copyright, 2000 © suny at buffalo. on the road to umts hongyi wu xiaojun cao (universal mobile...
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Copyright, 2000 © SUNY at Buffalo.
On the Road to UMTS
Hongyi Wu
Xiaojun Cao
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)
Outline
• Introduction to GSM
• GPRS
• EDGE
• UMTS
• WCDMA
• Summery
What is GSM??(Global System for Mobile Communications)
GSM Architecture
• Three broad parts– Mobile Station (MS): carried by the subscriber
– Base Station Subsystem: control radio link with MS
– Network Subsystem: its main part is MSC
• Interfaces: – Um Interface : known as air interface or radio link.
– Abis Interface: between BTS and BSC
– A Interface: between BSC and MSC
Mobile Station
• ME(mobile equipment)
– the terminal
• SIM (Subscriber identity Module)
– provides personal mobility. – Can insert the SIM card into another
GSM terminal and use
Base Station Subsystem
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
– handle the radio link protocols with the Mobile Station
– many BTSs in a large urban area
• BSC (Base Station Controller)
– manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs
– handles such as: channel setup , frequence hopping and handovers.
– connection between MS and MSC
Network Subsystem
• MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center)
– acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN
– provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN).
• HLR (Home Location Register )
– contains information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile.
– logically one HLR per GSM network
Network Subsystem cont.
• VLR (Visitor Location Register) – contains selected information from the
HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services,
– each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.
• EIR (The Equipment Identity Register) – a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile equipment on the network,
• AuC (The Authentication Center) – is a protected database:secret key of SIM
GSM Features
• Multiple access: use TDMA/FDMA to share the limited radio spectrum– The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of
the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart.
– Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme.
• GSM is a digital network– Based on Circuit-switch
GSM Features cont.
• SMS: Short Message Service – is a bi-directional service for short (up to 160 bytes)
messages. Messages are transported in a store-and-forward fashion.
– an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender.
– can also be used in a cell-broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. Messages can also be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval
GPRS System(General Packet Radio Service)
GPRS Architecture
• Introduce two new nodes into GSM network– SGSN (the Serving GPRS Support Node):
• Keep track of the location of the mobile within its service area and send/receive packets from the mobile , passing them on, or receiving them from the GGSN
– GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): • convert the GSM packets into other packet protocols
(e.g.IP or X.25) and send them out into another network.
GPRS Features
• Log on to GPRS– A GPRS-capable terminal communicates with GSM
base Stations, but unlike circuit-switched data calls which connects to MSC, GPRS packets are sent sent from the base station to SGSN, SGSN communicates with GGSN.
– Establishes a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) which is logical connection between the mobile and GGSN
– now visible to the outside fixed networks
GPRS Features Cont.
– SGSN and GGSN use GPRS tunnel protocol (GTP) which operates over the top of TCP/IP to encapsulate the packets
– Tunnels: information may be encrypted and additional data is added to each packet to prevent tampering
• Packed based– No dial-up, just as with a LAN connection.– No delay for sending data
GPRS Features Cont.
– pay for the amount of data they actually communicate, and not the idle time
– users need to confirm their agreement to pay for the delivery of content from the service. This is performed by using WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
– unsolicited packets may not be charged– voice and Data Communication at the same time– can be viewed as a sub-network of the Internet
GPRS Features Cont.
• Spectrum Efficiency– users can share the resource (Radio link),it is used only
when users are actually sending or receiving data
• Speed: Based on GMSK– a modulation technique known as Gaussian minimum-
shift keying.– Theoretical Max speeds up to 171.2kbps.
(GSM:9.6Kbps)
GPRS Features Cont.
– a channel that is 200kHz wide, is divided into 8 separate data streams, each carrying maximum 20kbps(14.4kbps typical), GSM only use one channel, GPRS combine up to 8 of these channels.
• complement rather than replace the current data services available through today’s GSM– doesn't require new radio spectrum
– supports TDMA: also use for IS-136
GPRS Phrase
• Phrase 1– expectedly to be available commercially in 2001, Point
to point GPRS will be supported
• Phrase 2– net yet fully defined, but is expected to higher data
rates through possible incorporation of techniques such as EDGE, in addition to Point-to-Multipoint support.
EDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
• Introduce new methods at the physical layer– new form of modulation: 8PSK(phrase Shift Keying)
• introduced as a complement to GMSK (Gaussian Filter Minimum Shift Keying)
• 8PSK: use 8 phrases to carry signals
– Different ways of encoding • nine MCS(Module Coding Schemes) have been defined,
from 8.8kbps per timeslot(MCS-1 with GMSK modulation) up to 59.2kbps per timeslot(MCS-9 with 8PSK modulation)
– High radio interface data rates (up to 384kbps)
EDGE Features
EDGE Features cont.
• Provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS– Only one EDGE transceiver unit need to be added to
each cell.– Software upgrades to BSC and Base Stations can be
carried out remotely.– Higher layer protocols (GGSN, SGSN) stay the same– Can be introduced smoothly in GPRS(doesn’t require
any new elements)
EDGE Features cont.
• EDGE is a technology both for – HSCSD(High Speed Circuit Switched Data) is simply a
Circuit Switched Data call in which a single user can take over up to four separate channels at the same time.
– and for GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) to meet the demands of wireless multimedia applications.
– Also introduced into existing IS-136 networks
EDGE Features cont.
• The Data networking for WCDMA will likely be based on EDGE/GPRS infrastructure protocols, Such as GTP(GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
• As a consequence EDGE is a way to provide 3G services on 2G networks
Scenario for Migration from 2G to 3G
What are 3G Technologies?• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)
– EDGE can co-exist with UMTS• e.g. Edge provide high speed services for wide-area
coverage while UMTS is deployed in urban hot spots.
• Cdma 2000 – based on the cdma One standard, two air
modes: • one based on the parallel use of 3 contiguous
cdmaOne carriers (multi-carrier approach),
• the other one on the use of the corresponding 3 carriers width spreading (direct spread approach)
What are 3G Technologies? Cont.
• UWC-136 (USA cellular standard)
– based on GPRS and EDGE technologies defined by ETSI for data on overlay of ANSI-136 "classical" networks for voice. Nevertheless, UWC-136 can benefit from the expected standardization of voice over IP (VoIP) on EDGE. D-AMPS operators mainly promote UWC-136.
To be Continued
• Mr. HongYi Wu will give us More detail about these topics
What does UMTS provide?
• Circuit- and Packet-Oriented Services
• Seamless Global Roaming
• Capacity and Capability to serve more than 50% population
• A Wide Range of Services– Voice, low-rate data and high-rate data– 144kb/s, 384kb/s , 2Mb/s
UMTS coverage vs. bit rate
Outdoors
Vehicle
Walk
Fixed
Indoors
155Mb/s2.00.5
GSM
UMTS
Broadband Radio
UMTS Hierarchical Cell Structure
Satellite Mega-CellSatellite Mega-Cell Satellite Mega-CellSatellite Mega-Cell
Macro-CellMacro-Cell Macro-CellMacro-Cell
Micro-CellMicro-CellPico-CellPico-Cell
Micro-CellMicro-CellPico-CellPico-Cell
Micro-CellMicro-CellPico-CellPico-Cell
Micro-CellMicro-CellPico-CellPico-Cell
UTRAN-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Core Network
RNC
Node BNode B
RNC
Node BNode B
RNC
Node BNode B
MH
lu lu lulur lur
Uu
lub
Frequency Allocation
• 1920-1980 MHz paired with 2110-2170 MHz
• Total 35 MHz unpaired band
1920 1980 2010 2025
C C A MSS B A’
2110 2170 2200
MSS
FDD vs. TDD•Both FDD and TDD are available in UMTS•TDD has been designed for use in high density areas•The highest bearer rate:
•TDD-2.048Mb/s•FDD-384kb/s
WCDMA
• Radio Parameters
• Performance Improvement
• Channels
• Channel Generation
• Power Control
• Handoff
WCDMA Radio Parameters
• Group 200KHz bands into 4.2-5.0 MHz carriers
• Chip Rate is 4.096 Mchips/sec
• System Capacity of 128 channels per cell provided by 5 MHz bandwidth
WCDMA Performance Improvement
• Capacity Improvement
• No Frequency Planning
• Multiple Services per Connection
• Frequency Handoff– HCS– Hot Spot
HCS & Hot-Spot
HCS-Scenario
f1 f1f2
Macro MacroMicro
Handoff between layers is alwayse needed
f1 f1f1
f2
Hot-Spot Scenario
Hot-Spot
Handoff at Hot-Spot is sometimes needed
WCDMA Channels
• Forward WCDMA Channels– Pilot Channel– Sync Channel– Paging Channel– Forward Traffic Channel
• Forward Information Channel
• Forward Singal Channel
WCDMA Channels
• Reverse WCDMA Channels– Access Channel– Reverse Traffic Channel
• Reverse Information Channel
• Reverse Signaling Channel
An Example of Channel Generation
16 kbps
Convolutional
EncoderR=1/2, k=9
BlockInterleave
r
SymbolRepetition
16 ksps 64 ksps
Long Code
Generator
4.096 Mcps
A Forward WCDMA Sync Channel
Walsh 128
16 ksps16 ksps
16 ksps
64 ksps
WCDMA Convolutional Encoder
Output Symbols(a1,a2)(b1,b2)…...
Input dataa,b,...
A (2,1,8) Convolutional Encoder Implemented by LFSR
WCDMA Block Interleaving
1 9 17 252 10 18 263 11 19 274 12 20 285 13 21 296 14 22 307 15 23 318 16 24 32
1 ...17 ...9 ...25 ...5 ...21 ...13 ...29 ...
WCDMA Orthoganal Modulation
• Walsh Code Generation
MatrixH
HH
HHH
HH
HHH
H
128128
......
0110
1100
1010
0000
10
00
0
128
22
224
11
112
1
CDMA Orthoganal Modulation
• Modulation– Take 6 bit from the input stream (C0, C1, C2, C3,
C4, C5)
– Compute MSI (Modulation Symbol Index)
MSI= C0+2 C1+4 C2 +8C3+16C4+32 C5
– Each of the six symbol group is mapped to the row(MSI) of H128
WCDMA Direct Sequence Spreading
Long Code Seed
XOR
Long Code 4.096 Mcps
•Long Code Generation by LFSR
1 x x2 x32
WCDMA Direct Sequence Spreading
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1
0
1
0
1 1 1
0 0
1 1 11
0 0
1
1
0
1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 11
0 0
1 t
t
t
dw(t)
C(t)
Ds(t)
Power Control In WCDMA
) 3 ( ,p userP eN Q P N: Spread Factorp : Carrier-to-Interference-Ratio for subscriber P
•Bit Error Rate and Power
1
0
K
pkk
k
pp
P
P
Power Control In WCDMA
)1
3(
1
1
k
NQP
k
e
p
• Perfect Power Control
Power Control In WCDMA
• Near-Far Problem in CDMA– Different Performance for Subcriber Links– A Few Subscribers closest to the BTS may
contribute too much multiple Access Interference.
Power Control In WCDMA
• How to do power control– Force all users to transmit the minimum amount
of power– Reduce the power transmitted by users closest
to the BTS; increase the power transmitted by users farest to the BTS
Power Control In WCDMA
• Open Loop vs. Close Loop– Open Loop Power Control
Subscriber measures the DL power and adjusts its transmission power
– Close Loop Power Control
BS measures the UL power. MS measures the DL power and reports to the BS. BS instructs the user to raise or lower it transmission power
WCDMA Soft Handoff
Active set = BS1
BS1
BS2
Active set = BS1 & BS2BS2 SS > add threshold
BS1
BS2
Active set = BS2BS1 SS < drop threshold
BS1
BS2
Active Research Topics
• Cellular system architecture
• UMTS air interface
• Power control in CDMA
• Handoff
• Satellite-UMTS traffic
Reference
• http://www.europe.alcatel.fr/telecom/rcd/keytech/
• http://www.comms.eee.strath.ac.uk/~gozalvez/gsm/
• http://www.gsmworld.com/
• http://www.ibctelecoms.com/
• http://www.span.net.au/
• http://www.cdg.org/tech/a_ross/
• http://www.nokia.com/networks/mobile/
• http://www.gsmdata.com/
• http://www.sds.lcs.mit.edu/~turletti/gmsk/
• http://www.wirelessweek.com/issues/3G/
Reference
• http://www.umts-forum.org/reports.html
• http://www.itu.int/imt/
• http://www.etsi.org/
• S. Dutnall, N. Lobley, A. Clapton, UMTS: The mobile part of broadband communications for the next century IEEE Atm Workshop, Proceedings. p242-252,1998
• S. Breyer, G. Dega, V. Kumar, L. Szabo, Global view of the UMTS concept Alcatel Telecommunications Review. n 3 1999. p 219-227
• M. Lee, CDMA Network Security , Prentice-Hall, 1998
• U. Black, Mobile & Wireless Networks, Prentice-Hall, 1999
• M. Gallagher, W. Webb, UMTS: The next generation of mobile radio, IEE Review. v 45 n 2 1999. p 59-63
Reference
• A. Samukic, UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System:Development of standards for the third generation, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference & Exhibition. v 4 1998. p 1976-1983
• N. Prasad, GSM evolution towards third generation UMTS/IMT2000, IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications 1999, p 50-54
• A. Samukic, UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system: Development of standards for the third generation, IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology. v 47 n 4 Nov 1998. p 1099-1104