copyright © 2009 tnb research the potential of biomass in malaysia as a fuel for electricity...

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must! Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research

The Potential of Biomass in Malaysia as a Fuel For Electricity Generation

Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur27-28 April 2010

Badrol bin Ahmad

Abdul Halim Shamsudin

MIGHT Partnership Exchange EU- Biomass Stakeholders Forum

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!

Slide No. 2Slide No. 2

Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research

Outline

• Background• Biomass potential• Biomass for electricity generation• Issues

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CHANGEWe Must!



BACKGROUND

• Malaysia’s energy resources are dominated by fossil fuels.

• Biomass, solar and mini hydro hold great promise as complementary energy resources.

– They are plentiful– They provide potential for the reduction of GHG emissions

• Successful utilization these resources depends on

– Favourable energy policy– Technology availability– Access to supplies

• This presentation focuses on biomass and its potential for electricity generation

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Generation Fuel Mix in Peninsular Malaysia (2008)

Gas 64

Coal 29

Hydro 7

Fuel %

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Malaysia Agricultural

– Remains an important sector of Malaysia’s economy• Contributes 12% to national GDP

• 3 main crops dominate agricultural export: – Rubber– palm oil– Cocoa

• Rice and sugarcane are grown for domestic consumption.

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass

• Biomass are organic matters that are derived from– plants (agriculture and timber industries)– livestock waste– garbage

• They represent ‘new energy resources’ that opens up opportunities for economic activities and employment

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Sources of biomass

Animals Waste Plant

• municipal waste

• manure • field residues

• process residue

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass: availability and utilization

• Biomass are plentiful but their utilization as fuel for electricity generation is currently limited.

• In the near term, interest will mainly be on biomass that are associated with the major crops

– Oil palm– Rice– Sugar– Cocoa

• In the longer term, other sources may be feasible– Banana– Bamboo– Dedicated energy crops– etc

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Palm oil industry

• Malaysia is one of the biggest producers and exporter of palm oil and palm oil products

• At present the industry is the most developed among the agricultural industries in Malaysia.

• This commodity accounts for:– 41 % of world palm oil production – 47% of world exports– 11% and 25% of the world's total production and exports of oils

and fats.

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Oil Palm Life Cycle

Cultivation

Pruning

Harvesting

Felling

(Palm

fro

nds)

(Fresh fruit bunches)

(Tre

e tr

unks

Fron

ds)

Extraction

Image:CIRAD

EFB, etc Oil

POME

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Oil Palm Biomass

Biomass Qty/ Moisture CV/ Main mil. tonnes content / % kj/kg uses

Fibre 9.66 37.00 19 068 Fuel

Shell 5.20 12.00 20108 Fuel

Empty fruit bunch 17.08 67.00 18838 Mulch

Palm kernel 2.11 3.00 18900 Animal feed

Expeller

Source: A.B. Nasrin et al

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Paddy cultivation and production

Harvested area 680 672 692(T ha)Yield 2769 3161 2941(kg/ha)Production 1884 2127 2036(T t)Import 330 427 -(T t)

1990 1995 2000

Source: FAO

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States 2006 2007 2008

Area / ha Production/ tonnes


Area/ ha Production/ tonnes

Johor 2 405 5 739 2 639 9 221 2 154 8 128

Kedah 210 824 776 490 211 644 911 295 211 044 867 335

Kelantan 72 266 238 433 73 514 249 440 6 8598 232 309

Melaka 1 769 8 640 2 032 7 225 1 731 4 158

N. Sembilan 1 495 6 864 1 105 5 091 1 196 5 437

Pahang 7 762 22 282 7 415 22 673 6 331 21 384

Perak 82 286 23 3923 81 027 25 9081 80 724 28 0237

Perlis 51 905 17 0542 52 188 19 8025 52 180 23 3144

P. Pinang 25 564 114 488 25 513 120 286 25 564 120 074

Selangor 37 473 176 794 37 135 186 951 37 221 177 444

Terengganu 16 538 59 671 17 277 62 253 16 547 63 490

Penininsular M’sia

510 247 1 813 867 511 489 2 031 541 503 290 2 031 142

Sabah 38 498 33 858 41 443 134 384 37 447 133 138

Sarawak 127 247 239 794 123 179 209 679 115 865 206 753

Malaysia 676 034 2 187 519 676 111 2 375 604 659 602 2 353 032

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Paddy biomass

• Paddy is harvested and processed in the mill to produce rice.

• The residue from the harvests and subsequent processing includes– Straw

• Concentrated on farms

– Husk • 23 % of the paddy processed

• 13 % moisture content

• Concentrated in mills

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Sugarcane cultivation and sugar production

• Sugarcane flourishes in dry region of Malaysia.• Its cultivation, therefore, is concentrated mainly in

Perlis and Kedah.• Johor and Sarawak are potential states identified as

suitable for sugarcane cultivation • Cultivated areas are estimated to be 20 000 to 40 000

hectares producing 1.3 to 1.6 million tonnes annually .

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Sugar production

• Sugar cane are processed to produce raw and refined sugar, exclusively for domestic consumption.

• The processing is carried out in facilities located in in the plantations in Kedah &Perlis.

• Facilities in Penang and Selangor are refineries that produces refined sugar.

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Sugarcane biomass

• Sugarcane biomass

– Bagasse• Residue of sugarcane processing

• 300 kg of bagasse /100 000 kg sugarcane

• Annual bagasse production is estimated at 300 million.

– Leaves and cane tops• From sugarcane harvesting

• About 0.7 of the dry weight of cane

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Rubber biomass

• Rubber biomass– Rubber wood

• Available during replanting

• Estimated at 3.4 million kg / year

• Utilization– Materials for furniture– Energy

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Cocoa cultivation

• Once a major commercial crop in Malaysia.• Cultivated areas show definite decline

– Peninsular and Sabah

• However, bean production continue to increase in tonnage.

• Cocoa biomass – Pruning activities

• 25 000 kg dry organic matter/ 10 000 m2/year.

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Year Peninsular Malaysia

Cultivated area / ha

Ground cocoa

beans / tonnes

Sabah

Cultivated area / ha

Estate Small_

holding

Total Estate Small_

holding

Total

1980 37 713 19632 57 345 6 000 39 761 18 233 57 984

1985 45 798 61 134 106 932 27 000 131 909 40 804 172 713

1990 47 124 90 807 137 931 70 000 143 827 35 821 179 648

1995 15 014 32 690 47 704 103 540 81 639 32 652 113 691

2000 2 717 12 425 15 142 139 443 19 722 32 088 51 810

2008 756 6 097 6 853 323 653 2 857 5 728 8 585

Cocoa: Cultivated Areas Source: Cocoa Board, Malaysia

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Coconut

States 2006 2007 2008

Area / ha

Production/ tonnes


Area/ ha Production/ tonnes

Johor 20 810 108 214 20 810 97 181 19 781 115 325

Perak 14057 63 272 14 057 63 272 6 914 47 209

Selangor 19 419 77 752 19 419 74 683 16 761 75 994

Penininsular M’sia

77 255 344 145 77 491 339 824 65 931 321 566

Sabah 18 245 78 451 18 225 78 451 20 021 82 130

Sarawak 23 380 87 119 23 380 81 982 25 352 48 684

Malaysia

Planted areas and coconut production

Source: Department of Agriculture, Malaysia

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass as fuel for electricity generation

• Green energy is becoming an important feature of electricity supply industry.

• This trend is supported by favourable climate– energy policies– incentives– continued supply of biomass– technology

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass electricity generation potential in Malaysia

• The available biomass has an equivalent generation capacity of more than 3 000 MW of electricity.

• Oil palm biomass has practical advantage– Concentrated in large plantations– A number of plants are already in operations – Active research activities

• MPOB

• Universities

• Research institutions

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Sector Quantity / Ktonne/year

Annual generation potential MW

Maximum energy potential/MW

EFB 16 700 28 000 3 150

Fruit Fibres 12 200

Palm shell 4 900

Palm oil mill effluent

38 900 2 800 320

Wood chips 2 200 600 70

Rice husks 400 300 30

Bagasse 300 200 25

Total 58 500 31 900 3595

(Halim, 2010)

Biomass energy potential

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Fuel Properties

SourceEFB Fruit Shell Bagasse Thrash Husk StrawFibre

14.6 14.8 19.0

19.7 20.7 18.8 17.9 18.1 15.4 15.2

1

2

1. Shamsuddin (1985) & (1995), Hussain (2006): dry basis2. Turn et al (1997): HHV

Calorific Values of Biomass

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass electricity generation projects

• Co-gen in the mills • EC-ASEAN Co-gen(1990,s)

• 5 full-scale demonstration projects using wood wastes

• Approved Small RE Projects (SREP)– EFB : 165.9 MW

– Wood wastes: 6.6 MW

– Rice Husk : 12.0 MW

– MSW : 5.0 MW

– Mixed fuels : 19.2 MW

• FELDA-J-Power-TNB Biomass Power Plant– 10 MW

• Jana Landfill Sdn. Bhd– 2 MW

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass electricity generation projects

• TSH Bioenergy Sdn. Bhd. (Sabah)– Grid connected with 14 MW capacity

• 2 MW : internal consumption

• 10 MW : supplied to grid

• BioGen FSM Projects– MHES Asia Sdn. Bhd. (10 MW)

• EFB

– FELDA Serting Hilir (1.0 MW)• Biogas

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Experience

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Issues and Challenges

• Resource availability

• Long term supply

• Operational optimisation

• Technology management

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Resource availability

• Resources are available within the plantations and mills• But not all are available for electricity generation

– Biomass to be returned to soil policy– Competing use

• Product manufacture– Furniture– Mattress– Composite materials– Fertilizers– Etc

• Policy on biomass utilizations is required??

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Long term supply

• Power plants are designed for a service life of more than 25 years.

• Supply must be assured over this period of time– Supply agreement

• Quantity

• Quality

• Ability of supplier to meet power operators– Production capacity

• Raw biomass

• Pelletised biomass

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Biomass supply chain

Plantation

Smallholders

Power plant

Mills, refineries,

etc

Processed

biomass e.g

pelletsQuality

Quantity

Delivery

Storage

Storage

transportation

transporta-

tion

transportation

transportation

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Operational optimization

• Storage capacity• Combustion efficiency

– Characteristics of fuel• Energy content

• Compositions

• Heat transfer efficiency• Plant availability

– Scheduled outage – Forced outage

• Maintenance & inspection practices– Effective– Meets regulatory requirements

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Technology Management

• Design requirements– Technical specifications

• Selection of appropriate technology– Economics– Reliability

• Long term performance• Skills and expertise

– In-house– Out-source

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Technology

• Conventional steam plant– Maximum theoretical thermal efficiency is limited by max and

min temperatures of the cycle.

• Better cycle efficiency is possible with combined cycle– Biomass converted to gas– Gas power gas turbine– Gas turbine exhaust is recovered to generate steam in boiler

and power in steam turbine.

YESWe Can!

CHANGEWe Must!



Thank you

copyright © 2009 tnb research the potential of biomass in malaysia as a fuel for electricity...

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