Liege au Xle et Xl le siecle', in P. Francastel(ed.), UArt Mosan (Paris, 1953), p. 99.

13 KoIIner, 'Zur Datierung', p. 372.14 Ibid., p. 361.15 Ibid., p. 372.16 Ibid.17 For reproductions of the Resurrection (f 179V)

and Ascension (f. 199), see W. Cahn, Die Bibel inder Romanik {Munich, 1982), figs. 170, 171; fora reproduction of the Nativity (f i68r), seeGevaert, 'Le modele', fig. 2; and for a repro-duction of the Crucifixion, see G. Schiller,Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst, vol. ii(Gutersloh, 1968), fig. 418.

18 Cahn, Die Bibel., p. 210; U. Treu (ed.), Physio-logus - Naturkunde in friihchristUcher Deutung,aus dem Griechischen ubersetzt (Hanau, 1981),pp. 5-8, 15-18, 42-5.

19 ' In ApocalypsinIII,4 ' inJ. P. Mignc,PatrologiaLatina, vol. clxix, col. 914; Koilner, p. 372.

20 D. H. Turner, Romanesque Illuminated Manu-scripts in the British Museum (London, 1971), p.14.

21 Ibid.22 J. Auer, Kleine Katholische Dogmatik, vol. iv,

part ii (Regensburg, 1988), pp. 182-206; J.Ratzinger, EinfUhrung in das Christentum(Munich, 1985), pp. 232f.

23 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 4, f.191V; Cambrai, Bibliotheque municipale, MS.344, f 2v; for an illustration, see C. R. Dodwell,The Canterbury School of Illumination 1066-1200(Cambridge, 1954), pi. 58a-b.

24 'Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam', Corpusscriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, vol. xxxii,pp. 386f.; see E. Dekkers (ed.), Clavis patrumlatinorum, Sacris erudiri, vol. iii (Bruges & TheHague, 1951), no. cxxxxiii; see also PetrusChrysologus, 'Sermo v', PL Iii, cols. 197-200.

25 E. Vetter, Der verlorene Sohn (Dlisseldorf, 1955),pp. ixf.; concerning the identification of Christwith the vitulus, see Gregory the Great, ' I nprimum regum expositiones lib. v', PL lxxix,col. 463 AB, and Rhabanus Maurus, 'Allegoriaein sacram scripturam', PL cxii, col. 1082 BC.

26 'Commentarium in Matthaeum lib. x', PLclxviii, cols. 1545-56; cited after W. Kahles,Geschichte als Liturgie - Die Geschichtstheologiedes Rupert von Deutz, Aevum Christianum, vol.iii (Miinster/W., i960), pp. 71-3.

27 M. Pippal, ' Beobachtungen zur "zweiten"Ostermorgenplatte am Klosterneuburger Ambodes Nicolaus von Verdun', Wiener Jahrbuch fiirKunstgeschichte, xxxv (1982), pp. 107-19, esp. p.114; 'Von der gewuBten zur geschauten Simili-tudo — ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung der typo-logischen Darstellungen bis i i 8 i ' , Kunst-historiker., iv (1987), pt. iii/iv, pp. 53-61, esp. p.56.

28 'Speculum Ecclesiae', PL clxxii, col. 928; citedafter J. Sauer, Symbolik des Kirchengebdudes undseiner Ausstattung in der Auffassung des Mittel-alters (Miinster/W., 1964), p. 59.

THE WORKS OF PAOLO ANGELO

Dennis E. Rhodes

N O T H I N G seems to be recorded about the lifeof Paolo Angelo, except for the meagre scrapsof information which his own books reveal. Hewas a humble priest of Venice, apparently amember of the Dominican Order, and he had afanatical hatred of Luther and his doctrines,which he more than once described as beinglike the croaking of frogs. He is represented inthe British Library by three small printedbooks, which have never been examined

thoroughly hitherto, and which have in com-mon the one feature that none of them bearsany imprint or date of printing. For two ofthem the General Catalogue suggests theimprint [Rome.^]; but it is my intention in thisarticle to give a full description of each book, inchronological order as I believe they wereprinted; and to demonstrate, I hope con-vincingly, that they were all printed in Venice.

109

I. [Shortly after 25 April 1537.] 3907.a.24

i". Apologia : vel quasi exorcis- | mus aduer-sus illorum hostium Dei peruersam : & | ualdemalignam intentionem : qui nuperime triginta illas hamatiuas conclusiones Vuittem-berge sic pubiice coaxare non horrue-runt. I [cross] [woodcut, 59 x ^^ mm.] | Linquocoax ranis., eras coruis., uanai{\ uanis. \ Adlogiium pergo : quce mortis no timet ergo. || P.A. II [woodcut, 59 X T^T, mm.]i i ' \ end: FINIS. i2'\ Genimina uiper-arum : quis ostendet nos fugere a uen|turaira : facite ergo fructus dignos poenitentiae. ||[woodcut, 59 X 33 mm.] Poenitentiam agite,

appropinquat. n. regnu caeloru. || [woodcut,59 X 1,1, mm.] Non. n. vocauit nos Deus sic inimmunditiam : sed in | sanctificationem in XpoIesu.D.N.

12'̂ . [woodcut, 46 X 58 mm.. Virgin and Child,with two angels]

Regina celi letarc alleluiaQuia quem meruisti portare alleluiaResurrexit sicut dixit alleluiaOra pro nobis deum alleluia. || [woodcut,

59 X 1,^ mm.]Cui soli sit semg omnis Laus :honor, & gloria. Amen.^

Octavo. 12 leaves. A-C^. Two gothic types,one roman, one italic. The five woodcuts showvarious scenes in the life of Christ.

The first paragraph of text mentions D.Hicronymus Verallus 'per totum vcrc catho-licorum Venctorum dominium legatus aposto-licus'. This refers to Girolamo Verallo, whowas elected Bishop of Bertinoro on 20 August1540, translated to Caserta on 4 October 1541,was finally Archbishop of Rossano on 14November 1544, Cardinal in 1549, retired orresigned in 1551 and died at Rome on 5October 1555. At the time of composition ofour book, he was a Papal Nuncio for theVenetian territories. On 2'^ the author ends hisintroduction: 'Valete in eo nuc, de scmg [sic

for 'et semper'?] oes ame. vii. klas maii. 1537.'From this we may date the book as printedshortly after 25 April 1537.

The author's initials P. A. appear on thetitlepage, but his name does not occur in full,until the second, enlarged, edition (no. Illbelow). So far we cannot tell who may haveprinted this book.

II. [c. 1539-40-] 22i.a.3(i)

i"". PROFETIE CERTISSIME 1 STVPENDE ET ADMIR-

ABILI, I D E L L ' A N T I C I I R I S T O , ET INNVME | RABILI

MA[,I AL MONDO (SE PRE- | STO NON SI E M E N D E R A )

PREPA I RATI, ET DONDE HANNO DA | VENIRE, ET

DOVE HAN- I NO DA COMINCIARE. | [ o r n a m e n t of

leaves]2^. AL SERENISS. D. ANDREA GRIT ] TI PRINCIPE

DiGNissiMO DI VE = I netia, &c. Paulo Angelo

per uolonta di Dio sacer =Charita non finta annontia

dote indegno nellamolta salute.

31 . A I FIGLIVOLI ET FRATELLI | IN CHRISTO DEL

PADRE I Frate Francesco da monte Polzano | inesso Christo Iesu salute & pace.32''. ... ex urbe Florentia die ij. AprilisM D XIIII [1514]. Humilis seruus FraterFranciscus Lanciolinensis.

Octavo. A—Ê . 40 leaves, ff. 40. Text in smallitalic, 30 lines to a full page. Capital initials: Son 2", E on 5'̂ and on 31", Q_on 32^.

On f. 26r is the following interesting passage:

Frate Rusticiano abbreuiatore delle profetie Saluta ilsuo charissimo Dominico. Le profetie Nuoue da te ame mandate ho uedute et lette. Et per che il uolumeera grande & confuso, tu mi hai pregato ch'ioabbreuiassi & ordinassi detto libro, il quale settantaanni fa Thelesforo Romita Cosentino ha raccoltodelle profetie di Ioachino, Merlino, Cirillo, Dandolo,& delle Sibille, lequali molti anni auanti hannoprofetato. Io ho aggionto in qualche luoco di santoVincenzo, & di santa Brigida quasi del nostro tempo,senza mettere del mio, ouer del superfiuo. Veniamodonque al dir loro...

...Scriue san Vincenzo dell'ordine nostro unaepistola del. 1413.̂

no

The book consists of extracts from thewritings of St Vincent Ferrer (1350-1419),followed by a short sermon by Frate Francescoda Monte Pulciano who, after being ill for eightdays, died on Saturday, 31 December 1514,and on Sunday, i January, was buried in theConvent of Santa Croce in Florence. The date1524 appears in the text on f. 28r. The bookwas edited by Paolo Angelo, and dedicated byhim to Andrea Gritti, who was Doge of Venicefrom 20 May 1523 to 27 December 1538, whenhe died at the age of eighty-three. If PaoloAngeio declares himself to be of the same orderas St Vincent Ferrer, he was therefore aDominican. Early in the text he refers to the* mali ministri dentro della chiesa per lasporcitia d'animo et di corpo, che per le duesette deli'aquilone. Tuna i sacramentari etsuuermeri. ouer anabaptisti, Taltra i simpliciLutherani contra di Zuuinghani armati...'.^

The woodcut initials in this book are thesame as those which appear in three books byAndrea Calmo, all of which were published atVenice by G. B. Bertacagno in 1553; but ourbook is not as late as this date, because thecapitals are less worn. Bertacagno was apublisher only, not a printer; and the books byCalmo have during my recent researchesalready been attributed to the well-knownprinter Vincenzo Valgrisi, whose dates ofactivity, according to the holdings of the BritishLibrary, are 1540-1572. It is known, however,that he actually began printing in 1539.̂

We may confidently ascribe the Profetie of StVincent Ferrer, edited by Paolo Angelo, to theprinter Valgrisi at Venice about 1540. It wascompiled a year or two earlier, while DogeAndrea Gritti was still alive.

III. [Shortly after 9 December 1544.]3QO7a23

I^. PAVLI COGNOMENTO | ANGELI APOLOGIA

aduersus | Lutheranae perfidiae nonnul | las ver-sutas palliatas & [ impias conclu | siones.[cross] [woodcut, 48 x 56 mm. Papal coat of

arms, six fleurs de lis.]

Octavo. A-F"*. 24 leaves, the last blank. OnI*", a letter addressed to Jacobus Rota, Bishopof Argolis, *&in Ecclesia Paduana suffraganco'.Capital L, 20x27 mm.; black on a whitebackground, with leaves and branches.On 2": Ecce autem interim felici aduentuIoannis de domo archiepiscopi Beneuantaniapostolicique legati moderni Reuerendissimi,quem dignum a fama percipiebam, dum RomeThomas qui nunc episcopus est predicatore

legente de anno domini. M.D.XLOn B 2"*: Que felix diutius valeat. Die non Dec.M.D.XLIIII.On B 3^ is the same woodcut which appears on12* of the earlier edition, suggesting that botheditions were printed by the same printer.

Joannes de Domo is none other than GiovanniDelia Casa, author of // Galateo, who waselected Archbishop of Benevento in this year1544, but he never visited his see. The capitalL in this book is also found on f. 119V of vol.2 of the Italian Bible translated by AntonioBrucioli, which was completed at Venice byBartolommeo Zanetti in October 1540. On thestrength of this we can attribute the secondedition of Paolo Angelo's little work, andprobably also the first edition, to Zanetti asprinter. The contrast between the anonymityof the first edition and the openly statedauthorship of the second can be shown by thefollowing two passages:

First edition, A2v: Prefatio in Apologiam, vel quasiexorcismum, contra luciferianos, vei tot multipliceslutheranos tetros, obscurosque nimis, ab illo luthero,qui tamen clarum (ceu lucifer, qui de celo descendit)Theothonice sonat.

Second edition, Cir: Pauli angeli Apologia, vel quasiexorcismus contra luciferianos, vel tot multipliceslutheranos tetros, obscurosque nimis, ab illoLuthero, qui tamen clarum (ceu lucifer, qui de celodescendit) Theothonice sonat.

This is not the only book which Zanettiprinted anonymously; and it is the kind ofwork entirely in keeping with his printing ofBrucioli's Italian Bible of 1540. Bartolommeo

I I I

Zanetti is a printer with a particularly inter-esting career.^ Born at Casterzago (or Castrez-zato) near Brescia, probably in 1487, he was inFlorence by about 1510 where he worked forFilippo Giunta before setting up on his ownaccount as a printer in 1514. Between that yearand 1524 he printed at least eleven books inFlorence; and by 1525 he was established inVenice. We do not know, however, of anybooks printed by him in the latter city beforeJ535i but in the short period from 1535 to 1540the British Library has no fewer than twenty-eight books printed by Zanetti in Venice. Halfof these are in Greek, for Zanetti had becomea very competent Greek scholar. It is believedthat he died in Rome some time after 1550.

Two copies of this book by Paolo Angelo arerecorded in Italian libraries: in Perugia Biblio-teca Comunale and Rome University Library.The Italian authorities have not studied thebook typographically, for they have merely

copied the erroneous imprint of [Rome ?] fromthe British Museum.

Finally, the Censimento records two othershort books by Paolo Angelo in Italian lib-raries.^ As these are not in the British Library,I have not seen them. It is most probable thatboth were printed in Venice. They are:

A 1658. Epistola ad Saracenos : cum Libellocontra Alcoranum.

[Venezia, Bindoni, circa 1520.] 8".Copies in Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, and

Perugia, Biblioteca Comunale. It also seemspossible that c. 1520 is rather too early a datingfor this book.

A 1659. Epistola ad Clementem papamseptimum. In Sathan ruinam tyranidis.

[Roma? not before 1523.] 4°.Copies in Rome University Library and

Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana.

1 Some curious words in his non-classical Latinmay be noted: ' hamativus' — ' hamatus' and'hamatilis', meaning hooked, are recorded inThesaurus Latinae linguae, but not 'hamativus';'coaxare'-to croak. 'Coax' recalls Aristo-phanes, and St Augustine in his sermons says'eras eras corvi vox est'; 'Genimina viperarum'- broods of vipers. Used by Tertullian and theVulgate.

2 Telesforo the Hermit of Cosenza. His 'Liber demagnis tribulationibus in proximo futuris' wasfirst published in Abbas Joachim magnus propheta.,printed at Venice by Lazzaro de Soardi andcompleted on 5 April 1516. In it the editor,Frater Rusticianus, notes that Telesforo (in thisedition always called 'Theolosphorus heremitade Cusentia') had compiled the work seventyyears previously, which means that Rusticianuscarried out his revision about 1456, since thework itself was written in 1386 (Abbas Ioachim, f.44r). It was again revised by members of theFaculty of Theology of Paris and published therein 1565.

3 'suuermeri' - an attempt to render the Germanword 'Schwermer' (fanatics)?

4 Fernanda Ascarelli and Marco Menato, Latipografia del '^(^0 in Italia (Florence, 1989), p.375-

5 On B. Zanetti, see Roberto Cessi, 'Bartolomeo eCamillo Zanetti, tipografi e calligrafi del '500',Archivio Veneto-Trtdentino, viii (1925), pp.174-82; Placido Lugano, O.S.B., 'Del tipografoBartolomeo de Zanettis al servizio di CamaldoHe della Regula Vite Eremetrice stampata aFontebuono nel 1520', La Bibliofilia, xiv (1912),pp. 177-83. 210-27, 285-94, 338-44; D-E-Rhodes, 'L'attivita tipografica di BartolommeoZanetti a Firenze, 1514-1524', Miscellanea distudi in onore di Clementina Rotondi, Copyrightig84-ig8s., Biblioteca Marucelliana, Firenze(Rome, 1985), pp. 25-32.

6 Edizioni italiane del XVI secolo: censimentonazionale, vol. i: A (Rome, 1985).

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