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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology: :
A Short CourseA Short Course
55thth Edition Edition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Name the major organs of the female Name the major organs of the female reproductive system, their locations, and reproductive system, their locations, and combining forms.combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn reproductive system and of the newborn child.child.
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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Describe important laboratory tests and Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.as medical reports and records.
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IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Union of the nuclei of ovum and Union of the nuclei of ovum and
sperm cellsperm cell Ovum and Sperm cells are called Ovum and Sperm cells are called
gametegamete Each Gamete contains half the Each Gamete contains half the
number of chromosomes of a number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.normal body cell.
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IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION
Gametes Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the Gametes are produced in the gonads.gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.male gonads are the testes.
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FertilizationFertilization An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.through the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place if sperm cells Fertilization takes place if sperm cells
are present and unite with the ovum. are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to Fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).later an embryo and then a fetus).
IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION
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Organs of Organs of the female the female reproductive reproductive system, system, lateral viewlateral view..
ORGANS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Organs of the female reproductive system Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view – p. 230anterior view – p. 230
ORGANS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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The BreastThe Breast sagittal viewsagittal view
ORGANS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLEMENSTRUAL CYCLE Day 1-5Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the bodysecretions discharge from the body
Day 6-12Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium. Estrogen aids repair of endometrium. The ovum grows in the follicle.The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through Egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tubethe fallopian tube
Day 15-28Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone; Corpus luteum secretes progesterone; uterus lining builds up.uterus lining builds up.
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
PREGNANCYPREGNANCY If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometriumuterine endometrium Placenta forms within the uterine wallPlacenta forms within the uterine wall Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavityAmnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange
between fetus and motherbetween fetus and mother Placenta produces human chorionic Placenta produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)gonadotropin (hCG)
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
A. Implantation in the uterus. B. Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
PREGNANCYPREGNANCY Progesterone maintains placenta Progesterone maintains placenta
developmentdevelopment Uterus expands as fetus growsUterus expands as fetus grows Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic
presentation (head first)presentation (head first)
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
THREE PHASES of LaborTHREE PHASES of Labor1.1. Dilation of the cervixDilation of the cervix
2.2. Birth of the infantBirth of the infant
3.3. Delivery of the placentaDelivery of the placenta
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MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.
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HORMONAL INTERACTIONSHORMONAL INTERACTIONS
Pituitary secretes: Pituitary secretes: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LHPituitary stops producing FSH and LH During pregnancyDuring pregnancy With oral contraceptivesWith oral contraceptives
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Hormonal Interactions Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
MenopauseMenopause Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle Normally begins between 45 and 55Normally begins between 45 and 55 Estrogen levels fall Estrogen levels fall Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful
consideration of risks required)consideration of risks required)
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cervic/ocervic/o cervix, neckcervix, neck
colp/ocolp/o vaginavagina hyster/ohyster/o uterus, wombuterus, womb mamm/omamm/o breastbreast mast/omast/o breastbreast metri/ometri/o uterusuterus uter/outer/o uterusuterus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXESFORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
o/oo/o eggegg oophor/ooophor/o ovaryovary ovari/oovari/o ovaryovary salping/osalping/o fallopian tubefallopian tube
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXESFORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::
Which term means removal of the Which term means removal of the breast?breast?
A.A. hysterectomy hysterectomyB.B. mastectomy mastectomyC.C. mastitis mastitisD.D. mammoplasty mammoplasty
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PATHOLOGY: UterusPATHOLOGY: Uterus AmenorrheaAmenorrhea
Absence of menstrual flowAbsence of menstrual flow
CervicitisCervicitis• Inflammation of the cervixInflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometriumCarcinoma of the endometrium• Malignant tumor of the uterusMalignant tumor of the uterus
DysmenorrheaDysmenorrheapainful menstrual flowpainful menstrual flow
EndometriosisEndometriosis• Endometrial tissue located outside the uterusEndometrial tissue located outside the uterus
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PATHOLOGY: Uterus – PATHOLOGY: Uterus – (cont.)(cont.)
MenorrhagiaMenorrhagia Excessive discharge Excessive discharge
(-rrhagia)(-rrhagia) FibroidsFibroids
Benign tumors of the Benign tumors of the uterusuterus
Figure shows location Figure shows location of uterine fibroids.of uterine fibroids. p. 86p. 86
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Pathology: Gynecological and Pathology: Gynecological and BreastBreast
BreastBreast Carcinoma of the breastCarcinoma of the breast Fibrocystic diseaseFibrocystic disease
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PATHOLOGY: PATHOLOGY:
OvariesOvaries Ovarian carcinomaOvarian carcinoma
• Malignant tumor of the ovaryMalignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cystsOvarian cysts• Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovaryCollections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian TubesFallopian Tubes Pelvic inflammatory diseasePelvic inflammatory disease
• Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritisExamples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis
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Pathology: Breast Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breastCarcinoma of the breast
Image A Image A shows (arrows) shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast. carcinoma of the breast.
Image B Image B is a cut section of is a cut section of invasive ductal cardinoma invasive ductal cardinoma
of the breast.of the breast.
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PATHOLOGY: PregnancyPATHOLOGY: Pregnancy
Abruptio placentaeAbruptio placentae Premature separation of the implanted placentaPremature separation of the implanted placenta
ChoriocarcinomaChoriocarcinoma Malignant tumor of the placentaMalignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancyEctopic pregnancy Misplaced implantation of eggMisplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previaPlacenta previa PreeclampsiaPreeclampsia
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PATHOLOGY: NeonatalPATHOLOGY: Neonatal
Down syndromeDown syndrome HydrocephalusHydrocephalus Meconium aspiration syndromeMeconium aspiration syndrome
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PATHOLOGY: NeonatalPATHOLOGY: Neonatal
APGAR SCORING CHARTAPGAR SCORING CHART Assessment of newbornAssessment of newborn Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birthScoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
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Clinical Tests and ProceduresClinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical testsClinical tests Pap smearPap smear Pregnancy testPregnancy test
ProceduresProcedures X-rays: X-rays: Mammogram – p. 94Mammogram – p. 94 UltrasoundUltrasound Gynecological procedures: Gynecological procedures: Tubal Ligation – p. 17Tubal Ligation – p. 17 Procedures during pregnancy: Procedures during pregnancy: Aminocentesis – p.91Aminocentesis – p.91
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Clinical ProceduresClinical Procedures
Gynecological proceduresGynecological procedures ConizationConization
Removal of a cone-Removal of a cone-shaped section of shaped section of the cervix.the cervix.
Figure shows Figure shows LEEP for cone LEEP for cone biospsybiospsy
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Clinical ProceduresClinical Procedures
Gynecological proceduresGynecological procedures
Laparoscopic Oophorectomy – Laparoscopic Oophorectomy – P.92P.92
A. Ovary placed in plastic bag.A. Ovary placed in plastic bag. B. Extracted through the B. Extracted through the
laparoscopelaparoscope
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Clinical Tests and ProceduresClinical Tests and Procedures
ProceduresProcedures during pregnancyduring pregnancy Amniocentesis – p. 91Amniocentesis – p. 91
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.
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REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
cervic/ocervic/o __________________
colp/ocolp/o __________________
vagin/ovagin/o __________________ hyster/ohyster/o __________________ mamm/omamm/o __________________ mast/omast/o __________________ metri/ometri/o __________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEETCOMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
uter/outer/o ____________________ o/oo/o ____________________ oophor/ooophor/o ____________________ ovari/oovari/o ____________________ salping/osalping/o ____________________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
cervic/ocervic/o cervix, neckcervix, neck
colp/ocolp/o vaginavagina
vaginavagina vaginavagina hyster/ohyster/o uterus, wombuterus, womb mamm/omamm/o breastbreast mast/omast/o breastbreast metri/ometri/o uterusuterus uter/outer/o uterusuterus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
o/oo/o eggegg oophor/ooophor/o ovaryovary ovari/oovari/o ovaryovary salping/osalping/o fallopian tubefallopian tube
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
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What are these useful What are these useful abbreviations? abbreviations? p. 233p. 233
CSCS D&CD&C DUBDUB GYNGYN HRTHRT IVFIVF OFOF PIDPID TAH-BSOTAH-BSO