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Chapter 11

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

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The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

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Establishment of Rome

Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

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The Etruscans

Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6th c. BCE

Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north

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Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

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The Kingdom of Rome

Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE Streets, temples, public buildings

Major center of trade routes

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Establishment of the Republic

509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls Senate

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Social Conflict

Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for

representation Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed

in times crises

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Cincinnatus-Model Dictator

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Expansion of the Republic

Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives

Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship

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Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

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The Punic Wars

Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd

C. BCE

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Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution

Perennial problem Development of large plantations - latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders

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Expansion of the Roman republic to 133 BCE

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The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of

landless peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

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Civil War

87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCE Reign of terror follows

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Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror

Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises in popularity

Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

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Caesar’s Policies

Centralized military, governance under personal control

Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban

unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44

BCE

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Augustus

Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

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Augustus’ Administration

Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military

power Stabilized empire Death in 14 CE

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Expansion and Integration of Empire

Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain

Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources

Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

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The Roman Empire, about 117 CE

Page 308 Bentley 4e

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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”

27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork

Curbs Drainage Flat paving stones Milestones Postal service

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Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

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Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

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The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

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Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman

Rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court

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Commercial Agriculture and Trade

Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

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The City of Rome

Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce

Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts

Technology: concrete

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Roman Attractions

Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus

250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial Games

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Roman Latrine

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Circus Maximus

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Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

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The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

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The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

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Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery

Women not allowed to inherit property Rarely enforced

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Wealth and Social Change

Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

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Slavery

2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population Customary manumission at age 30

Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

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Roman Deities

Polytheistic Major gods Absorption of gods from other cultures

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Cicero and Stoicism

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism

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Mithraism

From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,

discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular

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Judaism in Early Rome

Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures

Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in

Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

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Synagogue at Capernaum

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The Essenes

Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

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Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Sermon on the Mount “Kingdom of God is at hand” Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus

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Jesus’ Early Followers

Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament

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St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

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Paul of Tarsus

Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout the Roman Empire Missionary activity

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The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

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Early Christian Communities

Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual

Nature of resurrection Role of women

Gradual acceptance of core texts

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Council of Nicaea 325 CE

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I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made.

Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.

And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.

And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

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Growth of Early Christianity

Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women

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