
Mr. Hornby:And " York " stone?-Stone has cliflerent clualities. You get York flags;
they rre very fine in texture ir.ncl nrore expensive. " I'or:k " is a wor.lthat is used fbr sanrl stone in the North. 'I'here :u'e several qualitiesof limestone. 'Ihere are also otlrer lirnestones. 1'lre irverage price isrrbout Sh. 5 to Sh. 6.
The ordinary brolr'u stone or tlrirt used 1'or cottage property in Bradforcl(llorks.) ?-Even tlrat is dearel than the stone here in Nairobi.Referring to stone flom Nlazeras used in tlvo fir'eplaces at GovernmentIfouse, the cost of it is prohibitive, it being very hard and difficultto work.
fs the railway using any on
Mr. Walter:T)o you think you c:an put up a much better house hele for'.€1,500 than
in Eng'land?-l'es, better in every rvu,y. Not so expensive in treat-merrt and the difference to a cubic foot is betu,eerr ('ts. B0 to Sh. 1/2{)and at home Sh. 1/6 to Sh. 1/9.
The Chairman :
Is this in brick?-No this is in rough stone.
How are you comparing them ?-I one district in 1.)ngland you mightget stone clteaper than brick rtnd in another brick cheaper than stone.
1\[r. Walter :
What clo you rnean by cubic foot?-It is a rorrgli rnethocl of measuring upa house ; at the same tinre, it is only an rlpprbxirnate ,estimate and isthe rough system g-enerally adoptecl. I anr building one, forinstance, at the present time for Cts. 80 lvith local timber, cedar floorsand doors. Another house is being built in brick, Mvuli floors, teakdoors, plaster ceilings instead of ilsbestos at Sh. l per cubic foot.
If you are comparing a house v,ith one in England, it must be of the samequality, must it not?-It should be but I cannot compare one here toone at home, because of the <lifferent circurrrstilnces rurd of execution.
With best materials we get ltere lve can builcl an otdinary house cheaper.
Mr. Ifornby :
What woultl tlie lent ol a.{1,500 be in })nglrlntl'/-llents at houre, havelowered I think. When I first came here you could not get a houseunl€ss at a very high rental. I was in tlte country for three monthsand could not get a house ancl so built my ou,,n. I think rents havegone down since then. Just after the war rents went up a little bit.At the same time, there is a great scarcity of decent liouses. In myown clistrict at Muthaiga it is almost impossible to get one under J15per month.
Mr. Wood :
As far as small cottage ptoperty is concerned, have the local bye-laws goneagainst cheap building, as compared with the bye-laws in the oldcountry?-I think so. Of course, the bye-la,ws at home have beenaltered fol that very reason, and the height of the roorns has beenlowererl to 8 ft. Oul bye-lalv is orr tlie lrigh sirle, 10 ft. 1:
agree with Dr:. Burkitt. It is gooil frorn a sanitary point of view,but ihe effective height of a roorr is settied by the height of theventilation.
new offices?-Not tirat I knorv of.
,16
Mr. Walter:You are definitely of the opinion that people here have very little to com-
plain of , so far as rents are coltcentecl compared to people living inEngland?-In some cases they have, it is a nratter of supply and
demand.
The Chailman:There is a shortage of liousing lor the snrall rnan?-Yes, and the rent
charged is not affected by the cost of the ltouse; it, is affected prin-cipalty by the supply and cleruarrd. You canuot put excessive rentson to the actual cost of the house. Sbme people are getting 18 to20 per cent. more, not because of the cost of the house, but because
of the shortage. If there were more ltouses the rent would haveto come down to ureet tlte'supply and deruand.
Mr. Wood:Do you know of any houses thzr,t are built fot' .{600. 1 tnearr as a corn-
rrrercial propositiol?-91,000 is possibly the rn'ean pt'ice.
I was not querying the ability to build, but was wondering whether therewere any in this particulal area ; in this town ?-l aIn afraid I havenot done much of the suraller houses. I know there are quite a lotand f have built five or six hundred pound houses for Asiatics withiron roofs ancl stone floors.
Mr. Walter:Woukl they be suitable for European occupatiorr?-Yes, but not for the
small man. They would b,e too far away, and the cost of transportwould be prohibitive.
So that some popular nreans of transport would facilitate it altogether?-It would. If ycu can find cheap transport then you can get cheaplancl outside and get a more conveuient house.
Are there any municipal regulations to prevent flats?-Yes. There isone very big one we have tried to get it alterecl. Mr. Wood will tellyou that flats, for sorne unknown re&son come under the heading of
" dwelling " and you cannot put a clwelling on a plot unless halfthe plot is vacant. It is rather peculiar because you ca,n build a hotelover the whole plot, provided you put a bar and a restaurant in thehotel. It was just a uratter of agreenent as to whether it is sanitaryor not.
Mr. Hornby:It is impossible, thetr, to build flats?-1t car be accourplished, but I take
it, you rnust have a restauratrt, eleotrical cooker, etc. f consider thatit woukl ease the situation a very great deal. I arn certain that lotsof bachelors, for instance, could be accommodated by so doing andwoulcl relieve the situation very rrtuch.
Would they allow the married rran in as.well?-lt is chiefly a matter ofhaving flats suitable for farnilies. It would certainly relieve the house
- problem to a very great extent in my opinion.
Mr. Wood:You are in favour of this ; You consider it would relieve the situatiorr.
Ifave you taken the relationship of the town plots with other landfor erecting residences, either flats or single semi-detached, or other-wise. Do you think it woultl pay. Would it be a paying propositionto buikl flats right in the healt of the tor,r,n, which is the portion youcornplain about; sonre lack of irction on the palt of the ruunicipalityin regarcl to some bye-law, supposing that bye-law was not there, doyou think many people would embark upon this scheme from afinancial point of view ?-I know of three or four people at thepresent time who would do so. The cost of plots during the lasteighteen months or two years in town has been going upwards.
'I'he Chairman :
Is there anything you wish to say on the general cost of living?-I thinkthat building, take it all round, is cheaper here than it is at home.Personally, I don't see how it can be cheapened further unless the
77
question of lalxrur is alteletl. As regards tinrber in nry opinion, f. don't see much good in cutting olT the duty on imported iimber.
I would rather use Podo than irnported wood for roofs (for membersin tension) in spite of what NIr. Blowers said just now. I say Podofor ihe'simple reason that it is a, better wood for the purpose thanthe coarse grained woocl we get from home. As regards hard woods,I much prefer the local Mvuli to iniported Indian teak. The best ofthe teak and deal wootl goes to England; we only get irrferior woodhere, unless you irnport it yourself to your orvn specification.
Mr. Ilornb.y :
Don't you think some finrr would inrport good tinrber, if the duty wastaken off?-I don't think it would rnake the sliglrtest difference 3,s
prices would undoubtedly be incretrsed.
What I do think would help is cement. People would use more cementif it was at a lower rate and the actual revenue would be the same .rrmore probably greater.
87. Mn. G. R. Nlavons,
Managing Director of the Victoria Nyanza Sugar Clo., Ltd.27th, September, 1928.
Mr. Mayers read the following rnernorandrun :-4,.-Aoerage Sale Price ol llliwani Su,gar.-Years lg23 to 1928.
Year ending 31st March, L923 *,37 13 3 per ton.S3B B 9,,,,t37 19 B ,, ,,s29 2 I ,,,,*,25 8 6 ,,,,{25 10 7 ,, ,,
For the year ending 30th April, 1928, we sold sugar wholesale at 524 perion. The difference between this price and the above average is accounted forby the fact that a certain percentage of our output is sold retail.
We are nranufacturers, and as such have rro wish to sell sugar retail insmall lots, but soon after commencing operiltions we found our product wasbeing retailed by a numb,er of outside stores, where there was no competition,at very high prices. fn orcler to protect the public we put on the market asmall 56 lb. bag of sugar which has been advertised in the local press from tiureto time. In February this year we inserted a notice in the sa,me paper advisingthe public that in the event of their being charged exorbitant prices, they couldobtain their supplies direct from the Yictolia Nyanza Sugal Company's Millat the rate of Sh. 14 for a 56 lb. bag; latel the price was increased to Sh. 15per bag. I submit for your inspection copy of advertisement inserted in the" llust African Standard " on l6th February, 1928.
" Tnn Pnrcn op Suc,cn. "" To the Editor,Sir,We noticed a letter in the correspondence section of the ' Stantlarcl '
of Tuesday the 14th instant from ' Enquirer ' and shall be obliged if youwill be good enough to print the following reply :-
' If " Enquirer " will apply direct to the manufacturers of sugar, hecan obtain a 56 lb. pocket of rvhite sugar for Sh. 14 f.o.r. Miwani.'
Yours etc.,The Victoria Nyanza Sugar Company, Ltal."
. Since my return to Kenya in July last, arrangements have been made witha number of reputable merchants at Nairobi, Nakuru, Eldoret and Rongai toretail Miwani No. 1 Sugar at Cents i)3 per pouncl, and Sh. 1"6175 for pocket of56 lb. Copy of our daily advertisement in tlie Press in this c,onnection is seiout hereunder.
,, ,, ,t ,, 1924
,, t, ,, ,, L925
,, >, t, ,, L926
,, ,, 30th April, 1927
1928
?B
Norrcp.
'Ihe Victoria Nyanza Sugar Companyundeimentionecl stores to retail their No. 1
ing prices :-Per pounilPer pocket of
Nairobi.-
Limited have arranged with theWhite Crystal Sugar at the follow-
a
Cents 33
sh. 16/5756 lb.
S. Jacobs, Limitecl.B. B. Duncan, " Nairobi lJouse."M. S. Elliot and Company.Blacklaws and BrownKanji Naranji.
Nakuru.-S. Jacobs, Limitetl.Ibrahim Karimbux.
Eltloret.-S. Jacobs, Liurited.Wm. Douglas.
B,ongai.-Ruben Brothers.
To further snbstantiate oul eviclence that at no tirne during the recent sup-
llosed shortage of sugar has llry company taken ir,dvantage of the position toincrease prices during the period wherr only Mirvani sugar was ou the market,I submit for your inspection a number of 1927 11928 contracts with customers.
B.-Reasons u'h,y th,e Victoriu liyanza Sugar Conr,parug h,as R,efused toSttpplg Su.gar to Ccrtain l'irnus.
\Mhenever there are signs tliat consuurption is overtaking supplies, whichgenerally occurs at the corr-Imencertent or finish of our manufacturing season,the Coupanv is beseiged rvith applications frorn speculators who endeavour toobtain stocks of Nliwani sttgar to lrold {oL' a lise iu price. Our prclicy is torefuse all applications frotu rttelchants ol cortrurissiol agelts rvhcl only comeinto the market for speculative purposes.
A number of these gentlemen lvho have been refused supplies of sugar,in order to force the Company's hand, write to the papers complaining thatthe Company cannot supply the public denrand i'or sugar. I submit for yourperusal a few of the recent applications received, together with copy of theCompany's roplies thereto. As far as possible no genuine trader has ever beenrefusecl supplies.
C.-Reasons u'hg Ikrrya cunnot Corttpete on, Eqrutl Terms witlr, ForeignGrown Sugar.
No. l.--Java, Cuba, Philippines arrd other tropical countries with excep-tion of South Africa, all grow soft sugar canes which give a higlier sucrosecontent and less fibre. So far no district in Africa from South Africa to Kenyahas been successful irr establishing anv cane other than UBA which is acknow-ledged by all sugar technologists to be one of the poorest varieties of caneknown.
At the Conference of Mernbers of the International Society of Sugar CaneTechnologists held last year at Cuba, the cousensus of opinion of delegates-which in fact, was one of the uost definite conclusions of the Conference-wasthat Uba Cane rvas uot a desirable variety either from a fanning or millingpoint of view, and further that its growth'nvas only tolerated as a relief controlIneasure for tnosaic disease in tltose countries that had failed to substitutesuccessfully a more suitable variety.
19
The advantage countries growing soft canes have over Africa is shown inthe undermentioneil table :-
DIF'FERENCES BETWT]I]N UtsA AND SOFT CANES.
Hanu CaNBs Sort C,tNrs
Cane per c1':rt Sucr,)!c
Cane per cent Fibre
Tons of Cane per ton of Sugar:
IVIiw-anit926-7
Phillippinest926
o//o
t3.27
8.56
QueenslandMulgraveMil]-t927
o//o
12.45
16-41
12.82
My company imported some of the best varieties of canes grown in bothJava and Queensland, Austlalia. 'l'lte best of these, the Queensland " Bad-illa " was destroyed by white ants, other sarnples developed mosaic and werealso destroyed. An attempt was made to cultivate the local variety, " Kam-pala " or " Green Ribbon," ancl by the year 1926 u,e had approximaiely 700acles of this variety glowing. This cilne all tleveloped rrr,esaic disease and underinstructions frorn the Director of Agricuiture hnd to be ploughed out at greatexpense to the company.
-l[o. 2.-Cuba, Java and otlier tropical cour]tries hal'e been growing canesantl manufacturing sugar for neallv il hundletl yeals : as a sequence, the labourthey employ is far rnore eflrcient tlinn tlie lJast Aflican native.
Their canes i'ipen arrd are cut annually, whilst in I{enya canes take twoyears to rnature. If we take, for exanrpie, a rnili crushing say, 100,000 tonsof cane per season, and allowing 25 torrs of cane per acre, 4,000 acres con-tinually under cultivation would, in eitlier Cuba, Java or Australia, keep themill fully supplied. In Iienya, 8,000 acres must be kept continually undercultivation to keep the sarne size rnill suppiietl with carrcs from year to year.
D.-Quality of tuIi,uuni Sugar.
In ansrvel to the itbsurd lonsense that has been published in letters to thePress lvith regald to tht: rpralitl,rrf the l\lillani ploillct, l sr"rbrnit herewith ourChief Chemist's report on Mir,vani sugars. Nlight I suggest that a sample ofour sugar be plocLrred fronr one ol the Nairobi nrerchants and forwarded to theGovernruent Cheruist lieseat'oh Stall for analysis aurl leport given in evidencebefore your cornuission.
OOPY OF CH]HII (JHUN4IST'S II,EPOIiT.
" 'I'he Victoria Nyanza Sugar 0o., Ltd.,
Miwani.
" G. R. Mayers, Esq.,Managing Director,
The Victoria Nyanza Sugal Co., I:td.,lVliwani.
SLst August, 1928.
Dear Sir,fn accordarrce r,vith youl request for a state.ruent on the quality
sugar rnanufactured at this niill and proot that the sugar manufactureda ' good table sugar' and so cannot be lower in sweetness than otherI beg to siate the lbllowing :-
I\fiwani sugar is manufactured by the sulpho-defecation process,wlich yields a sug'ar, although not as good as refined, is white enough forclirect consumption. Miwani No. 1 Grade polarises 99.700 and thui con-tains 99.70 per cent. of pure sugar.
The best white suga. pr,oduced by othe. processes, and in the refineriesin- .Iurop-e, America and elservhele- polariJes g9.g0o. Imported sugar,which is not refineil, r'vould not polarise more than gg.B0o if that much.
of thshere issug&rs,
Miu'anit927-B
BO
Comparing' Miwarti sugal with tlie irrrported article will show that adifference of 0.10 per cent. in polarisation in favour of the irnported articlecloes not make it three times srveeter thun the loca,lly manufactured sugar.
The 0.10 per cent. is due to colouring matter, impurities, etc., whichcannot effect to any great extent the sweetening properties of that sugar.White sugars, although varying slightly in colour', vary very little in sweet-ress its the slight difference irr poluristttiorr ol s',r'eetetring potentiality canonly be detectetl chenrir:ally und not rlornestirrtlly.
Faithfully yours,L. M. Seillier."
E.-Efiects ol Drouuh,t on Productioyr..
The eviclence which I submii ciearly proves that although the consumptionof sugar during the period undel levierv had increasecl enormousiy, yet at theend of our financial year 30th April, 1927 production had overtaken consump-tion. The dav our mill closed ilown for annual overhaul we had 1,200 tons ofsugar in stock. All merchants iu the three colonies, Kenya, Uganda andTanganyika were fullv supplied. lVfy company's distributing agents at Mom-basa and Tanganyika were nlso ctrrrying heavy stocks. I estimate on that datethere was a;rur'pius of approximately i),100 tons of sugar in the Colonies, dis-tributed as follows :-
Storecl at MiwaniDistributing Agents' stocks
Stored at other mills (estimate)
Merchants' stocks (estimate)
1,200 tons.
300 ,,600 ,,
1,000 ,,
3,100 ,,
Given a normal season cluring 7927 128 there would have been insteacl of asugar shortag-e, a snrplus rvhich the rnills would have had either to store orexport.
Prior to my depnrture from l(enyt, iu Mry, l9!7, t had forwarded myilirectorate an estimate of cane crop for 1927 l2B crushing season. At thattime, weathe,: conditions being notrrral, I estimated oul rnill lvould have 101,863tons of cane to crush u,hich wouid produce over 8,000 tons of sugar.
Crushing commenced 9th August , L927 , and continued until 31st March,1928. During the period September, 1927, to April, 1928, drought conditionsprevailed jn these Colonies and tlie cane ceased g-rou,ing. By April , 1928,over 30 per cent. of the cane had dried off, thus reducing our estimate to70,000 tons of cane which only produced 5,700 tons of suEItIl'. Costs of manu-facture unaler drought conditions became so high ttrat other mills in thecountry were forced to close down, rvhich course of action would have beenmuch more profitable to }Iiwaui, but realising our obligations to keep thecountry supplieil we continuecl crushing at tlie cost of eating into reservesupplies of sugar cane ear-marked for this season. One of the worst diffrcultiesto contend with during the dry spell was shortage in the water supply for thefactory. fnstead of the minirnum requirements of 25,000 gallons per hour themill had to carry on with only 8,000 gallons per hour for a considerable period.This shortage of water causeal considerable dama,ge to machinery necessitatingheavy renewals estimated at over i6,000.
Under normal conditions a sugar mill in I(enya should manufacture outof 11 tons of cane, one ton of sugar. Towards the end of last season a{Miwani, the ratio was 17 tons of cane to one ton of sugar, the juice extractedbeing only approximately 60 per cent. of the possible extraction. fn adclition,the wax aird gluey matters in the juice seriousiy increased manufacturingrlifficulties.
The drought has not only considerably reduced this season's supply butthe check in growth has caused the buds, oi eyes on a large percentage of thocrop, to shoot, thereby considerably reducing the sucrose content of the canes.
E.-Mill and Plantation Efficiency.
Mill Plant.-The fact that during the season 1926127 Miwani manufac-tured 8,018 tcns of white sugar (crushing UBA r:anes) is sufihcient proof that ourmill is well equipped ancl rvill cornpare favourably with th,e average mill inother countries. Were we crushing soft canes similar to Java, Cuba andAustralia and producing raw sugar only, our plant could manufacture not lessthan 12,000 tons of sugar per season.
fn order to keep the mill supplied daily with from 450 to 500 tons ofcane we have laid down the following plant :-'
24 miles of permanent tramway lines.
30 rniles of portable tramrvay lines.
600 two-ton cane trucks.
3 steam locomotives.
1 petrol rail motor.
Plantation.-'I'o produce successfully grnd crops of cane on the same landfrom year to year intensive cultivation is rrecessary as there is no crop grownwhich takes more out of the land tha,n sugar cane. fn the early days all ourcultivation was carried on with native oxen. To-day powerful motor and steanrtractors are used. Our system of cultivation is almost equal to Hawaii andAusiralia, the two premier countries in scientific field cultivation, and issuperior to any other cane producing country that has published records.
Whether virgin soil ot lancl which has previously been under cane, theIand before planting receives:-
Two ploughings, depth 10 to 12 inches, with motor tractors,
'Iwo sub-soilings, depth 16 to 20 inches, with steirm ploughing outfit,Four harrowing with peg and clouble-disc harrows,
One ridging with steam outfit, rlepth 12 inches.
We are also experimenting with differ,ent varieties of beans for greenmanure.
G.-Value of Sugur lnd,ustry to East Alrican Colonies.As there has been so much irresponsible random chatter about the terrible
cost to the ccuntry of protection granted to local industries, on behalf of thesugar manufacturers I submit for your consideration a few facts-not ranilomstatements-to prove that insteacl of losing, these Colonies haye gainecl con-siderably by nrotecting the local industry.
In 1921 , the veal I pulchitsed ltrncl from Governrnent for the purpose ofestablishing the sugar inclustry in East Africa, Governrnent statistical returnsstate that these Lloienies paid foreigrr countries !,205,55L and received inexchange 2,592 tous, 15 ovt. of sugar'. For the yeal encled 30th April, 1927(the Comparry's financial year), thesg Colonies paid the Victoria Nyanza SugarCompany J203,857 13s. anrl received in excliange 8,018 tons of sugar.
It is impossible to state as a fact exactly w'hat amount foreigners woulcihave chargecl these Colonies for sugar for the year ending April, 1.927, if therehad been no local industl'y, but the fact renrains tliat for the year referred tothe public purchased from the \rictoria Nyanza Sugar Company 8,018 tons ofsugar for a sum S1,693 7s. less than it pairi for 2,592 tons, 15 cwt. of sugarbefore my Company corlrnenced opet'ations.
I have no record of the exact tonnage of sugar that has been manufacturedby the combined mills in these Colonies, but from information collected as tothe periorl of five years between April, 1923, and April, 1928, my company'smill produced 23,000 totrs ancl other mills approximately 13,000 tons, making acombined total of 36,000 tons of sug'ar. Had there been no local productionthese Colonies would have purchased their requirements from foreign countriesfor which on a basis of. *,22 per ton c.i.f. Mombasa, & very low average, they
82
would have paicl out to foreigners for sugar approximately 8792,000, this sumthereby being lost to the Colonies. During the period untler review, theVictoria Nyanza Sugar Company paid out for salaries and goods purchaseclwitlrin the Empire, *,772,735. These figures summariseal are as uncler :-
Sugar manufacturecl and sold (gold retained in Colonies)
Salaries and goocls purchased within the Empire
c113,661
22,519
90,786
s792,00a772,735
226,966
172,034
243,598
62,578
67,559
*L,564,735
The net result shows that by creating a local indus[ry the figures reveal abenefit to the Colonies and Great Britain of over one and one-half millionpounds sterling over a period of 5 years.
'Ihe following is a summary of expenditure of the Victoria Nyanza SugarCompany, which can be vouched for by its Chartered Accountants, MessrsGill ancl Johnson.
tr
Wages, European
Wages, Asiatic
Wages, Native
Goocls purchased in Kenya
Purchases within the British Empire
Freight paiil Kenya anil Ugantla Railways
Sugar cane purchases from farmers
9772,735
Your attention is particularly drawn to the fact that of the above amountthe sum of J529,137 was paid out in Kenya'
H.-l'u,ture ot' tlrc Su,gar Intlustrg in East Africa.
So far I have only giveu evidence relating to the Victoria Nyanza Sugarg<lmpany, Limited. In order to place before the Commission a detailedreport of the positiou of the entire sugar industry to-day, and the estimatedtonnage of sugar likely to be manufactured irr the future when mills now beingerectecl are in commission, a circular letter was forwarded to all mills operatingin these Cololies, requ.esting them to supply details under the following heads :
Capital invested in the sugar industry.
Amount paid annually in wages to Eut'opeans, Indians and natives
Area under sugar cane, including atljoining farrners' crops.
4. Total amount expended annually in the Colony, other than wages'
5, Rough estimate tons of cane expected .to crush for next two years-Year 1928-29.
Year 1929-30.
6. Rough estimate tons of white sugar expected to manufacture duringthe next two Years-
Year 1928-29.
Year 1929-30.
7. Tons of sugar your mill is capable of turning out annually.
n'rom this information .the following table has been tabulatecl :-
1.
2.
q.).
=I
83
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!g ggeNfZRg{'
SEBEEEN d ^i
crr c.j <r
q!o
>.>'tr t! 3A'6.E F IG'-e-=;u)vao.
r88888:O()ONONcc,(r@
g ts ;:ld.: d'ltre-9o..! -v/Ndi yE-
<1)
38 888-to^=q.o$F\\oZto
Sl: ;Rld i ('itr(J.9oJ:d o.,:i bo:-
a
388888!oooooNdod-fd.' N M N
.o-ots ' ^^9oo:'6! >,q LN6! =dE ! o ,i
Gil'wv a.ia
;cdoa
tr
O
ozo
ez
zriV
zL)zF
frlHoaF.lJa
oatrioa&F.l
Ut{&P{
OOOOOoooooc)CrOca.d rt .d o.i
-co!oo
E+Joo:(tE ct-
elo
L, E/!
l-!co!!-!ilA<a
F\YN'a_bc
l"t:AGNUbo\/\a
o-+
oQ
d.
E.: i * |
;esij"l", e. A
=LQ5tr| irl.!:y\r:c I :irI] <-l z
oooooc{oo60\, 1 O- O- co- ()"
'+oc)roc)cC (.{ \O
Fl
qJtFl
d.5ccit5-
uutSoz?r4tr9qE
/,.n(!;EJ c! (/)
N-boi ! I .i
-9=doc
zF
Fzr.1 mtuc
HaZzf<o&t-,()
[:r
s5bod>tr?d
+tO.nF3.
ooooooooooOOO\OO'ornoNo
oNoo.rc(oc\s
CeYe
bo q1: =.C-{ UE
^(J > tr
tl
FoF
-l
84
From this statement it is clear thei'e r,vill be iust sufficient sugal nrarru-factured during' the 1928-29 season to supply the requirements of theseClolonies. If rriills now in course of erection ci'ush up tb their owners' expeeta,-tions, there will be a very large surplus at the end of 1929-30 season, andfrom that date onwaril I do not think consumption r'vill ever overtake supplies.
I have no hesitation in sa;,ing-and statistics will prove my evidencecorrect-that there was n.o necessity u,itittever for the recent high prices ofsugar in l(enya. Unfoltunttely, the dlorrg'}it affected other plantations morethan my Cornpany's, thereby r:urttilirtg their' prorluction, *'hich resulted inrrr,ther a bare malket; of this pt'oposilion speculators took full advantage.
'Ihat there w&s a very slig'ht shortag-e is cleatly proved by Governmentstatistics, which show that fol tlie prrst four year,s there has been a graduallyincreasing sor:plus of sugar for export, as foilows: Year 1924, 138 tons; yeal1925,263 tbns; year 1926, 1,097 tons; year 1927, 1,246 tons. During' the\1ears coyerirrg this periocl impolts of sug'ar have tiecleased from 3,461 tonsrn the year 7922 io 486 tons in the year 1927.
When protectiorr was first given to the sug'al indusiryl it was on therrnderstanding that rn1, Company, which was ,the only company then operatirrgrn the Colony, would rrot sell sugar for rnole thln J3B per ton. The policyof my Cornpany hits ah,vays been to reduce the price of sugar to a reasonablefigure in order to inci'ease consumption. I htve given evidence rvhich clearl;,J)roves that we hirve gi'adually redrrt'ed the plice of our sug.ar to the publiluntil we reached a rvhoiesale selling price of J24 pet ton during 1927-28..['or the whole of this periocl
"ve had a nronopoly and contlol]erl the selling
price in both Colonies.
This continual agitatiott by a few free traclels for a revision of duties is agreat handicap to progress. Speaking for Ilie sugar industry generally, weshoukl prefer to have the question ,of dut.1, settled fol irt least ten years. Iiwould be easy to protect the public by following the policy of other parts ofthe Empire and fixing a price at rvhich sugar should be sold by both thernanufacturer ancl the retailer'. Pelsonall),, I think the increased productionforeshaclowed will solve the ptobiem.
One thing is quite clear'. In tlle event of cluty beir1g redlced, no millin these Colonies can pay tlie present Railway freights to the coast andcompete with importetl sugar in the coastirl aleas.
In conclusion, I r,vould point out that farmers will not place areas under:.:ane unless,they can get fr'our five to ten years' contracts with the mill-owners.To-ilay we have nu[rerous applications from farmers to grorv cane whic]r rn,e
ctare not, accept urrtil the question of protectiorr is settlerl f:or a definite period.
The witness also reacl an extract, from an alticle by Dr. Story, of SouthAfrica, upon the subject of Uba Sugar.
Mr. Mayers : The out-turn result from the rnanufactur,er"s point of viewis ilependent largely on the arnount of sucrose irntl the arnount of fibre contentin the caltes we crush. If .tlre fibt'e content is lrigh, the sucrose content is low,tnd oice oersa. Tlre suclose content lvas excessively Iow during the droughtyear,1927-28. rn fact rve had to procluce twice the quantitv of cane durilethat period in order to obtrrin orre tor.r of sugar'.
Mr. lVlayers gave tletails and strrt'istics us to the amount of ',vater requiretito produce oxe ton of sugar, anri tlre ell'ect of the lack of water during. thedrought on the out-turn of the sug-ar and machinery.
rre emphasised the necessitv for efficient machinery, and stated that theMill at Miwani was regarclecl as one of the best equipped mills in the worldfor manufacturing crystallised sugal".
rn 1926, when the weather conditions rn'ere favourable, his companyrnanufactured 8,018 tons of sug'ar.
Mr. Mayers the,- produced a m.p of Mirvani sugar company, comprising9,300 acres of land bought from the Government,, a1l of r,vhich was-undeicultivation with the exception of the small areas mar.lred with a tab, whichtlenotecl uncultivated areas.
B5
He pointed out that nearlY all the Miwani Sugar Cornpany's srrgar w&s
sold f.o.i. Miwani ; therefore items under the heading of " freight " referredonly to freight on stores, etc.
Witness stated that he coukl vouch for Nliwani fignres, but, in his opinion,the figures for some of the other ruills wele souewliat optinristic. I{e con-r,iderecl there would barely be enougir sugar to supplv the requirements ofihe Colony during the coming year, but for 1929-,10 tliere should be a surplusof approximately 10,000 tons.
Mrs. Beaton: I should likc to I'efei: to the pulity of the sugar' I find,in general with other women in tliis Color:;', that the plice of local sugar isno iheaper than the imporl,ed, ancl rvhen we come to use the- local sugal,:specially lately, we have found thlt the inrpu,rities iu the lo_cal sugar _wererreiy much more marked than in the importecl sugill'. For instance, if wenake jelly, so much mole scurl rises to the surface than with imported sugarthat it makes for a loss in the out-turn of t'he jelly. Myself anil others havebeen experinrenting' with the imported and local sugar with two tumblers ofwater, witf, lne result that the tumblerful of water frorn the local sugar has
been exceedingly dirty in courparison witli the impoltecl .sugar, and we havefound it cheapir to buy the imported sug..at: for jam-making.
Mr. Mayers : I pointed out to tire Cornurission r,vhat the inrpurities werein a ton of sugar, and I suggest that 1ou buy sonle and lrrtve it analysed by a()overnment chemist.
Mrs. Beaton : Is it possible fol dust arrd dirt to get int'o the bags inlt'ansit on the Railwav. 'I'his rnight account for it being so dir:ty when itill'rives hel'e.
Mr. Ma,yers: No, I do not thinlr so.; brrt I do know that our bags havebeen n"rixecl up with bags from otller rnills of iuferior quality.
Mrs. Beaton : I especitrlly bought sugar in a bag with youl' na'me on it, and
the sugar was really rlirty, and we have macle many experiments with it.
Mr. Mayers : I can only ilsk you agrriu to have sotne of 'our sugar analysedby a Government chemist.
1\Ir. I-.regat : I understnnd that one of tire big fruit-growers in this countrydefinitely states that he cannot turn his fruit into jarn owing' to the quality ofthe sugar.
Mr. Nlayers : 'I'hat particulal lrersolr is placing ali ltis orders for sugarrvith us, anil infor:rns rne that the quality of the sug-ar lrow being suppliedhim by the V.N.S. Co. is all that he rvould desile and ntakes a splendid jaur.
Mr. Wood: Ale You lierfectly satisfied with your last year's output? Ibought a bag of this season's sugal ancl a !rg-9f last season's sugar, antl thediffelrence between the two bags was considerable.
Mr. Mayers : I explained to you fully in my repolt that the seriouss5ortage of water Iast season rnade it alrnost irnpossible for us to turn outgooil sugar towards the end of the season.
Mr. Walter : I)o you rnake only oue gra<le of sug'ar, or what is known as
" vesous arrd low syrups "? What do you do with the ruolasses?
Mr. \{ayers : \Me urantrfacture 95 per cent. No. 1 sugar; the nrolasses goto waste.
Mr. Walter : Do you practise the double tutbinage system; by that Irnean bringing the rvashing back, so that practically none is lost; for if youdo not there must be a terrific waste in your centrifugal r,vorking;s.
Mr. Mayers : We make the cargo sug'ar' first; then it is remelted to makea white sugar. We have twice the nurnber of centrifugal nrachines as oom-pareil with fectories which make only raw sugar.
Mr. Walter : 'Ihe extractiou per ton of cane seelrs extraordinarily low.L see one of the factories gets 6 per rent., rvhilst loul owlr I n<-rtice gives 8 percent. per ton of cane in your'fig'ures for 1928-29 (re. H.1.). l'ou do nota,ctually give these percentages; I have merely estimatecl the total figures,i e., dividerl 71,000 into the 6,000.
86
Mr. Mayers : It takes 21 tons of cane to make a ton of sugar.
Mr. Walter : f should understand your fig'ures better if they were maderornparable wiih the sucrose per cent. cane. The average extraction inMauritius is about 11 per cent. of cane. Frow rnuch sug-ar, for instance, doyou get from one ton of cane? Practically B per cent., is it not? What I-.hould also like to find out is the rnill extraction.
Mr. Mayers : Our average is 12 tons cane to one ton of sugar. The millextraction runs between 86 and 88.
Mr. Walter : Can you give us any idea how urnch you have invested irrirnproving the mills?
Mr. Mayers: Over a periocl of five years, !,7L3,10L11,417.
Mr. Walter : I should like the actual cost of the various iterns, and cletail,s<rf the manner in which the rnills have been irnproved.
Mr. Mayers : I will let the Comrnission have details of the actual improve-ments carried out during the last five years. (Schedule since submitted show-ing a total of 4113,10111417.)
Mr. Walter : Can you give rne the actual yield per acre ?
Mr. Mayers : fn the year 1926-27 ,24.5 tons of oane per acre; in the year1927-28, 17.59 tons of cane per acle.
Mr. Walter : In giving yield per acre, woulal you also kindly give ustigures for virgin ancl ratoons separately.
Mr. Ma1 ers: Plant and ratoon cane yields are included in above average.We have no records separating plant from ratoon canes. Plant cane as a ruleaverages about ten tons per acre over an avelae-e of ratoon can.es.
Mr. Walter : It seems to nre that, the difference in output, is so great irrcomparison with other countries that it hardly seeurs worth while carryirigon the sugar industry in this Colony nnder such unfavourable conditions.
Mr. Mayers : South Africa ca,rried on against great odds, with the resultthat they doubled their import duty and passed legislation fixing the price ofsugar in order to protect the local sugar industry.
Mr. Walter : The conditions you give us in Section C 1. of your statementare so markedly different, that it rather rnakes one wonder whether you arejustifietl in carrying on.
Mr. Mayers : I was quoting an exception in Section C 1. Mulgrave Hillreturn for Queensland and Java is aboul, the world's record. 'I'he average forQueensland and Java is about 9 tons of cane to a ton of sugar.
The Chairman : Is this by iniproved methods of production ?
Mr. l\Ia,v-ers : No, by irnporting and growing better quality of cane.
Mr. Walter : Have you any idea of the differerrce between the worldmarket price of sugar in 1921 and 7927 ? In paragraph 2 of section G 1 ofyour statement you refer to certain figures.
Mr. Mayers : I am afraid I have uot g'ot those figures with me at thernorrent, but I have figures for 1923 and 1924 as follows :-
EnglandAustraliaNew ZealandSouth Africa
9,57*,47451*,34
Mr. Walter: I would like the oomparison between lg27 and 7927 ;
naturally, I realise that the price of sugar varies greatly.
Mr. Mayers : I will let you have these figures. 'Ihe price of sugardepends on commerce. As a matter of fact when I first arrived here youwere not getting No. 1 Java sugar.
87
Mr. Wood : With reference to the price of I57 quotetl by Mr. Mayersfor England, f presume this is a duty-pair1 price. One cannot say, however,that this was the world rnarket price of sugar.
Mr. Mayers : I would not say what the world urarket price of sugar wasduring the last year, but I know that Cuba and Java have been losingheavily; and it was only due to the fact that they had large reserves accumu-laied during the war period when sugar was sold between J90 ancl J100 perton.
The Chairman : I see that the local price is about 37 per cent. above theEnglish price, and that is a price for sugar which has paid duty.
1\[r. Mayers: Surely you are rnistaken? Is that at 33 cents per lb.?Surely it is the English wholesale price that is about IJ7 per cent. higher?
Mr. Walter : The average retail price for white granulated in June wasil7 cents and the English price for granulated was 27 cents, which works outat 37 per cent. higher than the English price, i.e., a dilferenee of 10 cents perlb. for sugar that is in the same grade, or the same quality. These prices aretaken from the Army and Navy Stores, or else from the Ministry of I-,abour.
Mr. Mayers : I will look into the rnatter (see letter of 28th September,qhowing English price of sugar), at.rcl get the figures fol the Commission. Ishould like tb point out, holvever, thli by supporting the local sugar in<lustryvou are keeping gokl in the Colony anr1 in the British Empire.
I\'Ir. Walter : I find the price of sugar in 1923 and 1924 in New Zealand,rvas 26 cents per lb., South Africa, was 33 cents per lb., r,vhilst our price inNairobi varied from 40 cents to 33 cents per lb.
Mr. Mayers : The answer to thi,s question is dependent on what profit aret'ailer decides to make on selling sugar to the public.
Mr. \['ood: There is, of course, verly little profit in sugar these days inItrngland. I can remember in my time wberr a glocer would not sell a pounclof sugar unless the consumer bought a pound of tea or something else withthe sugar, as sugar in those days rvas an absoluteiy non-profitable article,
I-.retters from 1\[r. G. R. Maynns with reference to the foregoingevidence.
Z\tlt September, L9ZB.
Re Sugar.
I have the honour to reply to requisitions asked. at 'l'hursday's sitting ofI'our Commission, as follows :-
Question No. l.-What is the average yieltl of sugar cane per acre atMiwani?
Ansuer.-Ior the year 1926-27, tons 24.50 per acre; for the year L927-28,tons 17.59 per acre; the decrease in the latter year being due todrought conditions. .
Question l/o. 2.-What is the retail price of sugar in England?
Ansuer.-Your Cornmission statecl the retail price of sugar in Englandto be cents 27 per pound, equal to 830/4110 per ton (2,240 lbs.)ThisI stated to be incorrect, and enclose herewith extract from " TheAustralian Sugar Journal " of 2nd August last to support my state-ment.
Ihe uhole,sale price sharged by British refineries is 30s. gd. percwt., equal to l,30lL5l*, per ton (a 2s. r,eduction being foreshadowed).To this must be added freight, sundry costs of tlistribution, andretailer's profit. Whai these charges amount to f cannot say, butthere appears to be very little tlifference, if any, between the retailprice in I-:ondon, and in Nairobi.
88
With regard to Requisition No. 3, aiz., " What irnpr,ovements, and costr,f same, have the Victolia Nyarrzrl Suga,r' Cornpany effected to its mill plantrluring the period of five years to 30th r\pril, 1928," f have wriiten myMiwani office for inforrnatiou otr the mattel to enable rne to reply in iletail at,r, later date.
Yours faithfully,
G. 11,. MeYrRs,
Managing Director,The Victoria Nyanza Su,gar Co., Ltd.
(Extract from the " Australian Sugar Journal ".)
€3,500,000 Suc.rn Puncs.qsn.The recent huge purchase of Cubirrr sugar by British refiners to a value
of J3,500,000 gives special interest to an arti<,le which recently appeared inthe L,ondou " Daily'I'elegraph," shor,ving hor,v the Britislu refineries gain byihe recent Budget changes. ll'he article states :-
" Mincing Lane sugar brokels take it for granted IVIr. Churchill, in1;romising to retluce the raw sugar duty by 2s. c"vt., without changing the duty.-rn imported refined sug&r, &ssunles the effect will be to give British refinerslrractically a monopoly of the sugir,r trade. It rvill shut out 500,000 to 600,000tons of foreign refined sugal wirich is now annually imported, and will closedown Mincing l_lane as a teuninai nrarket whele rvorld buyers operate, com-peliing retailers to obtain all their supplies fronr the tsritish refineries. Itwouid be equivalent to a gift of .f3,000,000 annually to the refining industry,in adilition to X400,000 to the beet glot'els, yet the cotrsumers would notLrerrefit. Wi,tltin tlr.e last nulntlt thc rcfineries ltaoe put rLgt t'lr,e price 2s. cut.to 30s. 9d., though fbleigrr sugar' has trot changed in price. After theBudget they will announce ir .-etluction of 2s. in accot'tlance rvith the promiseto Mr. Churchill to pass on the leduction to the consumer. The EmpireSugar Federation, in a statement, says Queensland resigned from the federa-tion under a misconception. The federution favourecl extending anv reductionof duties to Empire sugar. Polarising at 99 deg. had been suggested to theLlovernment with that obiect. Cuban production plays an inrportant part in'-he world's market. I..,ast Novernber, President Nlaehado sig'ned, and thusruade law, a Rill restrict,ing the outpttt of Cnban sugar. The Bill created a(lovernment coutrolled exp't conrpdnl iurtl lllovidetl lrear-y inrposts for sugaroroclucecl in excess of the aurotrnts allotterl lo the trrills. Porver was given toihe President to uncorrtlitionally 't'etile' l;0,(XJ0 totrs of the 1926-2? cropf rom the ru&rket .''
ifhe Secretary,
The Cost of Living Commission,
Nairobi. 2)nd, October,7928.
Rel. No. Col. l01Bo.-Suqur.
Sir,I beg to acknowledge ret'ei1-rt of 1'out'leiter of the 21lth ultinro, lvith copl'
of evidence for mY perusal.
I have corrected sanrc atrd lettu'rt heler,vitir tog-othel witli soiredule sliowingdetailed expeuditure on adclitit-ltts alcl irripiovettretrts to plaut', etc., at theVictoria Nyauza Sugar Coruparry's lfill at Mivuaui, as lequisitioned by Mr.Walter.
These corrections, togetlier with rrry lettel t,o you of the 28th ultiruo,reply to all questiorrs asketl;rt the t'ecelt sitting of 1'oul Clotrrtnission, witlrihe exception of olle questiorl, irs foliorvs:-
" l\fr. Walter': Iluve -\'ou rn.)' idcu ol tlrr: difl'ererrce betweeu theworld market prir:e o[ sugar iu 1921 and 1927. In paraglaph 3 of G 1,you refer to certain figut'es. 1 would like the conrparison be-tween 1921 and 1927; rrirtululll,, 1 rertlise that tlro ptices of sugar varygreatly.
B9
" L'Ir. I\fayers: I lvill let r,ou hirve those figuLes, etc."I have not beer) :'r,ble to locate uuv statistics here to enable me to anslver
this question irnmediately. I ]rave therlefole u'r'itten honie for sarne. This willnecessitate a fer,v w'eeks' delry, but I shall let tiie Comrnission have the figuresat the earliest prossible date.
Yours faithfully,G. R. Mevens,
Managing Director.
3. Evidence of Mn. J. G. AnoNSoN, at Nairobi.(Representing Messrs. Sukari, Ltd., Ruiru.)
27th September, Lg2B.
Mr. Aronson stated that there werp one or two points he wished toput before the Cornniission. 'I'he first one was that his I-iondon directorswere assured by Colonel Arnery, of the Colonial Oflice, that this cquntry wasout to enooulallg Iocal industlies iu every possibie way, and that such encour'-agement would be afforded to the sugar industly. With this assurance acompany w-as formed, with a shale capital of .{200,000, for the purpose ofmanufacturing sugar', and a further subsidiary company with a, very largecapital was formed, and one of its functi.ons would be to grow sugar cane iofeed the factory.
He wished also to point out that qn the 1st Aplil of this veal the GeneralManager of the Kenya and Liganda ltailway reduced tlie freight rate onimported sugar fxln Sh. 14 per 100 lbs. to Sh.6/81 per 100 lbs., makinga r-eductiol of fB/11/0 per ton on iniported sugar as far as the Nairobi cosiwas cgncerned.
'I'he point liad oftel beert stlessed that if othel sugar-producing countriescould land sugar into tlte coturti'y at a low price notwithstanding the factthat they had sea freight and nolrrral duty to face, this countrv should be ina position to hold its orvn without h.eavy protective duties. His reply to thatis that the industry in these countries lias been established for centuries andthat after nalry yeals of experimenting they rvet'.e to-day able to produce ata very low cost. llheil production costs to-day were considerably lower thanwhen they first cemrnenced ploducing. In Australia and South Africa, withth-e l<nowledge that sug-irr can be irtrported at prices lorver than their cost ofproduction, heavy protective duties wele still and alr,vays u'otrkl be enforced,as they realised the industry was a verv iurportant one and v'as the rneans ofcirculating money throughout the countr)..
The Ohairman.-\Me are dealing witlr t]re econonric side of the question,and not the political side.
Mr. Aronson.-I am trying to point out that if the duties were removedit would kill the industries in these ccuntries rvithout a doubt. Havingsucceecled in killing the industrx, these foreign countries would then be irra very strong position-.of dictating the price of sugar and the cost of livingas far as this cornnrodity was concerned would rapidly increase. We wouldthen have the censumer clamouring for protection, but it would be a differentform of protection.
In dealing rvith l\Ir. l\Iayers' evidence Mr. Walt-el mentioned that if theconditions in this countly were so unfavourable for tiie production of sugar,why protect the iudustly 2 \Iy reply to this is that it is preurature to sugg'estthat the conditions iu this countly are unfavoulable. We have been veryunlucky in haviug three continuous )'ears of drought and as far as my couipany is concerned it has taught rts a lesson at gr.eat oost. It has made usrealise that cane carrnot be planted on the highlands without the aid ofirrigation. On the other hand we have an advantage here which is nol,enjoyed by other sugar-producing countries. We have iearnt that the longercane is allowed to stand, the licher it beconres in sucrose contents. In othersugar-produciug courrtries cane ttutst be cut directly it ripens, for. after thistime it deteriot'ates itr suclose. An atltlecl arlvantage is that \ re are ip thefortunate positiorr of l-reirrg able to t'ut t,lte rvlrole 1,ga,r round. ll,erriernber q.eare producing- sugiu' arrd growirig citue at a higirel altitude than ir,uy stlfJar-producing country in the world and in consequence we are groping' in
-the
90
dark and we are not in tlie fr.,rtunaie position of rvorking on the experienceof these other countries. Undgr tlte circumstances f rlo not think anyone isjustified in saying that the conditions in this c,ountly are unfavourable forthe production of sugar for at least ten years. We ha,ve hacl sugar expertsfronr Mauritius and South Africa who are all emphatic in stating that sugarcan be econonrically produceil in this country. Sugar can be obtained locallyat 33 cents per lb. and I cannot understa,nd why Ih'. Walter states theaverage price to be 37 cents per lb.
\[r. Wood : These figures have no relation to the figures obtained byMr. Walter in June this year. 'Ihese figures were recently given us forlqcally-produced sugar.
Mrs. B-eaton : They are the fig-ures rnentiortecl lrrst week and the weekbefore in the " Standard ".
Mr. Aronson : NIr. Walter states tliat the price of local sugar is 37 percent. higher than it is being retailed in Itrrigland, basiug his flgures onthe average price of local sugar being at I]7 cents per lb. and the Englishprice at 2-fd. per lb. Sur:ely \'h'. Walter is not entitled to state that theaverage price of locai sugar is 37 cents because certain shopkeepers chooseto sell at 40 cents. Any rneniber of this Conimission can purchase as rnuclrlocal sugar as is wanted from any of the leading grocers in the town at 33cents and I contencl that this is thp present basic price. As far as theEnglish price is concelnerl I can only sir), that I rvas hensekeeping in Englandlast year and was never able to buy s,rgal at less than 4c1. per lb., whilst Iwas paying 6d. lor loaf sugar. It is quite possible that the price of sugarhas been reduced since T left, but I do not think so.
Mr. Wood: We had a, figure of t37l6l9 given us for Australia. Nowassuming that an econemic price is J25 per ton is it fair that a local con-sumer should pay Sh.30 for a sovereign, or say 50 per cent. niore than itsvalue. fs it an economic proposition a,nil in the country's interest to paySh. 30 for S1.
Mr. Aronson : I cannet quite see lvlta,t connection the price in Austra,liahas with the subject under discussion.
Mr. Wood : It has this to clo wittr it, that people in Kenya are payingmore than a soverign for a sovereign.
I am sorry, but I cannot follow your argument.
Mr. Walter : Ilorv long do you think that this protective duty shouldIast ?
Mr. Aronson : I consider that in vielv of the faot that this is a new countryas far as the production of sugar is concerned, we should have protection forat least ten years. We do not l<ttor,v how long cane stools will ratoon andit will not be for a periocl of ten years before r've coultl have any reliable dat.r,
in this respect. If at the end of this period it is fourrd that thp conditionsare not favourable ancl that sugar could not be econornically produced, thenI agree the industry is not worth protecting.
Mr. Walter : Do you consicler that licences to import sugar during ashortage could be granted with advantage?
Mr. Aronson : I cannot see how the licencing of irnported sugar couldbe controlled.
Mr. Wood : The licencing lvould have to be in the hands of t]re Government.
Mr. Aronson : Does it rrot eccur to you that evely Indian stot'ekeeper inthe country woukl b9 applying for licence to irnport ancl tliat it would be avery difficult rnatter for the (,ioventtttetrt to differentiate.
Mr. Walter : You are afraid that the countly nright be flooded withimported sugar.
Mr. Hornby: Clould it not be controlled by the Chamber of Commercel
Mr. {ronson : The corrsumption of sugat is increasing very rapidly. Thenatives are eating rlere sugar to-day than in the past. \Me are informed b1'
Mr. Mayers that the supply ihis year will not equal the demancl, but I do
Mr.
91
not think that even Mr. Nlayers knows to what extent. If you are going tolicence the importation of sugar you rriay be landed with a surplus of 2,000 or3,000 tons of imported sugar and this would have a very serious effect on thelocal sugar directly the new season commenced.
Mr. Walter: What sugar cane are you concentrating on?
Mr. Arorison : We are concentrating on Uba. I explained to Mr. Mayersthat it was yery difficult for us to supply him rvith reliable figures at themoment as we are only erecting our factory, but I would suggest that theComrnission shoulcl take a trip out to Sukari, I-:td., as it would give thema much better idea of the importance of the industry for which we clairrrprotection.
The Chairman : Accorcling to the figures supplied by Mr. Mayers yourcompany appears to be more optimistic than his as far as the sugar extractedfrom the cane is concerned.
Mr. Aronson : \Me claim to have a rnore modern factory than Mr. Mayersand again we are basing our figures on tlre cane ayeraging 14 per cent.sucrosg, whictr is the average we have been g'etting in the past. 'Ihis is ahigh average but all our cane contracts are bilsed on this figure.
Mr. Mayers : The reason for our low yield of sugar is due to the lowsucrose content of the cane we have b.een using anrl this rvas errtirely dueto the shortage of cane and drought. In the ordina,r.y way we should iraveclosed down our factory, but owing to the shortage of sugar we decidecl t<lcrush all available oanes, whether mature or iurmature.
44. Nf-q,ron tr'nno Tunrpy, O.B.IJ., at Nair.obi.(A director of the Itamisi Sugar Estates, Lid., Nlonrbasa.)
27 tlt S eptenr,b er, 1928,.
Major Turney stated that he wished to say that his company's interestsrepresented, the interests of Kenya, but they represented them in a very diller-ent way frqm those of Miwani because they were dealing with a coastal regionwhere they thouglit the climatic and cultural condil,ions werB so flavourablethat given ploper backing in the beginning a sugar industry could be wor.kedup f'or export as well as local consumptiorr, and yet leave them a profit. Hewas referring to the Ramisi Sugar Jlstate, on the liamisi River, sonre 3?rniles south of Mombasa.
The lanil was fertile, and they had beel working there for about 18months, they had collected a certain arrount of infbrmation, and they thoughtthat sugar cane coulal be grown there, and would give a very geod yield perton per acre. 'Ihe canes contained a very much greater percentage of sugar,anal came to maturity far ruore quickly than in Mauritius. They had alsothe advantage of being close to a port and they thought the conditions werese favourable as to forrn a basis for an industry of very considerable magni-tude. Their object in corning here was to get established under the protectionof the existing duties. When they hacl definitely provecl their views, otherpeople woukl undoubtedly come ancl a sugar industry of inrportance will beestablished. They had imported 17 different varieties of sugar cane. all ooftcane with the exception of three varieties.
The Chairman : IIave you got to the crushing stage at all l'
Major Turney : We expect to start crushing in Novenrber, bur owtna tothe ilrought we have been rlelayecl in starting our crushing.
I woulil like to add that we have brought into the country only selectedvarieties of cane from Mauritius as we wish to avoid the difficulties experiencedwith Uba cane.
The Chairman : I presume you are not yet in a position to give detailsand siatistics of conditions for Coastal procluction.
Maj,or Turney : No, it will be a year or two before rve shall be able todo so.
The Ohaiunan : Does vour factory expect to compete eventually with thebest imported sugar?
92
Yes ; at first it is naturally not possible for a small affair to competewith countrics like Java. It rnill probably be about 15 or 20 years befbreone could evenluall,v hqpe to cornpete. The Natal industry, which is nowa very impoltant ono, took years to build up, and was only built up underthe protectioti o[ a tariff, and the same thing applies to Australia. We thinkthai the coast, of Kenla offers great advantuges and possibiiities, given, as Isaid before, proper backing at tlie beginning. 'I'he prorluction of the Empireis only about 27 per cent. of the sugar consuined in th.e Empire, and thereforethere is a very large margin for Empire production.
The Chairman : Do you think that the assistance of a tariff would be ajustification for regulating tl-re price of sugar.
Major 'I'urney : Yes, I think it is in the interest of the grower as wellas the corlsurner. I think that the present tariff is ample protection and itenables Java sugar to be sold in Nairobi at 40 cents per lb. and thereforethere is rrc justificatiott for people in this country selling sugar at a higherprice than this.
Mr. Walter : Just how flavourable do you flnd the g-rowth of the cane atthe coast, as cornpilrerl with orre <lf the frrst sugar-producing countries in theworlcl?
Major Turney : If you take Mauritius as the largest Ernpire sugar-procluc-ing country (though only a srrrall gne trs regalds rvorld production) they cannotcrush cane urrder 14 to 18 rnonths. We have made analyses of cane grown atthe coast which have shown 13.56 per: cent. sucrose and 92 per cent. purityat ten nrontlis, antl rve htrr,e beerr foilou'ing those canes aloru' and they arlnow at fifteen rneuths, aud tbeir sll(,l,ose content is now 14 per cent.
we could probably crush flot eight rnonths out of the year instead offour months as in I\{auritius. That is a very irnportant point. A countrythat can crtrsh twice the aruount of cane certainl;, stands a much betteichtr,nce. rn addition to that there are no cyclones at ihe coast her,e.
rretter from \[.q,ron rlnpn TunNnv, o.B.rJ., with reference to tire folegcingevidence.
\rd October, 1998.
. r arrr in receipt of your favour of the 2gth septeurber, together: withcopies of rny evidence before tlre above ('onrrrrissiorr ori tl'.r 2fth uii.
I leturn orle cop.\'as t'ecluested atrtl also ir statenrerrt which refers tovarious points u,hii'h rvele ornitted in rn\,remalks, r being uncler the impres-sion that I was to anslver rluestiorrs onl1,, tr,ntl so ltardly ltrepared to gire afull expose of the tnattel fr,orn rriy point of view.
If I may comnent on the discussion, uray I srr,y with regard to Mrs.Beaton's rernarks on the impurities in the local sugar r think that competitionfor the local rnarket between the trvo rtew rnodern sugar factories now alrnostreatly to crush and those already existing will inrrnediately produce a highergrade sugar and that I don't think Mrs. Beaton rvill then have cause-forcqmplaint.
rt is our intention at ll,arnisi to rrrake a leally white high grade sugarfrom the sia,rt and we int.end to pay particular attention to <1uality.
The " Mauritius extra fine " lvhich lve irrtend to nrirke, is a Lrra14 wellknown on the l-'lngiish rnarket, where it is bought especially by jarn manu-facturers anil wholesale confectioners requiring a pul'e srlgar. r,vith maximumsweetening power.
It is evident that with five sugar factories rvorkiug in the Territory, theproduction of sugar will exceecl the local denrarrd, a, shortage is thereforenot to be expected in future attd as tlie recent reductiorr of 7 ceuts a poundon irnported sugar by the loweliug of the Itailway late nrakes it pssible io sellbest Java sugar in Nairobi at 40 cents per lb. retail, the consurner rvill haveevery choice. There is no justification therefore for exor.bitant prices, andit should be trrade a purrishabJe olfence to retail sugar at more than 40 centsper lb.
I
l
a
l
g3
The visit of the Mauritius .Deiegation to l(eu,va il 1924, drew theattention of sugar interests in thai island to the possibilities of I(enya as asugar country and though the large scheme then prop,osed did not uaterializeowing to land difficulties rvith the Nntive Reserve in question, ancl {inancialstringency in Mauritius follorning the tlrop iu sugrlr plices, the rnatter wasnot clropped entirely.
Further examination of the whole question rvas continued and variousparts of the Territory were visited and climatio contlitions gone into and theRamisi Sugar Estates, Ltd., on the Bamisi River, forty rriiles south of l\fom-basa, is the first practical result and the initiai step in the building np of a
sugar export business on the coast.
I would like to point out that Nlauritius is rvholly given up to sugarmanufacture for export. It is the largest sugal prqducer in the Empire andhas beeu ir-r this business antl trri other fol seventy-{ive years er more. Whentherefore a g..roup of sugar tnett frclrrr \Iauritius, irfter examination of theclimatic c<inditions of l(enya, enrbalk on the industry iu a seiected spot inKenya, it is a g'uarantee that they corrsider that the conditions nec-essaly forthe successful establishtnent of the industry on a leally sound basis, that json the worl{ price of sug'ar, exist.
.The sugar industry, one of thg world's largest industries, is a highlyspecialized business, involvirtg rnillions of capital in eiich of the couliriescon_cernecl and representing many years of work in building up the plantationsand factories ; it is therefbre onl;, possible for any countrl to britd op anew section of the sugar industr;, if tlrey are pr:otecterl during their grorith.by a dut;r which is sufficiently high to prevent thern beirrg destroyecl ai theoutset by the dumpiug' of sugar fiom the old-established pioducing. countrieswhich have tlie greatest natural advantages and are proclucing on an immensescale. such a country exists in this corner of the w,orld in Java. (TheNrauritius sugars all go to England to get the advantage of ihe rmperialpreference).
It is behind tariff walls that the important sugtrr industries of Natal antlAustralia have been built up-without the tariff *all they could never havecome into being at all.
of course if the real natural advantages necessar.y fbr the success of theindustry do not exist, no protective duty could insure the cr.eation of a sounde.xport industry, but rve consider that not onl-v do they exist her.e, but thatthey are more favourable than the contlitions'in eithei }fauritius or Natal.
Giver: therefore, the pres.ent protective rluiy, we consider the industryca! be built up, but it is essential that the duty be left untouched, for anindustry like cane sugar, which demands fields and factories on a very bigscale, is not built up in.a few years, and the capitalists and specialists or tnisugar world are not. going. to put_ money antl time into a co-untry that hasnot provecl-, firstly, that it. is_ a real sugar-growing country ; an4 seconclly thatthe natural growth of the industry is pioteLted secureiy for a sufficient numberof years.
The results rvhich the fields and factory at Ramisi River can show duringthis coming year are being'watched with keen interest by sugar r1en, and ifthey are as good as rve belier,e theni to be, the sugar indust.y,if the Coast rvillhilve receivetl its start attd rvhen olre sees rvirat Natal has done with conditionsnot half so good, it is_difficult to prophesy to n,hat extent the ildustry mightnot grow, the dernand for Empire sugar being still very large i. n"gtu"dl
-Kenya has great neeti of industries capable of exporting on to the world,smarkets, ancl it is in the interests of rienyu, and of ihe people who live herethat_the.groyt! of this young'industry shourd be fosterecl, arrd 1ot killeJ;;a retluction of the duties.
. The agitation against the high price of sug.ar has evidently been causedby speculators cernering the nrarket and by merchants .".tri"tirrg tnei,importations of suga.r, but if a maxirnurn price of 40 cents per lb. b"e fixedby Governure.t for the retail sares, ,all po.ribl" profit on cornering ,"d .h;;1_ages would be gone and therefore there would be no benefii in tiying i;-;;",
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the excess of local prodrrctit,ri oyer consumption which is inevitable as soonas the two new factories Mambre and R,amisi are at work will also automatic-ally regulate prices to a lower level.
Ramisi Bstate being surrounded by three Native Reserves will, we hope,be able to induce the natives to grow sugar cane themselves on an increasingscale, as they will hate a remunerative sale for same at the factory.
If this could be inaugurated on a really good scale the amount of sugarcane that coukl be grown by the natives in these Coast Reserves would bevery considerable antl form in itself the ba'sis for an important increase inthe production of sugar.
It is probable that this is a culture that the natives might take to as thesugar canes would f<lrrn not only a good and pleasant food but a means ofobtaining money at once, and therefore there are chances that a nativeindustry of some importance may eventually be built up in this nQanner.
X'11,8D TURNEY,Ramisi Sugar Esto,tes.
2nd October, L928.
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SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE.
BACON.
19.-I'rice paid to pig breeders had always left a fair margin of profit to thelatter. For some time the factory hail been ready to contract withfarmers-in many cases hecl contracted-with g'uarantee of assuredmarket five years ahead. I{ad guaranteed minimum price of 50cents per lb.
Competition with pork butcher:s had tendency .t'o keep figure high.Factory had sought to pay higher than butchers, but when pricereached 75 cents dead weight the factory stopped raising the price.
Demand for bacon exceeds the su14rly. Costs approxima.t'ely Sh. 1/40to produce per lb. Highest price charged f.o.r. at the factory forsirles of bacon Sh. U60 per lb.
After wastage in slaughter, oflals, hoofs, etc., the price of sides readyfor curing was estimaied at 97 cents per lb.
'Ihree years ago bacon was 30 per cent. Iower in price and hard tosell. Tlie number of pigs required to meet demands of three terri-tories was about 8,000 per annum. Cen,sus gives number ofbreeding sows in 1926 ai 7,714. Taking an average of 10 pigs persow matured, this should meet demancls.
Faci;ory hoped to increase output by 15 per cent.
Price paid for pigs could be reduced 10 cents per lb. This should resultin a reduction of 25 cents per lb. to consumer.
23.-When there were sufficient pigs .the factory offered 18 cents per lb. Theprogeny of imporied pigs, that should have realised *4, had beensold at Sh. 10 to get rid of them.
BOOTS AND CTOTEING.
23.-The cost of clothing at least 50 per cent. higher than in South Africa. Afrock over the value of S1 would be delivered post free plus 20 percent. duly from England.
I8.-Landed cost of articles about 45 to 50 per cent. above invoice price incountry of origin.
Average percentage of plolit over lauded cost is 50 per cent. gross-anett profit of 33 per cent.
Overhead charges about 21 per cetrt. of turnover.
Outstandings 10 per cent. of turnover.
Cost of book debts 4$ per cent. of turnover.
Rent about 10 per cent. of overhead charges.
Cash trading impossible until weekly wages introduced.
Competition should recluce prices.
Large stocks carriecl, consequently capital locked up.
Prices reclucetl during las.t, five years owing to larger turnover.
i3.-Winter clothes are rnuch clearel in 1lngland than the clothes necessaryfor a y<lung family out here.
BUILDING MATEN,IAI,S.
l.*Impossible io lmport Scandinavian timber with ihe present duty.
Price of Swedish deal, including duty, in Nairobi 63 cents per squarefoot.
Porlo in Nairobi 27 cents.:
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rmported timber on the railway is rated at class 6; local timber class 9(old class 1).
rf duty were removed canadian Douglas Fir could compete with localtimber.
R,ailrrg-r' of a cask of cernent froru Mornbasa is s]h. 4172 (oirl rate B),plus sh. 2 per barrel.-The cost lantled i, Nairobi is about sh. 2q.
Duty on roofing tiles 10 per cent.
ZZ.-Price of 50 cubic feet, October, 1g2l.-Cedar Sh. 288, podo, Sh. 240.I-.rist prices June, 1928.-Cedar Sh. 240, podo Sh. 198.
Trarle prices, June, 1928.-Cedar Sh. 222, podo Sh. 180.
Reduction since 1921.-Cedar Sh. G6, podo Sh. 60.
The imposition of protective tariffs lias established the ]ocal timberindustry and resulted irr a 2J per cent. bene{it to t}re consumer.
Price^ of imported deals at x[onibasa.-rn bond sh. 120 per ton ; exGodown Sh. 240 per ton.
Difference between price " in bond,' and ,,ex godown,,.-Customsduty at 30 per cent. equals Sh. 51.
Handling transport storage breakages Sh. 19.
Selling price at Mombasa approximately Sh. 155 per ton.At Mombasa the local timber is slightly ilearer than imported with 10
per cent. duty on latter.rmported and local tirnber is charged for railage freight under- classes
6 and 9 respectively.
rmported timber weighs approximately 2,000 lb. per ton measure.I-local podo weighs approximately 2,b00 lb. per ton measure.Railage Mombasa to Nairobi (BB0 miles) :-
Tmported tirnber 2,000 lb. at Sh. 4lO7 per 100 tb., Sh. g1.4C.
Local timber 2,500 Ib. at Sh. tl76 per 100 tb., Sh. 44.Assuming the cost of tirnber in a house costs 18.5 per cent. of the
total, on a J8,000 house there rvourd be a saving 6t *,+o and if theowner r,equired _11 p9l cent. per annurn on hiJ outlay the rentalcould be recluced by Sh. 10 per month.
on the same basis the loss to the corony by using irnported timber on a.{:-},000 house wouid a,rount to.-on ioyalty", si'a1u; rail freight,*'L07ll0; custo,rs, f100: totar ri6llb. in addition JBB0 wiutdgo to Norway anil Sweden.
Podo is in a class infinitely superior to imported timber. The producerhas not used pretection to hold up prices. .Ihe rerrioval of
-customs
duty would.result in a saving of't.3; per cent. only at the coast.{^o1 eyery 440 saved to tlie cons,mer trie coiony *olld ]ose in cash!,26715.
There is _a grave fear that if customs duty were removed Norway ancrSweden might durnp timber.
uganda mvuli (uganda teak) is a very efficient substitute for ieak. Thecornpetition among millers is exirerrrely fierce.
There has been a steady reductio, in the prices chargecl for timber.Duty, on timber sho,ld remai. o. absol,tely indefinitely to prevent
dumping'.
48.-rn a s1,000 house the cost of timber would be J76. The labour bill isbetween 40 and J0 per cent. of the rnateriars. rn rndia it amountsto between 1b and 25.per cent. 'rhere is no difficurty in obtaimagl:ndian arrizans. Artizans u.orking hours g ;;;:-;"y at Sh. 1 tosh. 1/10 per hour. The Indian coorie rabou, i. *o"h cheaper thanthe native rabour of this countr.y. Artizans, wages traoe ,ot gon;up during the past 20 months.
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Mangalore tiles cost Sh. 180 per 1,000 landed. Railage to Nairobi,Sh. 181/56 equals Sh. 361i56.
Bricks in India are Sh. 20 per 1,000.
27.-Building costs are cheaper here than in England. Labour here cannotbe comparecl to British labour.
Materials procluced in this country are cheaper than similar mat,erialsat home.
Stone here varies here from S'h. 1i 25 to Sh. 2 ; at home Sh. 2 to Sh. 5/6.Ordinary stone here can be got at Sh. 1. Rough dressed at Sh.L125. Stone used iu l-london costs a,s much at Sh. 7/6. fhe stoneused for cottage property in England is dearer than that in Nairobi.
A much better house can be put up here for S1,500 than in England,but not so expensive in treatment.
Cannot see how building can be cheapened unless labour is altered.
No use in removing the duty on timber.
Podo is a better wood for roofs than the coarse g-rained wood from home.
The local mvuli is preferable to Indian teah.
People would use more cement if it was at a lo',ver rate and the actualrevenue would be the same or probably greater.
10.-The cost of labour, not nraterials, has gone up. This is roughly SB5 ina €750 house; say about 12 per cent.
Building here is from 20 to 25 per cent cheaper than in England, butthere is not the quality of finish.
It would be possible to build a house for J750 that would let for J60-f70 per annum. In addition there rvould be the land, from J75to S120 per acre. A return on outlay should be 10 per cent. perannltm.
One does not realise the arnount of money that transport costs in Nairobia ton of sanil costs $h. B or Sh. 9; transporting it to Ngong Roadadded Sh. 7 making a total of Sh. 16.
Z7.-There is a great scarcity of clecent houses at Nluthaiga ; it is almostimpossible to get one under J15 per month.
As far as cottage property is concerned tire local by-laws have goneagainst cheap building.
There is a shortag'e of housing for the small man.
The houses built by Asiatics with iron roofs and stone floors at J500-J600 woultl be suitable for European occupation but they would betoo far away for the small man.
X'lats cannot be built in town owing to the requirements of the localby-laws as regards open area.
Flats woultl certainly relieve the housing problem to a very great extent.
Three or four people are willing to build flats.
10.-The fndian artizans make excessive profits. The native cannot do workof the same quality as the Indian.
No necessity. for importing timber e^xcep! for fancy w_or\. . For heavyengineering work podo lvas preferable to imported timber.
The local prices woultl have to come into line if the duty were reducecl.
With the railway freights intligenous timber would continue to be useilup country'
Not much difference if duty on timber removed.
B.-Building is cheaper here than in England.-The local price of building hasclroppecl within the last two years'
If the cost of railage of cement were reduced it would make a difference.
The local by-Iaws, as regards the height of rooms, have an adverse effecton the price of building.
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If rluty were taken off imported timber it would be possible to sell it ascheaply as local timber.
A small concrete house with moilern conveniences can be erected foI4700-J800.
This requires about 30 barrels of cement at Sh. 231L5, and 40 tons ofsand at Sh. 8/50 plus cartage at Sh. 1 per ton per mile. Cost oftimber would be about $75 to S80. The extra cost of a tiled roofabove corrugated iron is between g80-i100 per house owing to theextra timber required.
Teak costs Sh. U17 per sq. ft. landed in Nairobi.
Deal (importecl from Norway) 47 cents per sq. ft.
Podo is 38 cents, cedar about 38 cents, joinery stuff about 40 cents.
A mechanic in England will do three tiures the work of an artizan here.
I:abour in England in 1914 was 10$d per hour, to-day it is Sh. 1/Bper hour.
The average artizan here gets Sh. 1/20 per hour.
Artizans will work for an Indian for half the wages paid by Europeans.
Native labour at Muthaiga Quarry is fairly good. Some of them getSh. 120, Sh. 130 tb Sh. 150 per month, but they cannot be reliedupon. They prefer piece work as with it they can work when theyIike. It would not be possible to combine to bring wages down.
BUTTER.
12.-From return received from traders 10 tons per month requirecl for Nairobi.
16.-Estimated at 7 tons.
35.-28,000 lbs. kept in reser-ve against ordinary shortage.
16.-Capacity of creamerie,s far greaier than is required for butter consumptionin the East African Territ,ories.
Average price paicl for butter fat during 18 months ended 31-3-28, perlb., sh. 1/48.
2.25 gallons of milk produce 1 ib. butter fat.The producer of cream received per gallon milk 0.66 cents.
Average cost of production at creamery, per lb,, Sh. 1/95.Average wholesale price, per Ib., Sh. 1/95.
Highest, Sh. 2/50; lowest, Sh. 1/55. Now fixed at Sh. 2 for wejmonth,s ancl Sh. 2150 in dry months when demand exceeds supply.
Although wholesale price has increased 50 cents per lb., the increase incost of manufacture has been 58.1 cents per lb., therefore dairyfarmer has received less for his produce.
During April-November the excess butter is accumulated in cold storeto mee,t deficiency. Approximately B0 tons required for this.
certain shops have sold _at sh. 3/50 and sh. B/Tb per lb. At leasttwo have maintained retail price at sh. el7b. rroubtful whether3d. per lb. is suffrcient gross profit for trader.
Good -imported butter could be sold in Nairobi at aboui sh. B per tb.after paying duty.
rmlrcrtation-of -bulls much below what it should be. Governmentscheme for financial assistance should help, provided certain irksomeconditions are amend.ed. Dairy industry ii ln its infancy and thedeaths in livestbck enormous. rn one- case deaths ambuntecl toJ1,500 for twelve months, representing 17 per
".ot. "" irr" gtwsales of produce.
rf import -duty-were^rem{ved_,,imported butter of the finest quaritycoukl be sold at Sh. 2 and lower grade at Sh. 1/50.
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X'armers oould not make satisfactbry progress nor develop the inilustryif they receivecl only 75 cents to Sh. 1 per lb.
Protection shoulcl continue for six years.
Costs 2[d. per lb. to send butter from Naivasha Creamery to Mombasacolcl store, retain it there six rnonths, and relurn to Nairobi formarketing'
41.-The highest price notecl was at Mr. Sands' sale, Sh. 4/10 per lb.
Butter supplied at present not so good as formerly.
Highest r,etail price in England Sh. 2/5 per lb. and the lowest Sh. 1iB.
2.-Shortage of imported bulls commenced three year,s ago; heifers sired bybulls introducetl three year's ago not yet in milk.
To make Colony a highly producing butter country, dip anil fence anrlcontrol disease.
Cost of manufacturing butter in this country high on account of thesrnall output relative to the plant and minimum staff.
Average cost of making butter in South Africa about 4d. per lb.
Cost of production quoted by Major Nicholson high but commensuratewith small output.
Salaries only slightly higher, but wages are much higher than in othercountries.
Importation of butter uncler licence would be difficult to work anilperhaps unfair.
Advise the removal of protective duties andindustry from disease and theft.
Dairymen do not neeil Customs protection,
protect the local dairy
but protection on farms
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from disease ancl theft.
Imported butter would compete with local only when prices reacheclSh. 2 or more.
High local prices not advantageous ; only -cause inflated capital values,which, being ephemeral, cause uliimate loss.
With no droughts and little disease there woulcl have been no grea,rcriticism of the duty.
45.-This year the shortage has been more pronounced.
Indians are buying a large amount of butter.
The price has g'one up. On one occasion it was over Sh. 3/20; nowit is Sh. 1/50 to Sh. 2.
A seasonal shortage occurs every year, buJ not to such a great extentas this.
23.-Butter is retailed in South Africa all the year round at from 10d. to Sh. 2per lb.
Having regarcl to somewhat similar conditions in the two countries,there is no reason for the high charges in Kenya.
Suggest imporlation of butter from South Africa in bulk, not tinned,with aid of insulation cars on railway.
PEAR,MACEUTICAI PN,ODUCTS.
28.-General average profit is 50 per cent. gross. This percentage of profitis essential to successful business.
Outstandings about 23 per cent. of credit sales.
54.-Outstandings about 25 per cent' of iurnover.
28.-Overhead charges 25 per cent. of turnover.
fi4.-Overheacl charges about 33 per cent. of turnovsr.
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28, 54.-Rent about 25 per cent. of overhead charges.
28.-Cost of carrying book debts 6] per cent. of turnover.54.-Cost of carrying book debts 7] per ceni. to 10 per cent. of credit sales.
Drugs are too high a rate on railway. Railage from Mombasa toNairobi almost equal to freight from l-london to Mombasa.
28.-Railage on uretlicines from Mornbasa is about Sh. 19 per 100 ibs.
Drugs cost landed Nairobi about 300 per cent. rnore than invoice pricein country of origin.
Baby f,ood, classed as provisions for railway freight, cosis Sh. 14 per100 lbs. from Mombasa.
Chemists at home require 50 per cent. gross profit.
Salaries increaseil since the r,var. A man on J30 per month in thiscountry would drar'v about S17 per month in a similar position inEngland.
28, l4.-Could not run a business on a cash basis.
28.-Competition makes no difference to prices.
54.-Competition woulcl recluce prices.
Price of drug-s has gone up appreciably since pre-war days.
foilei preparations have also g'one rrp. This is partly accountecl forby 30 per cent. impor! duty.
Baby food pays an import duty of 20 per cent. This should be removed.15 to 20 per cent. profit is added to landed cost. This comm,odityis booked as medicines on railway and consequently a higher rate.It costs approximately Sh, 5 per week tofeed a child on bobyfi:od.
TR,UIT AND VEGETABTES.
6.-Oranges sold by producer at shamba in Parklands : Very large, 20 forSh. 1; Larg'e, 25 for Sh. 1; Small, 30 for Sh. 1. Surplus delivererlColonial Stores at 25-50 fbr Sh. 1. Retailed at a minimum rateof 10 per Sh. 1.
45.-For two months at the outside the supply of fruit and vegetables notequal to the demand.
Prices are hig'h, but not every year. Last year no shortage. Vegetableswere low in price all througli the dry rveather. This year a bigshortage owing to drought.
A good supply of fruit is coming in, ancl more people are going in forapples, pears, plums, etc.
Only way to handle perishable fruit is by auction as in South Africa,Australia, New Zealand and South Arnerica.
47.-One reason for high cost of fruit-wholesale ihefts by natives.
Cheaper ib purehase fruit in Nairobi than Ruiru.
a6.-IIigh prices during shortage iargely due to the fact that boardinghouse-keepers, etc., would not make contracts. On a balance throughoutthe year it would pay them to do so.
Contract price, 17 cents per lb. fla,t rate.
Suggestecl market for European-grown produce two mornings per weekin an inexpensive building (not auction).
Py5iugtion increasing rapidly.
z3.-With twentv acrcs of citrus, 10-18 years' 'old, witness had sold fruit atSh. 3 per 100 picked, properly packed, ancl cleliverecl f.o.r. Nairobi.
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This clid not pay for packing, cultivation, manure and spraying. Theresuh was the orphard lvas destroyed with exception of enough forths use of llie family.
Shopkeepers, purchasing at Sh. iJ per hundred, usually retailed at 10for Sh. 1.
53.-Suggested inexpensi're market to deal with glut of produce.
GLASSUIARE.
6.-Ball Jam Jars, 1ib. size, Ilairobi, Sh. 19i20 per dozen.Ditio, Pretot:ia, Sh. 8/06 per dozen'
Screu, top ditto, at Arrny and Navy StQres, Sh. 7/3 per dozen.
fmport duty South Africa, 20 per cent.
Freiql:+- Table Bay toJohannesburgon glassware: 16s. 1d. per 100]bs.
GA,AIN AND BREAD.
32.-Cost c'f 200 Ibs. wl,eat, Sh. 22'
Average nett weight of " superfine flcur " extractecl from this, about70 lL".
Other products obtained ate iorver grade flour and milling cffa'ls, wcrihabout Sh. i7'
2L.-2OO lbs. flour makes 250 loaves ancl realizes Sh. 120.
49.-Sh. 51 1.o Sh. 64 paid for local flour (200 lbs.).
fmported flour Sh. 65 Per 200 lbs.
50 per cent. blend of each used for bread,200 lbs. flour makes 250 1-lb.'loaves sold at 48 cents per ioaf (fresh) retail, and 38-40 whclesaie'
An inferior bread of all native flour sold at 28 cents per loaf.
In England it is believed that 280 lbs. flour costs approximatelySh. 40 and makes about 300 2-lbs. loaves'
Price of bread in England believetl to be 9|d. per 4 lbs. loaf.
Taking flour at sh. 64 per 200 lb_s., prodttcing 250 lQaves, a loaf costs
approximately 37 cents to procluce.
A baker in Englanrl clraws about JB per month'
A 33 per cent. profit is expected in England. Here about 43 per cent.
on a business including confectionery'
In 1919 a 1-!b. lcaf cost 66 cents'
Tinned buiter from England costs Sh' U70 Nairobi'
56.-I-ocal flour Sh. 51 per bag. Imported Sh' 62 to Sh' 6'1'
One bag makes 33 dozen loaves'
1-0 per cent. nett profit made on turnover'
Daily turnover on breacl Sh. 246'
Daiiy running cost, including rent, Sh' 161'
25 per cent. of daily sales are sold for cash'
Gross profit Qn turnover 23 per cent'
Book debts cost 2 per cent. of turnover'
Coulil sell cheaper on cash basis'
41.-Tive bags of flour per day produce 43,200 loaves, or if six bags 51,840
loives, using 2 bags local flour to 1 of irnported'
I:ocal flour Sh. 44 per bag (200 lbs')'
Imported flour Sh. 58 per bag (200 lbs')'
One bae mixed Q24lbs.) Sh. 54/56'
TREASUR.ILIBRARY
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One bag local (224Ibs.) Sh. 49150.
43,200 loaves cost 19 cents per loaf for flour and the same applied to51,840 loaves.
ff overhead charges 10 cents per loaf a mixed flour loaf would cost29 cents. If of local flour 27 cents.
The highest known cost for overhead charges :-Plant for 150,000 loaves per month.
Head baker J70 ; assistant I50.Roys 412. Fuel for 50,000 loaves, J15 per month.
General expenses S10. Depreciation J16.
Repairs, renewals, etc. 316. Distribution of bread J21.
Iactory rent €20. Materials J80.
Allowing a deduction of J70 for cakes and fancy goods this leaves atotal of *,240 f.or overhead expenses on bread only.
If bread sold at 36 cents per loaf a profit of 7 cents would be made.
43,200loaves per month show a nett profit of i151.
Present retail price of bread 48 cents, and wholesale 40 cents.
Z.-Price of local wheat delivered mills in Kenya is slightly higher than thatof Australian ex. wharf Durban.
There is a small exportable surplus of local wheat. At Mombasa itis probably worth Sh. 18/6 per bag. Wheat relatively to flouris levied with too high a duty, it shoultl be half of the flour iluty.
An investigation in bakers' profits should be held.
23.-X'lour in South Africa is 24 cents per lb., in Kenya 35 cents.
Attention is drawn to the difference to the price paid to the grower forwheat and the retail price of the flour. The grower gets aboutSh. 25 for a bag of 200 lbs. and the consumer pays Sh. 70 forthe same weight after manufacture.
None of the raw material is lost and all the by-products are sold.
The grower in South Africa gets Sh. 2716 per bag on the Johannes-burg market.
A reduction of rail freight on this commodity would help to reduceprices locally.
Woultl not suggest importation of flour from South Africa.At some shops one was given a loaf weighing 14 ozs., at other less,
while, at some places, a pound of bread could be bought.The _existing law regarding the inspection of bread appeared to be a
deacl lettpr.
53.-Price of bread at Mornbasa, farur near Nairobi,6c1. a loaf.Tvrol, 1d. per roll (about B rolls equal 1 loaf).Kent, 5d. per loaf.
GBOCER,IES.
7.-25 to 30 per cent. profit on landed cost essential to successful business.Approximately 40 to b0 per cent. outstandings at end of one month
arc carried to second month.
cash basis not considered possible without weekly payment of wages.Further diffculty is shopping done by boys and consequent loqB of
cash.
Rent 20 per cent. of total overhead charges.
Per:entage of profit could not be reduced if all account,s settled by15th of following month.
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No contract rnaile for butter as colcl storage undertook to meet require-ments but failed.
High cost of landing a light material. Oatmeal packed in heavyand boxes, hence heavy freight.
General average increase on landed cost of confectionery over invoicecost in country of origin, between 50 and 150 per cent.
30.-Overhead expenses (excluding depreciation and bank charges) 25 per cent.of turnover.
Rent 12 per cent. of overhead expenses.
Cost of carrving book debts 2 per cent. of turnover.
fmpossible to run business on cash basis. If introduced public wouldderive no benefit as average profit is only 25 per cent., exactlymeeting overheacl charges.
Competition tends to lower prices.
No reason to think.employees are thrifty.Employees do not want weekly wages.
21.-33* per cent. profit essential to successful business. 79 per cent. credittrade, 21 per cent. cash trade.
Overhead charges 18 per cent. of turnover; this percentage is low asmanager draws only a norninal salary.
Cash basis iurpracticable.
Competition reduces prices as firms are more active in buying.
Average railage on provisions from Mombasa about Sh. 14 per 100 lbs.
Not noticed any rise in cost of living during the last five years.
55.-Prices of Machakos firm deliverecl Nairobi compares favourably with localmerchants.
53.--Jam (horne made)- Janr (bought)At Mombasa Bd. per Ib. Sh. U3
(75 cents)Farm near Nairobi, ditio Sh. 1/6Nairobi ditto Sh. U6Tinned groceries-roughly 75 per cent. more than in Englancl.
Coffee-At Mombasa, Bd. lb. raw, 10c1. lb. roasted.X'arm near Nairobi, 10d. lb. raw.Nairobi, Sh. 1/60 per lb.Tyrol, Sh. 3 per lb.Kent, Sh. 2/6 per lb.
lEEAT.
I4.-Cost of imported bulls average f100.(1927) Feeding same per annum, S20.
Production of 5 years old steer average weight 550 lb., €5.34.-Ditto 600 lb. (1,000 lb. top weight).
Dresseil carcase, grass fed, S5.
9.-(1928) Price paicl to producers for grade bullocks, !.7 lir} io J8.35 cents per lb. dead weight.
Samburu bullocks about Sh. 40 each.
Masai bullocks at Ngong Sh. 50 to Sh. 70.
60-70 animals per month supplied from W. Suk to Kitale at Sh. 80each.
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41:-Beef on the hoof , J7 to J8.
Z4.-Cost of carcase (400 lb.) landed at shop Sh. 169.
26.-Cost of carcase (500 lb). landed at shop Sh. 188.
24,-(1928) Meat of 400 Ib. bullock retailed for Sh. L85l40; hide Sh. 14, offalSh. 4, tongue Sh. 2125.
26.-Meat of 500Ib. bullock retailed for Sh. 259120; hirle Sh. 15, offal Sh. 5.50.
39.-Meat of 429 lb. bullock, Sh. 195; hide Sh. 14, oft'al Sh. 3, tongue,sh.2125-
41.-Hides Sh. 18 to Sh. 20. Meat on sale on outskirts of town 80 cents perIb. In town meat of same quality Sh. 1/30. At Kajiado 50 centsper Ib.
26.-(J927) Cost landed in store Nairobi. Sale price average.Beef, 32.75 cents per lb. .46 per lb.Mutton .72 cents per lb. .81 ,, ,,Pork, .65 cents per lb, live weight .,. 1.30 ,, ,,
17. 26.-Europeans demand best cuts; tbrequarters and flattks sold below cost.
26.-Overtread charges Sh. 7,565 p.m. Rent 8.7 per cent. of this.
(L927) Selling price beef risen from 32 cents June 1926 to 46 cents.
Mutton florn 74 centsJune, 1925, to 8l certts. (Nlarch and April, 1926,84 c,ents.)
Monthly turnover Sh. 53,000, profit, approximately Sh. 800.
17 . 41. 40. -Native leselyes nrlt opened up.
9.-High price of rneat due to too rriucli beirtg paid for bullock. Butchers donot accunrulate sullicient supplies in resetve. Seven-tenths ofNairobi supply tlrawn frorn l\{asai Reserve. Government willing toallow butchers free grazing and water at Narok aud at Isiolo foraccumulating supplies. Supply of sheep in reserve very short anildecreasing.
4O.-Monopoly of grade cattle by one firm.
17. 39. 26.-Butchers overhead charges very high.
23.-The import of beasls frorn Northern Frontier, through Bumuruti hasbeen stopped by Veterinary regulations. Urged that Governmentehould investigate the re-opening of trade routes to reduce shortage.
45.-There is a decided shortage of cattle. Cattle farmers are dairying notranching. 60 per cent. of the cattle entering Nairobi comes fromNative reserves. The quality extremely bad, being thin, and thegood c rts are not on them.
The best native cattle are the Boran. This reserve has been closed forveterinary purposes since 1921.
Butchers cannot get fat stock.
During the past two years fat stock at Naivasha market has averaged16 per month i prior to that 200 per month. 10 per cent. only ofthis would be considered A. 1. quality at home. The bulk of thebeef here would be 3rd and 4th quality. 1st quality beef in NewZeaiand fetches Sh. 28 to Sh. 30 per 100 Ib. wholesale. The bulkof the beef sold here wouid realize from Sh. 22 to Sh. 26 per 100 Ib.jn New Zealand. The bulk of the meat entering Nairobi, approxi-mately 600 head per month, comes from the \Iasai Reserve. ThoMasai beasts kill at from 200-300 lb. each. Tho best Boran andSuk average 350 lb. No difference in the nutritive value of nativeand grade beasts.
Goocl grade siock is not being kept. Instead of having steers ready2|-3 years they are not ready till 4 or 5 years. Cattle not boma-edcan be put on the market at 2 years old.
People are going in for dairying and leaving stock farming on accountof the price of land.
105
One cannot ranch on land at over S1 per acre.
The death rate of cattle is not trernendous; the average is pretty goorl
l'encing schemes would help the industry. A beast requires 8 acres inthe best parts of the Colony and in the dryer parts 12 acres.
The price of meat is not excessiYe.
The butchers lose on the forequarters which go to the native butchersin market. Actually the forequarter meat is very good.
The nuurber of sheep, owing to the wool industry, is increasing.
Grade stock bullocks sold through the auction realize from Sh. 30 ioSh. 33 per 100 lb.
A 400 lb. bullock aYelages J6 10s.
Sheep are only 30-33 cents per lb. alive.
A wether of 100 lb. is worth about Sh. 30-33.Boran sheep make about Sh. 16-19 alive.
Before the closing of the northeur area a lot of cattle came from theFrontier.
The crearneries shortened the supply. Where tliere is milking one doesnot get fat bullocks.
Meat is auctioned in South Aflica, Australia aud New Zealand, whole-sale. ileef is sold by sides arrrl sheep by the carcase.
Cold storage is rrecessary to regulate the suppiy.
53.-Price of meat.-Mombasa, beef , 50 cents per lb, mutton B0 cents per Ib;Farm near Nairobi, beef , Sh. 1 per lb, mutton, Sh. li 30 per lb. ;
Nairobi, beef, Sh. l per lb, nrutton Sh. 1/lJ0 per lb; Tyrol, Sh. 1
to Sh. 2 per Ib.; I(ent, Sh. U6 to Sh. 214 perlrb.
MILI(.li6.-Price of lur:erue, per tou, f.o.r. : L)et,., 1927, Sh. 95; .Ian., 1928, Sh. 105;
April, 1928, Sh. 150.
Simsinr cake has liseu fr,r:rm Sh. 75 to Sh. 165 per ton f.o.r'. in abouta year.
43.-Cost of production per gailon of milk, overhead charges only, but notincluding interesi on capitirl, rent, etc., Sh.2154; retail price pergallon, Sh. lll20; surplus sold in bulk to Indians at dairy, pergallon, Sh. 2/50.
No bad debts. Llould not run business on cash basis as boys delivermilk.
Cost of cattle and feed steadily rising. Both have lisen about 100 percent. in 3-4 years.
Boys' wages raised from Sh. 14 to Sh. 20 during last three year,s.
Price of milk must rise.
Another source of supply, outside Nairobi, delivers milk f.o.r Nairobi,at Sh. Ll79 per gallon ; retail price per gall<.rn, Sh. 3i 20.
53.-Prices of rnilk : At M,orribasa, 4]d. per pint (50 gents a bottle); At farmnear Nairobi, 3+d. per pint (40 ceuts a bottle) ; Nairobi, 4$d. perpint (50 cents a bottle) ; 'Iyrol, 3d. per pint; Keut, 3|d. per pint.
trIOTOB TR,ANSPON,T.
50.-Municipal Corporation no powers tb undertake bus service.
52.-Transport the key to high cost and high standard of living.
Government should €ncourage by rebate on petroi a transport service,or allow the K.II.R. and H. to organise one; suggested routes,Kilimani-Parklands, Kabete Boacl-Muihaiga.
106
Errable workers to live further out of torvn ; discontinue private trans-Port.
Encourage shopping on cash basis.
Decrease prices in shops by giving rise to competition.Cheap transport would tend to lower rents.
22.-Cost of running car (without depreciation): 1926, 10 per cent. of house-hold expenses;1927 ,6.4 per cent. of household expenqps.
??.-Popular means of transport would faciliiate housing.
If cheap transport can be founil, cheap land coulil be got for buildingrnore economical houses,
53.-Car transport is more necessary here than at home.
The incessant and unreckoning'use of cars is an unnecessary expense.
POSTAGE BATES.
4.-Postage of Sh. 4 worth of yeast, weight, 3 lbs. plus 1 lb. packing, Nairobito Kisumu, Sh. 3.
5.-South African Parcel Rates: Durban-B,echua,naland, 1/- per lb.; Dur-ban-Norihern Rhodesia,llS per lb.
POULTBY.
45.-Poultry is going clown in price and supplies are working up.
The prices are qui1,e reasonable.
Chickens, Sh. 2 to Sh. 4; ducks, Sh. 3/50 to Sh. i/50; turkey hens,Sh. I to Sh. 14; gobblers, Sh. 15 to Sh. 22.
53.-Prices of poultry : At Mombasa, chickens, Sh. 1/50 to Sh. 2/50 each;ducks, Sh. 2 to Sh. 3 each. At fa'rm near Nairobi, chickens Sh. 2each. Nairobi,'chickens, Sh. 2' Tyrol, chickens, Sh. 2/6. Kent,
chickens, Sh. 3/6.
Eggs : At Mombasa, 9 per Sh. 1; Farm near Nairobi, 15 per Sh' 1;- Nairobi, 12 per Sh. 1; Tyrol, 15 per Sh. 1; Kent, 6 per Sh. 1.
BEIIT.
IB.-About 10 per cent, of overhead business charges.
28, 54.-About 25 per cent.
+.22.-7 per oent. of the householcl expenses.
8.-The percenJage to charge on value of a house for rent is a 10 per cent.gross return.
Rents have come down since 1919.
As modern houses go up people are leaving the older houses.
There are no emptY houses'
It is advisable to recluce the rent for a gooil tenant.
53.-Mombasa, S20; Nairobi, J15 ; Tyrol, €10; Kent, S10.
4l.-Cost of houses, 33 per eent. to 50 per cent. more than five or six yearsago.
Government pays more for houses than ordinary individuals.
4O.-Suggest abolition of land rents'
sueAR,.37.-South Africa, 10 tons cane to l trrn sugar; Queettsland, B tons cane to
1 ton sugar.
This country not ideal owing to erratic rainfall followetl by scorchingweather.
Inferior and inefficient labour.
Every sugar-producing country (including llngland) considers protec-tion against <lumping necessaty.
The protec.tion afforcled has been effectual only in 'Ianganyika Territoryand inland to Nlakindu.
There has been a movement by some traders to corner the market. Tocombat this prices have been advanced to casual customers.
800 tons are in store to provide for April to June wet season.
X'rom statistics, 5,500 Jbns required for the three territories.
Sales of all mills approximately 12,000 tons; increasecl consumption of6,500 tons.
Owing to reduced prices, assumecl that natives have taken to sugar asan articie of diet.
Area under cane in Nyanza rapidly increasirtg.
Company markets sugar as low as possible to foster increased con-sumption.
Wholesale price of sugar, 1:g2}, !,24 per .tbn.
The company is besieged with applications from speculators who en-ileavour to obtain stocks to hold for a rise in price. No genuinetrader has been refused.
No district in Africa has been successful in establishing any cane butUba, which is acknowledged by all sugar technologists to be oneof the poorest varieties known. One of the mostr definiie con-clusions of the Cuba Conference last year was that Uba cane wasnot a clesirable variety either from a farming or milling point ofview.
Although consumption had increased enormou,sly, yet at the end ofour financial year, April 30th, 1927, produciion had overiakenconsumption.
The day our mill closecl for annual overhaul we had 1,200 tons in stock,and all merchants in the three territories were fully supplied.
In 1921 the three territories paid foreign countries 8205,551, andreceived in exchange 2,592 tons 15 cwt. of sugar.
For the year ended April 30th, 1027, ,these colonies paid ihe VictoriaNyanza Sugar Co. J203,857-13-0, ancl received in exchange 8,018tons of sugar.
There is no necessity whatever forKenya.
the recent high prices of sugar in
For the past four years there has been a gradually increasing-surplusfor export.
Imports decreaseil from 3,461 tons in the year 1^922 to 486 tons in 1927.
When protection was first given tb the industry it was on the under-sianding that the compa,ny would not ,sell sugar for more thanJBB per ton.
The continual agitation by a few free traders for a revision of dutiesis a great handicap to progress.
It would be easy to proJect the public by fixing prices at which sugarshould be sold by the nranufacturer and the retailer.
The increased production will solve the problenr.
---l
108
In the event of the duty being removeilpay the presnt railn'ar, freight andin the coastal area. 1
Farmers rnill not place areas under cane unless thev can get fr,omfive t,o ten yea,rs' contracts r,vitli the millorvners.
We dare not accept tlte trumet'ous applications lrom farmers until thequestion of pr:otection is settled for tr definite period.
rn 1926. rvhen rveathel conditiolrs \\:ele favourirbie,8,018 tons of sugarwele rnanufactured at Nliivani.
41.-During past seven rnonths insufficie.t sugar prod.ced to supply needs.Landed price, f.o.r. Nairobi, Sh.54 per bag.
owin-g to sho'tage price had risen. whoresare price was sh. 82 toSli. 81 per bag. J)ur.ing.Februar'1,rhis went up to Sh. 112.
Sugar solci atr 40 cents per lb. cost the retailer lJ6 cenls.
Quality of local sugar inferior.Taking off dutv of sh. 12 per 100 lbs., but allo*,ing.20 per cent. food
duty_and the inrJ;ort rail rate of sh. 6/g1 per 100 rbd., No. l Javacould be landed Ntrirobi rit 26 cents
rmpolted sugar', sold irt 50 cents 1:er lb., was lxeferred to locel prodlctat illi to 40 cerrts, ()n il('colnr.t of sweetenirq'IX)!\,'er;one spoonful ofitnlxl'ted ex-ceeds thlee of local.
Estirnate l.equiren)elr1s of Kerrya orrlv, tlu'ee tons per day, exclusive ofnative consu.rptio, and sugar rrsed in cookirrg and jam-making.
Contrac,ts w.e,e ,ot lullilled, ther.ef.re a, shortag.e existecl.
Miwani company under'.took to stole 7,000 bags agairrst tinres of short-Jq'e. Under.stood that these irad not been r.eleasecl.
53.-Retail plice in Kenya, :llbs. per Sh. 1; Tyroi, Td.5]d. per lb.
3.-On April lst la,st Lbc treight orr irnpolt,ed sLlgar \!-ilsto Sh. (i/81 pel t(X) Ibs.
rn,\ustrali;r arrd south Aflica, rritlr ttre knowlecige that sugar can beinrpo,ted at pri.es lou'e. th.n their cost of productio,, heavyplotective d,ties
"vere still and always u.ill be enforced. rf the
dul,ies \le1'e r.ernoved it would kill the indrrstr,ies.
We have learnt that irt this countly the longer cane is allowed to standtlre rir:her it becortres in sucrose cotrteuts.
We ale in tlre folturrrrte ltositir.rn of being able to cut all tlie year round.We should liave protection f,or at least t.en years.
44.-The canes (at liarnisi) contained a very much greater percentage ofsugar and carne to nraturity fal urore quicklv than ln Maur]tius.
'Ihev had the advantage of being close to a port.conditions were so favourable as to form a basis for an industry of very
corisiderable rnagnitude.
Their object iil coming (to Kenya) was to get established under theexisting duties.
Ths production of _the Ernpire is oniy about 2z per cent. of the sugarconsurued in the Empire.
The present-_ta1i{ is ample protection. Tt enabres Java sugar to besold in Nairobi at 40 cents per lb.
There. is no justificatio,. for people in this country selling sugar at ahigher price than this.
we could probably crush for eight monihs out of the year instead offour months as in Mauritius. That is a very importint point.
Cpmpetition for the locai market between the factories will produce ahigher grade sugar.
no miil in these colonies cancompete rvith imported sugar
per lb. : Kent, 4d. to
leduced fronr Sh. 14
,
i
i
109
With fir,e factories working in the Territory the productions of sugarwill exceed the local demand.
It should be rnade a punishable offence to retail sugar at rnore than40 cents per lb.
When a group of sugar nren frorn l\fauritius embark on the industryin Kenya it is a g-uarantee that they consider the conditions neces-sary for the successful esttblishrrrent of the industry exist.
1f the leii,l natural advantages lrecessarv for the success of the industryr1o not exist, no 1u'oter:tive duty coulrl elrslu'e il sountl expolt busi-NESS.
We consider that conditiorrs (rlt lilr,rnisi) ru'e r)lore lirvourallle than inMauritius or Natrrl.
The ag'itation agirinst the high price lras beerr ca,used by speculatorscorneting the rtrarket irrtd by rrrerrrhir,nts restrir:ting their inrporta-t ion.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.2.-People should live nrore sirrply, shoultl sliop personally- and not all within
the usual two hours.
A daily market for perishables should be held.
The costs of storage and credit should be investigated.
Prices of articles should be mai'ked on shou, caltls in shops.
('ontt'ibutory causes o1'high cost of living ale irigh cluties, heavv costof carrying stocks, cleteriolation of stocks, theft, bad debts partially,heavy rentals, inordinate ideas of the vaiue of capital and the effortto live above the ayerage rntrde by people who ought not to do so.
l3.-Recommends (1) weekly salaries, (2) cash business, (3) where savings orextra profits rnade, to sliar:e such with the public and encourageelimination of credit to srnalI pulchasers.
20.-The rernoval of duties npon essentia,l local products urged.
40.-Land tenure has a very direct effect on cost of living. tr'reehold as givingbest security, rvittr an undeyelopecl land tax, would prevent inflationof values.
Income Tax in 1921 ltad not a fair trial.
45.-It is the cost of irigh living and not the cost of iiving to blame.
23.-Many people cannot buy the cornmon necessities of tife and cannot havemeat to eat rnore than once a week.
A man in South Africa is well off on J20 a month.
22.-If. the Colony produces (an article) at the sauie price of the importedarticle you should do everything possible to keep the irnported articleout.
53.-Kenya compares very fa,vourabiy as regards oost of living with the 'Iyroland Kent,.
Fuel in Europe is very dear anil rttuch rnote is required.
llhe avetag-e for lig-hting- tlrroughout the yeal is higher in England;orre has to feetl the cook and other servants. Laundry is higherand winter clothes are tuuclt dearer.
Apart from rent ancl transport living is cheaper here than at home.
APPENDIX A.
Retail and Wholesale Prices of Commodities in Nairobi,
1924 to 1928.
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111
APPENDIX A.
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116
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APPENDIX A (Contd.)TABLE IV.
IVIEAN YEARI-Y INDEX NI]MI}ERS OF VARIATIONS IN PRICES OF II\{PORTEDARTICLES OF GROUP I COMPUTED ON JANUARY, 1927 AS BASE FOR THE
YEARS 1924 TO 1927, AND FOR JUNE, 1928.
ARTICLEt
i
:l
1924 t925
104810001000to94r0001t4313331378109410941000IOBBto271079tt47il14982
1000983
1083r2co899
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June,t928
1013960
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1049971.
1009993969
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1018LCt2996
1000100c999
10ooI 105100010551006996
1000100010001000100010001000995
10341000
t926 I t927
" l\'[arie " BiscuitsIilourGrant's OatmealRoyal Baking Porvder..Rice-.Patna
-*,100010031000t0l0I 143tL97t2761075to741003l05lt022101Itt49l063985
l01310t21000u25970
100010001355lorn10001000932
10001000I 183100010001000100010131@C1000
10001C001000984
10gl1000t062103910171000100010001000927958
to49974
1000986
100010001000100010001088100010001000100010001000t00c10001'1001000100i100c10001oco
,, Rationn.ii"y, Pearl (loose) :: ::Sago, Pearl (loose)N{acaroniVermicelliTeb, BrookeSytup, Lyle's
Bonds (red)(lolden . .
Packet
Tin of I lb.Tin of 2 lhs.Tin of I lb.
Pound
TinPound
Tin
Bottle
Pakt. of 10
Tin of 50
Pkt. of 12 oz.
Pkt. of 10Packet.
Bar
Chiver's JamDried Fruit-.Apples
t, ,,
i, "
Itr,
t, ,,NIilk, Nestles'
ApricotsPeaches ..PearsCurrantsSultanasRaisins . .
Bacon, Hunter'sSuet, AtoraSardines-Godillot
,, SkiPPerSalmon-- -Parsley
PinkBeer, " Girl "Whisk.v, J. W. (Red Label)Cigarettes-Scissors
,, King Stork,, Gold Flake,, Three Castles
Candles-Burmah,, Rangoon ..
l\Iatches, Ship (small)Soap-Sunlight
,, Gossages.. Blue Mottled
TABLE V.MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUNTBERS OF VARIATIONS IN PRICES OF ARTICLESoF LOCAL PRODUCTTON Or GROUP I COMPUTED ON JANUARY, t927 AS
BASE FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927, AND FOR JUNE, 1928.
Ref.No. ARTICt,E
WhiteFlourMwanza RiceWhite GranulatedJamsCoffeeIJutterCheeseBaconI-ardBe.erMombasa SoapEggs-Native'.. :. ::
GheeEuropean
PotatoesMilkMeat'Fish
MEAN-19 Articles,, 16 Articles
3 Articles
I Ib. loafPound
BottleBar
Dozen
PoundLoadPint
Pound
1926
1000l0l9I 119QA2ll13979976
t@21000l0@100010001017l11l1000t2921000998
tt67
lccS914
1000rcal0c0l0i5l0s2990983
l00c100010001@0982986
10831000992
l157
June,r928
1000959
1000I 134979
to27tot21032880972
1000833618
lc85tt251361l0o0lllolllt
[-Init
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1011
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101378073t
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1000l02BI 143r338t2coI 139893
t0l3842903
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10341050948
l01310c6105C
1023t0l4ro74
1048908
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10001063t200l@01000133311341010I 153to27926
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130
APPENDIX A (Contd.).oEtroObod
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APPENDIX A (Contd.).
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APPENDIX B.
Variations in Unit Values of Imported Commodities as
derived from the Customs Returns.
L35
APPENDIX B
TABLE I.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF IMPORTED GOODS IN GROUP I.-FOODSTUFFSAND GROCERIES, AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS1923 to 1927, CALCULATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
ARTICLE Unit
I2J456
B
9t01l
No.
t213l415t6
17IBt9202t2223242526272829303l32333435JO373B39404t4243
WheatBiscuitsRice
Meal and F]our
MaizeMaizeTeaSugar in Bulk and Jaggery ..
,, others, mostly in tins..Marmalades, Jams and JelliesDatesFruits, Bottled, Canned or oti
PreservedMilk, CondensedButterCheeseBacon and Ham -. ..Tinned, Canned and otherwise Pre-
served Meat. . ..Lard and its Compounds . .
Margarine and Marrowfats . .
Fish, CannedFish, Pickled, Salted and DriedGheeAerated Waters.Beverages and Syrups.Ale, Beer and StoutBrandy ..Whiskey ..RumGin and GenevaLiqueursWinesCigarettesCigars and Cigarillos . .
Tobacco, Manufactured
SnuffUnmanufactured
Matches . .
Salt, Tabie,, other
SpicesGarlicSoapWheatConfectionery
MEAN ..
Cwt.
Doz. bottlesImp. gal.
Proof gal.
Imp. gal.Pound
92294288589446382l
t6t413891223lt74
tt75t199133812521445
2592l11811771t 13796584827978
tr75I 18010571495t046tt22770
1078793
lo49OJJ
1583875
1054850
108599t957879
1114
915975973855
1016t02L1465r454tt47734
to77t2t4I 1039lt934
2302780
10581033775748891892995997
10181127to25898835
l01B866
1 108833
1t67982975830
l026970930893
l064
tt43961
1,020972
t2961088112010341058930
I 150I 1481%71 133to94
2t87llrBtt'n1062743
1306896914
1043943
1018tt2810301011958
1014776
1098767667
1024979925977
1053890
10311067
1080978
to'n897
1322tto298B731
1048767
1 1301 13610821071r067
r579996
to?71069832
1570995978
lo281010t0261068994846885
lo27979
1059600OJJ
10361095955946
1035100510141095
1000100010001000100010001000100010001000
10001000100010001000
10001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000l@0100010001000100010001000r@0
and Onions
Gross boxesCwt.
136
-A,PPENDIX B (Contd.)
TABLE Ia.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF THOSE IMPORTED ARTICI,ES WHICH HAVEDECREA SE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS
FOR THE YEARS 1924'IO 1927, CALCU I,ATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
No.
I22
456
89
l01lt2l31415t6t71B
t9
ARTICLE
Maize Meal and FlourTea .. .. ..Sugar in Bulk and Jrgg.ry ..
,, Others (mostly in tins)Marmalades, Jams and JelliesFruits, Bottled, Canned or otherwise PreservedMilk, CondensedButterMargarine and Marrowfats . .
Fish, Canned
Unit
Cwt.
Proof gal
Pound
Cwt.
t926 19271924 1925
WhiskyRum
SnuffSpices
10 16
t02l1465t454lt47to77r2t4I 1031058103310 1B
t127to2510181 1081167l0261064
2302
1 181
1296l08B1120103410581 150I 14810671123t06210 lB1128103010141098667977
1067
2187
1123
tJzztt02988731
10481 1301 136to82to77106910261068994
1027105983394tr
1095
10001000100010001000100010001000100010001000l0c0l0c010001000100010001000
1000
Gin and GenevaCigarettesTobacco, Manufactured
ConfectioneryMeat, Tinned,
served
MEAN l0(,c
TABLII I'.
MEAN YEARLY INPEX NU]\IBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT \,'ALUEOF TIIE LANDI'D COST OF THOSE II\{PORTED ARTICLES WHICH HAVETNCREASE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924 AS DERI\/ED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS
FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927, CAL,CUI,ATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
ARTICLEl
t-I2
4567B
91011
t213t41516171819202t22?324
WheatBisctritsRiceMaizeDates
Meal and Flour
CheeseBacon and HamGheeLard and its Compounds . .
Fish, Pickled, Salted and DriedAerated \Yaters.Bevcrages and Syrups.Ale, Bcer and StoutBrarrdy ..Liqueurs
Cigars and CigarillosTobacco, UnmanufacturedMatches . .
Salt, Table
GarlicSoapWheat
Otherand Onions
Cwt. I 143961
1020972930
1 1331094l 30611187438969t4
1043943
1011958776767
1024979925
1053890
1031
lOBC978
1023897767
1071to671570996832995978
to2B1010846885979600
10361095955
103610051014
100010001000100010001000t00010001000100010001C001C001COo
1000100010c010c010c010c01000100010001000
915975
Doz. bottlesImp. gal.
Proof gal.
Imp. gal.Pound
Gross boxesCwt.
855734911934743780775891892995997898835866833982975830970930893
89tMEAN ..
t37
APPENDIX B (Contd.)TABLE II.
MEAN YEARLY INDtrX NUN{BERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF I\'IPORTED COODS IN GRO(IP II.-CLOTHING,AS DERIVED FRON{ TFIE TRADE REPORTS FOR TFIE YI,ARS 1923 TO 1927,
CALCULAT'ED ON T927 AS B.\SE.I
*". I .Article
-1 I s,,k r**J -
1.-- .. - .. I2l ,, Yarns..3 | Linen Piece Goorls4 | ,, Thread5 | Boots and Shoes6 | Hats, C^ps, etc.7 | Hosiery (Cotton or \\'ool)B I Other Hose
I Cotton Yarns and Piece Coorls---9 | Gret', unbleaclred
10 | Rleachcd1 I I Printed12 I Dyed in Piece13 I Coluured14 i Blanliets15 I Threacl16 I Cotton Yarn . .
I Woollen and \\'orsted YArns and .Manu-I fact'rres -
17 I Blankets18 I Yarns .
I
II MEA\- ..I
YardPoundYarC
PoundDoz. paits
DozenDoz. pairs
Dozen
Yard
NurnberPound
NurnberPound
1415122010141 13316901930r 3301363
t38914001419102312331206987
1280
tt721C69
12P.7
10531463158 1
r4391630135712701466
138914001226120913671247t218t640
922I -21'l(
1213QO2
1514r2551641109516731 168
I 50015201323t23314331289It921640
9481582
t924 1925 1926
1 138t239I3BB1332t43613811256l2t2
12781240I 1941 1861233I 155t179I 140
904l2t1
122q
t927
100c1000100010001000100c10001000
10001000i00010001000100010001000
10001000
1000
T,,\Bl-tr IIA.MEAN YEARI-Y INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VAI-UE (,FTHE LANDED COST OF THOSE IX4PORTED ARTICI-E,S IN GROUP T. \\'HIC}IHAVE DECRE,4SE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED F'RON,I 'I^, .T ADEREPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927, C.\L.CU I,ATED ON 1927 .\ ASE
No. I Article Unit 1924 l.zI I Silk Tissues2 I Linen Piece Goods3 I ,, Thread4 | Boots and Shoes5 | Hats. Caps, etc6 | Hosiery (Cotton or \['ool)7 I Other HoseB I Cotton Yarns and Piece Gouds-B I Crey, unbleached9 I Bleachcd
Yard
PoundDoz. pairs
DozenDoz. pairs
D<:zen
Yard
NrrmberPound
t21315 1412551641109516731 168
1500t520132312331 13312891t921640
l5B2
1392
1053168 1
143916301357t270t466
13891400r226t2091367t247t2tBt640
1435
1 138138B13321436138 l1256t212
127812401t941 186t2331 155t179I 140
1000100010001000100010001000
10001000100010001000100010c010c0
1000
10 | Printedt I I l)r,ed in Piece12 I ('oloured13 I Blaiketsl.i. Thrcad1.5 ; Cotlon Yarn ..
. W,'ollerr nnd \\'orsted Yarn:16 ) Yarn-s .
i NtrerI
TABLE II'.MEAN YEARLY INDI'X NT]N{BERS OF \/ARIATIONS iN THE UNIT VALUE OFTI.IE LANDI'D COST OF THOSE IN{PORTED ARTICLES IN GROUP II, WHICHHAVE INCREASI:-, IN PRICE SINCE 192-4, AS DERIVED FROX,{ THE TRADEREPORTS FOR THI] VEARS 1924 TO 1927, CAI,CULATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
1000
Silk YarnsWoollen and Worsted \
Blankets
tlnit
Pound
Number
138
APPENDIX B (Contd.)
resl-B llI.MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE I-ANDED COST OF IMPORTED GOODS IN GROUP III, AS DERIVEDFROM THE TRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1923 TO 1927, CALCVLATED
ON 1927 AS RASE.
Article 1923 1924 t925 t926
I
II
KnivesRazorsCarpets, Rugs, etc.Stoves, Grates and RangesWire MattressesAluminium Hollow-wareClocks, CompleteCoir Mats and MattingDisinfectant and In,secticidesGlass Chimney Globes and Shades . .
Bedsteads and Finished PartsHollow-r,r'are, EnamelledHollow-ware, not Enamelled ..Mineral OiI or Burning Oil .
Lamps and Lanterns . .
Methylated SpiritStarch and Blue
NumberTon
Imp. gal.NumberImp. gal.
Cwt.
723852908
t27815971 130740272
1 1651450140320301385841
I 134969
1 130
7931058986
1t6412501131595827
106 I1 1501 105t2371 1001068906771960
100010001000r00010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000r0001000
MreN ..
TABI-E IIIa.
I\,IEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUE OF
THE LANDED COST OF THOSE IMPORTED ARTICLES IN GROUP III, WHICH
HAVE DECREASE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE
REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927, CALCU LATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
1924 1925 1927
I22
456789
10
DozenNumber
TonCwt.
NumberTon
NumberCwt.Ton
125110381 1581 136t2001329t324t062t166I 187
1 185
1058t25011311061I 1501 1051237906960
1 t64
r102
1000100010001000100010001000100010001000
1000
RazorsWire MattressesAluminium Hollow-wareDisinfectant and InsecticidesGlass Chimneys, Globes andBedsteads and Finished PartsHollow-ware, EnamelledLamps and Lanterns . 'Starch and BIueStoves, Grates and Ranges
MEAN
KnivesCarpets, Rugs, etc.Clocks, CompleteCoir Mats and MattingH,ollow-ware, not EnamelledMineral Oil or Burning Oil
1926
12301237to2210831050921
tt461031896
t2L7
1083
TABLE III'.MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUE OF
THE LANDED COST OF'THOSE IMPORTED ARTICLES IN GROUP III, WHICH
HAVE INCREASE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE
REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1924'TO 1927, CALCVLATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
Unit t924 t925 1926 t927
1
234567
DozenNumberNumber
Sq. yardsTon
Imp. gal.
1000100010001000100010001oco
10@
793 I 101 I986 | 1144s95 I 64e827 I tt73
11oO | 1167
NumberSq. yard
Cwt.
Ton
TonNumber
Number
Methylated Spirit
Mren 877 983
APPENDIX B (Contd.)
TABLE IV.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF IMPORTED GOODS IN GROUP IV_N{OTOR TRANS-PORT, AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1923 TO
1927, CALCIILATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
r923 t924
I2
4567
No.
I2I
45
Tyres and Tubes ( Motor Car and Cycle) NumberPower LorriesLubricating Oils andMotor SpiritCycle (not Motor)
Imp. gal.
Motor CarsMotor Lorries and TractorsMotor Cycles and Side-cars
8691209t24l1738t2Bl883734
1347
7021 158tt291770I 1089637tl
tt52
9671 191111013111107101478t
tc6,4
11101306948
10161 159to29990
1009
10001000100010001000100010001000
I
I
MEAN .. 1087 l@0
TABL.E IVa.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF THOSE IMPORTED ARTICLES IN GROUP IV,WHICH HAVE DECREASE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED FROM THETRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927 CALCVLATED ON 1927
AS BASE.
Article 1924 1925 ,r_
1306948
1016I 1591009
1088
t927
Power Lorries . .
Lubricating OilsNumber
Imp. gal.
Number
119111101311tt071c6.4
rt57
I 158tt291770I l0Blt52
10001000100010001000
Motor SpiritCycles (not l\Iotor)Motor Cycles and Side-cars ..
Mri,.ls
TABLE IV'.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VALUEOT THtr LANDED COST OF THOSE IMPORTED ARTICLES IN GROI.JP IV,WHICH HAVE INCREASE' IN PRICE SINCE 1924, AS DERIVED FROM THETRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1924 TO 1927, CALCULATED ON 1927
AS BASE.
ARTICLE
Tyres and Tubes (Motor Cars and Cycles) . .
APPENDIX B (Contd.)
TAtsLE V.
\IEAN YEARI.Y INDEX NU\,IBERS OF VARIATIONS IN T}IE I;NIT VAI-LEoF. THE LANDED COST OF IX,IPORTED GOODS-BUILDING MATERIAL
-AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1923 TO 1927,
CALCULATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
ARTICLE
Teak (India and Burmah)Mangrove PolesTanganyika MahoganyTimber, unspecified-
Heun and SawnP]aned or Dressed . .
Other SortsFelt, Ruberoid, etc.Tar and Pitch .
Painters Colours and Varnishes . .
Creosote ..TurpentineBricks and TilesPlate and Sheet GlassAsbestos . .
Cement . .
Fire ClayGrindstonesBuildings, CompleteGalvanised Sheets, CorrugatedGalvanised Sheets FlatGirders, Beams, JoistsNails, Screws, Rivets, Bolts, etc.Plates and Sheets, not Galvanised ..Lead---Bar and SheetTin-Bar, Plate and SheetZinc-Bar, Plate and Sheet .
tr'letal-Bar, Block, etc.
MnaN
j u,,,
i-_---I Crrhic feetI N.r-be.
Crrhic feet
szsl ezot__sze I ross
:!_I23
Cwt.TonCwt.
Imp. gal.
ThousandSq. feet
Ton
121719131095lo2819541071962
13702460142920t3
9641 138451
tc441 13312t6t846l 1541244r20213 15680631
1203
617758
t45t I 12241042 I 10982157 | 1360974 I 1045
1333t0s2 I 10441000 I 953t370 I t293l683 | 1 1021429 | 15711513 \ 12571035 | l01B1243 I 10521061 I 576to77 I toTl1105 i 10721084 I 1 101t016 I 12431 181 I 9671265 | 1301
100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000
1000
1058444439
100010001000
45(;789
l011
1213141516t718t9202l222324252627
9552596
899
t7931715192923r51 1051467665865929
t223993
t2to1320860
1 19812541228
1593 I 1344r215 | 1068
I
I
I
I1732 I 71s2678 | tB35
r275 1299 | tr13
TABLE VI.
]VIEAN YEARLY INDEX NUN{BERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE T]NIT VALUEOF THE LANDED COST OF II\.IPORTED GOODS-.OFFICE MATERIAL-AS DERIVED FROM THE TRADE REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1923 TO 1927,
CALCUI,ATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
ARTICLE
Orrrcr Merrnrer--TypewritersPrinting PaperOther Paper
ME.4,N
10001000r000
{
t4L
APPENDIX B (Contd.)
TABLE VII.MEAN YEARLY INDEX NUMBERS OF VARIATIONS IN THE UNIT VAI,U EOF TFIE LANDED COST OF I\,IPORTED GOODS-AGRICIILTURAL iMPI-E-MENTS-AS DERIVtrD I'RON,I THE TRADtr REPORTS FOR THE YEARS
1923 TO 1927, CAI,CU I-ATED ON 1927 AS BASE.
No.
I23456
ARTICLE
Fertilisers and NlanuresShovels, Sparles, etc. .. :. .
Hardrvare, other than Hollow-rvar.:.Vehicles not I\Iechanicaliy Propelled.CokeIron Hoops and Bands for l>aling
purposesCordage, Ropes, Tlvine, etc.Wire, Fencing and Bzrling
,, Iron (other sorts),, Steel (other sorts),, Netting and Gauze
Aluminium WireBrass WireCopper WireJute Bags and Sacks ..
,, Piece Goods
X{EA)i
TonNumber
Crl't.Number
Ton
DozenYard
27t3903
1319668
1602
t924
2245871
1422687
t430
1925
tt7310651271843
13 16
10561197997917
t673t209t2791033tt7 1
12311 150
1926
8351 161119112531402
t927'
10001000100010001000
a
91011
t213141516
CrvtTon
l12t 1111t0l6 I 11001290 I 11461014 12532650 1 ?-52014t7 i 11821332 t1971 160 1 1061474 i 11668BB i 1042
1025 10001143 I 1000
875 I lso
i340 L
12Be
804 I 1OO0
Bo9 I looo1086 I 1OOO
984 10001055 10001122 ) rcOO1 141 I 10001157 I 10001 1oO 1000
l
1079 i 1000
TABI,EVIIi.
MEAN YEARLY INDEX NI]MBERS OF YARIATIONS IN THE IJNIT VALIIEOF THE I-ANDtrD COST OF UNCLASSIFIED IMPORTED COODS, AS DERIVEDFROM TFIE TRADII REPORTS FOR THE YEARS 1923 TO 1927, CAI-CU t,A'fEI)
ON 1927 AS BASE.
No.
I234567B
9
ARTICI-E
BeadsPerfumed SpiritsSewing \{achinesUmbrellasOiis, Essential andDyestuffs.Watches, CompleteJute Carpets and RugsSail Cloth and Canras
MEAN
Perfumed
PoundImp. gal,NumberDozen
Imp. gal.Crvt.
NumberSq. yard
Yard
961t4451 160
95312CE
9782043r564t1461040
1215
1000100010001000100010001000
1000
,, ,rr, ) ,r^995 1040831 908
1596 1 15371124 ) 13452B3B 2510
] t:zo 856I 7oB I z3o
I roso ] rnz
I rsosi,rs.
SUMMARY-APPENDIX B.
GROUPS
Gnoup l-Foodstuffs
,, 3-HouseholdRequirements,, 4-l\Iotor Transport
NIEAN ..
Buiiding MaterialsOf6ce MaterialAgricultural ImplcmentsUnclassified Articles . .
MnaN or ALL ARTICLES
MBex ..
APPENDIX C.
G) Comparison of Prices of Articles of Consumption with
corresponding prices in other countries together with the index
Value calculated on England as base.
(b) F.O.B. and C.l.F. costs of imported articles compared.
143
APPENDIX C
TABLE I.
RETAIL PRICES OF IMPORTED ARTICLES OF FOODSTUFF AS SOI-D IN NAIROBI COM.PARED WITH CORRESPONDING PRICES IN ENGLAND, NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICA.
References to Authorities for Countries other tlzan l(en1,a a7t giaen in the Schedule allended.
Nairobi, June 1928,
Unit ngland1927
NewZealand1st quar-ter, l92B
SouthAfricaJune,1928.
Pretoria
IndexNo. on
EnglandAS
base
I234567a
91011
t212
1415t6171B
t9zv2l2223242526272829303lJZ33343536JI20
3940
3.90o-760.37o.B3
3'000.22t.543.000.380.210.250.380.500.502.500.920.83O.BB1.67
1.330.670.920.54O.BB
2.OO1.291-250.790.960.96o.7l
12.50
17 171B 1B
40261300200017623320197430603 140146819352t4522271395
15562060163021671 13617501891120013041823164624791076
ARTICLE
N{arie Biscuits . .
Flour .
Grant's OatmealRoyal Baking PowderRice, Patna . .
,, Ration . .
Barley, Pearl (loose)Sago, Pearl (loose)NlacaroniVermicelliTea., Brooke Bond's (reil)Golden Syrup, I-yle'sChiver'sJam ..,Dried Fruits- "Apples
Apricots,, ,, Peachcs
Pears,, ,, Currants
SultanasRaisins
NIilk, Nestle'sBacon, Hunter'sSuet, AtoraSardines, Godillot
,, SkiPPerSalmon, Parsley
,. PinkBeer, Girl\Ahisky, J. W. (red)Cigarettes-Scissors . .
,, King Stork,, Golf Flake,, Three Castles
Candles, Burmah,, Rangoon ..
Matches, Ship (small)Soap-Sunlight
,, Gossages,, BIue mottled
Tin of 2 lbs.Pound
7 lbs. tinPound tin
Pound
1 lb. packet
i ib. tin2 lbs. tin1 lb. tinPound
i4 oz. tinPound
TinQuarter tin
Tin
Bottle
4.5C0.t00.400.900.801.751.753-751.90' 2.002.152.502.OO
2.501.501.751.50r.003.502.501.50t.201.75t.751.80
13.500.25
0.202.253.001.000.900.601.751.001.00
4.500.406.003.75u'l50.350.750.751.401.503.501.751.501.752.OO1.001.901.251.251.001.003.502.251'500.901.751.501.75
13.250.25
o-202.OO2.651.000.900.501-701.00
':1
x 1.600.222.OB1.530.26o-260.270.250.80'2.44
0.58o.B2
I 1.25
l'u
0.52t.24t.24
0.64
o.62o.62
o.2l+ 2.63
Lro
0.52
?u'
b.ss0.95
0i751.531.57J.Ot1.78r.7B1.96).'\'1
t.662.071.381.50l.t71.003.502.441.501.03t.751.58t-76
13.45.025
0.202.O52.751.000.900.571.741.001.00
b.sso.620.540.861.21
PackJi of 10 j
,l'Iin of s0 |
Pt t. oitzoz. I
prt.'lr ro ]
Pkt. of3 bars]l* Ib. bar I
i
I
2.502.',r 2
0.900.90
154015871538
Mrax
* (Loose). * Brealifast Oats-3/50.
744
APPENDIX C (Contd.)
RETAIL PRICES OF VARIOUS IMPORTED ARTICI-ES UNDER OTHER GROI'PS COMPAREDWITH CORRESPONDING PRICES IN ENGLAND, NEW ZEAI,AND
AND SOUTH AFRICA.
References to ,4uthorities for Countries other than l{enya are giaen in the Schedule ay'fended.
Nairobi, June, 1928
No ARTICLE
' Gnoup 2.
Blankets, White WitneyGrey Flannels : :
Grey Flannels (Embassy) . .
Sports Coat ..
Gnoup 3.
KeroseneDover Stove No. 6 .
t, t, No.9'Aluminium (3 pts.) Saucepans
Gnoup 5.
Quinine, bisulphate . .
,, hydrochlorAspirinParaffin Oil ..Castor OilMellin's FoodAllenbury's FoodOvaltineGlaxo .
Gnoup 4.Petrol .
Dunlop T-vres (30 x 3|) . .
MEAN oF ALL ARTICI,ES
Englandt927
SouthAfricaJune,1928.
IndexNo. on
EnglandAS
base
404t4243
444546474849
50515253545556575B
5960
X BO" eachEach
4 gallon tinEach
Ounce100 tabloids
16 oz.B oz.Pound
No. 2 bottleTin
Pound
GallonEach
7.4599.75
t26.BB143.65207.31
5.00
2.9070.33
40.0014.5032.5028.50
6.9099.75
118.75140.00200.00
5.00
2.9070'00
ta Sz
1592143515291496l48l1538
[l tt t't z-
,^,[email protected]@O_175015552000
4.506.503.005'[email protected]
4'506.503.005.003'005.507.@[email protected]
,rl 4
+15tlqh1986t256
t735
)ra trLyl$ 63" x83." ll Bottle. xx 1928.
145
APPENDIX C (Contd.).
SCHEDULE OF AUTHORITIES FOR PRICES IN OTHER COTJNTRIES.
I
2
4567Iv
1011
t213
l415t6171B
t9zl)2t2223
24
25262728
29JZJJ3435373839
505l52535455565758
NAIROBI
ARtrcrtMarie Biscuits . .
Grant's Oatmealnoy.t fuking Powder : :
Rice, Patna . .
,, Ration.Barley, Pearl (loose)Sago, Pearl (loose) .
MacaroniVermicelliTea, Brooke Bond's (red) . .
Golden S,vrup
Jams, Chiver's
Dried Fruits-ApplesAPricots
,, ,, Peaches,, ,, Pears,, ,, Currants,, ,, Sultanas
RaisinsIVIilk, Nestle'sBacon, Hunter'sSuet, Atora
Sardihes, Godillot
,, SkiPPerSalmon, Parsley
,, PinkReer, Girl
Whisky, J. W. (red)Cigarettes-Gold Flake
,, Three Castles ' .
Candles, Burmah,, Rangoon
Soap-Sunlight,, Gossages
,, Blue mottled
Gnour'2.
Blankets, White WitneyGrey I'lannels
(Embassy). .
Sports Coat . .
Gnoup 3.
KeroseneDover Stove, No. 6, 7, 8, 9 . ,
Aluminium (3 pts.) MilkSaucepan ..
GnouP 5.
Quinine, bisulphate . .
,, hydrochlor ' 'AspirinParaffin Oil ..Castor OilMellin's FoodAllenbury's FoodOvaltineGlaxo .
Petrol .
Dunlop Tyres (30x3|)
English pricestaken from Page
Grade of article in EnglishPrice List
Huntley and Palmer'sBiscuits.
English for pastrv.Finest Scotch Oatmeal.Royal, extra large tin.Genuine Patna.Burma.
Small finest.Finest French.
dittoChins (['loning), Indian and Ceylon.
Anny and Navv-Average of Apple, Apricot,Blackberry in jars.
Californian, for stewing.South African, for stewing.No quotation.For stewing.Australian, for cooking.
South African, for cooking.Nestle's (Nest Brand).Irish, Denny's Flank.Hugons' Refined Beefand Shredded, " Atora"
Beef and Rice-flour Suet.Finest French, specially packed for Army and
Navy.French.Salmon.
erJlug" of Whitbread's India Pale Ale andWorthington's East India Pale Ale'
Vat A, IVIalt and Grain Scotch.Gold Flake.
Army and Navy, box of six.ditto.
Sunlight.Plain mottled-
ditto.
AII White Superfine Wool, Real Witney.Gents, ready-to-wear.
ditto.Blue flannel jacket, plain gilt buttons.
Kerosene OiI " can "Bonnybridge Dover.
Lipped aluminium milk saucepan, (4" diam').
Quinine powder.Quinine Bi-hydrochloride tablets (A.& N.) 5 gr.Aspirin tablets, 5 grs.16 oz. Paraffin Liquid (B.P.).Tasteless Castor Oil.Bottle.A1lenbury's Nos. I and 2.
Army and Navy1926-27.
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
ditto
dittodittodittoditto
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
ditt<rdittodittoditto
6
l7104
36364
363151532022
1B
18181B
1B
1B
18
316667
17
t7t7L764
(21b. tins) Marie
94777711
1l3B3820
694735735735
404t4243
4445-4849
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
H.M. Trade Com.African Mercantile
33313
r52
479479461478464476460477469
5960
Shell and Pegasus.
746
APPENDIX C (Contd.)
I
No. i NAIROBIGrade of article in New Zealand
Price I-ist
Superne Biscuits (loose).
In bag.13 oz. tiri made up to 76 oz.Rice.
Sago.
Not mentioned.Tea, pouncl (not iu tin).Colclcn Syrup.Jam, lst grade (Ner.r' Zealand) in tins.I.vaporated apples.
tr* ot rnentioned.ditto.
Nerv Zealand Condensed Nlilk, 11b. reducedto 14 oz.
Ba.con, middle cut or roll.Not mentioned.
ditto.'l'inncd Sar<lincs.Tinncd Salmon.
ditto.Not rnentioned.Not mentioned.
dittoCigarettes, packet of 10.
dittoNot mentioned.
ditto.Candles, pound reduced to 72 oz.
ditto.Dozen, calcuiated dor',n to 10.
Household soap, rnedium grade l-.ar of 3 lbs.,reduced to 1|- lbs.
ditto.
1
234
6789
1011
t2l3l4t(
16l71B
t9202t
22232425zo27282929JU311)
3435361',7
20
39
ARTTCLEMarie Biscuits . .
Flour . . .:
Grant's OatmealRoyal Baking Por.vderRice, Patna
,, Ration . .
Barley, Pearl (loose)Sago, Pearl (loose) ..Macaroni\rermicelliTea, Brooke Bond's (rcd)Ly1e's Golden SvrupChiver's JamI)ried Fruit--sApples
,, ,, ApricotsPeachesPearsCurrantsSultanasRaisins
Nestle's Milk..
Bacon, Hunter'sSuet, AtoraSardines, Godillot
,, SkiPPerSalmon, Parsley
,, PinkBeer, GirlBeer, GiriWhisky, J. W. (red)Cigarettes-Scissors . .
,, King StockGold Flake
,, Three CastlesCandles-Burmah
,, Rangoon ..Matches, Ship (small)Soap-Sunlight
,, Gossages
,, Blue mottled
. dittoclittodittodittodittodittodittoclittodittodittodittoclittor-littodittodittodittodittodittoditto
dittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
clittoditto
dittodittt'r(1ittodittoditto
ditto
511
2122343420
39
SCHEDULE OF AUTHORITIES FOF IMPCRTFD ARTICLES COMPARED WITH SOUTHAFRICA PRICES.
No.
2
J
NAIROBI
Grant's Oatmeal
Patna RiceBrooke Bond's (red)Nestle's Milk..Bacon, Hunter'sCandles--Burmah
,, RangoonSoap-Gossages
,, Blue mottled
South Africanprices taken from
Grade of articlePrice
in Scuth AfricanListPage
Monthly Bulletinof Union Statistics
Jdy, t92Bditto
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
Table\,I
Pound increased toAfrican Oatmeal).3i5O for 7 lbs.
Rice.Tea.14 oz. ttn.
7 lbs.-Ioose, (SouthBreakfast Oats, S.A.
Three-quarter side takenCandles. 16 oz. reduce d. to 12.
ditto.Household so4p, 1 Ib. increased to 1| lbs.
ditto.
Abstract of Sta.tis-tics, April, 1928.
l4i
APPENDIX C (Contd.)
TABLE II.
RETAIL PRTCES Ori ARTICLES OF I-OC.At zROD{;CE COXIPARED WITH CORRESPONDTNG
PRICES IN ENGLAND, \E\A' ZE.{LAND AND SOUTH AFRICA.
Referenres to Autlr.orities Jbr Counlries other than l(enya are giuen in the Schedule allended.
Nairobi, June, l92B
ARTICLE
\\:hiteFlour
Bread
llrvanza RiceWhite Granulated SugarJa.msCoffee (loose and tins)Butter .
Cheese.RaconLardBeerMombasa SoapEggs, Native
,, EuropeanCheePotatoesMilkMeat-NIutton (leg).Fish, Lake
1\Iin.
England30thJunet928
NewZealandlst quar-ter, 1
o.290.22o.260.260.822.351.301.04l.2l
8.24o.26o.700.85
SouthAfricaJune,t928.
Pretoria
0.31o.290.400.33
2.072.26r.761'Bt
Iridex'on
England' a,s
base
1
234
67B
91011
12l314l5t6171B
19
Per pountlPound
Bottle1{ lb. bar
Dozen
Pound60 Pounds
PintPound
0.440.350.300.33t.25t.202.251.602.251.601.25.o751.002.502.252. <n
0.401.401.00
I
o.470.350.34 I
0.37 I
1.31 |
r.792.28 \
1.532.251.75 I
1'30o.831.132.632-254.67 )0.401.40
l
1.00 |
0.19o.20o.2lo'270.832.211.BBr.t7t.96t.t7o.7lo.64
ttt++t
I+t+
Itf
-o4B0.350.350.401'502.252.501.752.251.801.351.001.253.001-)<6.000.401.401.00
2474175016t9t3701578810
t2t31393I l48149618311297
/,JZo.231.56
9.54o.29
638t739u::
1422Mean
+t (1927). 11 (Ju11,, 1928.)
SCHEDULE OF AI]THORITIES FOR LOCAL ARTICLE,S COMPARED WITH ENGLISH PRICES.
No. NAIRORI
ARTICLEWhite Bread ..
Flour .
Rice
White Granulated Sugar
Jams
CoffeeButter .
Cheese.Bacon (middle)
Lard
Beer
Mombasa Soap
English pricestaken from Page
Article in English Price list with whichComparison is made
I
2J
4
5
67
B
9
l0
11
t2
l\linistry of LabourGazette
dittoArmy and Navy
1926*27N{inistry of Labou
GazetteArmy and Navy,
1926-27ditto
Ministry of LabourGaz-etteditto
I'he Grocer,28th July, 1928
Army and Navy,t926-27
ditto
ditto
286
28636
286
22
t4286
286tL4
67
64
2a
Rread.
Flour.Burma (Spanish Japan, O/31).
Sugar, granulated.
Average of Apple and Blackberry, Apricotand Blackberry.
Good househoid ground coffee.Fresh butter.
Cheese.Average of Cole & Lervis and Harris Wilt-
shire back prime streaky bacon,Irish or Wilts.
Average of Whitbread's India Pale AIe andWorthington's East India Pale Ale.
Plain mottled soap.
13 to 19 ..I ..
Comparable only rvith iVlinistry of Labour Gazette for August, l9?-B (y'age ?-86).
Army and Navy, 1926-27 (lage 68) quotes White Bread atOl2L-(Farmhouse, pan, tin shape andwholemeal bread.
Army and Navy, 1926-27 (lage 17) quotes H.ou.sehoid flour for bread or pastry at 0/23.Army and Naty, 1926-27 (lage 50) quotes Mauritius Granulated at 0127.The Grocer, 28th July, 1928 (lage 114) quotes Finest unsalted. at 2l-.Army and Navy, 1926-27 Qiage 67) quotes English Cheddar, Finest Farmer's at 1f67.The Grocer, 28th Juiy, 1928 Qlage 114) quotes Finest Wiltshire at 1/-.
2..4 ..7 ..L.10..
148
APPENDIX C (Contd.)
SCHEDULE OF AUTHORITIES FOR LOCAL ARTICLES COMPARED WITH NEW ZEALAND.
1
234567B
91011
t2
NAIROBINew Zealand
prices taken from
dittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
Abstract of Statis-tics, April, 1928
dittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittodittoditto
Page
48
48484B48484949n:
49
Grade of article in New ZealandPrice List
2lb. loaf reduced to I lb.
Rice.No. I and la.lst grade New Zealand Jam in tins,Loose coffee-Dairy-made butter.New Zealand Cheese.N'Iiddle cut or roll.
Household soap, medium grade-3 lbs. barreduced to 1{ lbs.
Fresh eggs.
14 lt's. worked to 60 lbs.Quart reduced to pint.
Fresh groper (Hapuka).
13t4l5l6t71B
19
Eggs, Native,, European
GheePotatoes\,{i}k
48494949
Meat-Fish
Mutton (leg) . .
SCHEDULE OF AUTHORITIES FOR LOCAI- ARTICI,ES COMPARED WITH SOUTH AFRICA(PRETORTA).
NAIROBI
AnttcroWhite Bread . .
LardBeer ::Mombasa SoapEggs, Native
,, EuropeanGheePotatoesMilkMeat-Mutton (leg).Fish
South Africanprices taken from
Grade of article in SouthPrice L,ist
Rread per lb.
25 lbs. reduced to 1 lb.Rice.No. I White Granulated Sugar.
Ground coffee.lst grade CreameryCheese.Three-quarter side
middle.
AfricanPage
TableV
234567o9
l01lt2l3t4l5t6t7l8t9
Nlonthly Bulletinof Union Statis-
tics for Juli', 1928dittooi':'
dittodittodittoditto
ditto
ditto
dittoditto
as representing
Household soap.
New-laid eggs.
12 ]bs. increased to 60 lbs.Fresh milk.
149
APPENDIX C (Contd.).TABLE III.
SHOWING THE CUSTOMS DUTY LEVIED ON CERTAIN STAPLE COX4MODITIES TOGETHER
Articles prices of whichcollected monthly by
Statistical DepartmentImport Duty specified Duty collected for the ,,rear 1927
f Flour
LRice, PatnapGrant's Oatmeal
Wheat-In grain . .
,, Ground or other-wise prepared
,, BranRiceBarley, Buckwheat, Kaffir
Corn, Maizt, Millet,Oats and Rve-
In grain or ralv .
Ground, malted or other-wise prepared
Dhall (pulse)Ale, Beer, Stout, etc.Spirits-Brandy, whisky,
Rum, Gin, Geneva ..Sugar-Imported in bulk
and ja.ggery . .
\ ,ou c.I.F. vatuel20o/o C.I.F. value20o/o C.I.F. value
':: '-o:'""'l:"l0o/6 C.I.F. value
20o/o C.I.F. value
)\J Free
20/o C.l.F. value
Per100 ]bs.
Prf. gal.
100 lbs.Per lb.
Shs. ct.500
600250500
300
) *n*,Rice
J BeerWhisky
9 Sugar
* Tea.t Biscuits, " Marie "
Baking Powder*Sago, Pearl (loose): Macaroni-VermicelliGolden SyrupJamsFruit, driedNestle's MiIkCheeseBaconSuet, AtoraSardines and SalmonCigarettesCandles . .
Matches . .
Soap
Cotton PieceShirtingsWhite Drill
Goods
Mobiloil ..
400600200
40 00
12 AO
045040
II Other grain)Ale, Beer, and Stout
Spirits, Whisky, etc.
SugarTea
20o/o C.I.F. Value
Cheese not in tinsBacon and Ham not in tins2Olo C.I.F. vahe20o/o C.I.F. valueCigarettes, 50o/s C. I. F. val.
0.15
Matches-Per gross of boxesSoap, common ,. .. per lOOlbs
I Cotton, unbleached-Gross wgt. per lb.
f All other-2Oo/o C.I.F. value. .
040
Other articles of food anddrink .
CigarettesOther oils, fats and resin
manufacturesNlatchesSoap, common , .
,, toiletCotton Piece GoodsCotton Blankets . .
Cotton thread, yarns andother manufactures . .
Woollen and worsted yarnsand manufactures
Other iron and steel man.Non-ferrous metals and
manufactures thereofMotor spiritNlineral oiI, illuminating
or burningLubricating oilLubricating greasesTyres and tubes for motor
carsrnotor cycles ..bicycles
Chemicals, drugs, dyesand colours
Butter .
Lard
Wood & Timber
A
3005c0
Blankets . .
Grey Flannel Trousers. .
Sports CoatsDover StovesAluminium Ware
Dunlop Tyres
Quinine ..Aspirin ..Paraffin Oil (Medicinal)Castor OilMellins FoodAllenbury's FoodOvaltine ..GlaxoButterLard (not in tins)
,, (in tins)Timber ..
Per pound
030o20
015100100
WITH THE AMOUNT OF DUTY COI-LECTED DURING 1927.
I
800
22,336
2,976
12,322
146,937
5,8761 7,583
49,638
52,832
1,342ll,9793,2733,O94
201,39230,408
t0,167
8,263
20,415
tl,68248,611
31,0377,892
48l
12,408707
3,996
7,937
733,6tt
341577
5,309
i
APPENDIX C (Contd.)
150
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l-
OOOTO\OO C\OC)Oo)OOOOON\o$ -fOOOOOO
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Effect of
APPENDIX D.
Rail Charges on Selling Prices of
in Nairobi.
Commodities
t
Ia
155
APPENDIX D
RAIL CHARGES ON IN{PORI'trD COMN,IODITIES-MON{BASA TO NAIRORI.
COMMODITY
Biscuits (Imported)
Flour (Imported) . .
OatmealBakingRiceMacaroni and \rermicelli. .
Sugar (Imported)Golden SyrupDried Fruits (Imported)Nestle's l\Iilk )Cheese (Imported) |Bacon (Imported)
)Suet (Imported)SardinesSalmonBeer (Imported)
WhiskyCigarettes (Imported)
CandlesMatchesSoap. (Imported) . .
Cotton Piece Goods
white Dfill
White \\'ituev BlanketsKerosene
Petrol (1 case of 2 4-gal.tins)
Dunlop Tyres 29x4'40 ..30x3'5C ..3C x 5 truck
\IobiloilAspirinQ.rinine
Castor Oil
\Yeight includingPacking, e.e.,
Container andCase, etc., inrvhich packed
Pounds3.81..7
9.63t.42
l .10
o.471'503.3 r
1.974.001.20
1'100.551.10
5-10 lbs. accorrl-ing to qtrality
sqt 8 lbs.12.-lB lbs. ac-
cording to quaiitlst.y l5 los.
2'90 ltrs. averagePounds42.50
1.25
Tariff
reightper1001bs.
Freight on Commodity' as sold,r.r., inclusive of proportion of
rveight of packing
.9hs. rt.*c5l*040+ 0 04 2 lbs. added per 100 lbs
for leight of sack.
ditto.
ditt,r.
+ C 15 l0% added for packing
*0 06xo20xo23*013*0 73+ O 22 Calctrlated at 500 r:igar
ettes-l lb.l2Oo/o forweight of packing.
10"'i, adcled for packing.tiitto-ditto.
x274
*0 53
*10-4
i009Calculated on sarne basis
as Aspirin.Assumed, I pint-l lb. and
25lu added for pack-ing.
t 0 19 4O)[, added for packing.
xl2 25
2 ]b. tinlf, lb. tin
1 lb.
I lb. tin1 rb.
I lb. pkt1 lb.
2 lh. tinI lb.
I lb. tin1 lh.
1 rrri tlnI lb. tin
Quart bottlePint bc.ttle
Bottle500
I lb.I dozen
1 lb.30 -vards
40 yards
Per pairi tin'of 5American
gel (4[ Imp.galLrns)
I gallonEach
1 gal. tin1 bot. (4 oz.)
1 lb.
Pint
Slts. ct.
13 40
407
13 4013 40407
t3 40681
13 40
13 40
13 4013 40
6Bl18 24tB 24
2l2t6
226242
x129x019+0 04*0171007x0 35
22
l: +t
II
54513 40
407tB 24t8 24
3I41
I
B
52
61
I
4
2
4
923tB 246 8l
tB 24
t3 24
r010t0l01007xl46
tB 24
245
631
t3 40
681
r(0 51x214x203x496*049*0 c9t0 3/J
i
Paby's Fo,.ld (Mcllin's, 1Allenbury's & Glaxo) ll I lb.
Ovaltine ' .'. )Dover Stoves Each No.7
*t
I
1.40I
II 180.00
CalculationsCalculations
basedbased
on information supplied by Nairobi l\{erchants.on an assLlmed weight for packing, elc.
,t
1
2,34567B
90I2
l3l415t6t7IBt9202l22
2425262728)o303r3233343536
I2
34
23
I
3
Nestle's ]\{ilk
ARTICI,E
NIarie Bi-.cuitsFlourOatmeal . .
Baking Pou.derRice, Patna
,, RatiorrN,I acaroniVermicelliSugar. White Grarrulatetl
,, f)emeraraGolden SvrupDried Fruits-Apples
ApricotsPeacht'sPea rsC ur-ra tttsSrrltanaso:]""'
::
PetrolDunlopI\{obiliol
GRoUP 4.
Tyres. 30> 3$ . .
Ur:it
2 lbs. tiuPourrd
7 lbs. tinPound tin
Pound
I lb. p:rr:ket
16 oz. tinxPound
,:'
I Ibi'size{ lb. tin1 Ib. tin
Quart bottleBottle500500500
16 oz. pkt.Pkt of 10l j lb. bar
30 -vards
40 yardspair
Tin of 4{Imp. gals.
ritr,
GallonEach
Gallon
100 tabloids
-Pint1 lb. tin
Cheese-Gorgon zolaTiger . .
,, Dutch CrezrnrHunter's BaconAtora SuetSardines, SkipperSalmon, Parslev
,, PinkBeer, GirlWhisky, J. \\'. (red)Ci garettes- -Sci ssors
,, King Stork,, Three Castles
Candles, Traver'sMatches. Ship (large) . .
Soap-Gossages,, BL.re mottled
GnouP 2.
Cotton Piece Goods, JaPar-rese CCotton Piece Goods, American
BRB ..White Drill, ArnericaniWhite Witney Blankets
Gnoup 3.
Kerosene, Crown
,, SunflowerDover Stove, No. 7
1
23456
Gnoup 5.
Aspirin ..Quinine, bisulphate : :
Castor OilIL'Iellin's FoodOvaltine . .
Glaxo
,(
+
156
APPENDIX D (Contd.)
PERCENTAGE OT' VALUE OF CERTAIN CONIMODITIES REPRESENTED BYRAILWAY FREIGHT.
O
-prAodz
caq.!
'r'd
t!H.Eao
^/A
5'150'4c6.2A3.90o.760.371.531.570.461.001-781.96) -11
1.662.071.381.501.171.003.502.BB2.633.502.441.03t.751.58t.76
13.4512.009.00
27.501.630.731.001.00
t8.25
14.8528.O080.00
0.510.04t.290. 190.040'040.17o.170.070.070.350.150'150. l50'150.150'150.150. 150.150. 150.150. l50. 15o.a20. 10o.20n.)20.73o.22o.22o.220.100.100.100.10
1.46
1.462.740.53
1.04
1.0412.26
7.45
8.50126.88
2.9070.33
8.C0
3.005.506.005.507.005.00
0.512.030.49
0.090.09o.370.190.190.19
lncluding rveight of tin.In comparing Railrvav Freights reference sirould be made to the Table on page 42, which shorvs
freights per 100 lb. The percentages in this Table are caiculated on values.
Medicinal Lubricating Castor Oil in kegs is railed al 9 ccnts per pint.
y !'reight shownpercentage of
r_-__l--l.l
l+g;Ii,l€iE I j'l'2. Ilt_tlI tt.ol t2.4
| ::::| "nI 5.1 I ..I s.ol ..I tz.t I rtoI n'sl t+oI rz.r | ..
| "r.? I ':'I z+.sl ..I a.: I ro.+I 6.e I locI e.e I t2'cI 7'B I 10..0I rz.z I ro.oI rr.r I ro.oI 14.7 | 10.6I tz.a I rz.oI +'sl ..I s.st. ..I o.ol ..I a.sl ..I o.ol ..I z.o I z.zI n'el .-I r4.sI _..I rs.o I re.+I s.7 I 6.2I r.sl ..I z.sl ..I o.al ..
i ri s li.+1 r r.ri ll.l
I RailwaI n.oIl---lotoI-bnl=-ul.=.tr bo
I d .:lz1_
9.9to.020.8
', 4'9.5.3
10.8I rt.r] ro.a
15.27.O
19.7
1 7.76.49.01-a
10.9l0.ot2.Bl5.o4.3\ s.z5'74.3
I 6'1; 1.95.7
t2.713. 1
5.41.8).ac.B
i o.rj r:'z1 r0.0
10.0
0.65
B-7
10.910.8
t6'2
13.9to.7
3'tt.46.63.62-84.0
oC;o--a
d
fNbo.
1.501'501.251.501.501.501.500.85
"i -coo.: r-o"
'= d
.i'=
7,t4
o.rst.20
0.35
o.is
l)sI t.75
l
4.640.364.913'7 t
0.720.331.361.400'390.931.431.812.tB1.511.92.1.231.351.020.853.352.732.483.35).)ol.0r1.551.361.53
12.721 1.788.78
27.281.530'630.900.90
16'79
13.3925.2679.47
4.250.35
14'0
12.29'7
117.6+2-9
6.1
8.0
9.89-8o.7
3.0t-46.2.3.5
3.8
6.41
7.46tt4.62
21.33.06'5
2.3968'30
7.5r
2.9t6.415.635.3 r6.814.Br
APPENDIX
t,
1,57
APPE:NDIX E.
Copy oF I-.inrrnn Fnolr SrerrsTrcArJ Dnpenrlrnrt.
Bef. No. 839.
Srarrsrrcer, DnrenrMnNr,
P.O. Box 571,
Nernonr,
77th July, 7928.
The Secretary,
Nairobi Chamber of Commerce,
Nairobi.
Dear Sir,
In analysing the returns which are now being sent in by retail merchantsuncler the Staiistics Ordinance, one very imlrcrtant and outstanding featureis apparent , oiz. , the very considerable variation in prices of the same articleancl brand according to retailer.
2. The accompanying table will show the percentage variation on theIowest value both for local produce and imported articles. The local producelvaries from an increase of B per cent. on local beer to an increase of 50 percent. on local tea while on imported articles the extreme variations are froman increase of 7 per cent on Patna rice to 40 per cent. on sultanas.
3. It is quite possible that in some of the articles the brands are notexactly the same or the packing is diflerent, but it is cliffrcult to ,explainvariations in such articles
I
It
Increase onlowest oalu,e.
20% Gold X'lake10% Sugar, locall7% Butter, local
Tea, local7% Beer, local
t3%
Increase onlowest oalue.
t2%2t%33%50%B%
Royal Baking PowderMarie BiscuitsMacaroniBrooke Bond Recl Label
TeaThree Castles Cigarettes ...
4. Variations of this magnitude in businesses working in such closeproximity as merchants in Nairobi are inevitably working and under suchsimilar conclitions suggest some very variable methods of costing.fncidently it throws some light on the different valuations of cost of livingvalues with which the Cost of I=,iving Commission have from time to timebeen confronted.
5. It has been thought advisable to lay this matter before the Chamberbecause any defective methods of trade costing must inevitably give rise toinstability in trading conditions. If the Chambers are of the same opinionthey may be able to suggest remedies.
6. The variations are not entirely between Indian traders anil Europeantraclers-the latter are just as variable-nor between the small shopkeeperand the big store. The values given are practically all derived from thesame class of tracler, and are of interest if only as throwing a sideJight on thegeneral trading conditions.
7.
forsakeshown.
Competitionthe higher
158
is apparently inoperative otherwise housewives wouldprices for the lower wliere such a marked variation is
Yours faithfully,(Signed) A. WAIJTER,
Statistician,Conference ol East African Gooernors.
Locer, Colttr.toDlTIES Percentage ofLowest Price
Local
Coffee (Loose)
Coffee (Tins)
Sugar
Butter
Cheese
Lard
Jams, Local
22
2223
1
222
L'J,
334025507500253520758000)<6075002550608000255000
Per cent.100r2l10011112213310010810c146150100113100109100t25150100113loct12t25150
Local Tea ..
IvrporrBo CoMMoDrrrES. Price Percentage ofLowest Price
Biscuits (same packing)-1 lb.
Grant's Oatmeal-7 Ib. . .
Royal Baking Powder
Shs55566J
:
:
cts00255000507550758075809070758050755060657550757$902540506075657075000025
Per cent.100105110100108100t20100t07100t07t20100t07114100tt7100ro7110l17100l07100109100l12t20L?3140100t02104113100112
Patna
Pearl
Rice.
Barley
Sa.go, Pearl (loose)
Macaroni
Vermicelli
Brooke Bond Tea
Lyle's Golden Syrup
Sultanas
Cigarettes-Three Castles
J3
222J22
Gold Flake ..