copyright © 2006 by maribeth h. price 1-1 chapter 1 introducing arcgis
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price
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Chapter 1
Introducing ArcGIS
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price
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Outline
• What is GIS?
• Some GIS applications
• Introducing the ArcGIS products
• How does GIS work?– Basic data formats– The ArcCatalog interface
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What is GIS?
• Software combining spatial mapping and analysis with database management
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With GIS you can:
• Create maps, graphs, and reports
• Create and manage map data
• Analyze spatial relationships
• Overlay map data from different sources
• Manage and display database information
• Locate addresses
• Analyze utility and transportation networks
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Example
– soils– geology– vegetation
communities– slope– aspect
– distance to water– distance to roads– satellite-derived
vegetation index (NDVI)
– satellite-derived moisture index (NDMI)
Compare 1998 horseback thistle survey to easily assessed environmental parameters
Predicting thistle occurrence in Badlands National Park
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Thistle habitat prediction map
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Application—Wildlife habitat model
• HABCAP model (U.S. Forest Service)– Uses available vegetation/roads data– Assesses suitability of a forest stand
• Availability of forage (FV = 0-1)• Availability of cover (CV = 0-1)• Proximity of forage and cover (PV = 0-1)
– Both together are more valuable than either alone
• Distance from roads
– Each stand is given a final suitability score 0-1– Uses a variety of GIS analysis techniques
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Each polygon is assigned a coefficient for cover (CV) and forage (FV) availability based on the vegetation type and structure (COVSS)
Reclassification
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Dissolving
Then the polygons are dissolved, removing the internal boundaries between polygons with the same designation.
Based on the coefficient values, the polygon is given the designation as primarily cover (C), primarily forage (F), or both (B)
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Proximity analysis
Ideal habitat area based on proximity:
B (contains both forage and cover)
Areas of F polygons that are close to the boundary of a C or B polygon
Areas of C polygons that are close to the boundary of a B or F polygon
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Buffering
PV = 1.0PV = 0.5PV = 0.2
First we extract only the C and F polygons. Because of the previous dissolve, the boundaries of these polygons all represent ideal habitat edges
Multiple buffer zones are created inside each polygon, representing distances from the boundary. Closer areas get a higher suitability rating.
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Calculation of suitability
• HS is the final suitability rating for each polygon
• Use the coefficients (0-1) determined for cover (CV), forage (FV) and proximity of cover and forage (PV)
HS = (3*FV * CV * PV) / 5
HS
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Road buffers
HS
Buffers are created around primary and secondary roads. Primary roads get larger buffers. Areas close to roads have HS halved.
Roads
Final HABCAP result
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What is ArcGIS?
Description and history of the ESRI GIS family
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A history of productsArc/Info
Arc
ArcPlot
Info/Tables
ArcEdit
GRID
ArcView 3x
ArcGIS
ArcMap
ArcInfo Workstation
ArcCatalog
ArcToolbox
ArcGIS Desktop
Coverages Shapefiles Geodatabases
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ArcGIS Desktop
ArcCatalog
ArcMap
ArcToolbox
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ArcGIS functionality
Three levels of functionality and cost
$$$ArcInfo
$$ArcEditor
$ArcView
Same interface and programs
More tools in the toolbox
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ArcGIS Extensions• Spatial Analyst• 3D Analyst• Publisher/ArcReader• Network Analyst• Maplex• Geostatistical Analyst
• Extensions are additional tools and commands that can be added to the core ArcGIS interface
• Appear as new toolbars and toolsets in ArcCatalog
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Licensing
• Floating point licenses– ArcInfo only– Central server checks out licenses– Requires a dongle and a license file
• Standalone licenses– Uses a registration file/ register online– No dongle needed– Available for ArcView and ArcEditor only
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How does GIS work?
Data storage
The ArcGIS Interface
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GIS data models
Vector model Raster model
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Vector model
Vertices
Polygon
Points
Nodes
Line
X
Y
Features are stored as a series of x-y coordinates in a rectangular coordinate system.
Many different coordinate systems may be used.
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X-Y Coordinate systems/units:Longitude-latitude (degrees)State Plane (feet)UTM (meters)
Some familiar coordinate systems can be found on a topo map.
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Features linked to data
Each feature is linked to an entry in a data table containing information about the feature.
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Feature classes
A collection of similar objects with the same attributes
States feature class
Cities feature class
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Advantages of vectors
• Precise location of features
• Storing many attributes
• Flexible for cartography
• Compact storage of information
• Ideally suited for certain types of analysis, especially areas, lengths, connections
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The raster data model
Rows
ColumnsX, Y location
Raster data fileN rows by M columns
X, Y location
Georeferenced to earth’s surface
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Types of raster data
Discrete raster: land use
Continuous raster: DEM
Continuous raster: image
Discrete raster: roads
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Continuous data
• Raster is the best way to store continuously changing values such as elevation
• Analysis faster and more flexible than vectors for many applications
• Some analysis only possible using rasters
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Raster analysis functions
Density
Least cost path
Distance Interpolation
ViewshedBuffers
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Impact of resolution
• Storage space increases by the square of the resolution
• Portraying large areas at high precision is problematic
90m resolution
10m resolution
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Storage of attributes
• Roads may have other attributes: ownership, speed limit, number of lanes, etc.
• Would need a new raster for each attribute
• Only numeric attributes may be storedRaster contains 1 value
indicating a single attribute—road type for example
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The ArcGIS InterfaceMenu bar
Tool barsTear-off/dock
Display window
Context menu
More toolbars
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The Tools toolbar
Zooming and panning
Full extent
Pointer tool
Identify attributes of features
Find text in attributes
Measure distances
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Context menus
Right-click name
Right-click symbol
Left-click symbol
Menus pop up when certain objects are clicked
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What is a layer?
• Spatial data file• Associated
properties• Held in memory
in ArcMap• Used as inputs
to functions/tools• May be saved as
a file
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Layer Properties Property tabs
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Data formats
Coverages Shapefiles Geodatabases
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Topology• Information and rules stored about spatial
relationships between features and feature classes
A
B
Polygon A is composed of a label and two arcs. Polygon A is adjacent to polygon B and shares one common arc.
A dangle error—the two lines fail to connect
Correct topology
Self-intersecting loop error
gap
overlap
Polygon errors
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Topology rules
Shannon County
Bennett County
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
South Dakota
Nebraska
Topology rules establish how features should be spatially related.
Topology rules may apply within a layer or between layers.
• No gaps or overlays between counties
• The Pine Ridge and Bennett County boundaries should match
•The South Dakota and Pine Ridge boundaries should match
These three layers show several topology errors.
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ShapefilesShapefiles in Windows Explorer
Shapefiles in ArcCatalog
Coincident boundary
•One feature class
•Multiple files
•Simple features
•No topology
•Dbf tables
•From ArcView
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Coverages
Multiple feature classes
Topological features
Many files
Info tables
From Arc/Info
Topology is information stored about spatial relationships between features. Polygon A is composed of a label and two arcs. Polygon A is adjacent to polygon B and shares one common arc.
A
B
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GeodatabasesSingle file
Multiple feature classes
Access database technology
Feature datasets
Simple and topological features
Validation rules
Customized object behavior
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Other types of data
Rasters Tables
Layer files CAD Drawings
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Geoprocessing• Stringing together commands and analysis
functions to achieve a resultMenus
Tools
Command line
Model builder
Scripts
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Important
• Although Windows permits spaces in file and folder names, in GIS they are a BAD IDEA.
• They often work, but sometimes a certain program or function will fail if it encounters a space in a folder name.
• Real GIS users FLINCH when they see spaces anywhere in folder/file names—even when they’re allowed!
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Metadata• Contains information about data that people need to properly understand and use the data• Created with and copied with data
Create Edit
Update Import Export
Fig. 22. The metadata toolbar lets you create, view, and edit metadata for your layers.
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AVOID SPACES IN FOLDERS and FILENAMES
Spaces are Evil
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Connecting to folders
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The ArcCatalog Interface
Folder tree Display window
Menu/tool bars
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Three view modes
Contents Preview Metadata
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Tables in ArcCatalog
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Getting Statistics
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File Properties
Right-click file name
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Did I mention that you should avoid spaces in folder and file names?