copyright © 2010 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. unit 1 word-building system:...
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Unit 1
Word-Building System: Introduction to Word Parts
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Word Parts
1. Word root– Foundation of medical terms
– Provides basic meaning
– Examples:• gastr = stomach
• therm = heat
• micr = small
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Word Parts
2. Combining form– Word root + a vowel
– Use when next part of word starts with consonant
– Examples:• gastr/o = gastr/o/scope
• therm/o = therm/o/meter
• micr/o = micr/o/film
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Word Parts
• Building words from word parts:
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Word Parts
3. Suffix– Word ending that adds to meaning of word root or
combining form
– Examples:• -ic
– gastr/ic = pertaining to stomach
• -ectomy– gastr/ectomy = surgical removal of stomach
• -scope– gastr/o/scope = instrument for viewing interior of stomach
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Word Parts
• Building words from word parts:
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Word Parts
4. Prefix– Word part in front of word root or combining form that
changes meaning of word
– Examples:• epi-
– epi/gastric = on or over stomach
• endo-– endo/gastric = within stomach
• sub-– sub/gastric = under stomach
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Word-Building Rules
• Word root rule– Use when joining word root to another word root or suffix
that begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, or y)
– Examples:• ot = ear and -algia = pain
– ot/algia = ear pain
• arthr = joint and -itis = inflammation– arthr/itis = inflammation of joint
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Word-Building Rules
• Combining form rule– Use when joining word root to another word root or suffix
that begins with a consonant
– Examples:• -megaly = large
– gastr/o/megaly = large stomach
• -scope = instrument for viewing– micr/o/scope = instrument for viewing small objects
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Compound Words
• Combination of whole words or combining form + whole word– Examples:
• therm/o + meter = therm/o/meter
• neur/o + spasm = neur/o/spasm
• micr/o + surgery = micr/o/surgery
• chicken + pox = chicken/pox
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Compound Words
• Compound words with hydro-– Examples:
• hydr/o = water
• hydr/o/phobia = fear of water
• hydr/o/cele = water-filled saclike cavity
• hydr/o/therapy = treatment using water
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Noun Suffixes
• Using suffixes to indicate nouns– Noun
• Names a person, place, thing, body part, instrument, or procedure
• E.g., doctor, hospital, liver, stethoscope, surgery
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Noun Suffixes
• -ism = condition, state or theory– E.g., Darwin/ism
• -tion = condition– E.g., contrac/tion
• -ist = specialist– E.g., psychiatr/ist
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Noun Suffixes
• -er = one who– E.g., radiograph/er
• -ity = quality– E.g., sensitiv/ity
• -osis = condition– E.g., cyan/osis
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Adjectival Suffixes
• Adjective– Describes or modifies noun
• E.g., chronic cough, reddened skin, triple bypass
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Adjectival Suffixes
• -ous = possessing, having, or full– E.g., nerv/ous
• -able = ability– E.g., inject/able
• -ible = ability– E.g., ed/ible
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Suffixes that Change Part of Speech
Noun Adjectiveanem/ia = condition of lacking blood
anem/ic = having anemia
eme/sis = action of vomiting eme/tic = causing vomiting
arthr/itis = inflammation of joint
arthr/itic = having arthritis
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Suffixes that Change Part of Speech
• Noun– muc/us = water secretion
• Adjective– muc/ous = refers to nature of mucus
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Suffixes that Change Verb Tense
• Verb– Represents action or state of being
– Examples:• Present tense = help, treat, or operate
• Present participle = helping, treating, or operating
• Past tense = helped, treated, or operated
• Future tense = will help, will treat, or will operate
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Suffixes that Indicate Singular and Plural
Singular Plural-on -a
-ma -mata
-sis -ses
-nx -ges
-a -ae
-us -i
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Suffixes that Indicate Singular and Plural
Singular Plural-um -a
-is -es
-ex -ices
-ix -ices
-ax -aces
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Suffixes that Indicate Singular and Plural
Singular Pluralvertebra vertebrae
bacterium bacteria
bronchus bronchi
appendix appendices
carcinoma carcinomata
spermatozoon spermatozoa
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Word-Order Rules
• Rule 1– Definitions indicate last part of word first
– E.g., gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach• -itis = inflammation
• gastr = (of the) stomach
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Word-Order Rules
• Rule 2– When body systems involved, build words in order organs
are studied
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Word-Order Rules
• Rule 2– E.g., gastr/o/enter/itis = inflammation of stomach and
small intestine• -itis = inflammation
• gastr/o = stomach
• enter = small intestine
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Word-Order Rules
• Rule 3– Body parts come first with condition or procedure as
ending
– Examples:• dermat/o/mycosis = fungal condition of skin
• cyst/o/scopy = process of examining urinary bladder with scope
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Enlarged
• megal/o = combining form
• -megaly = suffix
• acr/o = extremities– Arms and legs
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Enlarged
• Examples:– megal/o/cardia = enlarged heart
– acr/o/megaly = enlargement of extremities
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Skin
• dermat/o = skin
• dermat/o/logy = study of skin
• dermat/o/logist = one who studies and treats skin
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Skin
• dermat/osis = any skin condition
• dermat/itis = inflammation of skin
• acr/o/dermat/itis = inflammation of skin of extremities