copy of steam table si imp & other details

Specific enthalpy SpecificWater Evaporation Steam volume

Pressure Temp (hf) (hfg) (hg) steambar kPa °C kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg m3/kg

absolute0.3 30 69.1 289.23 2336.1 2625.3 5.2290.5 50 81.33 340.49 2305.4 2645.9 3.24

0.75 75 91.78 384.39 2278.6 2663 2.2170.95 95 98.2 411.43 2261.8 2673.2 1.777

1 100 99.63 417.51 2257.9 2675.4 1.6941.013 101.3 100 419.06 2257 2676 1.673

gauge0 0 100 419.06 2257 2676 1.673

0.1 10 102.66 430.2 2250.2 2680.2 1.5330.2 20 105.1 440.8 2243.4 2684.2 1.4140.3 30 107.39 450.4 2237.2 2687.6 1.3120.4 40 109.55 459.7 2231.3 2691 1.2250.5 50 111.61 468.3 2225.6 2693.9 1.1490.6 60 113.56 476.4 2220.4 2696.8 1.0880.7 70 115.4 484.1 2215.4 2699.5 1.0240.8 80 117.14 491.6 2210.5 2702.1 0.9710.9 90 118.8 498.9 2205.6 2704.5 0.923

1 100 120.42 505.6 2201.1 2706.7 0.8811.1 110 121.96 512.2 2197 2709.2 0.8411.2 120 123.46 518.7 2192.8 2711.5 0.8061.3 130 124.9 524.6 2188.7 2713.3 0.7731.4 140 126.28 530.5 2184.8 2715.3 0.7431.5 150 127.62 536.1 2181 2717.1 0.7141.6 160 128.89 541.6 2177.3 2718.9 0.6891.7 170 130.13 547.1 2173.7 2720.8 0.6651.8 180 131.37 552.3 2170.1 2722.4 0.6431.9 190 132.54 557.3 2166.7 2724 0.622

2 200 133.69 562.2 2163.3 2725.5 0.6032.2 220 135.88 571.7 2156.9 2728.6 0.5682.4 240 138.01 580.7 2150.7 2731.4 0.5362.6 260 140 589.2 2144.7 2733.9 0.5092.8 280 141.92 597.4 2139 2736.4 0.483

3 300 143.75 605.3 2133.4 2738.7 0.4613.2 320 145.46 612.9 2128.1 2741 0.443.4 340 147.2 620 2122.9 2742.9 0.4223.6 360 148.84 627.1 2117.8 2744.9 0.4053.8 380 150.44 634 2112.9 2746.9 0.389

4 400 151.96 640.7 2108.1 2748.8 0.3744.5 450 155.55 656.3 2096.7 2753 0.342

5 500 158.92 670.9 2086 2756.9 0.315

5.5 550 162.08 684.6 2075.7 2760.3 0.2926 600 165.04 697.5 2066 2763.5 0.272

6.5 650 167.83 709.7 2056.8 2766.5 0.2557 700 170.5 721.4 2047.7 2769.1 0.24

7.5 750 173.02 732.5 2039.2 2771.7 0.2278 800 175.43 743.1 2030.9 2774 0.215

8.5 850 177.75 753.3 2022.9 2776.2 0.2049 900 179.97 763 2015.1 2778.1 0.194

9.5 950 182.1 772.5 2007.5 2780 0.18510 1000 184.13 781.6 2000.1 2781.7 0.177

10.5 1050 186.05 790.1 1993 2783.3 0.17111 1100 188.02 798.8 1986 2784.8 0.163

11.5 1150 189.82 807.1 1979.1 2786.3 0.15712 1200 191.68 815.1 1972.5 2787.6 0.151

12.5 1250 193.43 822.9 1965.4 2788.8 0.14813 1300 195.1 830.4 1959.6 2790 0.141

13.5 1350 196.62 837.9 1953.2 2791.1 0.13614 1400 198.35 845.1 1947.1 2792.2 0.132

14.5 1450 199.92 852.1 1941 2793.1 0.12815 1500 201.45 859 1935 2794 0.124

15.5 1550 202.92 865.7 1928.8 2794.9 0.11916 1600 204.38 872.3 1923.4 2795.7 0.11717 1700 207.17 885 1912.1 2797.1 0.1118 1800 209.9 897.2 1901.3 2798.5 0.10519 1900 212.47 909 1890.5 2799.5 0.120 2000 214.96 920.3 1880.2 2800.5 0.099421 2100 217.35 931.3 1870.1 2801.4 0.090622 2200 219.65 941.9 1860.1 2802 0.086823 2300 221.85 952.2 1850.4 2802.6 0.083224 2400 224.02 962.2 1840.9 2803.1 0.079725 2500 226.12 972.1 1831.4 2803.5 0.076826 2600 228.15 981.6 1822.2 2803.8 0.07427 2700 230.14 990.7 1818.3 2804 0.071428 2800 232.05 999.7 1804.4 2804.1 0.068929 2900 233.93 1008.6 1795.6 2804.2 0.066630 3000 235.78 1017 1787 2804.1 0.064531 3100 237.55 1025.6 1778.5 2804.1 0.062532 3200 239.28 1033.9 1770 2803.9 0.060533 3300 240.97 1041.9 1761.8 2803.7 0.058734 3400 242.63 1049.7 1753.8 2803.5 0.057135 3500 244.26 1057.7 1745.5 2803.2 0.055436 3600 245.86 1065.7 1737.2 2802.9 0.053937 3700 247.42 1072.9 1729.5 2802.4 0.052438 3800 248.95 1080.3 1721.6 2801.9 0.05139 3900 250.42 1087.4 1714.1 2801.5 0.049840 4000 251.94 1094.6 1706.3 2800.9 0.0485

41 4100 253.34 1101.6 1698.3 2799.9 0.047342 4200 254.74 1108.6 1691.2 2799.8 0.046143 4300 256.12 1115.4 1683.7 2799.1 0.045144 4400 257.5 1122.1 1676.2 2798.3 0.044145 4500 258.82 1228.7 1668.9 2797.6 0.043146 4600 260.13 1135.3 1666.6 2796.9 0.042147 4700 261.43 1142.2 1654.5 2796.6 0.041248 4800 262.73 1148.1 1647.1 2795.2 0.040349 4900 264 1154.5 1639.9 2794.4 0.039450 5000 265.26 1160.8 1632.8 2793.6 0.038651 5100 266.45 1166.6 1626.9 2792.6 0.037852 5200 267.67 1172.6 1619 2791.6 0.037153 5300 268.84 1178.7 1612 2790.7 0.036454 5400 270.02 1184.6 1605.1 2789.7 0.035755 5500 271.2 1190.5 1598.2 2788.7 0.03556 5600 272.33 1196.3 1591.3 2787.6 0.034357 5700 273.45 1202.1 1584.5 2786.6 0.033758 5800 274.55 1207.8 1577.7 2785.5 0.033159 5900 275.65 1213.4 1571 2784.4 0.032560 6000 276.73 1218.9 1564.4 2783.3 0.031961 6100 277.8 1224.5 1557.6 2782.1 0.031462 6200 278.85 1230 1550.9 2780.9 0.030863 6300 279.89 1235.4 1544.3 2779.7 0.030364 6400 280.92 1240.8 1537.3 2778.5 0.029865 6500 281.95 1246.1 1531.2 2777.3 0.029366 6600 282.95 1251.4 1524.7 2776.1 0.028867 6700 283.95 1256.7 1518.1 2774.8 0.028368 6800 284.93 1261.9 1511.6 2773.5 0.027869 6900 285.9 1267 1501.1 2772.1 0.027470 7000 286.85 1272.1 1498.7 2770.8 0.02771 7100 287.8 1277.3 1492.2 2769.5 0.026672 7200 288.75 1282.3 1485.8 2768.1 0.026273 7300 289.69 1287.3 1479.4 2766.7 0.025874 7400 290.6 1292.3 1473 2765.3 0.025475 7500 291.51 1297.2 1466.6 2763.8 0.02576 7600 292.41 1302.3 1460.2 2762.5 0.024677 7700 293.91 1307 1453.9 2760.9 0.024278 7800 294.2 1311.9 1447.6 2759.9 0.023979 7900 295.1 1316.7 1441.3 2758 0.023680 8000 295.96 1312.5 1435 2756.5 0.023381 8100 296.81 1326.2 1428.7 2754.9 0.022982 8200 297.66 1330.9 1422.5 2753.4 0.022683 8300 298.5 1335.7 1416.2 2751.9 0.022384 8400 299.35 1340.3 1410 2750.3 0.02285 8500 300.2 1345 1403.8 2748.8 0.021786 8600 301 1349.6 1397.6 2747.2 0.0214

87 8700 301.81 1354.2 1391.3 2745.5 0.021188 8800 302.61 1358.8 1385.2 2744 0.020889 8900 303.41 1363.3 1379 2742.3 0.020590 9000 304.2 1367.8 1372.7 2740.5 0.020292 9200 305.77 1376.8 1360.3 2737.1 0.019794 9400 307.24 1385.7 1348 2733.7 0.019296 9600 308.83 1394.5 1335.7 2730.2 0.018798 9800 310.32 1403.2 1323.3 2726.5 0.0183

100 10000 311.79 1411.9 1310.9 2722.8 0.0178102 10200 313.24 1420.5 1298.7 2719.2 0.0174104 10400 314.67 1429 1286.3 2715.3 0.017106 10600 316.08 1437.5 1274 2711.5 0.0166108 10800 317.46 1445.9 1261.7 2707.6 0.0162110 11000 318.83 1454.3 1249.3 2703.6 0.0158112 11200 320.17 1462.6 1237 2699.6 0.0154114 11400 321.5 1470.8 1224.6 2695.4 0.015116 11600 322.81 1479 1212.2 2691.2 0.0147118 11800 324.1 1487.2 1199.8 2687 0.0144120 12000 325.38 1495.4 1187.3 2682.7 0.0141

Pressure Temp Sensible Heat Latent Heat(hf) (hfg)

deg F Btu/lb Btu/lbabsolute

15 179 147 99110 192 160 983

5 203 171 976psig

0 212 180 9711 215 183 9693 221 190 9645 227 196 9617 232 201 9589 237 206 954

11 241 210 95113 246 214 94915 250 218 94617 253 222 94319 257 226 94121 260 229 93923 264 233 93725 267 236 93527 270 239 93229 273 242 93131 275 244 92933 278 247 92735 281 250 92537 283 252 92339 286 255 92141 288 257 92043 290 260 91845 292 262 91647 295 264 91549 297 266 91351 299 268 91253 300 270 91055 303 272 90960 308 278 90565 312 282 90270 316 287 89875 320 290 89680 324 295 89285 327 298 89090 331 302 88795 335 305 884

100 338 309 882105 341 312 879110 344 316 876115 347 319 874120 350 322 872125 353 325 869130 356 328 867135 358 330 865140 361 333 862145 363 336 860150 366 339 858155 368 341 856160 371 344 854165 373 346 852170 375 348 850175 377 351 848180 380 353 846185 382 355 844190 384 358 842195 386 360 840200 388 362 838205 390 364 837210 392 366 835215 394 368 833220 395 370 831225 397 372 830230 399 374 828235 401 376 826245 404 380 822255 408 383 819265 411 387 816275 414 391 813285 417 394 810295 420 397 807305 423 400 804315 426 404 801325 429 407 798335 432 410 795345 434 41 792355 437 416 790365 440 419 787375 442 421 784385 445 424 781395 447 427 779

Total Heat Volume(hg) Dry Sat

Btu/lb cu.ft/lb

1138 51.411143 39.41147 31.8

1151 26.81152 25.21154 22.51156 20.11158 18.41160 171162 15.91163 15.11164 13.91165 131167 12.31168 11.71169 11.11170 10.61171 10.31172 9.71173 9.31174 8.91175 8.61175 8.251176 7.951177 7.71177 7.441178 7.211179 6.991179 6.781180 6.61181 6.41181 6.231183 5.841184 5.51185 5.191186 4.911187 4.671188 4.451189 4.241189 4.06

1190 3.891191 3.741192 3.591193 3.461193 3.341194 3.231195 3.121195 3.021196 2.931196 2.841197 2.761197 2.681198 2.611198 2.541198 2.471199 2.411199 2.351199 2.291200 2.241200 2.191200 2.141201 2.091201 2.041201 21201 1.961202 1.921202 1.881202 1.851202 1.781203 1.711203 1.651204 1.61204 1.541204 1.491204 1.451204 1.411205 1.361205 1.331205 1.291205 1.261205 1.221205 1.191205 1.161205 1.13

superheated steam tables - imperial units

Pressure Sat.lbs. / sq. in. Temp

Abs. Gauge t350° 400° 500° 600°P

15 0.3 213.03V 31.939 33.963 37.985 41.986

1216.2 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2

20 5.3 227.96V 23.9 25.428 28.457 31.466

1215.4 1239.2 1286.9 1334.9

30 15.3 250.34V 15.859 16.892 18.929 20.945

1213.6 1237.8 1286 1334.2

40 25.3 267.25V 11.838 12.624 14.165 15.685

1211.7 1236.4 1285 1333.6

50 35.3 281.02V 9.424 10.062 11.306 12.529

1209.9 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9

60 45.3 292.71V 7.815 8.354 9.4 10.425

1208 1233.5 1283.2 1332.3

70 55.3 302.93V 6.664 7.133 8.039 8.922

1206 1232 1282.2 1331.6

80 65.3 312.04V 5.801 6.218 7.018 7.794

1204 1230.5 1281.3 1330.9

90 75.3 320.28V 5.128 5.505 6.223 6.917

1202 1228.9 1280.3 1330.2

100 85.3 327.82V 4.59 4.935 5.588 6.216

1199.9 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6

120 105.3 341.27V 3.7815 4.0786 4.6341 5.1637

1195.6 1224.1 1277.4 1328.2

140 125.3 353.04V 3.4661 3.9526 4.4119

1220.8 1275.3 1326.8

160 145.3 363.55V 3.006 3.4413 3.848

1217.4 1273.3 1325.4

180 165.3 373.08V 2.6474 3.0433 3.4093

1213.8 1271.2 1324

200 185.3 381.8V 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583

1210.1 1269 1322.6

220 205.3 389.88V 2.124 2.4638 2.771

1206.3 1266.9 1321.2

240 225.3 397.39V 1.9268 2.2462 2.5316

V = specific volume, cubic feet per poundhg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound

Total Temperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t )

P '

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

240 225.3 397.391202.4 1264.6 1319.7

260 245.3 404.44V 2.0619 2.3289

1262.4 1318.2

280 265.3 411.07V 1.9037 2.1551

1260 1316.8

300 285.3 417.35V 1.7665 2.0044

1257.7 1315.2

320 305.3 423.31V 1.6462 1.8725

1255.2 1313.7

340 325.3 428.99V 1.5399 1.7561

1252.8 1312.2

360 345.3 434.41V 1.4454 1.6525

1250.3 1310.6Pressure Sat.

Lbs. / Sq. In. TempAbs. Gauge t

500° 600° 700° 800°P

380 365.3 439.61V 1.3606 1.5598 1.741 1.9139

1247.7 1309 1364.5 1417.9

400 385.3 444.6V 1.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151

1245.1 1307.4 1363.4 1417

420 405.3 449.4V 1.2148 1.4007 1.5676 1.7258

1242.4 1305.8 1362.3 1416.2

440 425.3 454.03V 1.1517 1.3319 1.4926 1.6445

1239.7 1304.2 1361.1 1415.3

460 445.3 458.5V 1.0939 1.2691 1.4242 1.5703

1236.9 1302.5 1360 1414.4

480 465.3 462.82V 1.0409 1.2115 1.3615 1.5023

1234.1 1300.8 1358.8 1413.6

500 485.3 467.01V 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.4397

1231.2 1299.1 1357.7 1412.7

520 505.3 471.07V 0.9466 1.1094 1.2504 1.3819

1228.3 1297.4 1356.5 1411.8

540 525.3 475.01V 0.9045 1.064 1.201 1.3284

1225.3 1295.7 1355.3 1410.9

560 545.3 478.84V 0.8653 1.0217 1.1552 1.2787

1222.2 1293.9 1354.2 1410

580 565.3 482.57V 0.8287 0.9824 1.1125 1.2324

1219.1 1292.1 1353 1409.2

600 585.3 486.2V 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

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P '

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

600 585.3 486.21215.9 1290.3 1351.8 1408.3

650 635.3 494.89V 0.7173 0.8634 0.9835 1.0929

1207.6 1285.7 1348.7 1406

700 685.3 503.08V 0.7928 0.9072 1.0102

1281 1345.6 1403.7

750 735.3 510.84V 0.7313 0.8409 0.9386

1276.1 1342.5 1401.5

800 785.3 518.21V 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759

1271.1 1339.3 1399.1

850 835.3 525.24V 0.6296 0.7315 0.8205

1265.9 1336 1396.8

900 885.3 531.95V 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713

1260.6 1332.7 1394.4

950 935.3 538.39V 0.5485 0.6449 0.7272

1255.1 1329.3 1392

1000 985.3 544.58V 0.5137 0.608 0.6875

1249.3 1325.9 1389.6

1050 1035.3 550.53V 0.4821 0.5745 0.6515

1243.4 1322.4 1387.2

1100 1085.3 556.28V 0.4531 0.544 0.6188

1237.3 1318.8 1384.7

1150 1135.3 561.82V 0.4263 0.5162 0.5889

1230.9 1315.2 1382.2Pressure Sat.

lbs. / sq. in. TempAbs. Gauge t

650° 700° 750° 800°P

1200 1185.3 567.19V 0.4497 0.4905 0.5273 0.5615

1271.8 1311.5 1346.9 1379.7

1300 1285.3 577.42V 0.4052 0.4451 0.4804 0.5129

1261.9 1303.9 1340.8 1374.6

1400 1385.3 587.07V 0.3667 0.4059 0.44 0.4712

1251.4 1296.1 1334.5 1369.3

1500 1485.3 596.2V 0.3328 0.3717 0.4049 0.435

1240.2 1287.9 1328 1364

1600 1585.3 604.87V 0.3026 0.3415 0.3741 0.4032

1228.3 1279.4 1321.4 1358.5

1700 1685.3 613.13V 0.2754 0.3147 0.3468 0.3751

1215.3 1270.5 1314.5 1352.9

1800 1785.3 621.02V 0.2505 0.2906 0.3223 0.35

hg

hg

hg

hg

hg

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hg

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hg

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P '

hg

hg

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hg

hg

1800 1785.3 621.021201.2 1261.1 1307.4 1347.2

1900 1885.3 628.56V 0.2274 0.2687 0.3004 0.3275

1185.7 1251.3 1300.2 1341.4

2000 1985.3 635.8V 0.2056 0.2488 0.2805 0.3072

1168.3 1240.9 1292.6 1335.4

2100 2085.3 642.76V 0.1847 0.2304 0.2624 0.2888

1148.5 1229.8 1284.9 1329.3

2200 2185.3 649.45V 0.1636 0.2134 0.2458 0.272

1123.9 1218 1276.8 1323.1

2300 2285.3 655.89V 0.1975 0.2305 0.2566

1205.3 1268.4 1316.7

2400 2385.3 662.11V 0.1824 0.2164 0.2424

1191.6 1259.7 1310.1

2500 2485.3 668.11V 0.1681 0.2032 0.2293

1176.7 1250.6 1303.4

2600 2585.3 673.91V 0.1544 0.1909 0.2171

1160.2 1241.1 1296.5

2700 2685.3 679.53V 0.1411 0.1794 0.2058

1142 1231.1 1289.5

2800 2785.3 684.96V 0.1278 0.1685 0.1952

1121.2 1220.6 1282.2

2900 2885.3 690.22V 0.1138 0.1581 0.1853

1095.3 1209.6 1274.7

3000 2985.3 695.33V 0.0982 0.1483 0.1759

1060.5 1197.9 1267

3100 3085.3 700.28V 0.1389 0.1671

1185.4 1259.1

3200 3185.3 705.08V 0.13 0.1588

1172.3 1250.9

We have tried to be accurate with the above table but cannot be held responsible for inaccuracies.Go back to first principals and double check your calculations if the result is 'mission critical'.

hg

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Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion from pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length converted to length, et al.

You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres [or about 1,000 yards in 'old money']. I have put a few in the table because visitors have asked for them. More prefixes can be found on another table.

http://www.simetric.co.uk/siprefix.htm

One handy metric link between units to remember is that 1 Litre [1000cc] of pure water weighs 1 kilogram.

More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) base units and definitions.

http://www.simetric.co.uk/sibasis.htm

superheated steam tables - imperial units

700° 800° 900° 1000° 1100° 1300° 1500°45.978 49.964 53.946 57.926 61.905 69.858 77.807

1383.8 1433.2 1483.4 1534.5 1586.5 1693.2 1803.4

34.465 37.458 40.447 43.435 46.42 52.388 58.352

1383.5 1432.9 1483.2 1534.3 1586.3 1693.1 1803.3

22.951 24.952 26.949 28.943 30.936 34.918 38.896

1383 1432.5 1482.8 1534 1586.1 1692.9 1803.2

17.195 18.699 20.199 21.697 23.194 26.183 29.168

1382.5 1432.1 1482.5 1533.7 1585.8 1692.7 1803

13.741 14.947 16.15 17.35 18.549 20.942 23.332

1382 1431.7 1482.2 1533.4 1585.6 1692.5 1802.9

11.438 12.446 13.45 14.452 15.452 17.448 19.441

1381.5 1431.3 1481.8 1533.2 1585.3 1692.4 1802.8

9.793 10.659 11.522 12.382 13.24 14.952 16.661

1381 1430.9 1481.5 1532.9 1585.1 1692.2 1802.6

8.56 9.319 10.075 10.829 11.581 13.081 14.577

1380.5 1430.5 1481.1 1532.6 1584.9 1692 1802.5

7.6 8.277 8.95 9.621 10.29 11.625 12.956

1380 1430.1 1480.8 1532.3 1584.6 1691.8 1802.4

6.833 7.443 8.05 8.655 9.258 10.46 11.659

1379.5 1429.7 1480.4 1532 1584.4 1691.6 1802.2

5.6813 6.1928 6.7006 7.206 7.7096 8.713 9.713

1378.4 1428.8 1479.8 1531.4 1583.9 1691.3 1802

4.8588 5.2995 5.7364 6.1709 6.6036 7.4652 8.3233

1377.4 1428 1479.1 1530.8 1583.4 1690.9 1801.7

4.242 4.6295 5.0132 5.3945 5.7741 6.5293 7.2811

1376.4 1427.2 1478.4 1530.3 1582.9 1690.5 1801.4

3.7621 4.1084 4.4508 4.7907 5.1289 5.8014 6.4704

1375.3 1426.3 1477.7 1529.7 1582.4 1690.2 1801.2

3.3783 3.6915 4.0008 4.3077 4.6128 5.2191 5.8219

1374.3 1425.5 1477 1529.1 1581.9 1689.8 1800.9

3.0642 3.3504 3.6327 3.9125 4.1905 4.7426 5.2913

1373.2 1424.7 1476.3 1528.5 1581.4 1689.4 1800.6

2.8024 3.0661 3.3259 3.5831 3.8385 4.3456 4.8492


1372.1 1423.8 1475.6 1527.9 1580.9 1689.1 1800.4

2.5808 2.8256 3.0663 3.3044 3.5408 4.0097 4.475

1371.1 1423 1474.9 1527.3 1580.4 1688.7 1800.1

2.3909 2.6194 2.8437 3.0655 3.2855 3.7217 4.1543

1370 1422.1 1474.2 1526.8 1579.9 1688.4 1799.8

2.2263 2.4407 2.6509 2.8585 3.0643 3.4721 3.8764

1368.9 1421.3 1473.6 1526.2 1579.4 1688 1799.6

2.0823 2.2843 2.4821 2.6774 2.8708 3.2538 3.6332

1367.8 1420.5 1472.9 1525.6 1578.9 1687.6 1799.3

1.9552 2.1463 2.3333 2.5175 2.7 3.0611 3.4186

1366.7 1419.6 1472.2 1525 1578.4 1687.3 1799.3

1.8421 2.0237 2.2009 2.3755 2.5482 2.8898 3.2279

1365.6 1418.7 1471.5 1542.4 1577.9 1686.9 1798.8

900° 1000° 1100° 1200° 1300° 1400° 1500°2.0825 2.2484 2.4124 2.575 2.7366 2.8973 3.0572

1470.8 1523.8 1577.4 1631.6 1686.5 1742.2 1798.5

1.9759 2.1339 2.2901 2.445 2.5987 2.7515 2.9037

1470.1 1523.3 1576.9 1631.2 1686.2 1741.9 1798.2

1.8795 2.0304 2.1795 2.3273 2.4739 2.6196 2.7647

1469.4 1522.7 1576.4 1630.8 1685.8 1741.6 1798

1.7918 1.9363 2.079 2.2203 2.3605 2.4998 2.6384

1468.7 1522.1 1575.9 1630.4 1685.5 1741.2 1797.7

1.7117 1.8504 1.9872 2.1226 2.2569 2.3903 2.523

1468 1521.5 1575.4 1629.9 1685.1 1740.9 1797.2

1.6384 1.7716 1.903 2.033 2.1619 2.29 2.4173

1467.3 1520.9 1574.9 1629.5 1684.7 1740.6 1797.2

1.5708 1.6992 1.8256 1.9507 2.0746 2.1977 2.32

1466.6 1520.3 1574.4 1629.1 1684.4 1740.3 1796.9

1.5085 1.6323 1.7542 1.8746 1.994 2.1125 2.2302

1465.9 1519.7 1573.9 1628.7 1684 1740 1796.7.

1.4508 1.5704 1.688 1.8042 1.9193 2.0336 2.1471

1465.1 1519.1 1573.4 1628.2 1683.6 1739.7 1796.4

1.3972 1.5129 1.6266 1.7388 1.85 1.9603 2.0699

1464.4 1518.6 1572.9 1627.8 1683.3 1739.4 1796.1

1.3473 1.4593 1.5693 1.678 1.7855 1.8921 1.998

1463.7 1518 1572.4 1627.4 1682.9 1739.1 1795.9

1.3008 1.4093 1.516 1.6211 1.7252 1.8284 1.9309


1463 1517.4 1571.9 1627 1682.6 1738.8 1795.6

1.1969 1.2979 1.3969 1.4944 1.5909 1.6864 1.7813

1461.2 1515.9 1570.7 1625.9 1681.6 1738 1794.9

1.1078 1.2023 1.2948 1.3858 1.4757 1.5647 1.653

1459.4 1514.4 1569.4 1624.8 1680.7 1737.2 1794.3

1.0306 1.1195 1.2063 1.2916 1.3759 1.4592 1.5419

1457.6 1512.9 1568.2 1623.8 1679.8 1736.4 1793.6

0.9631 1.047 1.1289 1.2093 1.2885 1.3669 1.4446

1455.8 1511.4 1566.9 1622.7 1678.9 1735.7 1792.9

0.9034 0.983 1.0606 1.1366 1.2115 1.2855 1.3588

1454 1510 1565.7 1621.6 1678 1734.9 1792.3

0.8504 0.9262 0.9998 1.072 1.143 1.2131 1.2825

1452.2 1508.5 1564.4 1620.6 1677.1 1734.1 1791.6

0.803 0.8753 0.9455 1.0142 1.0817 1.1484 1.2143

1450.3 1507 1563.2 1619.5 1676.2 1733.3 1791

0.7603 0.8295 0.8966 0.9622 1.0266 1.0901 1.1529

1448.5 1505.4 1561.9 1618.4 1675.3 1732.5 1790.3

0.7216 0.7881 0.8524 0.9151 0.9767 1.0373 1.0973

1446.6 1503.9 1560.7 1617.4 1674.4 1731.8 1789.6

0.6865 0.7505 0.8121 0.8723 0.9313 0.9894 1.0468

1444.7 1502.4 1559.4 1616.3 1673.5 1731 1789

0.6544 0.7161 0.7754 0.8332 0.8899 0.9456 1.0007

1442.8 1500.9 1558.1 1615.2 1672.6 1730.2 1788.3

900° 1000° 1100° 1200° 1300° 1400° 1500°0.625 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974 0.8519 0.9055 0.9584

1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2 1671.6 1729.4 1787.6

0.5729 0.6287 0.6822 0.7341 0.7847 0.8345 0.8836

1437.1 1496.3 1554.3 1612 1669.8 1727.9 1786.3

0.5282 0.5809 0.6311 0.6798 0.7272 0.7737 0.8195

1433.2 1493.2 1551.8 1609.9 1668 1726.3 1785

0.4894 0.5394 0.5869 0.6327 0.6773 0.721 0.7639

1429.2 1490.1 1549.2 1607.7 1666.2 1724.8 1783.7

0.4555 0.5031 0.5482 0.5915 0.6336 0.6478 0.7153

1425.2 1486.9 1546.6 1605.6 1664.3 1723.2 1782.3

0.4255 0.4711 0.514 0.5552 0.5951 0.6341 0.6724

1421.2 1483.8 1544 1603.4 1662.5 1721.7 1781

0.3988 0.4426 0.4836 0.5229 0.5609 0.598 0.6343


1417.1 1480.6 1541.4 1601.2 1660.7 1720.1 1779.7

0.3749 0.4171 0.4565 0.494 0.5303 0.5656 0.6002

1412.9 1477.4 1538.8 1599.1 1658.8 1718.6 1778.4

0.3534 0.3942 0.432 0.468 0.5027 0.5365 0.5695

1408.7 1474.1 1536.2 1596.9 1657 1717 1777.1

0.3339 0.3734 0.4099 0.4445 0.4778 0.5101 0.5418

1404.4 1470.9 1533.6 1594.7 1655.2 1715.4 1775.7

0.3161 0.3545 0.3897 0.4231 0.4551 0.4862 0.5165

1400 1467.6 1530.9 1592.5 1653.3 1713.9 1774.4

0.2999 0.3372 0.3714 0.4035 0.4344 0.4643 0.4935

1395.7 1464.2 1528.3 1590.3 1651.5 1712.3 1773.1

0.285 0.3214 0.3545 0.3856 0.4155 0.4443 0.4724

1391.2 1460.9 1525.6 1588.1 1649.6 1710.8 1771.8

0.2712 0.3068 0.339 0.3692 0.398 0.4259 0.4529

1386.7 1457.5 1522.9 1585.9 1647.8 1709.2 1770.4

0.2585 0.2933 0.3247 0.354 0.3819 0.4088 0.435

1382.1 1454.1 1520.2 1583.7 1646 1707.7 1769.1

0.2468 0.2809 0.3114 0.3399 0.367 0.3931 0.4184

1377.5 1450.7 1517.5 1581.5 1644.1 1706.1 1767.8

0.2358 0.2693 0.2991 0.3268 0.3532 0.3785 0.403

1372.8 1447.2 1514.8 1579.3 1642.2 1704.5 1766.5

0.2256 0.2585 0.2877 0.3147 0.3403 0.3649 0.3887

1368 1443.7 1512.1 1577 1640.4 1703 1765.2

0.2161 0.2484 0.277 0.3033 0.3282 0.3522 0.3753

1363.2 1440.2 1509.4 1574.8 1638.5 1701.4 1763.8

0.2071 0.239 0.267 0.2927 0.317 0.3403 0.3628

1358.4 1436.7 1506.6 1572.6 1636.7 1699.8 1762.5

0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827 0.3065 0.3291 0.351

1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3 1634.8 1698.3 1761.2

We have tried to be accurate with the above table but cannot be held responsible for inaccuracies.Go back to first principals and double check your calculations if the result is 'mission critical'.Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion from pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length converted to length, et al.

You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres [or about 1,000 yards in 'old money']. I have put a few in the table because visitors have asked for them. More prefixes can be found on another table.


FACTOR ...or in full ...or in

words

1,0E+24 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 septillion1,0E+21 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 sextillion1,0E+18 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 quintillion1,0E+15 1 000 000 000 000 000 quadrillion1,0E+12 1 000 000 000 000 trillion1,0E+9 1 000 000 000 billion1,0E+6 1 000 000 million1,0E+3 1 000 thousand1,0E+2 100 hundred1,0E+1 10 ten1,0E-1 0,1 tenth1,0E-2 0,01 hundredth1,0E-3 0,001 thousandth1,0E-6 0,000 001 millionth1,0E-9 0,000 000 001 billionth1,0E-12 0,000 000 000 001 trillionth1,0E-15 0,000 000 000 000 001 quadrillionth1,0E-18 0,000 000 000 000 000 001 quintillionth1,0E-21 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 001 sextillionth1,0E-24 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillionth

WRONG!!Note: A very common mistake is that the prefix milli- stands for a millionth.

As can be seen from the table above, milli stands for a thousandth. It comes from the French, mille for 1000 - they could not use it for the 1000 prefix as that was bagged by the Greek word, kilo

Note: The prefix hecto- to centi- are not 'preferred prefix' but referred to as 'other prefix' by SI, though centi- is in common use as in cubic centimetre or cc.

Le Système International d'Unités (SI) name the prefix giga and nano, milliard and milliardth respectivly. The wording shown here was approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and has been adopted in practice.

The scientific notation used in the factors column helps to reduce long numbers to a manageable width. By convention, the number is always shown as a unit [ 1 to 9 ], with decimal places chosen to suit accuracy, and the size of the number is adjusted by changing the magnitude [E+?]. E+01 means moving the decimal point one space to the right so 1.00E+01 is shorthand for 10, then 1.33E+00 stays at 1.33 and 1.33E-01 becomes 0.133. This format tends to be used when the figure gets longer so E+09 or E-09 cuts out a lot of noughts.

Don't confuse scientific notation with powers. You can say, quite rightly, that a million is 10 to the power of 6 [ 10^6 or

] but if you confused it with the scientific notation and had 1^7 the answer would be 1 and not a million ! [ you say one times one is one, seven times, and the answer is still one ]

So it's all a matter of conventions - if we all follow the same rules then the information is passed correctly from one brain to another which is, after all, the object of writing something down.

SI SIPREFIX SYMBOL

yotta- Yzetta- Zexa- Epeta- Ptera- Tgiga- G

mega- Mkilo- k

hecto- hdeca- dadeci- dcenti- cmilli- m

micro- µnano- npico- p

femto- fatto- a

zepto- zyocto- y

WRONG!!milli- stands for a millionth.

As can be seen from the table above, milli stands for a thousandth. It comes from the French, mille for 1000 - they could not use it for the 1000 prefix as that was bagged by the Greek word, kilo

The prefix hecto- to centi- are not 'preferred prefix' but referred to as 'other prefix' by SI, though centi- is

Le Système International d'Unités (SI) name the prefix giga and nano, milliard and milliardth respectivly. The wording shown here was approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and has been

used in the factors column helps to reduce long numbers to a manageable width. By convention, the number is always shown as a unit [ 1 to 9 ], with decimal places chosen to suit accuracy, and the size of the number is adjusted by changing the magnitude [E+?]. E+01 means moving the decimal point one space to the right so 1.00E+01 is shorthand for 10, then 1.33E+00 stays at 1.33 and 1.33E-01 becomes 0.133. This format tends to be used when the figure gets longer so E+09 or E-09 cuts out a lot of noughts.

You can say, quite rightly, that a million is 10 to the power of 6

] but if you confused it with the scientific notation and had 1^7 the answer would be 1 and not a million ! [ you

- if we all follow the same rules then the information is passed correctly from one brain to another which is, after all, the object of writing something down.

Steam Pipework

Steam may be thought of as a medium to convey heat from the boiler to the point where it is needed.

While distribution pipework can not be too big, the extra capital cost would not be acceptable.

Velocity should be designed to be below 15 metres/sec or 50 ft/sec.

In practice, sizing the pipework to produce a known pressure drop works best.

There are many programs, graphs and tables available that make use of the simplified formula:-

L

Where:-

Expansion

As the temperature of saturated steam is fixed in relation to the pressure, the required temperature in any process can be controlled by the steam pressure.

But, for instance, a 20% reduction in designed steam pressure to a calorifier may result in a 15% drop in output.

Therefore while producing steam at the correct pressure and quantity in the boiler house is important, it is just as important that the designed steam properties are delivered efficiently at the plant maybe hundreds of metres away.

If pipework is too small, then the increased steam velocity will cause noise and erosion and the excessive pressure drop may starve the equipment of steam.

F =

( P1 - P2 )

P1 is the initial pressure

P2 is the final pressureL is the equivalent length of pipework, adjusted for bends, valves, strainers..F is the pressure drop.

For each branch in the steam main a theoretical pressure is calculated, and each branch can be designed using that figure as P1

Pipework installed cold will expand at operating temperatures. While branches to equipment may well have enough bends to take up the expansion, mains pipework usually has to have bellows fitted. The pipe needs to be anchored mid-way between bellows and the pipe supports and insulation thereafter must allow for movement, obviously more movement the closer to the bellows. The pipe supports each side of the bellows must allow for axial movement only to avoid off-setting the bellows. The anchors must be strong to resist the substantial forces involved.

Operating Temp °C °F66 15093 200

121 250149 300177 350204 400232 450260 500

Boiler Capacity

1000

boiler horsepower = horsepower × 13.15471 boiler horsepower = 33475 Btu/hour

1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec1 horsepower = 746 watt

The table below gives the approximate expansion of ordinary steel steam pipe from a fitted temperature of 16°C 60°F.

The output of a steam generating plant is often expressed in pounds of steam delivered per hour. Since this value may vary in temperature and pressure over time, a more accurate and complete expression is that of heat transferred over time, expressed as British thermal units per hour. Boiler capacity is usually expressed as kBtu/hour (1000 Btu/hour) and is given by the equation:

W =

( hg - hf )

where hg - hf is the change in enthalpy in Btu/lb.

An older expression of boiler capacity called "boiler horsepower" may sometimes be found. Use of this unit is discouraged as it is irrational, over thirteen times larger than regular horsepower and not widely accepted. If encountered, however, it is defined as:

Horsepower of an Engine

PLAN

33,000

where:-P is the mean effective pressure per square inch on the piston,L is the length of stroke in feet,A is the area of the piston in square inches, andN is the number of strokes per minute.

Mean effective pressure

The approximate mean effective pressure in the cylinder when the valve cuts off at:

1/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.5971/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.6703/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.7431/2 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.8475/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9192/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9373/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9667/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.992

Approximate Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers(for Estimating Purposes)

Simple Non-Condensing Engines 29 to 45 pounds per hp-hourSimple Non-Condensing Automatic Engines 26 to 40 pounds per hp-hourSimple Non-Condensing Corliss Engines 26 to 35 pounds per hp-hourCompound Non-Condensing Engines 19 to 28 pounds per hp-hourCompound Condensing Engines 12 to 22 pounds per hp-hourSimple Duplex Steam Pumps 120 to 200 pounds per hp-hourTurbines, Non-Condensing 21 to 45 pounds per hp-hourTurbines, Condensing 9 to 32 pounds per hp-hour

Horsepower of an engine can be expressed using a simple and easy to remember mnemonic equation. Just think of the word "plan":

Horsepower =

where:-

Quality of Steam

The term Dry Saturated Steam is often used to differentiate from superheated steam. But steam is far from dry. Moisture particles entrained in the steam carry no latent heat, they add to the wet wall layer and reduce heat transfer in the plant and increase the amount of condensate to be returned so the dryer the steam the better.

Preserve the integrity of insulation by protecting from weather and maintenance traffic and replace valve boxes after maintenance, for instance, to reduce condensation. Fit a separator to help dry the steam.

When a plant is shut down, all the steam condenses in the pipework. When steam returns, air and water is pushed ahead of it and provision must be made for its removal.

Automatic air vents should be fitted at high points and condensate trap sets fitted at low points. Pipework should be laid to fall from/to the fittings to facilitate air/water removal.

The quality of steam (percentage) x, is given by the expression:

x =

( hg - hf ) 100

hfg

hf is the heat of the liquid in Btu/lb,hfg is the latent heat of evaporation in Btu/lb, and

hg is the total heat of steam in Btu/lb.

Steam Pipework

Steam may be thought of as a medium to convey heat from the boiler to the point where it is needed.

While distribution pipework can not be too big, the extra capital cost would not be acceptable.

Velocity should be designed to be below 15 metres/sec or 50 ft/sec.

In practice, sizing the pipework to produce a known pressure drop works best.

There are many programs, graphs and tables available that make use of the simplified formula:-

Where:-

Expansion

As the temperature of saturated steam is fixed in relation to the pressure, the required temperature in any

But, for instance, a 20% reduction in designed steam pressure to a calorifier may result in a 15% drop in

Therefore while producing steam at the correct pressure and quantity in the boiler house is important, it is just as important that the designed steam properties are delivered efficiently at the plant maybe hundreds of

If pipework is too small, then the increased steam velocity will cause noise and erosion and the excessive

is the equivalent length of pipework, adjusted for bends, valves, strainers..

For each branch in the steam main a theoretical pressure is calculated, and each branch can be designed

Pipework installed cold will expand at operating temperatures. While branches to equipment may well have enough bends to take up the expansion, mains pipework usually has to have bellows fitted. The pipe needs to be anchored mid-way between bellows and the pipe supports and insulation thereafter must allow for movement, obviously more movement the closer to the bellows. The pipe supports each side of the bellows must allow for axial movement only to avoid off-setting the bellows. The anchors must be strong to resist the

==Expansion per

30m/ 100ft mm inch19 0.7529 1.1541 1.650 261 2.474 2.984 3.397 3.8

Boiler Capacity

boiler horsepower = horsepower × 13.15471 boiler horsepower = 33475 Btu/hour

1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec1 horsepower = 746 watt

The table below gives the approximate expansion of ordinary steel steam pipe from a fitted temperature of

The output of a steam generating plant is often expressed in pounds of steam delivered per hour. Since this value may vary in temperature and pressure over time, a more accurate and complete expression is that of heat transferred over time, expressed as British thermal units per hour. Boiler capacity is usually expressed

An older expression of boiler capacity called "boiler horsepower" may sometimes be found. Use of this unit is discouraged as it is irrational, over thirteen times larger than regular horsepower and not widely accepted. If

Horsepower of an Engine

where:-P is the mean effective pressure per square inch on the piston,L is the length of stroke in feet,A is the area of the piston in square inches, andN is the number of strokes per minute.

Mean effective pressure

The approximate mean effective pressure in the cylinder when the valve cuts off at:

1/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.5971/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.6703/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.7431/2 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.8475/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9192/3 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9373/4 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.9667/8 stroke, equals steam pressure × 0.992

Approximate Ranges in Steam Consumption by Prime Movers(for Estimating Purposes)

Horsepower of an engine can be expressed using a simple and easy to remember mnemonic equation. Just

where:-

The term Dry Saturated Steam is often used to differentiate from superheated steam. But steam is far from dry. Moisture particles entrained in the steam carry no latent heat, they add to the wet wall layer and reduce heat transfer in the plant and increase the amount of condensate to be returned so the dryer the steam the

Preserve the integrity of insulation by protecting from weather and maintenance traffic and replace valve boxes after maintenance, for instance, to reduce condensation. Fit a separator to help dry the steam.

When a plant is shut down, all the steam condenses in the pipework. When steam returns, air and water is

Automatic air vents should be fitted at high points and condensate trap sets fitted at low points. Pipework

In 1960 the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ), which is the internationalauthority on the metric system, accepted a universal, practical system of units and gave itthe name Le Systeme International d'Unites with the abbreviation SI. Since then, this most modernand simplest form of the metric system was introduced throughout the world and by 1970's more than20 countries, including established metric countries, passed legislation adopting the SI system as theironly legal system with numerous countries following their example.

THE SEVEN SI BASE UNITSQuantity Name Sym

length metre m

mass kilogram kg

time second s

electric current ampere A

thermodynamic temper-ature kelvin K

amount of substance mole mol

luminous intensity candela cd

NOTES:

(ii) Whenever the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified, and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.

(i) The unit kelvin and its symbol K are also used to indicate temperature intervals or temperature differences. Besides thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins, Celsius temperature (symbol t) is also used. Celsius temperature is defined by the equation: t = T - T0 where T0 = 273,15 K by definition. Celsius temperature is in general expressed in degrees Celsius (symbol oC). The unit "degree Celsius" is therefore equal to the unit "kelvin" and an interval or difference in Celsius temperature is also expressed in degrees Celsius (oC). Note that the Celsius temperature of the triple point of water is 0,01 oC, which accounts for the factor 273,16 in the definition of the kelvin.

(iii) With the object of removing the ambiguity which still occurred in the common use of the word "weight", the 3rd CGPM (1901) declared: "The kilogram is the unit of mass [and not of weight or of force]; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram."

In 1960 the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures ( CGPM ), which is the internationalauthority on the metric system, accepted a universal, practical system of units and gave itthe name Le Systeme International d'Unites with the abbreviation SI. Since then, this most modernand simplest form of the metric system was introduced throughout the world and by 1970's more than20 countries, including established metric countries, passed legislation adopting the SI system as theironly legal system with numerous countries following their example.

Definition (CGPM)

[ 1 st CGPM (1889).]

(ii) Whenever the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified, and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.

The metre is the length equal to 1 650763,73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2 p10 and 5 d5, of the krypton-86 atom.[ 11th CGPM (1960), Resolution 6.]

The kilogram is the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram recognised by the CGPM and in the custody of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France.

The second is the duration of 9 192631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. [13th CGPM (1967), Resolution 1]

The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of cu rrent infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum would produce . between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of length. [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the 9th CGPM (1948).]

The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. [13th CGPM (1967), Resolution 4 ]

The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0,012 kg of carbon 12. [14th CGPM (1971), Resolution 3.]

The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/600000 square metre of a blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101 325 newtons per square metre. [13th CGPM (1967), Reso'n 5.]

(i) The unit kelvin and its symbol K are also used to indicate temperature intervals or temperature differences. Besides thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins, Celsius temperature (symbol t) is also used. Celsius temperature is defined by the equation: t = T - T0 where T0 = 273,15 K by definition. Celsius temperature is in general expressed in

C). The unit "degree Celsius" is therefore equal to the unit "kelvin" and an interval or difference in Celsius temperature is also expressed in degrees Celsius (oC). C, which accounts for the factor 273,16 in the definition of the kelvin.

(iii) With the object of removing the ambiguity which still occurred in the common use of the word "weight", the 3rd CGPM (1901) declared: "The kilogram is the unit of mass [and not of weight or of force]; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram."

Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft

kg/cu.m.Alfalfa, ground 256Alum, lumpy 881Alum, pulverized 753Alumina 961Aluminum, oxide 1522Ammonia gas 0.77Ammonium Nitrate 730Ammonium Sulphate - dry 1130Ammonium Sulphate - wet 1290Andesite, solid 2771Antimony, cast 6696Apples 641

The mass of over 300 different 'dry' materials are listed below. Liquids, metals and woods are on other pages and a site search facility is on the home page. While the data is useful for the design and selection of bulk materials handling plant, bulk transport and packaging, individual samples will differ. Moisture content will have a marked influence.

As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cu.m will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1.

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic metre) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft.

Material - powder, ore, solids, etc.

Arsenic 5671Asbestos - shredded 320- 400Asbestos rock 1600Ashes - wet 730- 890Ashes - dry 570- 650Asphalt, crushed 721Babbitt 7272Bagasse 120Bakelite, solid 1362Baking powder 721Barium 3780Bark, wood refuse 240Barley 609Barite, crushed 2883Basalt, broken 1954Basalt, solid 3011Bauxite, crushed 1281Beans, castor 577Beans, cocoa 593Beans, navy 801Beans, soy 721Beeswax 961Beets 721Bentonite 593Bicarbonate of soda 689Bismuth 9787Bones, pulverized 881Borax, fine 849Bran 256Brewers grain 432Brick, common red 1922Brick, fire clay 2403Brick, silica 2050Brick, chrome 2803Brick, magnesia 2563Buckwheat 657Butter 865Cadmium 8650Calcium carbide 1201Caliche 1442Carbon, solid 2146Carbon, powdered 80Carbon dioxide 1.98Carbon monoxide 1.25Cardboard 689Cement - clinker 1290-1540

Cement, Portland 1506Cement, mortar 2162Cement, slurry 1442Chalk, solid 2499Chalk, lumpy 1442Chalk, fine 1121Charcoal 208Chloroform 1522Chocolate, powder 641Chromic acid, flake 1201Chromium 6856Chromium ore 2162Cinders, furnace 913Cinders, Coal, ash 641Clay, dry excavated 1089Clay, wet excavated 1826Clay, dry lump 1073Clay, fire 1362Clay, wet lump 1602Clay, compacted 1746Clover seed 769Coal, Anthracite, solid 1506Coal, Anthracite, broken 1105Coal, Bituminous, solid 1346Coal, Bituminous, broken 833Cobaltite ( cobolt ore ) 6295Coconut, meal 513Coconut, shredded 352Coffee, fresh beans 561Coffee, roast beans 432Coke 570- 650Concrete, Asphalt 2243Concrete, Gravel 2403

2371Copper ore 1940-2590Copper sulfate, ground 3604Copra, medium size 529Copra, meal, ground 641Copra, expeller cake ground 513Copra, expeller cake chopped 465Cork, solid 240Cork, ground 160Corn, on the cob 721Corn, shelled 721Corn, grits 673

Concrete, Limestone with Portland

Cottonseed, dry, de-linted 561Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted 320Cottonseed, cake, lumpy 673Cottonseed, hulls 192Cottonseed, meal 593Cottonseed, meats 641Cottonwood 416Cryolite 1602Cullet 1602Culm 753Dolomite, solid 2899Dolomite, pulverized 737Dolomite, lumpy 1522Earth, loam, dry, excavated 1249Earth, moist, excavated 1442Earth, wet, excavated 1602Earth, dense 2002Earth, soft loose mud 1730Earth, packed 1522Earth, Fullers, raw 673Emery 4005Ether 737Feldspar, solid 2563Feldspar, pulverized 1233Fertilizer, acid phosphate 961Fish, scrap 721Fish, meal 593Flaxseed, whole 721Flint - silica 1390Flour, wheat 593Flue dust 1450-2020Fluorspar, solid 3204Fluorspar, lumps 1602Fluorspar, pulverized 1442Fullers Earth - raw or burnt 570- 730Galena ( lead ore ) 7400 - 7600Garbage, household rubbish 481Glass - broken or cullet 1290-1940Glass, window 2579Glue, animal, flaked 561Glue, vegetable, powdered 641Gluten, meal 625Gneiss, bed in place 2867Gneiss, broken 1858Granite, solid 2691Granite, broken 1650

Graphite, flake 641Grain - Maize 760Grain - Barley 600Grain - Millet 760- 800Grain - Wheat 780- 800Gravel, loose, dry 1522Gravel, with sand, natural 1922Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch 1682Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch 2002Gummite ( uranium ore ) 3890 - 6400Gypsum, solid 2787Gypsum, broken 1290-1600Gypsum, crushed 1602Gypsum, pulverized 1121Halite (salt), solid 2323Halite (salt), broken 1506Hematite ( iron ore ) 5095 - 5205Hemimorphite ( zinc ore ) 3395 - 3490Hydrochloric acid 40% 1201Ice, solid 919Ice, crushed 593Ilmenite 2307Iridium 22154

2100-2900Iron oxide pigment 400Iron Pyrites 2400

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry 1200

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet 1290Ivory 1842Kaolin, green crushed 1025Kaolin, pulverized 352

11389Lead, red 3684Lead, white pigment 4085Leather 945Lignite, dry 801Lime, quick, lump 849Lime, quick, fine 1201Lime, stone, large 2691Lime, stone, lump 1538Lime, hydrated 481Lime, wet or mortar 1540Limonite, solid 3796

Iron ore - crushed - see metals table

Lead, rolled - see metals table

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm

Limonite, broken 2467Limestone, solid 2611Limestone, broken 1554Limestone, pulverized 1394Linseed, whole 753Linseed, meal 513Locust, dry 705Magnesite, solid 3011Magnesium oxide 1940Magnesium sulphate, crystal 1121Magnetite, solid ( iron ore ) 5046Magnetite, broken 3284Malachite ( copper ore ) 3750 - 3960Malt 336Manganese, solid 7609Manganese oxide 1922Manure 400Marble, solid 2563Marble, broken 1570Marl, wet, excavated 2243Mica, solid 2883Mica, broken 1602Mica - flake 520Mica - powder 986Milk, powdered 449Molybdenum ore 1600Mortar, wet 2403Mud, packed 1906Mud, fluid 1730Nickel ore 1600Nickel, rolled 8666Nickel silver 8442Nitric acid, 91% 1506Nitrogen 1.26Oak, red 705Oats 432Oats, rolled 304Oil cake 785Oil, linseed 942Oil, petroleum 881Oxygen 1.43Oyster shells, ground 849Paper, standard 1201Peanuts, shelled 641Peanuts, not shelled 272Peat, dry 400

Peat, moist 801Peat, wet 1121Pecan wood 753Phosphate rock, broken 1762Phosphorus 2339Pitch 1153Plaster 849Platinum ore 2600Porcelain 2403Porphyry, solid 2547Porphyry, broken 1650Potash 1281Potassium chloride 2002Potatoes, white 769Pumice, stone 641Pyrite (fool's gold) 2400 - 5015Quartz, solid 2643Quartz, lump 1554Quartz sand 1201Resin, synthetic, crushed 561Rice, hulled 753Rice, rough 577Rice grits 689Rip-Rap 1602

1600-1780Rosin 1073Rubber, caoutchouc 945Rubber, manufactured 1522Rubber, ground scrap 481Rye 705Salt cake 1442Salt, course 801Salt, fine 1201Saltpeter 1201Sand, wet 1922Sand, wet, packed 2082Sand, dry 1602Sand, loose 1442Sand, rammed 1682Sand, water filled 1922Sand with Gravel, dry 1650Sand with Gravel, wet 2020Sandstone, solid 2323Sandstone, broken 1370-1450Sawdust 210

Rock - soft - excavated with shovel

Sewage, sludge 721Shale, solid 2675Shale, broken 1586Shells - oyster 800Sinter 1600-2180Slag, solid 2114Slag, broken 1762Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch 1185Slag, furn. granulated 961Slate, solid 2691Slate, broken 1290-1450Slate, pulverized 1362Smithsonite ( zinc ore ) 4300Snow, freshly fallen 160Snow, compacted 481Soap, solid 801Soap, chips 160Soap, flakes 160Soap, powdered 368Soapstone talc 2400Soda Ash, heavy 1080Soda Ash, light 432Sodium 977Sodium Aluminate, ground 1153Sodium Nitrate, ground 1201Soy beans, whole 753Starch, powdered 561Stone, crushed 1602Stone (common, generic) 2515Sugar, brown 721Sugar, powdered 801Sugar, granulated 849Sugar, raw cane 961Sugarbeet pulp, dry 208Sugarbeet pulp, wet 561Sugarcane 272Sulphur, solid 2002Sulphur, lump 1314Sulphur, pulverized 961Taconite 2803Talc, solid 2691Talc, broken 1746Tanbark, ground 881Tankage 961Tar 1153Tobacco 320

Trap rock, solid 2883Trap rock, broken 1746Turf 400Turpentine 865Walnut, black, dry 609Water, pure 1000

1026Wheat 769Wheat, cracked 673

240- 520Wool 1314Zinc oxide 400

Water, sea (see liquids table)

Wood chips - dry - see wood table

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_liquids.htm

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm


The mass of over 300 different 'dry' materials are listed below. Liquids, metals and woods are on other pages and a site search facility is on the home page. While the data is useful for the design and selection of bulk materials handling plant, bulk transport and packaging, individual samples will differ. Moisture

As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cu.m will float; more dense will

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then

Note, kg/cu.m divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft.

Liquid Temp kg/cu.m1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 25 C 15641,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 20 C 14541,4-Dioxane 20 C 1033.62-Methoxyethanol 20 C 964.6Acetic Acid 25 C 1049.1Acetone 25 C 784.58Acetonitrile 20 C 782.2Alcohol, ethyl 25 C 785.06Alcohol, methyl 25 C 786.51

The density of over 150 different liquids are listed below. While the data is useful for design, individual samples will differ. Temperature and purity will often have a marked influence.

As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1. More detailed data on water is on another page.

Pure water at 4°C (max. density) was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1.

Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the base used.

The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density.

For example, acetic acid has a specific gravity (sg) of 1.0491 while acetone has a sg of 0.785 (784.58 kg/cu.m) - see table below.

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of ethyl alcohol has a sg of 0.785 then we can calculate that its density is 0.785 x 62.4 = 49 lbs/cu.ft.

kg/cu.m divided by 1,000 = g/ml (grams per millilitre) and also = kg/L (1000g = 1 kg and 1000ml = 1 Litre)

[ density of materials ] [ density of wood ] [ density of metals ] [ density of water ]

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_water.htm

Alcohol, propyl 25 C 799.96Ammonia (aqua) 25 C 823.35Analine 25 C 1018.93

Automobile oils 15 CBeer (varies) 10 C 1010Benzene 25 C 873.81Benzil 25 C 1079.64Brine 15 C 1230Bromine 25 C 3120.4Butyric Acid 20 C 959Butane 25 C 599.09

20 C 879.620 C 809.720 C 886.2

Caproic acid 25 C 921.06Carbolic acid 15 C 956.3Carbon disulfide 25 C 1260.97Carbon tetrachloride 25 C 1584.39Carene 25 C 856.99Castor oil 25 C 956.14Chloride 25 C 1559.88Chlorobenzene 20 C 1105.8Chloroform 20 C 1489.2Chloroform 25 C 1464.73Citric acid 25 C 1659.51Coconut oil 15 C 924.27Cotton seed oil 15 C 925.87Cresol 25 C 1023.58Creosote 15 C 1066.83Crude oil, 48° API 60 F 790Crude oil, 40° API 60 F 825Crude oil, 35.6° API 60 F 847Crude oil, 32.6° API 60 F 862Crude oil, California 60 F 915Crude oil, Mexican 60 F 973Crude oil, Texas 60 F 873Cumene 25 C 860.19Cyclohexane 20 C 778.5Cyclopentane 20 C 745.4Decane 25 C 726.28

Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60 15 CDiethyl ether 20 C 714

20 C 1305.8Dichloromethane 20 C 1326

880 - 940

n-Butyl Acetaten-Butyl Alcoholn-Butyl Chloride

820 - 950

o-Dichlorobenzene

Diethylene glycol 15 C 1120Dichloromethane 20 C 1326Dimethyl Acetamide 20 C 941.5

20 C 948.7Dimethyl Sulfoxide 20 C 1100.4Dodecane 25 C 754.63Ethane -89 C 570.26Ether 25 C 72.72Ethylamine 16 C 680.78Ethyl Acetate 20 C 900.6Ethyl Alcohol 20 C 789.2Ethyl Ether 20 C 713.3Ethylene Dichloride 20 C 1253Ethylene glycol 25 C 1096.78Fluorine refrigerant R-12 25 C 1310.95Formaldehyde 45 C 812.14Formic acid 10% concentration 20 C 1025Formic acid 80% concentration 20 C 1221Freon - 11 21 C 1490Freon - 21 21 C 1370Fuel oil 60 F 890.13Furan 25 C 1416.03Furforol 25 C 1154.93Gasoline, natural 60 F 711.22Gasoline, Vehicle 60 F 737.22Gas oils 60 F 890

Glucose 60 FGlycerin 25 C 1259.37Glyme 20 C 869.1Glycerol 25 C 1126.1Heptane 25 C 679.5Hexane 25 C 654.83Hexanol 25 C 810.53Hexene 25 C 671.17Hydrazine 25 C 794.52Iodine 25 C 4927.28Ionene 25 C 932.27Isobutyl Alcohol 20 C 801.6Iso-Octane 20 C 691.9Isopropyl Alcohol 20 C 785.4Isopropyl Myristate 20 C 853.2Kerosene 60 F 817.15Linolenic Acid 25 C 898.64Linseed oil 25 C 929.07Methane -164 C 464.54

N,N-Dimethylformamide

1350 - 1440

Methanol 20 C 791.3Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 20 C 888Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 20 C 800.8

20 C 808.220 C 740.520 C 1030.4

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) 20 C 804.9MEK 25 C 802.52

Milk 15 CNaphtha 15 C 664.77Naphtha, wood 25 C 959.51Napthalene 25 C 820.15Ocimene 25 C 797.72Octane 15 C 917.86

Olive oil 20 COxygen (liquid) 1140Palmitic Acid 25 C 850.58Pentane 20 C 626.2Pentane 25 C 624.82Petroleum Ether 20 C 640Petrol, natural 60 F 711.22Petrol, Vehicle 60 F 737.22Phenol 25 C 1072.28Phosgene 0 C 1377.59Phytadiene 25 C 823.35Pinene 25 C 856.99Propane -40 C 583.07Propane, R-290 25 C 493.53Propanol 25 C 804.13Propylene Carbonate 20 C 1200.6Propylene 25 C 514.35

20 C 803.7Propylene glycol 25 C 965.27Pyridine 25 C 978.73Pyrrole 25 C 965.91Rape seed oil 20 C 920Resorcinol 25 C 1268.66Rosin oil 15 C 980Sabiname 25 C 812.14Sea water 25 C 1025.18Silane 25 C 717.63Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) 15 C 1250Sorbaldehyde 25 C 895.43

Methyl n-Propyl KetoneMethyl t-Butyl EtherN-Methylpyrrolidone

1020 - 1050

800 - 920

-183 C

n-Propyl Alcohol

Soya bean oil 15 CStearic Acid 25 C 890.63Sulphuric Acid 95% conc. 20 C 1839Sugar solution 68 brix 15 C 1338Sunflower oil 20 C 920Styrene 25 C 903.44Terpinene 25 C 847.38Tetrahydrofuran 20 C 888Toluene 20 C 866.9Toluene 25 C 862.27Triethylamine 20 C 727.6Trifluoroacetic Acid 20 C 1489Turpentine 25 C 868.2

4 C 1000Water, sea 77 F 1021.98Whale oil 15 C 925

20 C 880.2

924 - 928

Water, pure (more temperatures)

o-Xylene

http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_water.htm

At 4°C pure water has a density (weight or mass) of about 1 g/cu.cm, 1 g/ml,1 kg/litre, 1000 kg/cu.m, 1 tonne/cu.m or 62.4 lb/cu.ft

At 4°C pure water has a specific gravity of 1. ( Some reference the s.g. base temperature as 60F.)

Water is essential for life. Most animals and plants contain more than 60 % water by volume.

More than 70 % of the Earth's surface is covered with about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of water / ice

The density of pure water is a constant at a particular temperature, and does not depend on the size of the sample. That is, it is an intensive property. The density of water varies with temperature and impurities.

Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three physical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

When water freezes it expands rapidly adding about 9 % by volume. Fresh water has a maximum density at around 4° Celsius. Water is the only substance where the maximum density does not occur when solidified. As ice is lighter than water, it floats.

Table of Density of Pure & Tap* Water and Specific Gravity

Temp Density Density Density Density Specific

( °C ) pure pure water tap pure Gravity

water water water 60°F

lb/cu.ft reference

0 (solid) 0.915 915 - - 0.915 -

0 (liquid) 0.9999 999.9 0.99987 62.42 0.999 1.0024 1 1000 0.99999 62.42 1 1.001

20 0.9982 998.2 0.99823 62.28 0.998 0.99940 0.9922 992.2 0.99225 61.92 0.992 0.99360 0.9832 983.2 0.98389 61.39 0.983 0.98580 0.9718 971.8 0.97487 60.65 0.972 0.973

Water has a very simple atomic structure. This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom - H 2O

Note; kg/m3 divided by 16.02 = lbs/cu.ft. kg/m3 divided by 1,000 = g/ml

Convert g/cm3 = g/cc = g/ml = g/mL - they are all the same.

Specific Gravity

4°C reference

( kg/m3 )

( g/cm3 ) ( g/cm3 )

0.0006 see steam tables ... - -100

(gas)

* This is for average, clean drinking water. It will vary from area to area.

To use the table below, run down the left column for whole degrees then move across for tenths of a degree.

For example, the row/column shaded in yellow shows the density of pure water at 17.7°C = 0.998650 grams/cm3

At 4°C pure water has a density (weight or mass) of about 1 g/cu.cm, 1 g/ml,

At 4°C pure water has a specific gravity of 1. ( Some reference the s.g. base temperature as 60F.)

Water is essential for life. Most animals and plants contain more than 60 % water by volume.

More than 70 % of the Earth's surface is covered with about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of water / ice


Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three physical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.


thanks to Chuck Snelling

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0 0.99984 0.99985 0.99985 0.99986 0.999866 0.99987 0.99988

1 0.9999 0.99991 0.99991 0.99991 0.999918 0.99992 0.99993

2 0.99994 0.99994 0.99995 0.99995 0.999953 1 13 1 1 1 1 0.99997 1 14 1 1 1 1 0.999972 1 0.999975 1 1 1 1 0.999957 1 16 0.99994 0.99994 0.99994 0.99993 0.999927 0.99992 0.999927 0.9999 0.9999 0.99989 0.99989 0.999883 0.99988 0.99987

Water has a very simple atomic structure. This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom - H 2O

Density of Water (g/cm3) at Temperatures from 0°C (liquid state) to 30.9°C by 0.1°C inc.

8 0.99985 0.99984 0.99984 0.99983 0.999824 0.99982 0.999819 0.99978 0.99977 0.99977 0.99976 0.999751 0.99974 0.99973

10 0.9997 0.99969 0.99968 0.99967 0.999664 0.99965 0.9996511 0.99961 0.9996 0.99959 0.99957 0.999564 0.99955 0.9995412 0.9995 0.99949 0.99948 0.99946 0.999451 0.99944 0.9994313 0.99938 0.99936 0.99935 0.99934 0.999326 0.99931 0.9993

14 0.99924 0.99923 0.99922 0.9992 0.999188 0.99917 0.99916

15 0.9991 0.99908 0.99907 0.99905 0.999038 0.99902 0.9990116 0.99894 0.99893 0.99891 0.99889 0.998877 0.99886 0.9988417 0.99877 0.99876 0.99874 0.99872 0.998704 0.99869 0.9986718 0.9986 0.99858 0.99856 0.99854 0.99852 0.9985 0.9984819 0.99841 0.99839 0.99837 0.99835 0.998325 0.99831 0.9982920 0.9982 0.99818 0.99816 0.99814 0.99812 0.9981 0.9980821 0.99799 0.99797 0.99795 0.99793 0.997904 0.99788 0.9978622 0.99777 0.99775 0.99772 0.9977 0.997678 0.99766 0.9976323 0.99754 0.99751 0.99749 0.99747 0.997442 0.99742 0.9973924 0.9973 0.99727 0.99725 0.99722 0.997196 0.99717 0.9971525 0.99704 0.99702 0.99699 0.99697 0.996941 0.99691 0.9968926 0.99678 0.99676 0.99673 0.9967 0.996676 0.99665 0.9966227 0.99651 0.99649 0.99646 0.99643 0.996401 0.99637 0.9963528 0.99623 0.9962 0.99618 0.99615 0.996118 0.99609 0.9960629 0.99594 0.99591 0.99589 0.99586 0.995826 0.9958 0.9957730 0.99565 0.99562 0.99559 0.99556 0.995525 0.99549 0.99546

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6



thanks to Chuck Snelling

Temperature (°C) Volume (mL)

0.7 0.8 0.9 17 1.0022

0.99988 0.99989 0.9999 18 1.0024

0.99993 0.99993 0.99994 19 1.0026

0.99996 1 1 20 1.00281 1 1 21 1.0031 1 1 22 1.0033

0.99995 0.99995 0.99994 23 1.00350.99992 0.99991 0.99991 24 1.00370.99987 0.99986 0.99986 25 1.004

) at Temperatures from 0°C (liquid state) to 30.9°C by 0.1°C inc.The Expansion of Water at Various

Temperatures

The following table shows the volume that 1 gram of water occupies as temperature varies. Data corrected for buoyancy and for the thermal expansion of the container.

0.9998 0.9998 0.99979 26 1.00430.99973 0.99972 0.99971

0.99964 0.99963 0.999620.99953 0.99952 0.999510.99942 0.9994 0.999390.99929 0.99927 0.99926

0.99914 0.99913 0.99911

0.99899 0.99898 0.998960.99883 0.99881 0.998790.99865 0.99863 0.998610.99846 0.99844 0.998420.99827 0.99824 0.998220.99806 0.99804 0.998010.99784 0.99782 0.997790.99761 0.99759 0.997560.99737 0.99735 0.997320.99712 0.9971 0.997070.99686 0.99684 0.996810.99659 0.99657 0.996540.99632 0.99629 0.996260.99603 0.996 0.995970.99574 0.99571 0.995680.99543 0.9954 0.99537

0.7 0.8 0.9

The thermal coefficient of expansion of water is 0.00021 per 1° Celsius at

20° Celsius.


Metal or alloy kg/cu.maluminium - melted 2560 - 2640

7700 - 8700aluminium foil 2700 -2750antifriction metal 9130 -10600beryllium 1840beryllium copper 8100 - 8250brass - casting 8400 - 8700

brass - rolled and drawn 8430 - 8730bronze - lead 7700 - 8700bronze - phosphorous 8780 - 8920bronze (8-14% Sn) 7400 - 8900cast iron 6800 - 7800cobolt 8746copper 8930delta metal 8600electrum 8400 - 8900gold 19320iron 7850lead 11340light alloy based on Al 2560 - 2800light alloy based on Mg 1760 - 1870magnesium 1738mercury 13593molybdenum 10188monel 8360 - 8840

The mass of over 30 different metals and alloys are listed below. While the data is useful for design, individual samples will differ. Impurities will often have an influence.

A 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre. Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, beryllium has a specific gravity (sg) of 1.84 (1840 kg/cu.m) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of alumimium has a sg of 2.5 then we can calculate that its density is 2.5 x 62.4 = 156 lbs/cu.ft.

aluminium bronze (3-10% Al)

nickel 8800nickel silver 8400 - 8900platinum 21400plutonium 19800silver 10490steel - rolled 7850steel - stainless 7480 - 8000tin 7280titanium 4500tungsten 19600uranium 18900vanadium 5494white metal 7100zinc 7135


If accuracy is critical beware of old versions of MS Excel which had problems rounding off numbers.


You won't usually find a conversion from kilograms to grams - the prefix 'kilo' means '1,000' so a kilogram is in fact 1,000 grams in the same way as a kilometer is 1,000 metres [or about 1,000 yards in 'old money']. I have put a few in the tables because visitors have asked for them. More prefixes can be found on another table.



The mass of over 30 different metals and alloys are listed below. While the data is useful for design, individual samples will differ. Impurities will often have an influence.

A 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre. Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, beryllium has a specific gravity (sg) of 1.84 (1840

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of alumimium has a sg of 2.5 then we can calculate that its density is 2.5 x 62.4 = 156 lbs/cu.ft.



Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion from pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length


One handy metric link between units to remember is that 1 Litre [1000cc] of pure water weighs 1



Wood - seasoned & dry kg/cu.mAfromosia 705

AppleAsh, black 540Ash, white 670Aspen 420Balsa 170

BambooBirch (British) 670Cedar, red 380Cypress 510Douglas Fir 530

EbonyElm ( English ) 600Elm ( Wych ) 690Elm ( Rock ) 815Iroko 655Larch 590

Lignum VitaeMahogany ( Honduras ) 545

The mass of over 30 different species of wood are listed below. While the data is useful for the design and selection of wood, individual samples will differ. Moisture content will have a marked influence.

As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1.

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, afromosia has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.705 while ebony can have a sg of 1.12 (1120 kg/cu.m) (see table below)

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of apple has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft.

660 - 830

300 - 400

960 - 1120

1280 - 1370

Mahogany ( African )Maple 755

OakPine ( Oregon ) 530Pine ( Parana ) 560

Pine ( Canadian )

Pine ( Red )Redwood ( American ) 450Redwood ( European ) 510Spruce ( Canadian ) 450Spruce ( Sitka ) 450Sycamore 590

TeakWillow 420




495 - 850

590 - 930

350 - 560370 - 660

630 - 720



More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) base units and definitions



The mass of over 30 different species of wood are listed below. While the data is useful for the design and selection of wood, individual samples will differ. Moisture content will have a marked

As 1000kg of pure water = 1 cubic metre, those materials under 1000kg/cubic metre will float; more dense will sink ie. those materials with a specific gravity more than 1.

Pure water was chosen as the 'base line' for specific gravity and given the value of 1. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or lighter density. For example, afromosia has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.705 while ebony can have a sg of

As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of apple has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft.




Remember that you cannot create energy only convert it. Likewise, you will not find a conversion from pounds to metres - the basic units must remain the same - mass converted to mass, length converted to


More information on the SI System (Le Système International d'Unités) base units and definitions



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