copyright © 2002 prosofttraining. all rights reserved. tcp/ip internetworking

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved.

TCP/IP Internetworking


Lesson 1:The Internet Infrastructure

Objectives

• Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace

• Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability

• Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network

• Explain the Internet’s evolution

Objectives (cont’d)

• Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet

• Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF

• Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX

• Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

Overview of Networking

• Traditional networking• Internetworking• Internet versus intranet versus extranet

TCP/IP and Interoperability

• TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another

• TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another

Internetworking and the Corporate Network

• Cross-platform• Vendor-neutral

Evolution of the Internet

• ARPANET• Test and research networks• Decentralization

Internet-Related Authorities

• Internet Society (ISOC)• Internet Architecture Board (IAB)• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)• Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)• Internet Research Group (IRSG)

OSI Reference Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Packets

• Cyclical Redundancy Check• Packet creation

– Adding headers– Removing headers

OSI/RMProtocol Examples

• Application-layer protocols• Transport-layer protocols• Network-layer protocols• Data link-layer protocols

MajorNetworking Protocols

• TCP/IP• IPX/SPX• NetBEUI• AppleTalk• Data Link Control (DLC)• Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Stateful vs. Stateless

• Stateful connection-oriented• Stateless connectionless

TCP/IP

• Default protocol for– Windows NT 4.0– Windows 2000– UNIX– NetWare 5

IPX/SPX

• Advantages• Disadvantages• Novell NetWare layers

Multiprotocol Networks

• These networks combine routable and nonroutable protocols

• Multiple protocols can increase time to troubleshoot and maintain network

Summary

Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace

Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability

Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network

Explain the Internet’s evolution

Summary (cont’d)

Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet

Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF

Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX

Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks


Lesson 2:TCP/IP

Architecture

Objectives

• Describe the Internet architecture model• Explain the purpose and operational

essentials of TCP/IP• Describe various Internet protocols• Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation• Find RFCs and download them from the

Internet

Overviewof TCP/IP

• Vendor-neutral• Used more widely than anticipated• Powers the Internet

Internet Architecture

OSI Reference Model Internet Architecture Equivalent

Application

Presentation

Application

Session

Transport

Transport

Network Internet

Data Link

Physical

Network Access

Requests for Comments (RFCs)

• Protocol states• Internet Standards (STDs)• Reference RFCs

Internet Protocols

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Internet Layer

Network Access Layer

ICMPIP

IGMP

ARP RARP

Media

FTP

UDP

HTTP

SNMP

Telnet

SMTP

TCP

DNS

TFTP

BOOTP

Gopher

DHCP

Demultiplexing

ETHERNET

RARP

I P

ARP

I GMP

TCP

I CMP

Telnet FTP

UDP

TFTP SNMP

Specialized Serial Interface Protocols

• PPP– RFC 1661, STD 51

• Multilink PPP– RFC 1990

• SLIP– RFC 1055, STD 47

Summary

Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational

essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Find RFCs and download them from the

Internet


Lesson 3:Internet

Addressing

Objectives

• Explain IP addressing• Define IP address classes• Determine reserved IP addressing• Explain the use of private addresses in

intranet design• Design a TCP/IP network and calculate

subnetwork addresses• Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an

intranet

Internet Addressing

• Internet addresses are divided into the following parts– Network– Host

• Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses– field1.field2.field3.field4

IP Address Fields

• Contain 8 bits per field• Range from 0 to 255 decimal

field1.field2.field3.field4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255

1 = On0 = Off

Internet Address Classes

• Class A• Class B• Class C• Class D• Class E

IP Addressing Rules

• Broadcast addresses• Network addresses• Special-case source addresses• Loopback address

Reserved IP Addressing

• 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

Subnetworks

• Performance• Manageability• Logical groups

Subnet Masks

• Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address

• Specify whether a destination address is local or remote

Custom Subnet Masks

• Steps for determining custom subnet masks– Determine the number of subnets needed– Determine the number of bits to borrow

from the host portion– Determine the subnet mask

Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d)

• Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d)– Determine the maximum number of hosts

per subnetwork– Determine the subnetwork addresses for

each subnet– Determine the address ranges for each

subnetwork

Classless Interdomain Routing

• Technique to conserve IP addresses• Also called supernetting

Summary

Explain IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in

intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate

subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an

intranet


Lesson 4:Network

Access Layer

Objectives

• Identify the IEEE LAN standards• Install and test protocol analyzer software• Analyze ethernet packets and identify key

components• Identify fields in the ARP header• Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to

Internet addresses• Explain the function of RARP

IEEE Standardsand Ethernet

• Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems

Ethernet Function

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Determining Ethernet Addresses

• Linux• Windows 2000• Windows 95/98/Me

Ethernet Headers

Destination Hardware Address

Source Hardware Address

Type Data CRC

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

• Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network

Summary

Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key

components Identify fields in the ARP header Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to

Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP


Lesson 5:Internet Layer

Objectives

• Describe the functions of the Internet layer• Describe the routing function and how it

relates to the Internet layer• Identify the IP header fields and their purpose• Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer,

and identify key components

IP and Routing

• IP– Connectionless– Not necessarily reliable

• Routing– One of the most important IP functions– Determines the path that packets travel

across networks

IP Header

• Version

• Header length

• Service

• Datagram length

• Datagram ID number

• Flags

• Fragment offset

• Time To Live

• Protocol

• Header checksum

• Source address

• Destination address

• Options

Summary

Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it

relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer,

and identify key components


Lesson 6:Transport Layer

Objectives

• Define the functions of the transport layer• Identify the TCP header fields and explain

their purpose• Explain the TCP negotiation process• Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a

protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination


• Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose

• Decode and analyze UDP headers• Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-

known and registered port numbers

Transport Layer Protocols

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission Control Protocol

• Provides a byte-stream service– Connection-oriented– Reliable

TCP Header

• Source port• Destination port• Sequence number• Acknowledgment

number• Header length• Reserved• Flags

• Window• Checksum• Urgent pointer• Option type• Option length• Maximum segment

size

TCP Negotiation Process

• SYN• FIN• ACK

Establishing aTCP Connection

Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number.

Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK.

ACK.

Terminating a TCP Connection

Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow.

Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow.

ACK.

ACK.

User Datagram Protocol

• Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer

• Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability

TCP and UDP Ports

• Port assignments in the Internet domain

Port Number Range Description

1 to 1023 Well-known/reserved portnumbers

1024 to 65535 Registered port numbers

Summary

Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain

their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a

protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

Summary (cont’d)

Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose

Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-

known and registered port numbers


Lesson 7:Domain

Name System

Objectives

• Define and configure hosts files• Explain the DNS and its evolution• Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the

relationships among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems


• Identify DNS records and list the record types• Install and configure a DNS server and client• Describe the relationships among UNIX,

Windows and DNS

DNS

• DNS consists of three levels– Root– Top– Second

ROOT

Second

TOP

Second

DNS Components

• Name server• Name resolver

TheHosts File

• Simple text file referenced locally by applications and commands for name-to-address resolution

DNS Server Types

• Root server• Primary or master server• Secondary or slave server• Caching and caching-only server• Forwarding server

DNS Records

• Internet (IN) • Name Server (NS)• Start of Authority (SOA)• Address (A)• Canonical Name (CNAME)• Mail Exchanger (MX)• Pointer (PTR)

UNIX and DNS

• named.ca• named.local• domain_name.hosts• rev.domain_name.hosts• named.boot (BIND version 4)• Named.conf (BIND version 8)• resolv.conf

Windows 2000 and DNS

• Dynamic DNS (DDNS)

Summary

Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the

relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

Summary (cont’d)

Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client Describe the relationships among UNIX,

Windows and DNS


Lesson 8:Address and Parameter

Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts

Objectives

• Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client

• Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client

• Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP• Explain the difference between dynamic and

manual address allocation• Install and configure a DHCP server and client

BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP)

• Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters

• Created as an alternative to RARP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

• Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks

• Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)

DHCP Initialization Process

Discover

Offer

Request

Acknowledgment

Summary

Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client

Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client

Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and

manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client

TCP/IP Internetworking

The Internet Infrastructure TCP/IP Architecture Internet Addressing Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Domain Name System Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP

Hosts

copyright © 2002 prosofttraining. all rights reserved. tcp/ip internetworking

Documents