corporate finance

Corporate Finance

Lecture Six – Bond Valuation

1. Understand basic bond terminology and apply the time value of money equation in pricing bonds.

2. Understand the difference between annual and semiannual bonds and note the key features of zero-coupon bonds.

3. Explain the relationship between the coupon rate and the yield to maturity.

4. Delineate bond ratings and why ratings affect bond prices.

5. Appreciate bond history and understand the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers of bonds.

6. Price government bonds, notes, and bills.

Learning Objectives

6.1 Application of the Time Value of Money Tool: Bond Pricing

• Bonds - Long-term debt instruments • Provide periodic interest income – annuity series• Return of the principal amount at maturity – future lump sum• Prices can be calculated by using present value techniques i.e.

discounting of future cash flows.• Combination of present value of an annuity and of a lump sum

Table 6.1 Bond Information August 1, 2008

6.1 (A) Key Components of a Bond• Par value : Typically $1000• Coupon rate: Annual rate of

interest paid.• Coupon: Regular interest

payment received by holder per year.

• Maturity date: Expiration date of bond when par value is paid back.

• Yield to maturity: Expected rate of return based on price of bond

Figure 6.1 Merrill Lynch corporate bond.

6.1 (A) Key Components of a Bond

Example 1: Key components of a corporate bondLet’s say you see the following price quote for a corporate bond: Issue Price Coupon(%) Maturity YTM% Current Yld. Rating

Hertz Corp. 91.50 6.35 15-Jun-2010 15.438 6.94 B

Price = 91.5% of $1000$915; Annual coupon = 6.35% *1000 $63.50Maturity date = June 15, 2010; If bought and held to maturityYield = 15.438%Current Yield = $ Coupon/Price = $63.5/$915 6.94%

6.1 (B) Pricing a Bond in Steps

Since bonds involve a combination of an annuity (coupons) and a lump sum (par value) its price is best calculated by using the following steps:

Figure 6.2 How to price a bond.

6.1 (B) Pricing a Bond in Steps (continued)

Example 2: Calculating the price of a corporate bond.Calculate the price of an AA-rated, 20-year, 8% coupon (paid annually) corporate bond (Par value = $1,000) which is expected to earn a yield to maturity of 10%.

Annual coupon = Coupon rate * Par value = .08 * $1,000 = $80 = PMTYTM = r = 10%Maturity = n = 20Price of bond = Present Value of coupons + Present Value of par value

Year 0 1

$80

2

$80

3

$80

20

$80$1,000

18 19

$80 $80…


Example 2: Calculating the price of a corporate bond

Present value of coupons =

=

= $80 x 8.51359 = $681.09

Present Value of Par Value =

Present Value of Par Value =

Present Value of Par Value = $1,000 x 0.14864 = $148.64Price of bond = $681.09 + $148.64 = $829.73

rr1

11

PMTn

0.10

0.101

11

$8020

nr1

1FV

200.101

1$1,000


Method 2. Using a financial calculator Mode: P/Y=1; C/Y = 1 Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 20 10 ? 80 1000Output -829.73

• Most corporate and government bonds pay coupons on a semiannual basis.

• Some companies issue zero-coupon bonds by selling them at a deep discount.

• For computing price of these bonds, the values of the inputs have to be adjusted according to the frequency of the coupons (or absence thereof). – For example, for semi-annual bonds, the annual coupon is divided by

2, the number of years is multiplied by 2, and the YTM is divided by 2. – The price of the bond can then be calculated by using the TVM

equation, a financial calculator, or a spreadsheet.

6.2 Semiannual Bonds and Zero-Coupon Bonds

6.2 Semiannual Bonds and Zero-Coupon Bonds (continued)

Figure 6.4 Coca-Cola semiannual corporate bond.

6.2 Semiannual Bonds and Zero-Coupon Bonds (continued)

Using TVM Equation

Using Financial Calculator

Figure 6.5 Future cash flow of the Coca-Cola bond.

6.2 Semiannual Bonds and Zero- Coupon Bonds (continued)

6.2 (A) Pricing Bonds after Original Issue

The price of a bond is a function of the remaining cash flows (i.e. coupons and par value) that would be paid on it until expiration.

As of August, 2008 the 8.5%, 2022 Coca-Cola bond has only 27 coupons left to be paid on it until it matures on Feb. 1, 2022

Figure 6.6 Remaining cash flow of the Coca-Cola bond.

6.2 (A) Pricing Bonds after Original Issue (continued)

Example 3: Pricing a semi-annual coupon bond after original issue: Four years ago, the XYZ Corporation issued an 8% coupon (paid semi-

annually), 20-year, AA-rated bond at its par value of $1000. Currently, the yield to maturity on these bonds is 10%. Calculate the price of the bond today.Remaining number of semi-annual coupons = (20-4)*2 = 32 coupons = nSemi-annual coupon = (.08*1000)/2 = $40Par value = $1000Annual YTM = 10% YTM/25% = r


Method 1: Using TVM equations

Bond Price =

rr1

11

Couponr1

1 ValuePar

n

n

Bond Price =

0.050.051

11

$400.051

1$1,000

32

32

Bond Price = $1000 x 0.209866 + $40 x 15.80268 Bond Price = $209.866 + $632.107 Bond Price = $841.97


Method 2: Using a financial calculator

Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2

Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 32 10 ? 401000Output -841.97

6.2 (B) Zero-Coupon Bonds

• Known as “pure” discount bonds and sold at a discount from face value

• Do not pay any interest over the life of the bond.

• At maturity, the investor receives the par value, usually $1000.

• Price of a zero-coupon bond is calculated by merely discounting its par value at the prevailing discount rate or yield to maturity.

6.2 (C) Amortization of a Zero-Coupon Bond

•The discount on a zero-coupon bond is amortized over its life.•Interest earned is calculated for each 6-month period.

• for example .04*790.31=$31.62•Interest is added to price to compute ending price.•Zero-coupon bond investors have to pay tax on annual price appreciation even though no cash is received.

Table 6.2 Amortized Interest on a Zero-Coupon Bond

6.2 (C) Amortization of a Zero-Coupon Bond (continued)

Example 4: Price of and taxes due on a zero-coupon bond:

John wants to buy a 20-year, AAA-rated, $1000 par value, zero-coupon bond being sold by Diversified Industries Inc. The yield to maturity on similar bonds is estimated to be 9%. a) How much would he have to pay for it? b) How much will he be taxed on the investment after 1 year,

if his marginal tax rate is 30%?


Example 4 AnswerMethod 1: Using TVM equation

Bond Price = Par Value * [1/(1+r)n] Bond Price = $1000*(1/(1.045)40

Bond Price = $1000 * .1719287 = $171.93

Method 2: Using a financial calculator Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2

Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 40 9 ? 0 1000Output -171.93


Example 4 (Answer) (continued)Calculate the price of the bond at the end of 1 year.

Mode:P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 38 9 ? 0 1000Output -187.75

Taxable income = $187.75 - $171.93 = $15.82Taxes due = Tax rate * Taxable income = 0.30*$15.82 = $4.75


Example 4 (Answer) (continued)Alternately, we can calculate the semi-annual interest earned, for each of the two semi-annual periods during the year.

$171.93 * .045 = $7.736 Price after 6 months $171.93+7.736 = $179.667$179.667 * .045=$8.084 Price at end of year$179.667+8.084 = $187.75Total interest income for 1 year = $7.736+$8.084$15.82 Tax due = 0.30 * $15.82 = $4.75

6.3 Yields and Coupon Rates

• A bond’s coupon rate differs from its yield to maturity (YTM).

• Coupon rate -- set by the company at the time of issue and is fixed (except for newer innovations which have variable coupon rates)

• YTM is dependent on market, economic, and company-specific factors and is therefore variable.

6.3 (A) The First Interest Rate: Yield to Maturity

• Expected rate of return on a bond if held to maturity. • The price that willing buyers and sellers settle at

determines a bond’s YTM at any given point. • Changes in economic conditions and risk factors will

cause bond prices and their corresponding YTMs to change.

• YTM can be calculated by entering the coupon amount (PMT), price (PV), remaining number of coupons (n), and par value (FV) into the TVM equation, financial calculator, or spreadsheet.

6.3 (B) The “Other” Interest Rate: Coupon Rate

• The coupon rate on a bond is set by the issuing company at the time of issue

• It represents the annual rate of interest that the firm is committed to pay over the life of the bond.

• If the rate is set at 7%, the firm is committing to pay .07*$1000 = $70 per year on each bond,

• It is paid either in a single check or two checks of $35 paid six months apart.

6.3 (C) Relationship of Yield to Maturity and Coupon Rate

• An issuing firm gets the bond rated by a rating agency such as Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s.

• Then, based on the rating and planned maturity of the bond, it sets the coupon rate to equal the expected yield as indicated in the Yield Book (available in the capital markets at that time) and sells the bond at par value ($1000).

• Once issued, if investors expect a higher yield on the bond, its price will go down and the bond will sell below par or as a discount bond and vice-versa.

• Thus, a bond’s YTM can be equal to (par bond), higher than (discount bond) or lower than (premium bond) its coupon rate.

6.3 (C) Relationship of Yield to Maturity and Coupon Rate (continued)

Table 6.3 Premium Bonds, Discount Bonds, and Par Value Bonds


Figure 6.8 Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions.


Example 5: Computing YTM

Last year, The ABC Corporation had issued 8% coupon (semi-annual), 20-year, AA-rated bonds (Par value = $1000) to finance its business growth. If investors are currently offering $1200 on each of these bonds, what is their expected yield to maturity on the investment? If you are willing to pay no more than $980 for this bond, what is your expected YTM?

Remaining number of coupons = 19*2 = 38Semi-annual coupon amount =( .08*$1000)/2 = $40


Example 5 AnswerPV = $1200Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 38 ? -120 40 1000Output 6.19 Note: This is a premium bond, so it’s YTM < Coupon rate of 8%


Example 5 Answer (continued)PV = $980Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 38 ? -980 40 1000Output 8.21% Note: This would be a discount bond, so it’s YTM>Coupon rate of 8%

6.4 Bond Ratings• Ratings are produced by Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch

• Range from AAA (top-rated) to C (lowest-rated) or D (default).

• Help investors gauge likelihood of default by issuer.

• Assist issuing companies establish a yield on newly-issued bonds.

– Junk bonds: is the label given to bonds that are rated below BBB. These bonds are considered to be speculative in nature and carry higher yields than those rated BBB or above (investment grade).

– Fallen angels: is the label given to bonds that have had their ratings lowered from

investment to speculative grade.

Table 6.4 Bond Ratings

6.5 Some Bond History and More Bond Features

• Corporate bond features have gone through some major changes over the years.– Bearer bonds: – Indenture or deed of trust: – Collateral:– Mortgaged security: – Debentures: – Senior debt: – Sinking fund:– Protective covenants:

6.5 Some Bond History and More Bond Features (continued)

– Callable bond:– Yield to call:– Putable bond:– Convertible bond:– Floating-rate bond:– Prime rate: – Income bonds:– Exotic bonds:


Example 6: Calculating Yield to Call. Two years ago, the Mid-Atlantic Corporation

issued a 10% coupon (paid semi-annually), 20-year maturity, bond with a 5-year deferred call feature and a call penalty of one coupon payment in addition to the par value ($1000) if exercised. If the current price on these bonds is $1080, what is its yield to call?


Example 6 AnswerRemaining number of coupons until first call date = 6 = nSemi-annual coupon = $50 = PMTCall price = $1050 = FVBond price = $1080 = PV Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 6 ? -1080 50 1050Output 8.43

YTC

6.6 U.S. Government Bonds

• Include bills, notes, and bonds sold by the Department of the Treasury

• State bonds, issued by state governments• Municipal bonds issued by county, city, or local government

agencies. • Treasury bills, are zero-coupon, pure discount securities with

maturities ranging from 1-, 3-, and 6-months up to 1 year.• Treasury notes have between two to 10 year maturities. • Treasury bonds have greater than 10-year maturities, when

first issued.

6.6 U.S. Government Bonds (continued)

Table 6.6 Government Notes and Bonds, Prices as of April 8, 2008

6.6 (A) Pricing a U.S. Government Note or Bond

• Similar to the method used for pricing corporate bonds and can be done by using TVM equations, a financial calculator or a spreadsheet program.

• For example, let’s assume you are pricing a 7-year, 6% coupon (semi-annual) $100,000 face value Treasury note, using an expected yield of 8%:

Figure 6.11 U.S. Government Treasury note cash flows.

6.6 (B) Pricing a Treasury bill

Calculated by discounting the bill’s face value for the number of days until maturity and at the prevailing bank discount yield.

Bank discount yield: is a special discount rate used in conjunction with treasury bills under a 360 day-per-year convention (commonly assumed by bankers).

Bond equivalent yield (BEY), is the APR equivalent of the bank discount yield calculated by adjusting it as follows: BEY = 365 * Bank discount yield________

360 - (days to maturity * discount yield)

6.6 (B) Pricing a Treasury bill (continued)

Table 6.7 Selected Historical Treasury Bill Bank Discount Rates

6.6 (B) Pricing a Treasury bill (continued)

Example 7: Calculating the price and BEY of a Treasury bill.Calculate the price and BEY of a treasury bill which matures in 105 days, has a face value of $10,000 and is currently being quoted at a bank discount yield of 2.62%. Price of T-bill = Face value * [1-(discount yield * days until maturity/360)]

Price of T-bill = $10,000 * [ 1 - (.0262 * 105/360)] = $10,000*0.9923583

Price of T-bill = $9,923.58

BEY = 365 * Bank discount yield_________ = 365 * .0262 360 - (days to maturity * discount yield) 360 - (105*.0262)

BEY = .026768 = 2.68% (rounded to 2 decimals)

Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 1

Pricing a semi-annual bond: Last year, The Harvest Time Corporation sold $40,000,000 worth of 7.5% coupon, 15-year maturity, $1000 par value, AA-rated; non-callable bonds to finance its business expansion. Currently, investors are demanding a yield of 8.5% on similar bonds. If you own one of these bonds and want to sell it, how much money can you expect to receive on it?

Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 1 (Answer)

Using a financial calculator Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2 Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 28 8.5 ? 37.5 1000Output -919.03


Yield-to-Maturity: Joe Carter is looking to invest in a four-year bond that pays semi-annual coupons at a coupon rate of 5.6 percent and has a par value of $1,000. If these bonds have a market price of $1,035, what yield to maturity is being implied in the pricing?


Using a financial calculator

Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 8 ? -1035 28 1000Output 4.63

The expected YTM is 4.63%


Krypton Inc. wants to raise $3 million by issuing 10-year zero coupon bonds with a face value of $1,000. Their investment banker informs them that investors would use a 9.25% percent discount rate on such bonds. At what price would these bonds sell in the market place assuming semi-annual compounding? How many bonds would the firm have to issue to raise $3 million?


Using a financial calculator : Price of zero-coupon bond

Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2

Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 20 9.25 ? 0 1000Output -404.85

The zero-coupon bond would sell for $404.85

To raise $3,000,000, the company would have to sell: $3,000,000/$404.85 = 7411 bonds


Tax on zero-coupon bond income: Let’s say that you buy 100 of the 7411 bonds that were issued by Krypton Inc. as described in Problem 3 above for $404.85. At the end of the year, how much money will the bond be worth, and how much tax will you be assessed assuming that you have a marginal tax rate of 35%?


Calculate the price of the bond at the end of each semi-annual period during the next year.The change in price for each semi-annual period represents the implied interest income on a zero which is taxed at 35%

Price of Zero after 6 months assuming YTM of 9.25%:Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 19 9.25 ? 0 1000Output -423.57

Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 4 (Answer) (continued)

Price of Zero at the end of 2 semi-annual periods assuming YTM of 9.25% Mode: P/Y=2; C/Y = 2 Input: N I/Y PV PMT FVKey: 18 9.25 ? 0 1000Output -443.16 Implied interest earned on zero = $443.16 - $404.85 = $38.31 Taxes due =Tax rate*Taxable income = 0.35 * $38.31 = $13.41


Price, and BEY, on a Treasury bill: Calculate the price, and BEY of a treasury bill which matures in 181 days, has a face value of $10,000, and is currently being quoted at a bank discount yield of 2.32%.


Price of T-bill = FV* [1-(discount yield * days until maturity/360)]

Price of T-bill = $10,000 * [ 1 - (.0232 * 181/360)] = $10,000*0.98833555

Price of T-bill = $9,883.36

BEY = 365 * Bank discount yield = 365 * .0232 360 - (days to maturity * discount yield) 360 - (181*.0232)

BEY = .023799 = 2.38% (rounded to 2 decimals)

Figure 6.3 Future cash flow of a Merrill Lynch bond

FIGURE 6.7 Goodyear semiannual corporate bond.

TABLE 6.5 Annual Interest Rates on Corporate Bonds Rated Aaa to

Baa, 1980 to 2006

FIGURE 6.9 Pacific Bell semiannual callable corporate bond

FIGURE 6.10 Pacific Bell callablebond cash flows.

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