copyright atomic dog publishing, 2006 interest groups: business and religion, cont’d. susan b....
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![Page 1: Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Interest Groups: Business and Religion, Cont’d. Susan B. Hansen Introduction to American Politics Summer 2006](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649ddc5503460f94ad4084/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Interest Groups: Business and Religion, Cont’d.
Susan B. Hansen
Introduction to American Politics
Summer 2006
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The 1st amendment and religion
• “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
• “Establishment” means government financial or legal support for one particular religion, such as the Anglican Church in Britain.
• Legal issue: balancing the establishment and free-exercise clauses.
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Religious Diversity in US
• Many colonists and immigrants came to US seeking religious freedom from the established churches of Europe.
• Competition among the variety of denominations and sects may have led to consumer-friendly churches and greater religiosity in the US.
• Higher levels of church attendance and belief in God than in many other countries
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Growth of the Religious Right
• Long history of evangelical and fundamentalist churches in the US
• Before 1970s, focus on individual salvation and personal conversion
• “Potential group” galvanized by the Equal Rights Amendment and the Roe v. Wade decision
• The Religious Right feared the erosion of traditional values in a secular society
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Defining the Religious Right
• Orthodox interpretation of religion; hold to traditional beliefs
• Christians who claim to be “born again”
• Literal interpretation of the Bible, Torah, or Koran
• Opposition to tolerance, diversity, or secular humanism
• Can include Catholics, Moslems, and Jews as well as Protestants
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Tactics of the Religious Right
• Use of direct mail and TV to solicit contributions and arouse political action
• Organized interest groups: the Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, Focus on the Family
• Endorsement of parties and candidates supporting their values
• Lobbying efforts in Congress, the states, and local school boards
• Alliances with conservative Catholics and Jews
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The Religious Right: Textbook Model Citizens?
• They register and vote!
• They are well-informed about issues that concern them
• They know who their representatives are and how they vote
• They are active in grassroots politics and political parties
• They make effective use of churches to educate and mobilize supporters
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Policies favored by the Religious Right
• Strong support for Israel site of the expected Second Coming of Jesus
• Opposition to abortion and contraception Against premarital sex
• Teaching the Bible in public schools Especially creationism or intelligent design
• Opposition to secular education Prefer home schooling, vouchers, private schools & colleges
• Support traditional roles for women
• Opposition to homosexuality, gay rights, gay marriage
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Other trends in American religion
• Increased religious diversity; growth of Islam and Eastern religions
• Younger people have more secular views
• Organized opposition to the Religious Right by more liberal Christians and Jews
• Public attitudes becoming more tolerant of equality for women, premarital sex, homosexuality, abortion, stem cell research, euthanasia
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Interest Group Influence
• Internal Factors: membership, resources, leadership, strategy
• External Factors: countervailing groups, public opinion, party control of Congress or Presidency, media coverage, court rulings
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Political Influence of the Religious Right
• Dominance in the Republican Party: grassroots organizations, convention delegates and platforms, primary voters
• High turnout important in the 2002 and 2004 elections
• “Moral” rather than economic issues have dominated the political agenda since 1980
• Faith-based programs and Abstinence Education receive federal funding
• Many more restrictions on abortion
• Presidential candidates talk about God, their faith, & being “born again”
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Limits to Influence of the Religious Right
• Less influence in more diverse states/cities and high-turnout elections: Countervailing Power
• IRS denies tax exemption to the Christian Coalition
• Federal judge bans the teaching of intelligent design in public schools
• Legal challenges to faith-based programs and Abstinence Education; violation of Establishment Clause?
• Adverse public reaction to extreme positions on abortion, banning stem cell research, clergy endorsements of candidates, Terri Schiavo case
• Public and media cynicism about “moral” candidates
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Chapter 11
Congress
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Bicameral LegislatureA legislature with two houses—
such as the House and the Senate
11-1a Bicameralism
House of Representative
sSenate
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11-1b House of
Representatives
• Representatives elected every two years
• Per state number of representatives proportional to population based on Census
• Always 435 members (by law, not constitution)
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11-1c TheSenate• Senators serve six
year terms
• Each state has two senators – regardless of population
• Vacancies in Senate can be filled through appointment by a state’s governor
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Early on, members of
Congress did not stay in Congress long: Cincinnatus
ideal of citizen legislator.
Since then, many members of Congress serve for many years: professional legislators.
11-2 The Evolution of Congress
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A permanent committee in Congress with jurisdiction over a specific policy
area. Such a committee has tremendous say over the details of
legislation within its jurisdiction.
Standing Committee
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The congressional norm of making the member of the majority party
with the longest continuous service on a committee the chair of that
committee.
Seniority Rule
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A closed meeting of members of a political party to discuss matters of public policy and political strategy,
and in some cases, to select candidates for House or Senate
office.
Caucus
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Drawing congressional district boundaries to favor one party over the other. Usually done by majority party in state legislature.
Gerrymandering
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11-3c The Incumbents’Advantages
ResponsibilityFrankingPrivilege
Resources ofOffice
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The right of a member of Congress to send official
mail without paying postage.
Franking
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Election money is necessary for:
• Campaign workers
• Pollsters
• District campaign offices
• Advertising
• Travel expenses
• Large “war chest” can discourage potential challengers
Campaign Money
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House and Senate Party Campaign Committees
• Concern with partisan control of Congress
• Funnel contributions to open seats or the most competitive districts
• Increasing national party influence over state or district elections
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Divided Government
When the president is of one party and the other party has a majority in at
least one house of Congress.
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• Influence in power of referral of legislation to committee
• Power of scheduling of legislative debate
• Recognition of members on floor during a debate
• Leader of the majority party
• Ability to give and withhold favors
• Currently Dennis Hastert, R-Il.
Speaker of the House
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• Helps schedule
• Helps develop positions on issues
• Speaks for the party on the floor of the House
• Currently Bill Frist
• Leadership’s chief vote counter
• Monitors the mood of the House members
• Informs members of schedule
Majority Leader Majority Whip
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Responsible for keeping minority party unified and helping to craft
strategies for the minority party.
Minority Leader
Minority Whip
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The tactic of stalling a bill in the Senate by talking
endlessly about the bill in order to win changes in it or kill it. No filibuster allowed on
budget bills.
Filibuster
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The procedure to stop a filibuster, which requires a
supermajority of sixty votes.
Cloture
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House of Representatives
Member Introduces
Bill
Same version ofthe bill must
pass both Houses
Bill referredto
committee Bill referredto
subcommitteeBill reported
by fullcommittee
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Rules Committee Action
Debate and Vote. No action can be taken without a Rule to limit
debates or amendments.
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Bill Referred to Committee
Senate
Bill Referred to Subcommittee
Bill Reported by Full Committee
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Debate Scheduled by Informal Negotiation
Debate and Vote. Vice president can break ties.
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Other Senate Duties
• Confirmation of Supreme Court justices
• Confirmation of Cabinet officers
• Approval of formal treaties
• Conducts the trial if the House votes to impeach; 2/3 vote required to convict.
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Conference Committee
• Reconciles bills if the House and Senate versions differ
• Only those who voted for the bill in their chamber can serve; may lead to strategic voting
• House version of bills usually predominates
• Conference bill must then pass both Houses
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Overriding a Presidential Veto
• Important check on executive power
• Requires 2/3 majority in both Houses
• More common under divided governments
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Other responsibilities of Congress
• Holding hearings on complex or controversial issues
• Power to subpoena documents and require testimony
from the executive branch
• Oversight of bureaucracy and regulatory agencies