copy of -lng, shipping
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LNG VALUE CHAIN AND SHIPPING OFOIL
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WHAT IS THE LNG VALUE CHAIN ?
The LNG value chain represents $7 to $14 billion dollars ofinvestment , further minimization of the cost with long termcontract
It begins with natural gas extracted from underground
reservoirs and is sent through a pipeline to a liquefactionfacility.
At the liquefaction facility, impurities are removed from thegas, and it is sent through three cooling processes until itreaches a final temperature of minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit.
The chilled gas, now LNG, is then loaded onto speciallydesigned tanker ships, which may last anywhere from four tothirty days, depending on the destination port.
Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf -
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Once the ship arrives at a re-gasification terminal, the LNG isoffloaded into large storage tanks, built with full-containmentwalls and systems to keep the LNG cold until it is turned backinto a gaseous state.
When the LNG has been warmed back to its natural state, thegas is moved into pipelines which will deliver the natural gasto consumers, power plants and industrial customers acrossthe country.
The largest component of the total cost of the LNG value
chain is usually the liquefaction plant, while the production,shipping, and regasification components account for nearlyequal portions of the remainder
Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf -
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Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf -
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LIQUEFACTION
Total capacity of 170MTPA is available , 91 MTPA is
under construction and further 285 MTPA is planned
During the process , impurities are removed and thegas is cooled up to ( -256 F ) , the process can be
designed to get upto 100% methane
By the process its volume is reduced to 1/600
Stored in a two walled tank , separated by insulation.
The material includes nickel , aluminum and pressed
concrete.
Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf -
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LNG Liquiefaction Process
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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SHIPPING
Its shipped in a double hulled tanker , designed andinsulated to prevent accidents
There are three types of cargo containment for LNG ,
Moss ( spherical design )Membrane design
Structural prismatic
A carrier can transport upto 125000 138000 m3 of
LNG , which would provide 2.6-2.8 Bcf of natural gas
A typical carrier measure 900ft in length and 140 ft inwidth, 36ft in water draft costing $160 million
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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SHIPPING
International trade in LNG centers on twogeographic regions
The Atlantic Basin, involving trade in Europe,northern and western Africa, and the U.S. Easternand Gulf coasts.
The Asia/Pacific Basin, involving trade in South
Asia, India, Russia, and Alaska.
The carriers are less polluting than other vessels
since they burn natural gas along with fuel oil forpropulsion
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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SHIPPING
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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STORAGE At final destinations, LNG may be used in various ways,
Used as a transportation fuel for truck and bus fleets
Used electric power generation stations, allowing use of
the cryogenic properties
Back to natural form On arrival at the receiving terminal in its liquid state, LNG
is pumped at atmospheric pressure first to a double-
walled storage tank
US stands tall in storage facility , mainly because of their
demand
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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TYPES OF STORAGE
There are three different types of storage ,
Above ground most widely used
Below ground
entirely submerged in land ,with a cap in the surface . Provides
environmental safety
In ground partial submergence
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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STORAGE TANK
INSULATION
INNER TANK ( 9% NICKELSTEEL ALLOY )
BLOCKS
CONCRETE
STAINLESS STEEL
FOAM GLASS
HEATING DUCTS TO PREVENT
GROUND FREEZING
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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SINGLE CONTAINMENT TANK
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
C t l D i f St T k
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Conceptual Design of Storage Tanks:
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UNDERGROUND LNG TANK
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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REGASIFICATION
Source: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf
http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdfhttp://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/lng/LNG_primerupd.pdf -
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The previous picture represents the process of taking
liquefied natural gas (LNG) off of the ship, moving it
into cold storage tanks and then re-gasifying it back
into natural gas to send to market. The gray lines represent natural gas, and the yellow
lines represent LNG. Naturally, there is a small
amount of LNG which vaporizes through contact with
warmer air in the top of the ship containers and inthe LNG storage tanks. This natural gas is siphoned
out of the tanks and moved into the pipeline.
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ENERGY BRIDGE REGASSIFICATION
VESSEL
Used in case of off shore plant , where the LNG
is taken up by the vessel and regassified in it
and sent through downstream pipeline
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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JETTY
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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LNG - A SAFE FUEL Safety in LNG industry employs four main elements which would
ensure safety of both the workers and the communitiessurrounding the LNG facility
Primary containment usage of appropriate material and a welldesigned engineering storage system
Secondary containment - incase of leaks , ability to contain it andisolate from public
Safeguard system - ESD system
Separation distance
maintaining safe distances with storage area
LNG trucks have to maintain safe distance from other vehicles
Transportation of LNG carriers via separate route Physical and chemical properties
Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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Source : http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/documents/CEE_LNG_Safety_and_Security.pdf
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POSSIBLE HAZARDS
Explosion an explosion occurs when a substance rapidly changes
from its chemical state or uncontrollable released from pressurized
container , since LNG is stored at atmospheric pressure it will not
create immediate explosion
Vapour cloud
LNG forms a vapour cloud when released and it may
ignite if it encounters an ignition source
Freezing liquid
Rapid phase transition An RPT can occur , if there is a mix of water
and LNG. RPT range from small pops to a blast
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