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ASSA ABLOY, the global leader in door opening solutions

Correspondence Course for Commercial Steel Doors and Frames

Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course 3

Table of Contents

Chapter 1Reading Blueprints – Mechanical and Architectural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 2Hollow Metal Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Chapter 3Frame Series and Frame Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Chapter 4Door Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Chapter 5Labeled Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Chapter 6Hinges and Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 7Exit Devices, Closers and Miscellaneous Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Chapter 8Stick Material Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Chapter 9Takeoff, Estimating and Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Chapter TestsExaminations for Chapters 1 through 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course 5

Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course

Chapter 1

The primary purpose of this section is to present some of the fundamentals of reading blueprints. Even though you may already possess some skills in blueprint reading, this training will allow you to identify and refresh those skills. This section deals with the reading basics of mechanical and architectural blueprints and provides practice exercises in both, as well as a more detailed study of reading and interpreting architectural plans, including plots, foundations, floors, elevations, sections, schedules, details, and specifications.

Several references are made to a set of plans provided for this training. Each is a partial set of architectural plans and speci-fications for a single story office building. Through this basic study, you should be able to readily apply this knowledge when reading other types of building plans. Upon completion of this chapter on architectural drawings, you will be able to:

• Visualize an object or structure by examining the essential views that describe it.

• Identify various types of lines, symbols, and abbreviations used in architectural drawings.

• Read and interpret the different types of plans, elevations, and sections used in architectural drawings.

• Understand the relationship between blueprints and specifications.

If you are an architect completing this course for AIA Continuing Education Credits, you may want to go to chapter two: Hollow Metal Frames.

Reading Blueprints-Mechanical & Architectural

Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course6

The Graphic LanguageChapter 1- Reading Blueprints

The graphic language is a basic, natural form of communication of ideas that is universal and timeless incharacter. Man has always used drawings as a graphicrepresentation of a real thing, an idea, or a proposeddesign of an object to be built or constructed. There are two types of drawings used to describe the construction of architectural structures: pictorial drawings and multiview drawings. Pictorial drawings are picture-like drawings. They show several sides of an object in one drawing. Multiview drawings show different sides of views of an object in separate drawings. For this reason, multiview drawings are used almost exclusively as working drawings. A working drawing is any drawing used as a base for construction or manufacturing and includes all necessary information concerning the size, shape, and materials used in a structure.

Pictorial Drawings Two types of pictorial drawings are used extensively in architectural presentations: the perspective drawingand the isometric drawing (see Fig.1-1). The perspective drawing, the more popular of the two, has lines thatrecede to vanishing points, thus giving the drawing amore realistic, though technically inaccurate, appearance.Isometric drawings show true dimensions and create an optical illusion of distortion since the human eye is accustomed to seeing long objects recede. Isometricdrawings are used primarily for small construction details.

Figure 1-1Isometric Drawings are Illustrated with True Measuring Dimensions and May Be Depicted as Either Scaled or Not Scaled.

Figure 1-2Perspective Drawings are Illustrated with Shortened Sides That Project to an Imaginary Vanishing Point on a Horizon Line.

Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course Ceco Door Commercial Steel Door and Frame Correspondence Course 7

Multiview InterpretationChapter 1 - Reading Blueprints

Although pictorial drawings are effective in showing the general design of a structure at a glance, they are not sufficiently precise to accurately describe all elements of the design. For this reason, multiview (several view) drawings are provided for use in the actual construction of buildings.

Multiview drawings are sometimes called orthographic drawings. Orthographic drawings represent the exact form and size of each side of an object in two or more views (or planes), usually at right angles to each other. Compare the multiview orthographic drawing of the building with the pictorial isometric (Figure 1-1) and perspective (Figure 1-2) drawings of the same building. Note the linear variations in each drawing.

To visualize and understand multiview (orthographic) projection, imagine a structure surrounded by imaginary transparent planes, as shown in Figure 1-4. If you draw the outline of the structure on the imaginary transparent planes, you create the various orthographic views: the front view on the front plane, the side view on the side plane, and the top view on the top plane.

Figure 1-3Multiview Drawing

Figure 1-4Orthographic Projection Shows Three

Planes (Surfaces) of a Building.


Chapter 1 - Reading Blueprints

Multiview Interpretation

When the planes of the top, bottom, and sides arehinged (swung) out from the front plane as shown inFigure 1-6, the six views of an object are shown exactly as they are positioned on an orthographic drawing. Study the position of each view as it relates to the front view. All six views are rarely used to depict architecturalstructures. Instead, only four elevations (the sides) are shown, and the top view is usually replaced with a section through the structure called a floor plan. The roof plan is also developed from the top view. The bottom view is never developed in an architectural drawing.

Figure 1-5Interpreting Drawing Planes

Figure 1-6Hinged Projection Planes


Question Sheet for Print #100

Questions:

1.) Surface (C) is represented by what surface in the right side view? _______

2.) Surface (D) is represented by what surface in the top view? _______

3.) Surface (I) is represented by what surface in the top view? _______

4.) Surface (H) is represented by what surface in the right side view? _______

5.) Surface (C) is represented by what line in the top view? _______

6.) Surface (D) is represented by what line in the front view? _______

7.) Surface (I) is represented by what line in the front view? _______

8.) Surface (H) is represented by what line in the top view? _______

9.) Surface (I) is represented by what line in the right side view? _______

10.) Surface (Y) is represented by what line in the right side view? _______

11.) Edge (A) is represented by what line in the front view? _______

12.) Edge (B) is represented by what line in the right side view? _______

Note: The work exercise answers can be found at the bottom of this page.

Answers: 1. S, 2. P, 3. T, 4. R, 5. V, 6. M, 7. K, 8. W, 9. N, 10. O, 11. J , 12. X



Multiview Interpretation

Print #200 shows nine three-view drawings (A thru I) of simple objects. Each of these three viewdrawings corresponds to one of the single - view drawings shown in Figure 1-8. In the blank space provided below each single-view drawing in Figure 1-8, place the letter of the correct three view drawing from Print No. 200.

Figure 1-7Print 200: Nine Multiview Drawings




Visualization Practice

Figure 1-8Visualization Practice Quiz

Note: The work exercise answers can be found at thebottom of this page.

Answers: 1. E, 2. F, 3. B, 4. I, 5. G, 6. D, 7. A, 8. H



Fundamentals of Reading Architectural Blueprints

Alphabet of Lines

Blueprint reading is a language of lines in which each line has a definite meaning in its relationship to other lines. The alphabet of lines shown in Figure 1-9 should be learned in order to under-stand what the different types of lines represent.

• Hidden Lines. Hidden lines are thin, light lines composed of short, uniform dashes which show outlines hidden behind or below some other object. The architect uses hidden lines on the working drawings only when they provide information absolutely essential to the builder.

• Center Lines. Center lines are used to identify and locate the center of symmetrical objects such as columns, windows, doors, and openings. They are thin, light lines made up of alternately long and very short dashes.

• Dimension and Extension Lines. Dimension lines are used to indicate the extent of a given dimension. They always run parallel to the distance measured. They terminate with arrows or dots which touch the extension line. Extension lines extend beyond main object lines for the purpose of easy dimensioning. They are usually at 90 degrees to the part of the object dimensioned with a small gap between the extension line and the object line to clearly separate the two. Both dimension and extension lines are represented as thin, light lines contrasting with other lines.

• Break Lines. Break lines are used to indicate that a portion of an object has been omitted from a drawing. The two basic types are short break lines and long break lines. Short break lines are shown as heavy, thick lines drawn in free hand. Long break lines are shown as thin, light lines. In architectural drawings, long break lines are used more frequently than short break lines.

• Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane Lines. These lines are used to show the point where an object will be cut and a section will be shown through the object. The cutting plane line is represented by heavy, thick lines composed of alternately long lines with two short dashes between. These lines usually terminate with short arrowheads which point in the direction of sight for viewing the section. Section lines show the portion of an object that has been cut by a cutting plane.

Figure 1-9Alphabet of Lines



Applications of Lines

Figure 1-10Line Applications



Alphabet of Lines

Study Fig. 1-11 below to determine the types of lines used in the illustration. Match the appropriate line number to the correct line name in the space provided below.

A.) ___________ OBJECT LINE

B.) ___________ HIDDEN LINE

C.) ___________ CENTER LINE

D.) ___________ DIMENSION & EXTENSION LINE

E.) ___________ SHORT BREAK LINE

F.) ___________ LONG BREAK LINE

G.) ___________ CUTTING PLANE LINE

H.) ___________ SECTION LINES The work exercise answers can be found at the bottom of this page.


Answers: (A) 6, (B) 2, (C) 1, (D) 5, (E) 4, (F) N/A, (G) 3, (H) 7


Interpreting Architectural Symbols


Symbols

Building a structure of any type involves using a great number of raw or processed materials which come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and finishes. Blueprint reading involves how to understand, with full comprehension, the symbols used for each primary material. The word, “symbol,” is used to refer to “something that is understood by everyone to represent a particular object or thing.”

Architectural Symbols are the shorthandof the building industry. A thorough understanding of each symbol and the material, component, or feature it represents is absolutely vital to personnel involved in all phases and types of construction. It is not necessary to develop total recall for each symbol, but it is important to recognize what material or component each symbol represents when reading architectural drawings.

Symbols are designed to approximate the appearance of the material, fixture, or component. Some symbols, especially of elevation materials, represent very accurately the material they depict. Others, because of size and space restrictions, are assigned a design symbol which must be memorized if drawings are to be meaningful and consistently interpreted by each reader. Figures 1-12 through 1-14 presents some of the more frequently used symbols found in architectural drawings.

Primarily, symbols indicate or suggest the materials used; however, a reader should always look for a note that specifies exactly what material the symbols stand for. A note is a brief statement or a word that specifies exactly what the material or operation is that is being shown on the object.



Interpreting Architectural Symbols

Elevation Section Elevation Section

RockRoughCutStone

Gravel CeramicTile

Concrete CutStone

MarbleStructuralClayTile

Slate Terrazzo

Earth Rubble

Figure 1-12Architectural Symbols



Interpreting Architectural Legends

Elevation Section Elevation Section

FaceBrick

RigidInsulation

FireBrick

CorkInsulation

GlassSound Insulation

SteelFinishWood

AluminumRoughWood

CommonBrick

Loose FillInsulation






Figure 1-15Architectural Drawing Legend

Legends

The legend is a space reserved on the drawingswhere a list of symbols and their meanings are shown (see FIG. 1-15). A legend is usually provided only when new or unfamiliar symbols are used on a drawing. The main points to remember when looking at symbols are:

• The main purpose of using symbols is to represent the general category of the material and to save wordy explanations.

• A secondary purpose of symbols is to help a reader identify and separate the individual components of an object or structure.

• If a reader is not sure what a symbol represents, he or she should look for a note to describe it. If there is no note, the reader should look through the drawings or specifications for a legend or a list of symbols to find out what the symbol is.



Architectural Abbreviations

Architects find it necessary to use abbreviations in order to save time and to conserve space on working drawings. Most abbreviations are accepted through common usage. A list of abbreviations is just an alphabetical list of words shown in full and in the abbreviated form. Only capital letters are to be

used for abbreviations. Abbreviations which make an actu-al word, such as “IN,” are usually followed by a period. The following list consists of some of the common abbreviations found on architectural drawings.

Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALArchitectural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARCHArea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AAsphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASPHAssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASSYBasement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BSMTBeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BMBeveled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BEVBlueprint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BPBrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRKBuilding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLDGCast Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CICeiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLGCement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CEMCenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CTRCenter Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLChannel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHANClear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CLRColumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COLConcrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONCConstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONSTControl Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CJCorner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORDetail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DTL or DETDiameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D or DIADimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIMDitto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DODivided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIVDoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRDouble-Acting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DADown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DN or DDown Spout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DSDrawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DWGDrip Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DCEach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EAEast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EElevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELEntrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENTExcavate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXCA or EXCExpansion Joint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXPJTExterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXTFinish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIN

Fireproof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP or FPRFFlashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLGFloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLRFlush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLFoot/Feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FTFooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FTGFoundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNFrame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRFull Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FSFurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FURGalvanized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GALVGage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GAGlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLGrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GD or GRGrade Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLGypsum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GYPHardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HDWHeight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HTHorizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HORInch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IN.Insulating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INSInterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTJamb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JBLath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LTHLength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LGTHLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEVLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LTLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LLining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LNLong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LGLouver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LVR/LVMaterial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTLMaximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAXMetal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METMinimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MINMortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MORMoulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MLDGMullion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MULLNorth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NNumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOOn Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OCOpening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OPG

Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTOverall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OAOverhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OHPanel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PNLPartition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PTNPerpendicular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PERPPlaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLRadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RAD or RRevision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REVRiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RRoof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RFRoof Drain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDRoofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RFGRough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RGHSaddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDL or SScale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCSchedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCHSection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTSheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHTHSheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHTShiplap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHLPSiding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDGSouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SSpecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECSquare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SQStandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STDSteel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STLStone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STNStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STORTerra Cotta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCThick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THKThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THTypical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPVertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERTWater Proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WPWest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WWidth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WTHWindow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WINWood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WDWood Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WFWrought Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WI



Size Description

Dimensions show the size of materials and where they are to be located. Dimensions also show the builder the width, height, and length of the building and subdivisions of the building. They show the locations of doors, windows, columns, partitions, etc. The number of dimensions included on an architectural plan depends largely on how much freedom of interpretation the designer wants to give the builder. If complete dimensions are shown on a plan, the builder cannot deviate greatly from the original design. However, if only a few dimensions are shown, then the builder must determine the sizes of many areas, fixtures, and details. When this occurs, the builder must provide the dimensions and is placed in the position of the designer. Dimensions, or distances between points, are shown on architectural drawings by the use of dimension lines, extension lines, arrowheads, and numerals, as shown in Figure 1-16. Dimensions on a line represent the distance between two arrowheads. Figure 1-17 shows alternate symbols which may be used on dimension lines.

Figure 1-16Dimensioning



Size Description

Using the Written Language

The blueprints are made to show all of the walls, partitions, and features of the building by means of lines, symbols, and conventional representations. With a few exceptions, each part is located by precise dimensions. Yet more information is required for the builder to develop a cost estimate and the craftsmen to solve problems on the job. Some of this information is shown on the blueprints in the form of notations

Written information may be shown on blueprints in four ways:1.) Some information is found in the title block.2.) Descriptive titles are placed near the item on the drawing with a reference leader and arrow.3.) A note which has reference to only one situation may be lettered in a place near where it applies.4.) General information (extensive notes applying to several sheets in the set of blueprints) may be placed in any vacant place.

Figure 1-17Dimension Lines with Alternate Symbols



Reading Working Drawings

Basic Working Drawings

Reading basic floor plans and elevation drawings is common daily practice for every builder. Learning to interpret the use of materials and the determination of sizes and dimensions on these plans is vital. Understanding the basic principles and practices included in reading these plans is necessary before specialized and more complex drawings can be understood. This part covers the principles and practices used in the interpretation of these basic plans.

Floor Plans

To the nonprofessional, the most familiar drawing found in a set of blueprints is the floor plan. It represents a cut horizon-tally through a building at approximately eye level, showing the view from below.

Shown in a floor plan are the locations and arrangement of walls, partitions, doors, windows, and stairways, with indications of dimensions and material used. Floor plans contain many references to elevation, section, and other plan drawings on other sheets and could be called the key sheet of a set of blueprints. Door symbols on a floor plan indicate door hand and swing. A floor plan must be completely dimensioned to ensure that the building will be constructed precisely as designed. These dimensions convey the exact wishes of the designer to the builder, and the contractor is given little tolerance in interpreting the size and position of the various features of the plan.

Many construction mistakes result from errors in either preparing or reading architectural drawings correctly. Most of these errors result from mistakes in reading dimensions.

Figure 1-18Floor Plan



Reading Working Drawings

Elevations

Elevations are head on views of the front, rear, right and left sides of a building. Four elevations are most always required to satisfactorily describe the exterior of the building. These four elevations are commonly referred to as north, south, east, and west. Each elevation is identified by the direction that it faces; for example, the north elevation faces north. The architect develops the elevation of a building as if he were standing and looking at the sides of the building. and other exterior items. The elevations provide excellent references as to how theoutside walls should look upon completion of the building. Exterior elevations are used to show a lot of general information such as types of siding, approximate location of gutters, ladders to the roof, expansion joints, doors, windows, and other exterior items. The elevations provide excellent references as to how the outside walls should look upon completion of the building.

Dimensions on exterior elevation drawings show the heights above the datum of ground line. They also show the distance from the ground line on the floor, ceiling, ridge, eave lines, and to the tops of chimneys, doors, and windows. Interior elevations may also be given to show items such as door and window frames, cabinets, fixtures, and various other details.

Figure 1-19Elevation Drawing



Reading Specialized Drawings

Sectional Drawings

Sometimes it is necessary to show the interiorconstruction of an object or structure, especially when the regular views of a drawing do not give enough information to clearly show the object. This is done by passing an imaginary cutting plane through the object and removing the part nearest to you to permit a direct view of the internal details. This sectional view is commonly called a cut. When it is drawn, the material cut by the imaginary cutting plane is shown in “section.” In addition to showing internal construction anddetails, sectional views are also used to show the exact shape or contour of external parts that are not shown in the plan views.

Wall Sections

Wall sections represent a cut or view through an entire wall of a building extending from the foundation to the roof. They are extremely important for the purpose of conveying information relating to the construction of the building to the builder. The wall sections are generally drawn to a larger scale than the plans and elevations. (See FIG. 1-20).

Methods of Marking Sections

The two major ways of marking sections are the letter-num-ber method and the symbol method. The letter-number method starts off with a single letter or number. These letters or numbers are located at the end of an arrow or marker. This marker should be a cutting plane line. The arrow always points in the direction in which you will be looking at the cut or section. The symbol method is used to indicate moreinformation regarding the cut or section than the letter-num-ber method. We shall examine two variations of the symbol method.

When the designer needs to communicate more detailed information to the builder than is possible on basic plans, specialized drawings are prepared. This part shows how specialized drawings such as sectional drawings, foundation plans, and plot plans are used to convey the specific construction details to the builder.

Figure 1-20Wall Section Drawing

Wall Sections




Methods of Marking Sections

In the first type, the symbol is divided into two parts. The top half gives the section number or letter; the lower half gives the sheet number where the section is shown(see FIG. 1-21). The last modification of the symbol method divides the lower half of the symbol into segments. The segment on the lower left gives the sheet number where the section or cut is called for; the number on the lower right shows on what sheet the section or cut is shown (see FIG. 1-21). In both variations, the symbol always points in the direction in which you are viewing the section.

Large Scale Details

Although all parts of a building are described in floor plans, elevations, and wall sections, certain construction conditions cannot be shown adequately in the scale in which these drawings are usually made. Therefore, larger scaled and sometimes full-size drawings must be made of such areas to provide the builder full information. These are termed special or large scale details and are found throughout a set of blueprints to explain construction and design features. A careful study of special details is helpful in learning to read blueprints, as these drawings show construction conditions clearly and add to the ability to visualize the finished product from the blueprint.

Figure 1-21Methods of Marking Sections




Foundation Plans

Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to provide a level and uniformly distributed support for the structure. The foundation must be strong enough to support and distribute the load of the structure and sufficiently level to prevent the walls from cracking and the door and windows from sticking. The foun-dation also helps to prevent cold or warm air and dampness from entering the structure from beneath. The foundation waterproofs and forms the support walls of a basement. The foundation plan is used to lay out footings,foundation walls, and supporting beams or piers of the building. The dimensions of the footings, foundation walls, and concrete slabs are shown, and the reinforcementrequirements of the concrete are noted. Footings are rep-resented by broken lines along both sides of the foundation wall indicating that they are hidden under the earth. Construction details and sections are also used extensively on the foundation plan.

Plot Plan

When an architect draws plans for a building which is to be placed on a large tract of land, he must decide where to locate the building from the viewpoint of utility andattractiveness. Then he may indicate his choice oflocation for the building as well as any additionalnecessary information on the plot plan. (See Fig. 1-22). The first requirement is a legal survey of the property made by a licensed surveyor who establishes the corners of the lot in relation to official points of measurement in the vicinity. The architect must also observe zoning ordinances when he draws the plot plan. He shows most of the information given in the survey and locates the new structure on the plot of ground.

Figure 1-22Plot Plan Drawing




The plot plan is required with every set of blueprints. It is drawn to scale with pertinent dimensions indicating the location of the building on the site with its walks and drives. From information contained in a surveyor’s report, natu-ral ground slope of the site is indicated by grade lines. The architect also shows what the “finish grade” of the area is to be when the building is erected and certain earth moving has been accomplished.

The existing grades are shown in dashed lines while finish grades are indicated by solid lines. The plot plan also contains indications of existing buildings, streets, trees, and permanent landmarks. In addition, a symbol is given indicating a north/south orientation. These north arrows can be found in any number of shapes, forms, or markings as can be seen below.

Figure 1-23North Arrows



Reading Sets of Plans

Previous units have covered the principles and practices involved in reading each type of architectural drawing. In this unit, the basic guidelines for reading and interpreting a complete set of plans are developed with special emphasis on the relationship and consistency among plan features and dimensions.

Relationship of Plans

Drawings used for construction vary from simple floor plans to comprehensive sets of plans complete with details, schedules, and specifications. The number of plans needed to construct a building depends on the complexity of the struc-ture and on the degree to which the designer needs or wants to control the various methods and details of construction. For example, if only a floor plan is prepared, the builder must create the elevation designs. If only the floor plan and elevation drawings are prepared, but no details orspecifications are provided, the builder assumes responsibility for many construction details, including selection of framing type, materials used, and many aspects of the interior design. Therefore, the more plans, details, and specifications developed for a structure, the closer the finished building will be to that conceived by the designer.

Reading Sequence

It is important in reading and studying a complete set of architectural plans to study them in the correct sequence. Since the floor plan reveals more of the arrangements of the design than any other plan, it should be studied first. Then study the foundation plan, which is a floor plan of the support system. Next study the elevations, which provide a good impression of the total appearance of the design. After this, expand your studies to the plot plan. This helps orient the structure to its surroundings. After this is done, study construction details and sections and then specialized plans. Schedules, specifications, and cost estimates should be studied last since they are better understood after a firm grasp of the construction requirements is acquired.



Related Documents

Plans and drawings of buildings are actually documents prepared to ensure that the building will be constructed as planned. However, it is impossible to show on the drawings all details pertaining to the construction of the building and describe conditions that relate to that construction work. Additional information is needed which pertains to specifications to be followed to ensure the building is constructed precisely as designed. Additional legal insurance is needed to ensure that the finished structure conforms to established codes and that the contractual obligations between the designer, builder, and owner are clearly established and maintained. Documents needed to fulfill these requirements include schedules, specifications, building codes, contracts, and bids. Schedules describe in detail the components to be used. Specifications list the type, quantity, and sometimes price of materials and processes to be used. Building codes are laws which specify standards for construction. Contracts legally outline and describe the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in a construction project. Bids represent a legal commitment to produce the specified building or parts of the building at a predetermined price and within a specified period of time.

Schedules

Schedules conserve time and space on construction drawings by substituting detail information with keys that are related to components on a drawing. When a key number or letter is attached to a component on a drawing, the key is indexed to an entry on a schedule that includes specific sizes, materials, and finish of selected components.



DOOR SCHEDULE

DOOR FRAME

GLASS LABELWIDTH HEIGHT THICKNESS TYPE GA CORE TYPE HEAD/SILL

JAMB THRESHOLD

101 6’-0” 7’-0” 1-3/4” A 16 FOAM I H7/S1 J1 ALUMINUM TEMPERED

102 3 H7/S2 J1 TEMPERED

103 7 H8/S1 J7 OPAQUE

104 7’-0” 1-3/4” A 16 FOAM 6 H8/S1 J2/J3 TEMPERED

105 7’-0” 1-3/4” B 18 HC 8 H4 J11 TEMPERED

Related Documents

Door and Window Schedules

Door and window schedules are used because it is virtually impossible to list the width, height, thickness, material type, quantity, frame type, threshold material, and hardware on each door or window shown on a drawing. Window styles and exterior door styles may be shown directly on elevation drawings. However, to conserve time, many designers prepare a separate window or door drawing which shows specific details of the design in graphic form. When this is done, only the outline of the door or window is shown on the elevation drawing. A key on the window or door location on the floor plan relates to a detailed drawing of the door (or window). This procedure eliminates the need for repeating design details of elevation drawings. Floor plans do not show interior door design details. Unless an interior wall elevation is prepared for every partition, it is impossible to determine the design of interior doors without the use of a door schedule which is keyed to a design drawing.

Finish Schedules

To describe the type of finish, the degree ofgloss, and the specific color hue of each surface in each room, an exhaustive list with many duplications is required. A finish schedule in tabular form enables the designer to condense all this information into one chart. The room or area finish schedule includes, in the horizontal columns, a list of rooms. The vertical columns contain the parts of each room. The exact material and finish has been noted in the appropriate intersecting blocks. The last column, headed, “Remarks,” is used for making notes about the finish application, sequenceof application, cost, or other pertinent information. It becomes quite evident that schedules are of prime importance in conveying specific information to the builder so that his work can be performed.

Figure 1-24Door Schedule

CFG NO.



Related Documents

Specifications

With every set of blueprints, a certain amount of written description is necessary to describe the work to be done. This written material is called Specifications. Complete specifications are written to give information about the job. This information cannot conveniently be shown on a set of blueprints because it is too lengthy. The specifications are intended to supplement the set of blueprints with data which spell out the job in a general sense. The set of blueprints and the specifications are intended to be in agreement. In the event of any discrepancy or conflict between the two, the specifications govern. The architect, who is responsible for the specifications, carefully accounts for all the details in writing. He spells out his role in the project and his personal responsibility for inspection. The owner uses the specifications to determine his part in the contract, to verify that the things he specifically wants included in the building are provided for, and to obtain an overview of the finished building. The owner reviews the various guarantees of performance and workmanship for future reference in the event that the structure or its equipment does not prove satisfactory. The architect is responsible for writing the specifications so that they are consistent with the blueprints. He must keep abreast of new developments in materials and methods of building so that he is in a position to recommend products and techniques. He includes in the specifications the exact materials to be used and lists the equipment by catalog number or suggests an alternative

This requires experience gained from specifying and observing the performance of materials and equipment and watching for new developments in the field. The architect has an extensive library of catalogs supplied by manufacturers and literature from other sources. The specifications usually begin with general conditional statements, such as the responsibility for examining the site, the liability due to delay in the work, periodic cleaning of the construction area, etc. The remainder of the specifications is devoted to technical information about the divisions of work to be done by each trade. Each technical division covering an area of work should contain four parts:

1.) Scope Extent of the work to be furnished under each section.2.) Materials The specific materials that are to be used in each instance. 3.) Application or Installation Special instructions on how the material is to be applied or used.4.) Guarantee A statement binding the contractor to a certain quality of work over a specified time. The guarantee can be general applying to all the trade groups, and inserted in the general conditions.

The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) has developed a standard format for the layout of construction specification documents, commonly referred to as the CSI (Specifications) Format. In 2003, CSI modified and expanded the numbering system. The following pages reflect the new CSI Master Format Specification standard that went into effect in the fall of 2004. (See the following pages.)



CSI Format

Division 01 00 00 General Requirements Division 02 00 00 Existing Conditions Division 03 00 00 Concrete Division 04 00 00 Masonry Division 05 00 00 Metals Division 06 00 00 Wood, Plastics, and Composites Division 07 00 00 Thermal and Moisture Protection Division 08 00 00 Openings08 00 00 Openings 08 01 00 Operation and Maintenance of Openings 08 05 00 Common Work Results for Openings 08 06 00 Schedules for Openings 08 06 10 Door Schedule 08 06 10.13 Door Type Schedule 08 06 10.16 Frame Type Schedule 08 06 40 Schedules for Entrances, Storefronts, and Curtain Walls 08 06 41 Entrance Schedule 08 06 42 Storefront Schedule 08 06 50 Window Schedule 08 06 60 Skylight Schedule 08 06 70 Hardware Schedule 08 06 71 Door Hardware Schedule 08 06 80 Glazing Schedule 08 06 90 Louver and Vent Schedule 08 08 00 Commissioning of Openings

08 10 00 Doors And Frames 08 11 00 Metal Doors and Frames 08 11 13 Hollow Metal Doors and Frames 08 11 13.13 Standard Hollow Metal Doors and Frames 08 11 13.16 Custom Hollow Metal Doors and Frames 08 11 16 Aluminum Doors and Frames 08 11 19 Stainless-Steel Doors and Frames 08 11 23 Bronze Doors and Frames 08 11 63 Metal Screen and Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 63.13 Steel Screen and Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 63.23 Aluminum Screen and Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 66 Metal Screen Doors and Frames 08 11 66.13 Steel Screen Doors and Frames 08 11 66.23 Aluminum Screen Doors and Frames 08 11 69 Metal Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 69.13 Steel Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 69.23 Aluminum Storm Doors and Frames 08 11 73 Sliding Metal Fire doors 08 11 74 Sliding Metal Grills 08 12 00 Metal Frames 08 12 13 Hollow Metal Frames 08 12 13.13 Standard Hollow Metal Frames 08 12 13.53 Custom Hollow Metal Frames 08 12 16 Aluminum Frames 08 12 19 Stainless-Steel Frames 08 12 23 Bronze Frames 08 13 00 Metal Doors 08 13 13 Hollow Metal Doors 08 13 13.13 Standard Hollow Metal Doors 08 13 13.53 Custom Hollow Metal Doors 08 13 16 Aluminum Doors 08 13 19 Stainless-Steel Doors 08 13 23 Bronze Doors 08 13 73 Sliding Metal Doors 08 13 76 Bi-folding Metal Doors 08 14 00 Wood Doors 08 14 13 Carved Wood Doors 08 14 16 Flush Wood Doors 08 14 23 Clad Wood Doors 08 14 23.13 Metal-Faced Wood Doors 08 14 23.16 Plastic-Laminate-Faced Wood Doors 08 14 23.19 Molded-Hardboard-Faced Wood Doors 08 14 29 Pre-finished Wood Doors 08 14 33 Stile and Rail Wood Doors 08 14 66 Wood Screen Doors 08 14 69 Wood Storm Doors 08 14 73 Sliding Wood Doors 0 8 14 76 Bi-folding Wood Doors 08 15 00 Plastic Doors 08 15 13 Laminated Plastic Doors 08 15 16 Solid Plastic Doors 08 15 66 Plastic Screen Doors 08 15 69 Plastic Storm Doors 08 15 73 Sliding Plastic Doors 08 15 76 Bi-folding Plastic Doors 08 16 00 Composite Doors 08 16 13 Fiberglass Doors 08 16 73 Sliding Composite Doors 08 16 76 Bi-folding Composite Doors 08 17 00 Integrated Door Opening Assemblies 08 17 13 Integrated Metal Door Opening Assemblies 08 17 23 Integrated Wood Door Opening Assemblies 08 17 33 Integrated Plastic Door Opening Assemblies

08 17 43 Integrated Composite Door Opening Assemblies 08 20 00 Reserved 08 30 00 Specialty Doors And Frames 08 31 00 Access Doors and Panels 08 31 13 Access Doors and Frames 08 31 13.53 Security Access Doors and Frames 08 31 16 Access Panels and Frames 08 32 00 Sliding Glass Doors 08 32 13 Sliding Aluminum-Framed Glass Doors 08 32 16 Sliding Plastic-Framed Glass Doors 08 32 19 Sliding Wood-Framed Glass Doors 08 33 00 Coiling Doors and Grills 08 33 13 Coiling Counter Doors 08 33 16 Coiling Counter Grills 08 33 23 Overhead Coiling Doors 08 33 26 Overhead Coiling Grills 08 33 33 Side Coiling Doors 08 33 36 Side Coiling Grills 08 34 00 Special Function Doors 08 34 13 Cold Storage Doors 08 34 16 Hangar Doors 08 34 19 Industrial Doors 08 34 33 Lightproof Doors 08 34 36 Darkroom Doors 08 34 46 Radio-Frequency-Interference Shielding Doors 08 34 49 Radiation Shielding Doors and Frames 08 34 49.13 Neutron Shielding Doors and Frames 08 34 53 Security Doors and Frames 08 34 56 Security Gates 08 34 59 Vault Doors and Day Gates 08 34 63 Detention Doors and Frames 08 34 63.13 Steel Detention Doors and Frames 08 34 63.16 Steel Plate Detention Doors and Frames 08 34 63.33 Detention Door Frame Protection 08 34 73 Sound Control Door Assemblies 08 35 00 Folding Doors and Grills 08 35 13 Folding Doors 08 35 13.13 Accordion Folding Doors 08 35 13.23 Folding Fire Doors 08 35 13.33 Panel Folding Doors 08 35 16 Folding Grills 08 35 16.13 Accordion Folding Grills 08 36 00 Panel Doors 08 36 13 Sectional Doors 08 36 16 Single-Panel Doors 08 36 19 Multi-Leaf Vertical Lift Doors 08 36 23 Telescoping Vertical Lift Doors 08 38 00 Traffic Doors 08 38 13 Flexible Strip Doors 08 38 16 Flexible Traffic Doors 08 38 19 Rigid Traffic Doors 08 39 00 Pressure-Resistant Doors 08 39 13 Airtight Doors 08 39 19 Watertight Doors 08 39 53 Blast-Resistant Doors

08 40 00 Entrances, Storefronts, And Curtain Walls 8 41 00 Entrances and Storefronts 08 41 13 Aluminum-Framed Entrances and Storefronts 08 41 16 Bronze-Framed Entrances and Storefronts 08 41 19 Stainless-Steel-Framed Entrances and Storefronts 08 41 23 Steel-Framed Entrances and Storefronts 08 41 26 All-Glass Entrances and Storefronts 08 42 00 Entrances 08 42 26 All-Glass Entrances 08 42 29 Automatic Entrances 08 42 29.13 Folding Automatic Entrances 08 42 29.23 Sliding Automatic Entrances 08 42 29.33 Swinging Automatic Entrances 08 42 33 Revolving Door Entrances 08 42 33.13 Security Revolving Door Entrances 08 42 36 Balanced Door Entrances 08 42 39 Pressure-Resistant Entrances 08 42 43 Intensive Care Unit/Critical Care Unit Entrances 08 43 00 Storefronts 08 43 13 Aluminum-Framed Storefronts 08 43 16 Bronze-Framed Storefronts 08 43 19 Stainless-Steel-Framed Storefronts 08 43 23 Steel-Framed Storefronts 08 43 26 All-Glass Storefronts 08 43 29 Sliding Storefronts 08 44 00 Curtain Wall and Glazed Assemblies 08 45 00 Translucent Wall and Roof Assemblies 08 50 00 WINDOWS 08 51 00 Metal 08 52 00 Wood Windows 08 53 00 Plastic Windows 08 54 00 Composite Windows 08 55 00 Pressure-Resistant Windows

08 56 00 Special Function

08 60 00 ROOF WINDOWS AND SKYLIGHTS 08 61 00 Roof 08 62 00 Unit Skylights 08 63 00 Metal-Framed Skylights 08 64 00 Plastic-Framed Skylights 08 67 00 Skylight Protection and Screens 08 70 00 HARDWARE 08 71 00 Door Hardware 08 71 13 Automatic Door Operators 08 71 53 Security Door Hardware 08 71 63 Detention Door Hardware 08 74 00 Access Control Hardware 08 74 13 Card Key Access Control Hardware 08 74 16 Keypad Access Control Hardware 08 74 19 Biometric Identity Access Control Hardware 08 75 00 Window Hardware 08 75 13 Automatic Window Equipment 08 75 16 Window Operators 08 78 00 Special Function Hardware 08 79 00 Hardware Accessories 08 79 13 Key Storage Equipment

08 80 00 GLAZING 08 81 00 Glass Glazing 08 83 00 Mirrors 08 84 00 Plastic Glazing 08 85 00 Glazing Accessories 08 87 00 Glazing Surface Films 08 88 00 Special Function Glazing

08 90 00 LOUVERS AND VENTS 08 91 00 Louvers 08 91 26 Door Louvers 08 92 00 Louvered Equipment Enclosures 08 95 00 Vents

Division 09 Finishes Division 10 Specialties Division 11 Equipment Division 12 Furnishings Division 13 Special Construction Division 14 Conveying Equipment Division 15 Reserved Division 16 Reserved Division 17 Reserved Division 18 Reserved Division 19 Reserved Division 20 Reserved Division 21 Fire Suppression Division 22 Plumbing Division 23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Division 24 Reserved Division 25 Integrated Automation Division 26 Electrical Division 27 Communications Division 28 Electronic Safety and Security Division 29 ReservedDivision 30 Reserved Division 31 Earthwork Division 32 Exterior Improvements Division 33 Utilities Division 34 Transportation Division 35 Waterway and Marine Construction Division 36 Reserved Division 37 Reserved Division 38 Reserved Division 39 Reserved Division 40 Process Integration Division 41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment Division 42 Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment Division 43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification, and Storage Equipment Division 44 Pollution Control Equipment Division 45 Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment Division 46 Reserved Division 47 Reserved Division 48 Electrical Power Generation Division 49 Reserved



Notes

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