cost-benefit analysis i - mpa 612: public management economics · 2018. 3. 26. · cost-benefit...
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Cost-benefit analysis IMPA 612: Public Management EconomicsMarch 26, 2018
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What is CBA?
Plan for today
Nine steps of CBA
CBA practice
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Current events
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What is CBA?
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My way is to divide half a sheet of paper by a line into two columns; writing over the one Pro and over the other Con.… When I have thus got them altogether in one view, I endeavor to estimate their respective weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I strike them both out.… [T]hus proceeding, I find where the balance lies; and if after a day or two of further consideration… , I come to a determination accordingly.
Benjamin Franklin
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At its core, CBA is just Franklin’s pro/con list, but for society
Net social benefit = benefits − costs
Easy logic
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Difficult implementationMeasurement
What counts?
Easy to hide behind numbers
Ultimately involves a normative judgement
Subject to abuse
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The cost of building dams is always underestimatedThere's erosion of the delta that the river has created,There's fertile soil below the dam that's likely to be looted,And the tangled mat of forest that has got to be uprooted.
There's the breaking up of cultures with old haunts and habits loss,
There's the education program that just doesn't come across,And the wasted fruits of progress that are seldom much enjoyedBy expelled subsistence farmers who are urban unemployed.
There's disappointing yield of fish, beyond the first explosion;There's silting up, and drawing down, and watershed erosion.Above the dam the water's lost by sheer evaporation;Below, the river scours, and suffers dangerous alteration.
Kenneth E. Boulding, The Careless Technology (1973)
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For engineers, however good, are likely to be guilty,Of quietly forgetting that a river can be silty,While the irrigation people too are frequently forgettingThat water poured upon the land is likely to be wetting.
Then the water in the lake, and what the lake releases,Is crawling with infected snails and water-borne diseases.There's a hideous locust breeding ground when water level's low,And a million ecologic facts we really do not know.
There are benefits, of course, which may be countable, but whichHave a tendency to fall into the pockets of the rich.While the costs are apt to fall upon the shoulders of the poor.So cost-benefit analysis is nearly always sure.To justify the building of a solid concrete fact, While the Ecologic Truth is left behind in the Abstract.
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Brief history of CBA in government
1936: Army Corps of Engineers
1950s–70s: Experimentation
1981: Reagan’s EO 12291 and RIA
1994: Clinton’s EO 12866
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Types of CBA
ex ante in medias res ex post
Who uses CBA?
Executive agencies Legislators
Courts Nonprofits
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CBA is deceptively hard and complicated and expensive in real life
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Nine steps of CBAEasy peasy!
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1. Specify the set of alternative projects
2. Decide whose benefits and costs count
3. Identify impacts and measure them
4. Predict the impacts quantitatively over the life of the project
5. Monetize all impacts
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6. Discount benefits and costs to obtain present values
7. Compute the net present value of each project
8. Perform sensitivity analysis
9. Make a recommendation
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1. Specify the set of alternative projects
List all the possible alternativesKeep status quo if still viable
Asphalt or concrete 4 different routes
2, 3, 4, or 6 lanes No tolls, low tolls, high tolls
Elk tunnels? Begin construction now or later
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Standing
2. Decide whose benefits and costs count
Just citizens of city/state/country?
Just people currently alive?
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3. Identify impacts and measure them
Impacts = inputs and outputs
Think of every possible thing involved
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From your perspective and society’s perspective, what are the major costs and benefits of a proposed city ordinance that would require all riders to wear helmets?
You live in a city that currently does not require bicycle riders to wear helmets. You like riding your bicycle without a helmet.
How might you measure these?
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Make predictions for each of the impacts from step 3
4. Predict the impacts quantitatively over the life of the project
Figure out number of vehicle trips on new highway + old roads
Extrapolate and estimate driving costs saved, accidents avoided, lives saved, etc.
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Shadow prices
5. Monetize all impacts
Market prices
Put everything in the same scale: $$$
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Statistical life ≠ individual lifeWhat did Colbert claim? What was wrong?
Value of a statistical life How much people are willing to payfor a reduction in the probability ofdeath, extrapolated to 100%
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Contingent evaluationAsk people what they’d be willing to pay to lower riskSurveys, focus groups, guesses
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Revealed preferencesLook at what people pay in real life
Low risk jobs pay less than high risk jobs, so higher wage = WTP for reduction in risk
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Contingent evaluation vs. revealed preferencesWe tend to trust people’s own revealed safety vs. money preferences
But, it’s tricky
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$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25%
Annual job−related fatality risk
Annu
al in
com
e
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potential work experience + potential work experience squared + years of education + indicator variables for male, married, Black, Native American, Asian, Hispanic ethnicity, doctorate or professional degree earned, paid hourly rate, full-time employment, union or employee association membership, government employment, six metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, eight regional areas, nine largely blue-collar occupations, and professional occupational group
Coefficient ×100,000 ×average hours worked per year0.0395 × 100,000 ×(42.57 × 52) = $8.74 million
Off because of rounding
Others, like NHTSA
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Present value = value of an amount that occurs in the future
6. Discount benefits and costs to obtain present values
PV =FV
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Costs of public projects are front loaded
Why even do this?
Benefits occur over a long period of time
How do we know if the benefits over time are worth the initial costs?
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Opportunity costs
Discount rates
Time value of money
1%, 3%, 7%, then sensitivity analysisWorld Bank uses 10%
OMB Circular A-94 Appendix C
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7. Compute the net present value of each project
PV =FV
(1 + r)t
TPV =nX
t=0
Xt
(1 + r)t
NPV = TPV (#2M2}ib)� TPV (+Qbib)<latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">AAACbHicbZFfa9swFMVlt9u67E+9jj20ZSAWVlJKgz0G2x4KpYPRp5FBkwbi1MjKdSsqyUa6HgvGb/2EfdtX2Mu+wuTED226C4LDOfoh6SgtpLAYhr89f2390eMnG087z56/eLkZvNoa2bw0HIY8l7kZp8yCFBqGKFDCuDDAVCrhPL3+2uTnP8FYkesznBcwVexSi0xwhs5KgpvBiO4d0TgzjFffRnXVi+gBNfsXWNM47py1sS1VLIUSaJMK6REN6wvdQuMEV6nvS8rBvRjhF1YpaMgcXO/Twzs2z23jdZKgG/bDxdCHImpFl7QzSILbeJbzUoFGLpm1kygscFoxg4JLqDtxaaFg/JpdwsRJzRTYabVoq6bvnTOjWW7c0kgX7l2iYsrauUrdTsXwyq5mjfm/bFJi9nlaCV2UCJovD8pKSTGnTfV0JgxwlHMnGDfC3ZXyK+Y6RPdBTQnR6pMfiuGH/pd+9ONj9/ikbWOD7JJ3pEci8okck1MyIEPCyR8v8La9He+v/8bf9d8ut/pey7wm98bf+wcI87Wm</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit>
PV =FV
(1 + r)t
TPV =nX
t=0
Xt
(1 + r)t
NPV = TPV (#2M2}ib)� TPV (+Qbib)<latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit>
PV =FV
(1 + r)t
TPV =nX
t=0
Xt
(1 + r)t
NPV = TPV (#2M2}ib)� TPV (+Qbib)<latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FEXb+/W0BTCmGsavgLN/NljeY0c=">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</latexit>
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Impacts
8. Perform sensitivity analysis
Manipulate or simulate everything that is uncertain or contentious
VSL Monetizations
Discount rate
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If NPV > 0, 9. Make a recommendation
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Benefit cost ratio (BCR): Total benefits / Total cost
Important CBA numbers
Internal rate of return (IRR):Breakeven discount rate
Net present value (NPV):Benefits − costs
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CBA practiceExcel time!