cosmic rays in peru the cosmic rays in peru by josé ishitsuka and hugo trigoso [email protected]...

Cosmic Rays in Peru

The Cosmic Rays in Peru

By

José Ishitsuka and Hugo Trigoso [email protected] [email protected]

Ancon ObservatoryInstituto Geofísico del Perú

IGP

september /2008 THIRD SCHOOL ON COSMIC RAYS AND ASTROPHYSICS

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Cosmic Rays in Peru

History about the observations of Cosmic Rays.

“From a consideration of the immense volume of newly discovered facts in the field of physics, especially atomic physics, in recent years it might well appear to the layman that the main problems were already solved and that only more detailed work was necessary.

This is far from the truth, as will be shown by one of the biggest and most important newly opened fields of research, with which I am closely associated, that of cosmic rays.

When, in 1912, I was able to demonstrate by means of a series of balloon ascents, that the ionization in a hermetically sealed vessel was reduced with increasing height from the earth (reduction in the effect of radioactive substances in the earth), but that it noticeably increased from 1,000 m onwards, and at 5 km height reached several times the observed value at earth level,

I concluded that this ionization might be attributed to the penetration of the earth's atmosphere from outer space by hitherto unknown radiation of exceptionally high penetrating capacity, which was still able to ionize the air at the earth's surface noticeably...”

Dr. Victor F. Dr. Victor F. Hess' Nobel Hess' Nobel Lecture, in Lecture, in 19361936


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By middle of 1935 five precision recording cosmic-ray meters C model, based on a design developed by Professor R.D. Bennett at MIT and Professor A. H. Compton at Chicago University, were constructed. And deployed over the world In order to have simultaneous and continuous records of Cosmic-rays flux.

Cosmic Rays in Peru

Increments of intensity of CosmicRays, Feb/28 and March/7 1942


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Increments of intensity of CosmicRays, Feb/28 and March/7 1942

By middle of 1935 five precision recording cosmic-ray meters C model, based on a design developed by Professor R.D. Bennett at MIT and Professor A. H. Compton at Chicago University, were constructed. And deployed over the world In order to have simultaneous and continuous records of Cosmic-rays flux.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Aerial view of Huancayo Observatory looking from northwest


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Aerial view of Huancayo Observatory looking from southeast


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Cosmic–ray building at Huancayo Observatory (1935)


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Cosmic-ray meter (C2) at Huancayo Observatory

The Instrument consist of a spherical steel ionization chamber , the volume is about 19.3 liters, filled with a pure argon

at 50 atmospheres.

Because at this pressure the ionizationis 67 times more than in the normal pressure.

A balancing current is supplied by ionization produced in a small auxiliary chamber, inside sphere by β rays from metallic uranium


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Cosmic-ray meter at Huancayo Observatory (2008).


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Cosmic Rays in PeruCross-section view of apparatus, showing details of the central electrode, β chamber and micrometer for adjusting the position of uranium

By turning the micrometer rod to which the uranium is attached permits varying the rate of entry of β-rays into the balance chamber as a consequence of changes of amount of shielding.The balance current can thus be made about equal, and in opposite in sign through choice of sweep field, to the average ionization current produced in the main chamber by cosmic rays.


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Cosmic Rays in PeruElectrometer box, optical system, Barometer and Recording Camera

This permits ample sensitivity for recording , on a photographic trace 60mm wide changes in ionization due to cosmic rays.

This method of balancing also compensates for changes in ionization which might result from changes in pressure or temperature, because the fact that ionization current due to β-rays in the balance chamber is affected in the same way as that due to due to cosmic rays in the main chamber

THERM O M ETER FILM

BARO M ETER

10xEYEPIEC E


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Records of cosmic-rays from Huancayo

Observatory, vertical lines are hour- marks. The upward slope of the electrometer trace indicates that the balance current exceeds the cosmic-ray ionization current.

These records corresponds to January 1936 during the commencement of a magnetic storm.

Cosmic-ray records Huancayo Observatory, in 1936


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

.

In this figure, ia is the current in the main

ionization chamber, due chiefly to cosmic rays.

ib is the current in the balance chamber due chiefly Beta rays

Calibration Curves, giving the residual ionization in a mine 110 meters below the surface


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Barometric coefficient for Cosmic-ray Intensity at Huancayo Observatory from correlation between average departures in Cosmic-ray intensity and in barometric pressure from means of selected days.Days were selected from weekly intervals with great changes in pressure.The regression coefficient is 0.99


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUANCAYO OBSERVATORY

The quasi-persistent 27-day variation of intensity;

The diurnal variation of intensity;

The absence of a detectable sidereal diurnal variation of intensity;

The sporadic emission of very energetic (up to several GeV) charged particles by solar flares;

Worldwide impulsive decreases (Forbush decreases) of intensity followed by gradual recovery;

The 11-year cyclic variation of intensity and its anticorrelation with the solar activity cycle as measured by sunspot numbers; and

The 22-year cycle in the amplitude of the diurnal variation.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Three unusual increases in cosmic-ray Intensity during solar flares and radio fadeout


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Increment of cosmic Rays, Nov/19/1949

This unusual increment of Cosmic ray have been produced one hour later the observed solar flare

Cosmic Rays in Peru

Daily means of Cosmic-ray intensity and horizontal magnetic intensity, showing effect of magnetic storm of April 25-30, on cosmic-ray intensity.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Harmonic Dials of Time Periodic intensity of cosmic rays

This shows the cyclic nature in the 27 days variation


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

The effects of magnetic storm over the daily mean values of cosmic radiation. in Boston, Chentelham and Huancayo.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Average difference for cosmic-ray Intensity (ΔC) and for horizontal magnetic field (ΔH) for five disturbed days less that for five quiet days in each month, April, 1937 – December 1946 at Huancayo Observatory.

These differences are preponderantly negative and correlated between the two stations, showing that the cosmic-ray intensity definitely tends to be less on magnetically disturbed than on magnetically quiet days.

These differences are all negative and vary (algebraically) roughly with the sunspot cycle.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

Annual means:

Sunspot numbers and variability cosmic-ray Intensity at Huancayo Observatory.

Cosmic-ray intensity at Huancayo in the period 1937-1955 is least in the years on minimum solar activity, and increases near sunspot maxima.


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Cosmic Rays in Peru


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Cosmic Rays in Peru


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Cosmic Rays in Peru

cosmic rays in peru the cosmic rays in peru by josé ishitsuka and hugo trigoso [email protected]...

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