cornell university family life development center, cornell university cooperative extension of new...
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Cornell University Family Life Development Center,Cornell University Cooperative Extension of New York City, New York State Center for School
Safety,University of Rochester Medical Center Div. of Adolescent Health
Jon HirschbergerJon HirschbergerCornell University Family Life Cornell University Family Life
Development CenterDevelopment Center
April 2010April 2010
Learning Learning Theories: Theories: Practical Practical ApplicationsApplications
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
What’s in a theory?
Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson,
B.F. Skinner
Social Learning Theories Albert Bandura, Lev Vygotsky
What Theories Exist?
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Taught a dog to expect food after a bell was rung Once the dog had become habituated, bell
alone was needed to produce salivation
Practical Implications Basis for theories that followed Behaviors can be reinforced by creating
associations
Behaviorism
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
John Watson (1878-1958)
Generalized Pavlov results to humans Taught baby to associate a loud noise with the
appearance of a rat Eventually, mere presence of rat was enough
Practical Implications Introduced conditioning into human domain Emotions and emotional reactions seen as
malleable
Behaviorism
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Behaviorism
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Concept of agency People act on environment to get
rewarded-Pressing a lever to get candy
Practical Implications People can be taught behaviors
through simple rewards and punishments
Learning Learning Theories:Theories:Practical Practical
ApplicationsApplications
Behaviorism What behaviorism has taught us
Behaviors are encouraged or discouraged through…
-Positive or negative rewards-Provision or withholding of rewards
Limitations Oversimplification of cause/effect Convoluted implications because of
simplicity of design
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Behaviorism
Reinforcement, summarized…
Addressing the limits of behaviorism
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Where we are Conditioning involving
one human and behaviors
Where we are going Social interactions as
tools for learning
Behaviorism
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Social Learning Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Developed a stage model for cognitive development Social learning occurs within the appropriate
stage of cognitive development
Practical Implications Understanding of objects in social world Social stimuli we give children are not as
important as the child’s interpretation of themLearning Theories:Learning Theories:
Practical ApplicationsPractical ApplicationsJon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Social Learning Albert Bandura (1925-)
“In modeling, people pattern their styles of thinking and behaving after the functional ones demonstrated by others” Turned social learning away from
behaviorism Social learning is understood in
relation to the social context within which it is embedded
Practical Implications Providing modeling behavior can
change behavior, but there are other factors as well
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Social Learning
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Bandura, continued Behavior is strengthened by…
-Reward, or avoidance of punishment Behavior is weakened by…
-Aversive stimuli, and loss of reward
“Principle behavior effects come primarily from peer-friendship groups and the family”
Social Learning
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Formulated the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
-Two levels of Development (Actual and Potential)
-A cognitive arena within which a child can operate with help
-Many of the gains in cognitive and social functioning happen in the ZPD
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Social Learning Vygotsky, continued
Agency within social relationships plays a large role in development of cognitive skills
Children are active learners, who explore their own cognitive limitations and expand knowledge in the ZPD
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
Model positive behaviors Use methods to weaken negative
behavior, strengthen positive behavior Actively discourage negative
behaviors, do not wait for them to occur
However, consider developmental stage
What to do?
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:Practical ApplicationsPractical Applications
Jon Hirschberger • April 2010Jon Hirschberger • April 2010
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