copyright © 2012 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. health and illness chapter 4 health...

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4Health and Health and

IllnessIllness

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Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact?

Women are Women are healthier than healthier than men.men.

People in hunting and People in hunting and gathering societies gathering societies probably had healthier probably had healthier diets than most people in diets than most people in the U.S. today.the U.S. today.

Myth Fact


MedicalizationMedicalization

Defining or labeling behaviors and conditions as Defining or labeling behaviors and conditions as medical problems. medical problems. Includes: Includes: A new phenomena defined as a medical problem in A new phenomena defined as a medical problem in

need of medical intervention such as post-traumatic need of medical intervention such as post-traumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity stress disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. disorder.

Normal conditions that are defined as medical Normal conditions that are defined as medical problems such as childbirth, menopause, and death.problems such as childbirth, menopause, and death.


BiomedicalizationBiomedicalization

The view that medicine can not only The view that medicine can not only control particular conditions but also control particular conditions but also transform bodies and lives.transform bodies and lives.


The Functionalist PerspectiveThe Functionalist Perspective

Disease and illness threaten the survival of Disease and illness threaten the survival of society because sick people cannot society because sick people cannot accomplish essential tasks.accomplish essential tasks.

The function of the health-care system is to The function of the health-care system is to return people to normal social functioning.return people to normal social functioning.

The health care system becomes a problem The health care system becomes a problem when it fails to return sick people to normal when it fails to return sick people to normal social functioning.social functioning.


The Conflict Perspective The Conflict Perspective

Health and health care are scarce Health and health care are scarce resources that interest groups compete resources that interest groups compete over.over.

The inequitable distribution of health The inequitable distribution of health resources will reflect the overall resources will reflect the overall inequitable distribution of these resources inequitable distribution of these resources in society.in society.

A problem results when some groups feel A problem results when some groups feel that they are not receiving their fair share.that they are not receiving their fair share.


The Interactionist Perspective The Interactionist Perspective

Illness involves a network of social Illness involves a network of social meanings and social expectations.meanings and social expectations.

Health care can be considered a social Health care can be considered a social problem when it produces stigmatized or problem when it produces stigmatized or devalued self-concepts among consumers devalued self-concepts among consumers of health care.of health care.


StigmaStigma

Any personal characteristic associated with Any personal characteristic associated with social disgrace, rejection, or discrediting. social disgrace, rejection, or discrediting.

Symbolic interactionists focus on stigmatizing Symbolic interactionists focus on stigmatizing effects of being labeled “ill.”effects of being labeled “ill.”

Individuals with mental illnesses, drug Individuals with mental illnesses, drug addictions, physical deformities and addictions, physical deformities and impairments, and HIV and AIDS are prone to impairments, and HIV and AIDS are prone to being stigmatized.being stigmatized.


Politics, Stigma and Politics, Stigma and the AIDS Epidemicthe AIDS Epidemic

In the case of AIDS many factors came In the case of AIDS many factors came together to produce a significant delay in the together to produce a significant delay in the attack on the disease.attack on the disease. Stigmatization of people with AIDSStigmatization of people with AIDS Reagan administration’s policy of smaller Reagan administration’s policy of smaller

government and greater austerity in social and government and greater austerity in social and health programshealth programs

Urban politicsUrban politics Politics in the gay communityPolitics in the gay community


Health & Societal Health & Societal DevelopmentDevelopment

Most diseases can be classified as acute Most diseases can be classified as acute or chronic diseasesor chronic diseases

The most effective and least expensive The most effective and least expensive means of dealing with chronic disease is means of dealing with chronic disease is preventive medicine.preventive medicine.

However, modern medicine is organized However, modern medicine is organized around curative medicine.around curative medicine.


Classifying CountriesClassifying Countries

Three categories according to economic status:Three categories according to economic status:

Developed countriesDeveloped countries have relatively high gross have relatively high gross national income and have economies made up national income and have economies made up of many different industries.of many different industries.

Developing countriesDeveloping countries have relatively low gross have relatively low gross national income and their economies are much national income and their economies are much simpler.simpler.

Least developed countriesLeast developed countries are the poorest are the poorest countries of the world.countries of the world.


Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Average number of years individuals born Average number of years individuals born in a given year can expect to live.in a given year can expect to live.

Infant mortality - Number of deaths of live-Infant mortality - Number of deaths of live-born infants under 1 year of age.born infants under 1 year of age.


Gary

Replace with Figure 2.1 from the 7e that has the updated 2007 numbers.


Top Three Causes of Death by Top Three Causes of Death by Age Group: United States, 2008Age Group: United States, 2008Age Age

(years)(years)FirstFirst SecondSecond ThirdThird

1-41-4Unintentional Unintentional

injuriesinjuries

Congenital/Congenital/chromosomal chromosomal abnormalitiesabnormalities

CancerCancer


injuriesinjuriesCancerCancer

Congenital/Congenital/chromosomal chromosomal abnormalitiesabnormalities


injuriesinjuriesHomicideHomicide SuicideSuicide


Top Three Causes of Death by Top Three Causes of Death by Age Group: United States, 2008Age Group: United States, 2008Age Age

(years)(years)FirstFirst SecondSecond ThirdThird


injuriesinjuriesCancerCancer Heart diseaseHeart disease

45-6445-64 CancerCancer Heart diseaseHeart disease StrokeStroke

65 and 65 and olderolder

Heart diseaseHeart disease CancerCancer StrokeStroke


Maternal Mortality RatesMaternal Mortality Rates

A measure of deaths that result from A measure of deaths that result from complications associated with pregnancy, complications associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and unsafe abortion.childbirth, and unsafe abortion.

Maternal mortality is the leading cause of death Maternal mortality is the leading cause of death and disability for women ages 15–49 in and disability for women ages 15–49 in developing countries.developing countries.

The most common causes of maternal death are The most common causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, infection, and complications related hemorrhage, infection, and complications related to unsafe abortion.to unsafe abortion.


Childbirth Assistance and Lifetime Childbirth Assistance and Lifetime Chance of Maternal MortalityChance of Maternal Mortality

% of Births Attended % of Births Attended by Skilled Personnelby Skilled Personnel

Lifetime Chance of Lifetime Chance of Dying from Dying from

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality

Developed Developed countriescountries

9999 1 in 4,0001 in 4,000

Developing Developing countriescountries

5757 1 in 611 in 61

Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica

4141 1 in 161 in 16


Social Factors in Health Social Factors in Health and Illnessand Illness

Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status Those who are lower in income, educational Those who are lower in income, educational

attainment, and occupational attainment have attainment, and occupational attainment have substantially higher disease rates and death substantially higher disease rates and death rates than their affluent counterparts. rates than their affluent counterparts.

GenderGender Women appear to be healthier than men, Women appear to be healthier than men,

especially if life expectancy is considered. But especially if life expectancy is considered. But women have more acute, non-life-threatening women have more acute, non-life-threatening illnesses. So reality is complicated on this issue.illnesses. So reality is complicated on this issue.


Social Factors in Health Social Factors in Health and Illnessand Illness

RaceRace Some of the impact of race on health Some of the impact of race on health

has to do with discrimination. has to do with discrimination.

Lifestyle factorsLifestyle factors Industrialization has improved people’s Industrialization has improved people’s

lives as well as created health hazards.lives as well as created health hazards.


The Nature of Mental IllnessThe Nature of Mental Illness

The medical model The medical model views mental disorders the same as physical disorders.views mental disorders the same as physical disorders.

The mental illness as deviance model The mental illness as deviance model focuses on the symptoms of mental illness that appear in a focuses on the symptoms of mental illness that appear in a

person’s behavior based on shared social expectation. person’s behavior based on shared social expectation.

The mental illness as problems of living modelThe mental illness as problems of living model sees mental illness as an expression of the fact that human sees mental illness as an expression of the fact that human

life is a continual struggle to decide how to live and relate to life is a continual struggle to decide how to live and relate to others. others.


Mental HealthMental Health

The successful performance of mental The successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity.cope with adversity.


Mental IllnessMental Illness

All mental disorders, which are health All mental disorders, which are health conditions that are characterized by conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, and/or alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behavior associated with distress and/or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning and that meet specific impaired functioning and that meet specific criteria specified in The Diagnostic and criteria specified in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.


Impact of Mental IllnessImpact of Mental IllnessUntreated mental disorders can lead to:Untreated mental disorders can lead to: poor educational achievementpoor educational achievement lost productivitylost productivity unsuccessful relationshipsunsuccessful relationships significant distresssignificant distress violence and abuseviolence and abuse incarcerationincarceration povertypoverty


Extent of Mental IllnessExtent of Mental Illness

On any given day 150,000 people with On any given day 150,000 people with severe mental illness are homeless, living severe mental illness are homeless, living on the streets or in public shelters.on the streets or in public shelters.

As many as 1 in 5 adults in U.S. prisons As many as 1 in 5 adults in U.S. prisons and as many as 70% of youth incarcerated and as many as 70% of youth incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities are mentally ill.in juvenile justice facilities are mentally ill.


Problems in Health Care Problems in Health Care in the United Statesin the United States

Health care costs are rising due toHealth care costs are rising due to a growing demand for health care servicesa growing demand for health care services availability of diagnostic and treatment proceduresavailability of diagnostic and treatment procedures health care is a labor intensive industryhealth care is a labor intensive industry checks on cost are weaker than other fieldschecks on cost are weaker than other fields tendency to over-utilize services and even to perform tendency to over-utilize services and even to perform

unnecessary procedures unnecessary procedures increasing litigations and malpractice insurance costincreasing litigations and malpractice insurance cost


Problems in Health Care Problems in Health Care in the U.S.in the U.S.

Some people do not have access to medical Some people do not have access to medical services that they need.services that they need.The quality of some medical services is low.The quality of some medical services is low.There is substantial gender inequality in There is substantial gender inequality in health care.health care.Health services have been privatized and Health services have been privatized and corporatized.corporatized.


Bioethics: Bioethics: Technology and HealthTechnology and Health

Bioethics refers to the study of ethical Bioethics refers to the study of ethical questions that relate to the life and questions that relate to the life and biological well-being of people.biological well-being of people.

Major bioethical issuesMajor bioethical issues the prolongation of life the prolongation of life the distribution of medical resourcesthe distribution of medical resources


Whom shall we treat?Whom shall we treat?

A number of principles serve as the basis of A number of principles serve as the basis of medical allocation.medical allocation. Ability to payAbility to pay MeritMerit UtilitarianUtilitarian Compensatory justiceCompensatory justice EgalitarianEgalitarian


Future ProspectsFuture Prospects

Social policy debates include discussions ofSocial policy debates include discussions of publicly funded health insurance (Medicare, publicly funded health insurance (Medicare,

Medicaid, national health insurance)Medicaid, national health insurance) government mandated health insurance government mandated health insurance the emergence of health maintenance the emergence of health maintenance

organizations (HMOs) and managed care organizations (HMOs) and managed care systemssystems

new health care practitioner rolesnew health care practitioner roles changes in people’s lifestyleschanges in people’s lifestyles

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