corsair calibrated observations of radiance spectra in the far-infrared marty mlynczak nasa langley...
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CORSAIRCalibrated Observations of Radiance Spectra in the Far-Infrared
Marty MlynczakNASA Langley Research Center
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The CORSAIR Team• NASA Langley
– Marty Mlynczak, PI– Sharon Graves, PM– Richard Cageao– Dave Johnson– Nurul Abedin– Dave Kratz– Xu Liu
• ITT– David Jordan
• Raytheon Vision Systems– Jinxue Wang
• Space Dynamics Laboratory– Gail Bingham– Harri Latvakoski
• NIST– Simon Kaplan
• JPL– Kevin Bowman
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Far-IR Sensors and Science at Langley
Timeline of Projects
• FIRST Instrument– IIP 2001
• INFLAME Instruments– IIP 2004
• NRC White Paper– Decadal Survey Call 2005
• CERES/AIRS – EOS recompetion, 2005
• FIDTAP – ATI 2006
• FORGE– Radiation Sciences Program 2006
• CORSAIR– IIP 2007
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CORSAIR -- Outline
• Background on the Far-Infrared– Definitions and Science– The FIRST Project
• Elements of the CORSAIR IIP Project– Detectors– Blackbody Radiance Standards– Broad Bandpass Beamsplitters
• Some Thoughts on The Way Forward– Instrument Modeling– Calibration Demonstration Unit– Atmospheric Observations
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Earth’s Infrared Radiance Spectrum
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Compelling Science of the Far-Infrared
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FIRST - Science Flights 6/2005; 9/2006Demonstrated far-IR interferometer technologies
Measurement of Cirrus Opt. Depth
Collins and Mlynczak, 2001 Mlynczak et al., 1998
Yang et al., 2003
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FIRST: Technology and Science
First complete infrared spectrum of EarthFIRST Focal Plane Array
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Technology Development through IIPPartners: SDL; SAO
Effects of middle troposphere temperature
Mlynczak et al., 2006
Harries et al., 2008
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The CORSAIR Project
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CORSAIR - Overview
• FIRST demonstrated:– High throughput FTS (0.47 cm2 sr)
– Far-IR beamsplitter
– Cryogenic Focal Plane Design
• CLARREO Requires:– Far-IR detectors operating above liquid helium temperatures
– Far-IR blackbodies traceable to SI standards
– Broad bandpass beamsplitters (5 to 50 m)
• CORSAIR IIP to demonstrate these technologies at TRL-6
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CORSAIR - Major Technology Elements
• Passively Cooled Detectors (Raytheon Vision Systems)– Antenna Coupled Terahertz Devices
– Potential for 100 to 1000 times more sensitive (D*) than pyroelectric
– Substantial prior DARPA and Homeland Security investment
– Detectors evaluated in Year 3 in FIRST @ Langley
• SI Traceable Blackbodies in Far-IR (SDL; NIST) – Flight prototype blackbody w/ well-characterized emissivity
– On-orbit, SI-traceable temperature measurement for blackbody
– On-orbit emissivity monitor in far-IR
• Broad Bandpass Beamsplitters (ITT)– Cover 5 to 50 m region in 1 beamsplitter
– Potentially enables 1 instrument to cover CLARREO range
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Antenna-Coupled Technology
• Far-IR Energy Couples to Antenna Optimized for Specific LW Band & Bandwidth
• Antenna Passes Current to the Detector (Diode)
• Detector Connects to ROIC through Conducting Leads
• ROIC Reads Out Resistance for Each Pixel & Multiplexes Output
• D* above 1e+10 cm sqrt(Hz)/W predicted
LW Pixel with MicroAntenna
Antenna Captures LW Radiation Energy Coupled to Detector
LW Power Flows from Antenna to Detector
Detector Element
Bowtie Antenna
Connections to Readout Circuitry
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Requirements and Project Milestones
• Spectral Range: 15 to 50 m
• Specific Detectivity: 1e + 10 cm sqrt(Hz)/W
• Bandwidth: Greater than 3:1
• NEP: Less than 2e-11 W/sqrt(Hz)
• Sampling Frequency: 2 kilohertz
• Operating Temperature: 285 to 295 Kelvin
• Dark Current Shot Noise: 4 picoamperes/sqrt(Hz)
• Critical Design Review: March 2009
• Detector Lot 1 Fab. and Test: August 2009 TRL 4
• Detector Lot 2 Fab. and Test: September 2010 TRL 5
• Detectors Delivered to Langley: October 2010
• Testing in FIRST completed: August 2011 TRL 6
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CORSAIR Far-IR Blackbodies• No SI-traceable standards currently exist for Far-IR
• SDL, NIST, and Langley will work to develop SI-traceable BB sources for the Far-IR
• Approach– Install phase change cells on FIRST LW Calibration Source (LWIRCS)– NIST/SI certify LWIRCS in NIST LBIR facility – Develop CLARREO flight demo Far-IR blackbody
• Include Far-IR emissivity monitor
– Calibrate against LWIRCS
• Flight demo Blackbody to be delivered to Langley – SI traceable temperature via phase change cells and calibration against
LWIRCS– Emissivity monitoring to better than 3 parts in 10,000
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Far-Infrared Spectrum in Brightness Temperature
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Effects of Emissivity Error on Far-IR Calibration
Emissivity must be known better than 3 parts in 10,000
0 = 0.9999
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Effects of Emissivity Error on Far-IR Calibration
0 = 0.9999
Emissivity must be known better than 3 parts in 10,000
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FIRST LWIRCS
LWIRCS to be calibrated at the NIST LBIR facilityWill be SI-traceable radiance standard upon completion
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Project Requirements and Milestones
• SI-traceable LWIRCS (0.1 K, 3-) • Design and build flight demo blackbody
– Incorporate emissivity monitor to 3 parts in 10,000
• Spectral range of BB: 15 to 50 m minimum
• LWIRCS calibration at NIST LBIR: April 2009 TRL 6– (SI-traceable far-IR calibration standard)
• Flight demo BB Design Review Dec. 2009• Flight demo BB development: July 2010 TRL 5• Flight demo BB testing and eval: July 2011 TRL 6• Delivery of far-IR BB to Langley: August 2011
– (SI-traceable, PCM cells, emissivity monitor)
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CORSAIR Broad Bandpass Beamsplitters
• CLARREO Requirement in Decadal Survey– Interferometer covering 5 to 50 m
• Presents challenges in – Detectors– Optical coatings– Beamsplitters
• CORSAIR will develop and demonstrate a single beamsplitter capable of passing the entire CLARREO range with minimal absorption and maximum efficiency
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Project Requirements and Milestones
• Wavelength Range: 5 to 50 m• R-T Product: 4[R] [T] = 1.0, 5 to 50 m
• Beamsplitter Design 3/2009• Computer Model Development 6/2009• Design Review 7/2009• Fabricate first beamsplitter 9/2009 TRL 4
• Develop Test Setups 12/2009• Fabricate Beamsplitters 4/2010• Test Beamsplitters 8/2010 TRL 5
• Beamsplitters Thermal cycling 1/2011• Comprehensive Test and Evaluation 6/2011 TRL 6• Delivery of Beamsplitters to Langley 9/2011
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The Way Forward
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Model, Build, Measure. Repeat.
• There is no equivalent atmospheric measurement heritage in the far-IR as there is in the mid-IR (e.g, S-HIS; NAST-I; AIRS, IASI, etc.)
• Achieving Far-IR accuracy for CLARREO will require us to do the following in addition to developing component technologies:
– 1. Develop detailed instrument model as part of instrument design process
– 2. Build a “Calibration Demonstration Unit” to show SI-traceability of system and validity of instrument model
– 3. Conduct “viable” atmospheric measurements and intercomparisons amongst various extant instruments
• There are 4 Far-IR instruments worldwide: – FIRST TAFTS REFIR AERI-ER
• Must continue to measure the far-IR spectrum and validate knowledge of calibration in all respects
• Example: RHUBC/FORGE Campaign, Atacama Desert, Chile, in 2009
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RHUBC/FORGE Campaign Details
• RHUBC-II/FORGE– 1 Aug - 31 Oct 2009– Cerro Toco or Chajnantor Plateau, Chile. 5.1 km altitude (17,000 feet)– Minimum PWV: 0.1 mm (anticipated)– Key instrumentation:
• Infrared FTS: FIRST, AERI-ER, REFIR-PAD, TAFTS(?)
• Microwave Radiometers: MP-183, RS-92, MPL, GVR
• RS-92 radiosondes
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CORSAIR Summary
• The far-IR spectrum is a frontier in climate sensing
• Substantial strides to date in achieving technologies required for routine, extended space-based far-IR observations
• CORSAIR will develop and demonstrate several remaining technologies at TRL 6 (from TRL 3)– Antenna coupled detectors for Far-IR– SI Traceable Blackbodies for Far-IR– Broad bandpass beamsplitters
• IIP’s need to be complemented with on-going measurements to develop “working knowledge” of far-IR hardware and calibration
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Public Service Announcements
Appearing in Rev. Geophys. imminently:
Harries, J., B. Carli, R. Rizzi, C. Serio, M. Mlynczak, L. Palchetti, T.Maestri, H. Brindley, and G. Masiello (2008), The Far-Infrared Earth, Rev.Geophys., 46, doi:10.1029/2007RG000233.
Please see poster by Mark Muzilla et al. on some exciting new detector technology for the far-IR