copyright © 2008 delmar learning. all rights reserved. unit 6 classification of disease
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Unit 6
Classification of Disease
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Objectives
• Spell and define terms.• Define disease and list some possible
causes.• Distinguish between signs and
symptoms.• List six major health problems.
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Objectives
• Identify disease-related terms.• List ways in which a diagnosis is made.• Describe malignant and benign tumors.
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Introduction
• Nurses value your observations – They are used to make evaluations and
plan nursing care for patients
• The better you understand the basic principles of disease, the more accurate the information you can provide.
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Disease
• The body is a complex chemical factory– Depends on all of its parts to perform
efficiently
• It is subject to external and internal forces– Stress that can threaten its ability to
function properly
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Disease
• Predisposing factors to disease are general conditions– Malnutrition may contribute to the
development of illness– Some diseases have related risk factors
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Disease
• Risk factors – Specific behaviors or conditions that tend
to promote certain diseases
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Signs and Symptoms
• Signs of a disease – Can be seen by others
• Symptoms– Felt by the patient
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The Course of Disease
• Development and course of different illnesses vary greatly– Acute disease develops suddenly– Progresses rapidly– Lasts for a predictable period– The patient recovers or dies
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The Course of Disease
• With a chronic disease– Periods when the patient experiences the
signs and symptoms– Periods when evidence of the disease is
less pronounced or disappears altogether
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Complications
• A complication makes the original condition more serious
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Major Conditions
• Some of the major conditions or illnesses that can affect the body’s ability to function are:– Ischemia– Congenital abnormalities– Infection– Inflammation
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Major Conditions
• Some of the major conditions or illnesses that can affect the body’s ability to function are:– Obstruction– Trauma– Neoplasm
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Diagnosis
• Medical diagnosis– Made by the physician – Patient is examined– History of previous illness is taken and
reviewed– Various laboratory and diagnostic tests are
performed
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Diagnosis
• Physician compiles the information– Matches it to possible diseases– Names process to establish the medical
diagnosis
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Diagnostic Studies
• Laboratory tests and diagnostic studies– Give physician valuable information for
naming the disease process and planning the proper treatment for the patient
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Diagnostic Studies
• Protocols – Standards of procedure and care developed
for the preparation and care of the patient for each test or study
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Diagnostic Studies
• Protocols– Follow to achieve satisfactory results– Improper patient preparation can result in:
• Inability to perform the test• Inaccurate test results• Delayed diagnosis• Increased costs• Increased patient anxiety• Slower recovery
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Noninvasive Tests
• Some tests and studies are noninvasive – Ultrasound– Thermography– X-ray and fluoroscopy– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)– Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)– Electroencephalogram (EEG)– Electromyogram (EMG)
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Invasive Tests
• Some tests and studies are invasive – Direct visualization procedures– Dye studies– Cardiac catheterization
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Other Techniques
• Chemical and microscopic studies– Examine samples of various body tissues
and secretions
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Other Techniques
• The most common samples are:– Blood – Urine– Sputum from the lungs– Cultures from infected tissues– Gastric secretions– Feces
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Therapy
• Once a diagnosis is confirmed, appropriate therapy is determined
• Four basic approaches to therapy:– Surgery– Chemotherapy– Radiation– Supportive care
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Neoplasms
• Tumors can affect almost any organ of the body
• Tumor cells do not follow the normal laws of growth and reproduction– May not stay within the normal boundaries
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Neoplasms
• Excess numbers of cells and abnormal cells crowd out the normal cells and compete with them for nutrients.
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Types of Tumors
• Different types of tumors– More common among certain groups of
people • Children have more tumors of the
nervous system, urinary system, and hematopoietic system.
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Types of Tumors
• Adults have more tumors of the reproductive organs, lungs, and colon.
• Two major types of tumors are classified as benign or malignant.
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Early Detection
• Early detection of cancer can often result in a cure.
• The sooner the cancer is found, the higher the rate of its cure.
• Pain is usually a late symptom.
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Body Defenses
• The body has a natural line of defenses against disease– Inflammation– Unbroken skin– Mucus
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Inflammation
• Body’s natural defenses• Signs and symptoms of acute
inflammation:– Redness – Swelling– Heat– Loss of function– Pain
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Immune Response
• Immune response – Protects the body against specific
infections by producing special chemicals called antibodies
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Immune Response
• A vaccine may be given before exposure to a disease
• The body can then produce antibodies before actual exposure occurs