copyright © 2005 pearson education, inc. publishing as benjamin cummings hardy-weinberg equilibrium...

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium • In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies do change over time (Evolution!) • The five conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature, but help us calculate allele frequencies. – 1)Extremely large population size – 2)No gene flow – 3)No mutations – 4)Random mating – 5) No natural selection How are your algebra skills???

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Page 1: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

• In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies do change over time (Evolution!)

• The five conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature, but help us calculate allele frequencies. – 1)Extremely large population size

– 2)No gene flow

– 3)No mutations

– 4)Random mating

– 5) No natural selection How are your algebra skills???

Page 2: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Population Genetics and Human Health

• We can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to estimate the percentage of the human population carrying the allele for an inherited disease

• Three major factors alter allele frequencies and bring about most evolutionary change:

– Natural selection (survival of the fittest)

– Genetic drift

– Gene flow

Page 3: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Genetic Drift

• The smaller a sample, the greater the chance of deviation from a predicted result

• Genetic drift describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

• Genetic drift tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

Page 4: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Bottleneck Effect

• The bottleneck effect is a

sudden change in the environment

that may drastically reduce the

size of a population

• The resulting gene pool may no

longer be reflective of the

original population’s gene pool

Cheetah – ice age

Prairie chicken - hunting

Page 5: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Founder Effect

• The founder effect occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

• It can affect allele frequencies in a population

• Ex: Amish in Pennsylvania, beetles on island

Page 6: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gene Flow

• Gene flow—also called migration—is any movement of genes from one population to another. Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation. Native Americans and English.

Page 7: Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium In real populations, allele and genotype frequencies

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms

• Adaptations are often compromises (look how weird the human body is – tail bone)

• Chance and natural selection interact

• Selection can only edit existing variations so a lot of adaptations aren’t perfect they’re contrived!

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