copy of 9780521846448book x...“aleijadinho” (antonio francisco lisboa),´ 441, 451–455...

index

abortion, in colonial Brazil, 334Abreu, Capistrano de, 11Abyssinia, see Ethiopiaacademies

in Brazil, 7in Lisbon, 44

Acapulco, 96Aceh, 101, 214–215, 298, 326Acuña, Pedro de, 207Adal, sultanate of, 147Aden, 92–94, 98, 101Afonso IV (King of Portugal), 367Afonso V (King of Portugal), 74, 110, 177,

232, 360–363Afonso, Luı́s, 393Africa (Africans), 60, 70, 72, 123–124, 164,

175, 288, 318–319, 360and Brazil, 123, 243and the contra costa, 123expansion into, 138–158 passim,

168first encounters in, 287miscegenation, 188 (see also sexual

relations and miscegenation)missionaries in, 270–271, 276Muslims in, 255and Portuguese control, 123–124,

148–157settlement of, 145, 165trading colonies in, 189See also Angola; Kongo; slave trade

Africa (Central), 109–114, 118–119, 124,148

emigration to, 176Jesuits in, 150–152and Kongo, 142–143migrations in, 216settlement of, 149, 177slave trade with, 120–123

Africa (East), 141–142, 145, 148, 185,283–285, 290, 298–299, 482

adventurers in, 302Dutch and English attacks in, 156emigration to, 176frontier encounters in, 290gold trade in, 142Jesuits in, 262, 271markets in, 91, 98, 123migrations in, 216Portuguese policy in, 146religion in, 187settlement of, 165, 169, 171, 174, 182trade with, 94, 102, 104, 165, 304 (see

also trade)Africa (North), 1–2, 22–23, 138

emigration to, 176fortresses abandoned in, 2, 22settlement of, 149

Africa (West), 109–112, 140, 145, 148, 288,293, 305–306, 318

centralization of power in, 221and the Dutch, 248

513

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84644-8 - Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada CurtoIndexMore information

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Index

Africa (West) (cont.)emigration to, 176and fetishism, 288frontier encounters in, 284, 290missionaries in, 110, 258, 296plundering and slave raiding in, 287Portuguese chroniclers and, 359, 361Portuguese influence in, 155settlement of, 169, 177trade with, 113, 165, 304 (see also trade)

Agadir, 138, 230, 283Agra, 90agriculture, 80, 104, 111, 124, 128, 131, 174,

184in Africa, 184–185in Brazil, 114–121, 184manioc, 111–112, 119See also cacao; sugar economy; tobacco

Akan, 110–113Alagoas, 186Albuquerque, Afonso de, 16, 80, 101,

201–202, 293, 464and art, 397in the chronicles, 323and diplomacy, 297–298and education, 373and foundation myths, 321Indian Ocean, plan for, 146and merchants, 373and messianic/millenarian ideas, 369, 492and miscegenation, 8, 372and renegades, 301

Albuquerque, Francisco de, 464Albuquerque, Luı́s de, 462, 468, 470Alcácer Ceguer, 2, 22, 52Alcazarquibir, 138, 177, 301, 381aldeias, 186 (see also Amerindians)“Aleijadinho” (António Francisco Lisboa),

441, 451–455Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 243Alentejo, 176Aleppo, 98Alexandria, patriarch of, 155Alfonso the Wise, 358Algarve, and emigration, 164, 176alliances, see diplomacyal-Masudi, 498Almeida, D. Lourenço de, 289

Almeida, Francisco de, 201, 245Almeida, Onésimo Teotónio, 468, 470, 475Alorna, Marquis of, 339–343Álvares, Francisco, 377Álvaro I (King), 150–151Amadis of Gaul, 491Amazon, 114–116, 128, 167, 172, 233, 300,

502Ambon, 3, 207, 222, 226Ambuila, battle of, 2America, 96, 97, 117 (see also Brazil)American Revolution, 70, 130, 251Amerindians, 129, 187–188, 273–274, 277,

302–303, 308–309aldeias, 186–187, 273–274, 308–309Brazilian, 123–126, 188, 299–300demographic decline of, 124encounters and communication with,

286–288, 300enslavement of, 116–120, 264, 277,

292–293, 329–334, 383languages of, 263, 299, 384–385missionaries to, 307–308mortality of, 115religion of, 306–308resistance by, 172–173, 240sexual relations and miscegenation with,

172, 305Spanish American, compared, 249stereotypes of, 332–334

Amoy, 93–94Anchieta, José de, 273, 384–385Andrada, Gomes Freire de, 330, 335Angoche, 98Angola, 26, 33, 59, 72, 109–111, 123,

150–152, 162, 184, 237, 447and Brazil, 118–123diocese of, 259and the Dutch, 31–32, 61, 63, 118, 124,

338Inquisition in, 266Jesuits in, 150–152municipal councils in, 245resistance of local peoples in, 230, 293settlement of, 166–170, 172–173, 175,

177–178, 182, 247and the slave trade, 70, 116–119, 124,

129–130, 153, 243, 248

514




Index

trade with, 112–114, 122–123wars in, 154–157, 299See also Africa

Antonil, André João, 170Arabian Sea, 92, 167, 171, 176Arabs, 94, 161 (see also Islam; Muslims)Aragon, 138–139, 146, 464Arakan, 93, 104Araújo, José Soares de, 438arbitristas, 62, 328, 340–341Arguim, 5, 24, 53, 392aristocracy, 148, 225, 246 (see also nobility;

social classes)Armenians, 90, 95–96, 101, 104, 498Arruda, Diogo de, 393Arruda, Miguel de, 393–394, 422–423art and architecture, 390–455 passim

caskets, 405–408ivory, 397–399, 402–406religious, 255–257, 420–428textiles and tapestries, 410

Arzila, 2, 22, 52, 179, 230Asia, 172, 214–215, 221–222, 226, 283,

322, 332, 464, 480–481, 488–489,504

Anglo-Dutch offensive in, 112art and architecture in, 423, 447Dutch empire in, 112, 222East, 95, 101, 165European preconceptions about, 288frontier encounters in, 290–293and local powers, 297–300, 305manufacturing in, 92merchant communities in, 94–96, 99,

102–104, 182migration to, 168missionaries in, 273, 305–308Portuguese chroniclers and, 370renegades in, 301settlement of, 162–164, 178, 184,

187–188trade, 96–101, 104, 130, 226–229, 344,

481, 492, 496–497, 502, 508; bycasados and private traders, 102–105,214, 304, 326; intra-Asian, 76, 91–93,481, 508; with native groups, 304–305;trading posts in, 189, 224, 230–232

asientos, 112–113, 235

Atlantic Ocean, 109–113, 167, 462,481–483, 486–490, 506

islands, 21, 29, 51, 59, 117, 138–140,171–174, 177, 185, 218, 391–392 (seealso Azores; Canary; Cape Verde;Madeira; São Tomé and Prı́ncipe)

and navigation, 122, 493–496and Portugal, 109–137 passim, 229–247

passimSouth, 10, 20–21, 34, 113, 117–119, 122,

124winds and currents in, 241, 493–496

Aubin, Jean, 14Augustinians, 260–263, 267Aveiro, 451Avis, dynasty of, 258, 358–359, 361, 377,

492Axim, 24Azambuja, Diogo de, 141, 392Azamor, 2, 22, 55Azores, 23, 54, 139, 161, 181, 218, 482

art of the, 420–423, 447captaincies in, 172, 237diocese in, 259emigration from, 168, 174immigration to, 176, 188Inquisition in, 266municipal councils in, 218, 244–245settlement of, 23, 177, 184and trade, 34, 236urban planning in, 394–395

azulejos, 430, 438, 443–444, 448

Bahia, 20, 26, 36African slaves in, 117, 129, 271art and architecture in, 429, 433, 445convents in, 269diocese in, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 5, 60, 320, 338, 382and family genealogies, 335government of, 239Inquisition in, 266Jesuits in, 273settlement of, 171, 179, 183–184sugar mills in, 25–26, 120tobacco from, 69–70, 121trade with, 67, 110, 119, 122, 126, 129See also Salvador

515




Index

Bahrein, 179Baker, Mathew, 475Baldaia, Afonso Gonçalves, 284bananas, 111Banda Islands, 204Bandar Abbas, 90, 99–100Bandarra (prophecies), 384bandeirantes, 111, 117, 292, 303, 308, 318banias, 90, 101banking, 89, 103, 325–326Bantam, 86, 213, 226, 227, 298Bantu, 302, 362, 364Barbados, 32Barbosa, Duarte, 289, 498Barendse, Rene, 104baroque style, 382, 396, 411, 438–440,

446–447, 451Barreto, Francisco, 153–154, 216Barros, João de, 321–324, 346–347, 367,

369–371, 375, 381, 447Basra, 98–99, 203Bassein, 3, 64, 75, 104, 173, 185, 205–206Batavia, 225Beckman, Manuel, 330, 335Beijing, 275, 295, 298, 307Belém, 128, 188, 245Bell, Adam Schall von, see Schall, AdamBemoim, 143Benedictines, 261–262Bengal Bay, 28–29, 90

and Asian merchants, 90, 93–94, 100British in, 226–228, 502Dutch in, 223–226and renegades, 294, 302, 345settlement of, 168, 176, 178, 211–214,

223trade in, 4, 15, 29, 100, 104, 304, 502

Benguela, 113, 122–123, 129, 157Benin, kingdom of, 24, 141–143, 145, 148,

233, 296, 298, 398–401ivory from, 296slaves from, 296

Benzoni, Girolano, 144Berlin, Conference of, 2, 244Bermudes, João, 147Bernini, 440Bijapur, 29Bissau, 110

Bloch, Marc, 199Bocarro, António, 168, 183, 185Bodin, Jean, 73, 199Boemus, 324Bolivia, architecture in, 447–448Bolswert, Schelte A., 415Bombay, 31, 178, 185–188, 227Borgia, Francis, 424Botero, Giovanni, 12, 199–200Boxer, Charles, 11, 124, 218, 256, 314Boyajian, James, 29, 103Brahmins, 340–343Brandão, Ambrósio Fernandes, 30Braudel, Fernand, 11Brazil, 1, 9–10, 20–21, 33, 103, 109,

348, 480–481, 493, 496, 502–503,506

administration of, 239–242agriculture in, 70, 111, 184, 509; and

sugar, 184, 483; and tobacco, 121Amerindians in, 286–287, 300, 302,

305–309and Angola, 118–123art and architecture in, 391–392,

394–395, 397, 419, 428–455and British North America, 250–252and Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 286–287,

465–467cattle breeding in, 126chroniclers of, 370, 377, 382–385confraternities in, 267–268convents in, 269–270demographic growth of, 179diamond mines in, 69, 179dioceses in, 259–261Dutch occupation of, 5, 31–32, 61–63,

75, 178, 241, 248, 382–383economy of, 29, 32–34, 70–71, 103, 128,

131–132, 184 (see also finances)Estado do, 114–116finances of, 61–62, 74–78 (see also

economy)and genealogies, 335–339gold mines in, 126–132, 179, 184, 320,

507government of, 4, 221–222, 229–233,

237–249 passimhistoriography of, 11

516




Index

independence of, 44, 51, 71–72, 118, 131,251–252

Inquisition in, 266–267languages in, 314militarization of, 16, 37, 68mining in, see Brazil, diamond mines in;

Brazil, gold mines inmissionaries in, see religionmutinies in, 241–242, 329–335planters in, 126ports in, 183and Portuguese control, 127religion in, 262–265, 267, 270–271,

274–277, 295settlement of, 4, 74, 124–126, 161,

164–189 passim, 290, 292, 324, 498slave interpreters in, 318–319slavery in, 69–70, 72, 110–114, 116–120,

129–132, 157, 243, 248southern frontier of, 41, 116–118trade with, 54–55, 58, 71, 118–123,

128–131, 185, 248, 501See also Bahia; Pernambuco; Rio de

Janeirobrazilwood, see dyewoodBristol, 491, 495British empire, see EnglandBrito, Filipe de, 302Brito, Francisco Xavier de, 442Brito, Manuel de, 442Buddhism, 256, 289, 296, 490Budé, Guillaume, 475Buenos Aires, 116, 118, 345bullion, in Asian trade, 96–97bulls, papal, 16, 164, 256Burhanpur, 90Burma, 93, 186

Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise, 317Cabo Frio, 233Cabot, John, 491, 495Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 337, 428, 465–466,

495and Brazil, 1, 286–287, 318in India, 200–201, 369, 372See also Brazil

cacao, 39–40, 114, 116, 130–131 (see alsoagriculture)

cachaça, 115–121Cacheu, 110, 116Cairati, Giovanni Battista, 395Cairo, 95, 98, 100Calcutta, 183, 226Calheiros, António de Sousa, 449–451Calicut, 90–95, 102, 178, 201, 304, 346,

369, 464Pêro Covilhã’s visit to, 142Vasco da Gama’s arrival at, 162, 285–286,

371–372Cá Masser, Lunardo da, 24Cambay, 20, 29, 92–93, 99, 104, 215, 505Cambodia, 3, 504Cameroon, 142Caminha, Álvaro de, 145, 148Caminha, Pêro Vaz de, 286, 288, 377Camões, Luı́s de, 320, 323, 369, 375–382,

470Campanella, Tommaso, 199Camphuys, Joannes, 226Canada, 114Canary Islands, 24, 139–140, 144, 164, 257,

482, 489, 506Cannanore, 179, 201, 504cannibalism, 152, 332, 334Canton, 93–94, 102, 182, 209, 294–295,

413Cão, Diogo, 142, 145, 362Cape Bojador, 74, 140, 258, 287Cape of Good Hope, 29, 96–97, 101, 167,

171–172, 182, 187, 285, 298, 303,504

as Dutch settlement, 158Portuguese exploration and, 142

Cape of Three Points, 110Cape São Roque, 167Cape Verde Islands, 54, 110–111, 161,

164–165, 230, 236, 276–277, 284, 304,309

diocese of, 259donatory-captaincy on, 232–233, 243emigration from, 168language of, 364municipal councils on, 244–246religion on, 260, 271, 277settlement of, 24, 144, 148, 171,

176–177, 184

517




Index

Cape Verde Islands (cont.)and slavery, 111–112, 144trade with, 110, 235

capitalism, 75, 81, 89, 346, 490, 492–493captains, 172, 217, 230–231, 237–240,

242–244 (see also donatory-captaincysystem)

Cardim, Fernão, 173, 385Cardozo, Manuel, 66Caribbean Islands, see West IndiesCarletti, Francesco, 303–304Carneiro, António de Moniz, 185Carneiro, Francisco, 58Carraci, Agostino, 413Carreira da Índia, 26–29, 33, 55, 59–64, 98Cartagena, 186, 266cartazes, 27cartography, 139–142, 462Casa da Índia, 26, 68, 70casados, 102–105, 168, 180–181, 185, 211,

214, 224Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de, 323–324,

367–369Castelnau l’Estoile, Charlotte, 265castes, 96, 100, 220, 372Castile, 138–139, 361, 464, 484, 489Castilho, João de, 393Castro, D. João de, 373, 406, 447, 462–463,

468–472, 476Castro, Inês de, 366–367Catalonia

and Africa, 139and cartographers, 139–140

Catherine of Braganza (wife of KingCharles II), 31, 69, 227, 406

Catherine of Portugal (wife of King JoãoIII), 381, 398, 405

Catholicism, 188, 198–200, 257, 259, 276,305, 309, 317, 348

Amerindians and, 333–334in Ceylon, 296synods and, 261See also Christianity; evangelization;

missionaries; religioncattle, 38, 109, 125–126Ceará, 171, 179, 241, 295, 338 (see also

Brazil)censorship, 323, 366, 378

Ceutaconquest of, 1, 15, 51–53, 166, 221, 230,

255, 283, 291, 358–359Portuguese settlement of, 22, 177

Ceylon, 207–209, 211, 217, 220, 296–297,502

art and architecture in, 404–406casados in, 214Chinese and, 482Dutch in, 60, 223, 228expulsion of the Portuguese from, 4missionaries in, 262political power in, 208–209, 214, 220,

296–297, 308Portuguese language in, 373resistance in, 297revenue from, 30, 75settlement of, 3, 167, 170–171, 176, 207,

289trade and, 92, 300, 304, 502See also Colombo

Chantassin, Pouchot de, 276Charles II (England), 31, 227Charles V, 393, 398, 465Chaul, 3, 173, 180, 205, 256, 502chettis, 101China, 88, 161, 178, 186, 209–210,

298–299, 318, 374, 489, 503–504, 506,508

English East India Company (EIC) and,228

expatriates from, 289maritime ventures of, 482missionaries in, 260, 262–263, 265,

272–275, 295, 307, 385Fernão Mendes Pinto’s description of,

380–381, 505porcelain from, 413–415Portuguese knowledge of, 288–289, 321Russian empire and, 500–501silk from, 209, 410trade with, 89, 93–97, 100, 102–104See also Macao

Chittagong, 93chivalry and expansion, 491–492chivalry, romances of, 487Chola empire, 482Christianity, 177, 276, 288, 376, 490

518




Index

in Benin, 296in Brazil, 173in China, 274, 307–308in India, 180in Japan, 274–275, 307–308in Kongo, 270, 306in Monomotapa, 307See also Catholicism; evangelization;

missionaries; religionchronicles, 350–370 passimcinnamon, 92, 207–208, 296, 502 (see also

spices)Cistercians, 261cloves, 114 (see also spices)Cochin, 80, 173, 464–466

art and architecture in, 422Carreira da Índia and, 100confraternies in, 268diocese in, 259education in, 373fort at, 104, 201Inquisition in, 262political power in, 201–202, 346Portuguese factions in, 321religious orders in, 256settlement of, 171, 176, 178, 183, 304trade with, 26, 103, 324–329, 344

Coelho, Bento, 433Coelho, Caetano da Costa, 437Coelho, Duarte, 238Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 88, 226coffee, 40, 116, 130–132Coimbra, 365Colombo, 92, 104, 173, 207–208, 296, 373

(see also Ceylon)colonial culture, 314–349 passimcolonization, see settlementColumbus, Christopher, 318, 361, 491, 495,

497, 501, 506commerce, see tradecommercial companies, see trading

companiesCompanhia do Estanco do Maranhão, 115Companhia Geral do Grão Pará e

Maranhão, 39, 41, 115–116, 128Companhia Geral do Pernambuco e

Paraı́ba, 39, 41, 129Conceição, José da, 442

confraternities, 267–269Confucianism, 93, 289Congo, 111–112, 120, 143, 259 (see also

Kongo)Constantinople, 376, 419contra costa, 123conversion, see Catholicism; Christianity;

evangelization; missionaries; religioncopaı́ba balsam, 114copper, 112 (see also mining)Coromandel, 88, 93–95, 176, 178, 211–212,

304, 325, 345Correia, Gaspar, 323, 367, 406corruption, 76, 80–81, 86, 345, 376corsairs, see piracyCosta, Francisco da, 80, 324–329, 346Costa, Leonor Freire, 63Cortesão, Jaime, 124, 314cotton, 40, 43, 64, 88, 92, 103, 110, 116,

130, 162, 184 (see also textiles)Council of Trent, 255, 260, 270Counter-Reformation, 396, 403, 411Coutinho, André, 407Couto, Diogo do, 80, 367, 378, 381Covilhã, Pero da, 142, 145–146cowrie, 119Cron, Ferdinand, 103crown judge (ouvidor), 173crusades, 138–139, 255–256, 258, 322, 370,

376Cuiabá, 128Cunha, Simão da, 442Cunha, Tristão da, 184, 245Curaçao, 248Curnow, Kathy, 398–399Curto, José, 121

Dahomey, kingdom of, 113Daman, 3, 168, 173, 205, 374, 391

agricultural in, 104, 502economy of, 75, 185fort at, 291settlement of, 178

Dante, 377Daoism, see Taoismdecolonization, 161Dellon, Charles, 185, 266, 345–346Denmark, 189, 373, 487

519




Index

Dharmapala, Dom João, 207–208, 405–406diamonds, see miningDias, Bartolomeu, 1, 142, 145, 462, 468,

482Dias, Dinis, 284diplomacy, 152, 158, 203, 205, 296–299,

309, 327, 482with the Dutch, 31

diseases, 96, 110–112, 186, 250, 271, 333,482

Ditterlin, Wendel, 436Diu, 102–104, 205–206, 291, 368, 374,

470art and architecture in, 406, 447casados in, 102fort at, 166, 179, 291Gujaratis in, 103religion in, 206settlement of, 171, 178trade with, 99–100

Dominicans, 154–155, 210, 260–263, 267,308, 321 (see also Catholicism;evangelization; missionaries; religion)

donatory-captaincy system, 4, 74, 172–173,178, 181, 230–233, 236–239, 243–244

Duarte (King of Portugal), 257, 320, 363Duncan, T. Bentley, 28, 61, 64Dutch empire, 212, 222–229, 234, 496, 506,

508–509Ambon and the Moluccas, conquest of,

207Angola and, 118, 124, 156–157, 178, 338art and architecture in, 413in Asia, 112, 212in Brazil, 75, 117, 123, 125, 178, 320, 334,

338, 382and the British, 15, 21, 32, 88, 96, 189,

212, 223–229, 248, 346, 413, 504Calvinism in, 375at Cape of Good Hope, 158in Ceylon, 297, 373in Cochin, 329Estado da Índia and, 210, 214, 345in Goa, 102in the Gulf of Guinea, 248in the Indian Ocean, 88, 91, 97, 346in Japan, 275in Java, 502

and Kandy, kingdom of, 208and Luanda, conquest of, 157, 243Macao and, 209Malacca and, 215, 259, 326and the Portuguese, 6, 33, 104, 161,

224–225, 234, 326, 379religion in, 186settlement of, 165, 189slave trade and, 117in South Atlantic, 5, 60, 63Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie

(VOC) and, 223–226, 228, 248West India Company and, 31, 60, 62,

132, 156, 248See also Netherlands

dyewood, 54, 65, 68–70, 75

Eanes, Gil, 140Eckhout, Albert, 419economy, 14, 19, 76–79, 81–82, 92,

112–114, 119 (see also finances; trade)Egypt, 93, 139, 142, 145Elizabeth I, 331El Mina, 5, 21, 85, 148, 235, 507

architecture of, 392–393Dutch conquest of, 31, 61, 156economy of, 24–25, 35, 54–55, 59–60settlement of, 166, 179–180slave trade and, 110–112, 392–393trade with, 126, 142, 144, 222, 234

Elvas, Antonio Fernandez de, 112emigration (to colonies), 111, 125–127, 164,

167–171, 175–177, 218, 224empire, theory of, 198–199empires, comparisons of, 8–9, 12–13,

222–229, 247–252, 309, 480–503encounters with native peoples, 283–295,

309engenhos, 25–26England, 186, 189, 215, 226–229, 250–251,

267, 331, 375, 486, 491, 502, 508Asia and, 112Brazil and, 31, 37, 39East India Company (EIC), 104, 186,

189, 202, 226–229, 413, 502Estado da Índia and, 214Hormuz, conquest of, 202Indian Ocean and, 32, 97

520




Index

Macao and, 210Portugal and, 31, 42, 69, 156, 161, 234,

373, 384and settlement of empire, 165–166, 189slavery and, 248trade with, 43, 97, 104–105, 120, 129–131

epic in Portuguese literature, 367–380 passimEspı́rito Santo, 126, 179Estado da Índia, 3, 4, 9, 26–29, 199,

219–220, 225, 240, 339–347as a commercial enterprise, 229dioceses in, 260Dutch attacks on, 223economy of, 21, 32–34, 57–59, 64, 70,

72, 75–79, 326government of, 224merchant communities in, 98–105power structures in, 200–222 passim, 247,

323settlement of, 164, 169, 171, 173,

175–181, 185, 187Ethiopia, 4, 33, 139–143, 146–149, 155–156,

186, 259–260, 272, 297, 377–378, 504ethnicity, 90, 102Europe, 188, 228, 338, 463, 470, 507–508

African slaves in, 176influence of art from, 392Chinese culture and, 274and Portuguese achievement, 323and trade with Asia, 91, 99, 103

European expansion, 486, 488, 490–492chivalry and adventurism as motives,

490–491expatriates and, 174–175, 185, 190historiography of, 189, 197–198imperial competition and, 223, 228and the Mar Pequeña, 139

evangelization, 8, 162, 214, 224, 257in Africa, 262–263, 270–271, 273,

306–307in Asia, 204, 256, 272–275, 307–308in Brazil, 186, 271–272, 309–310, 333in literature, 361–362, 379See also Catholicism; Christianity;

missionaries; religionÉvora, 182, 219exchanges, commercial, 109–110, 118 (see

also trade)

experience, idea of, see Portugal, scienceexports, see trade

factories ( feitorias), see trading postsfactors, see trading postsFalcão, Luı́s de Figueiredo, 58Faro, Jorge, 52–53Febvre, Lucien, 199Fernandes, Garcia, 391, 397Fernando (King of Portugal), 320, 358Fernando the Catholic (King of Spain), 491Fernando Pó islands, 177, 232Ferrarini, Carlo, 391, 423Ferreira, António, 366–367Ferreira, João de Sousa, 331–334Ferrer, Jaume, 140fidalgos, 206Figueira, Luı́s, 295finances, 15, 37, 49–87 passim, 115, 127 (see

also economy; Portugal)Fishery Coast, 262Flanders, 55, 59, 162Florence, 50, 91Fontana, Carlo, 446forts, 290, 392–393

in Africa, 179–181, 216, 234, 293architecture of, 392–395in Brazil, 180, 233costs of, 59–60at Indian Ocean sites, 20, 26, 180–181,

183, 201–202, 207in North Africa, 173, 226–227as towns, 53as trading posts, 230, 234

France, 4, 31, 189, 226, 364, 373, 486, 502Brazil and, 161, 179, 247, 338British empire and, 251corsairs and, 464emigration and, 502French Revolution and, 41, 42, 70, 488merchant networks and, 103population of, 484, 502Portuguese communities in, 162Portuguese students in, 365trading companies and, 129, 165West Indies and, 116

Franciscans, 256, 260–263, 267, 271,295–296, 321, 492

521




Index

Freyre, Gilberto, 11, 13frontiers, 290–295, 309Fugger (banking house), 103Fukien, 485Funchal, 258, 261, 319furs, 110, 114, 499Furtado, Francisco Xavier Mendonça, 40

Gaio, D. João Ribeiro, 261Gaio, Fernão, 232Galileo, 461Galvão, Duarte, 368–369Gama, Cristovão da, 143Gama, Vasco da, 316, 318, 504

in Calicut, 15, 91, 162, 285–286chivalry and, 491Hindu religion and, 272literature and, 323, 368, 371–372,

375–376in Southern Africa, 287voyage to India, 1, 25, 91, 145, 178, 200,

299, 304, 346, 364, 495Gambia River, 109, 141, 304Garrido, João, 316–322, 345, 349Gaur, 93genealogies in Brazil, 335–339, 344–347Genoese, 53, 189, 222, 485–486, 489

merchants, 49gentios, 288–289, 359–360geographic revolution, 461–462Germany, 103, 162, 413, 488Ghana, 141Gibraltar, Strait of, 138, 489globalization, 11, 96Goa, 20, 28–29, 42, 293–294, 300, 346,

374, 471art and architecture in, 391, 395, 397,

417, 421–425, 429, 505Brazil and, 64casados in, 103conquest of, 1, 4, 37, 161, 214, 344convents in, 269dioceses in, 259–260and diplomacy, 297–298the Dutch in, 102and education, 373Estado da Índia and, 245frontiers of, 291

government of, 200, 339–342, 347–348(see also Goa, power structures in)

hinterland of, 498Holy Cross of, 321–324Inquisition in, 186, 265–267, 306power structures in, 209, 210–211,

215–220, 325 (see also Goa,government of )

religion in, 262–263, 267–268;conversion, 206, 272–273, 276; Jesuits,102, 256, 265, 268, 307, 496;missionaries, 262–263, 267–268, 308

settlement of, 161–163, 165–168, 173,176–178, 181–182

sexual relations and miscegenation in,214

taxes in, 75trade with, 99–102, 104, 185

Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, 52–54, 56,58, 64–65, 198, 314–315

on emigration, 168on the fiscal system, 73on global economy, 11on merchant groups, 16on the merchant-knight, 9

Goens, Rijklof Van, 226Goiás, 6, 13, 35, 67, 127–128, 170–171, 179,

183, 240, 242, 260Góis, Damião de, 378Golconda, 100gold, see miningGold Coast, 69, 73, 148, 156Gomes, Diogo, 141, 143Gomes, Fernão, 232Gomes, João, 146Gonçalves, André, 434Gonçalves, João, 471Gonzaga, Aloysius, 424Gouveia, André de, 365governors, 175, 233, 242–243, 338Grão Pará e Maranhão, Estado do, 114Great Britain, see EnglandGreeks, 485, 488Greenland, 189, 491Guairá-Tapes, 117Guangdong, 298, 300Guerreiro, Antonio Coelho, 210Guerreiro, Fernão, 396

522




Index

Guimarães, Vitorino, 65Guinea, 53, 109, 155, 230, 234–235, 345

European powers and, 506interpreters in, 316religion in, 255, 271and the slave trade, 317See also Upper Guinea

Guinea, Gulf of, 24, 72, 74, 109–110, 161,248

bilateral system with Brazil, 122and gold, 141and local powers, 235Portuguese mercenaries in, 148settlement of, 168, 177slave trade and, 54, 111–112, 145trade with, 121, 232–234trading forts, 234–236

Guinea-Bissau, 162, 235Gujarat, 29, 93, 485

bankers in, 103casados in, 102–105and diplomacy, 205, 297manufacturing in, 92, 101merchants in, 90, 94–95, 99, 304settlement of, 178trade with, 88, 100–103and war, 291

gunpowder, 117

Habin, Irfan, 105Hadramaut, 91, 94, 98Haiti, 41, 43, 130, 242Hanson, Carl A., 56, 63, 65Harrison, John, 471Henrique, Cardinal Dom, 203Henry VII, 487Henry the Navigator

African expeditions and, 53, 141,283

Canary Islands and, 506chivalry and, 491literature and, 359, 362–363, 368–370and Order of Christ, 237, 258seignorial rights of, 74, 232, 244slave trade and, 287, 304, 306trading privileges of, 74

Hesiod, 485Hespanha, António M., 56, 60, 65

hides, see cattle; leatherHideyoshi, Toyotomi, 417Hindus and Hinduism, 256, 266, 272, 288,

340–342, 375in Goa, 203, 347merchants and, 90, 94–95, 99–100social status of, 492

Hispaniola Island, 501Holanda, Francisco de, 447Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de, 11Holland, see NetherlandsHomem, Diogo, 153Hooykaas, Reyer, 460, 471Hormuz, 20, 26, 28, 75, 92–94, 98–102,

104, 202, 212conquest of, 1and the Portuguese, 33, 60, 202–203,

206, 215, 220, 227settlement of, 166, 178–189

Horn of Africa, 487horses, 75Houckgeest, Van Braam, 276Hovhannes, 90Hughli, 104

Iberian Peninsula, 493Reconquest of, 257, 291, 293, 301

Iceland, 189, 487Imbangala, 152–154, 156imperialism, 124, 490, 504

Castilian, 486, 502–503, 506Chinese, 498, 500–501European, 480–481, 506modern, 480Portuguese, 481–486, 503, 505–506, 509

(see also Portugal)Russian, 498–500

Inconfidência mineira, 7, 242India, 142, 147, 370–372

agriculture in, 96–97art and architecture in, 421–423, 389castes in, 100dioceses in, 258–260European empires and, 228–229,

506hinterland of, 168and languages, 299local powers in, 299

523




Index

India (cont.)manufactured goods from, 91–93and Maratha Confederation, 215markets in, 89–94, 99–100, 509merchants in, 90, 94–95, 100missionaries in, 256, 264–265, 271–273,

307, 318 (see also Catholicism;Christianity; evangelization; religion)

Northern Province of, 4, 217Portuguese presence in, 90–92, 99–100,

104, 165, 170–178, 179–185, 285, 298,315, 481, 502, 505

stereotypes of, 188and urban planning, 395

Indian Ocean, 88–90, 112, 123, 130, 145,147, 496–497

Africans and, 319bullion and, 97European impact on, 97European powers and, 104, 212,

222–229, 506markets and, 91–100, 142, 597merchants and, 102–103, 90–100,

327–328monsoon system and, 167and naval control, 76, 236, 346and Portuguese diplomatic network,

297–298Portuguese interests in, 76, 97–104, 123,

146–147, 153, 344and settlement around, 102–104,

212–214, 230trade and, 89–90, 288, 371

Indians, see Amerindiansindigenous peoples, 9, 103, 113, 166, 168,

188–189, 300–309, 333–334resistance by, 165, 197, 201, 208,

214–215, 230–231, 240, 329–330, 347See also Amerindians

indigo, 75, 89, 92, 97, 114Indo-Portuguese art, 402–404Indonesia, 88, 89, 93, 95–96, 165, 169, 176industrialization, 488, 490, 507Inhambane, 146Innocent VIII (Pope), 361Inquisition, 33, 186, 200, 214, 246–247,

265–267, 306, 342, 366, 378in Angola, 265–267

in Brazil, 265–267interpreters, 317Iran, 90, 98, 215Ireland, 251, 486–487Islam, 93–96, 142, 165, 202, 228, 258,

288–289, 297, 359–360, 376, 490 (seealso Muslims; religion)

Italy, 162, 274, 364–365ivory, 70, 91, 110, 112, 122–123, 397–399,

402–406

Jacques, Cristovão, 233Jaga, 2Jainism, 94, 96, 99, 490Jakarta, 222, 226Japan, 4, 20, 93, 171, 256, 298, 303,

485–486art in, 396, 427–428, 433Christianity in, 33, 308conversions in, 272, 275, 277, 374diocese in, 259languages in, 322, 374–375, 379missionaries in, 260, 262–263, 265,

271–272, 379, 385, 503Namban art, 391, 416–420Portuguese settlement in, 307trade with, 88, 97, 101–102, 209–210,

374Java, 223–224, 226, 228, 298, 482, 502jeribita, see cachaçaJerusalem, 492Jesuits, 262–264, 268, 273, 277, 307

and Amerindians, 383in Angola, 119, 150–152, 243and art and architecture, 396–397, 414,

416, 423–424, 429–430, 433in Brazil, 4–5, 113, 173, 186, 246, 265,

273, 308, 329–333, 338in China, 272, 274–275and church hierarchy, 260in Ethiopia, 155–156expulsions of, 6, 39, 115, 129, 259, 265,

308finances of, 78, 102, 264–265in India, 256, 267–268, 272–273, 343institutions of, 261, 263–264in Japan, 182, 273–275, 303in Kongo, 150–151

524




Index

and languages, 318, 374–375, 379, 384–385and literature, 347in Macao, 182in Mozambique, 153, 181propaganda of, 263–264and theater, 496

Jews, 96, 101, 104, 110, 162, 232, 246, 288,371, 383, 488, 490 (see also NewChristians)

Jiddah, 98, 104João I (King of Portugal), 358–359, 363João II (King of Portugal), 235, 270, 285,

296, 316, 323, 361, 363–364, 368–369,398

João III (King of Portugal), 173, 174, 258,265, 296, 363, 365, 370, 398, 465

João IV (King of Portugal), 219, 383, 445João V (King of Portugal), 446John (Prince of Portugal), 74José I (King of Portugal), 116, 267, 384Julius III (Pope), 258Júnior, Caio Prado, 11

Kagoshima, 374Kanara, 75–76, 99, 298Kano Domi, 417Kano Eitoku, 416Kano Misunobu, 417Kano Naizen, 417–419Kano Sanraku, 417Kano Tomonobu, 417Karanga, kingdom of, 146, 153–154, 158,

307Kassange, kingdom of, 113Kerala, 92, 100, 286, 288Kilwa, 75, 91, 94, 145–148kirishitan art, 417Klein, Herbert, 122Knytlinga, 482Koldam, 201Kongo, kingdom of, 166, 298, 362

art in, 401conflicts in, 124, 151–153, 156–157,

243diocese in, 110European impact on, 503language in, 362and mercenaries, 148–149

missionaries in, 142–143, 150, 306–307,361

settlement of, 177, 247See also Congo

Koster, Henry, 345Kotte (Ceylon), 207, 289, 296–297, 405Kwanza River, 152–153, 167, 178, 243, 293Kyoto, 298, 417

labor, 501–502in the Atlantic world, 111–115, 124, 129

Lagos, 316, 318, 359Laguna, 118Lahari Bandar, 99Lamu, 98, 104lançados, 3, 7, 8, 13, 25, 110, 149, 213, 304,

318, 362, 399Lancastre, José Luı́s de, 415land grants, 30, 172, 174, 208, 217, 249, 293land rents, 30, 75Lane, Frederic C., 328languages, 298–299, 302, 309, 317

creoles, 364, 373–374Latin, 361, 364–365local, 248–249, 318, 321, 362, 364,

373–374, 384–385Laristan, 505Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 273, 324Latin, 361, 364–365Lavanha, João Baptista, 474Lavradio, Marquis of, 241Leão, Gaspar de, 261leather, 126, 130 (see also cattle)Lei Mental, 238Lepanto, battle of, 376Levant, 189Libya, 487Lima, 186, 266Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, 345–346Lippe, Count of, 241Lisbon, 20–21, 114, 123, 131, 149, 163, 286,

325, 330, 503Africans in, 319and art, 390, 397, 406, 413, 415–416, 419,

429–430, 436, 445and the Carreira da Índia, 98citizens of, 182, 219and diplomacy, 295–297

525




Index

Lisbon (cont.)earthquake (1755), 69as economic center, 16, 24, 35, 62, 69,

79, 111, 122, 130, 378as literary center, 367, 370–372as port, 30, 98and religion, 257, 266, 270

Liverpool, 131livestock, see cattleLivy, 367, 371Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues, 382local powers, 197–198, 203, 206–208, 210,

235, 238, 296–298local resistence, 165, 197, 201, 208,

214–215, 230–231, 329–330, 339–343,347

Locke, John, 19London, 162, 228 (see also England)Lopes, Fernão, 358–359, 363Loronha, Fernão de, 232Loyola, St. Ignatius, 424, 430Luanda, 113, 118, 122–123, 129, 151, 178,

245, 291Dutch conquest of, 31, 157, 243foundation of the city, 293, 299

Luanda Island, 151lumber, 92 (see also dyewood)Luz, Francisco Mendes da, 58

Macao, 3, 20, 161–162, 169, 271, 374art and architecture in, 413–416, 423,

426, 433, 440, 445, 505Chinese control of, 102–104, 210concessionary voyages to, 28, 101convents in, 263, 269diocese in, 259–260and diplomacy, 300founding of, 178merchants in, 182, 300missionaries in, 274–275, 295municipal council of, 219, 300as “republic,” 314settlement of, 33, 166, 172, 176, 294,

307sexual relations and miscegenation in,

188, 309trade with, 26, 29, 102, 167, 209–210,

303–304

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 199, 331–332,367

Madagascar, 302Madariaga, Salvador de, 498Madeira, 23, 161, 319, 489

art and architecture on, 420–427, 447donatory-captaincy system on, 237and emigration, 168, 175–176expansion to as prototype, 111Inquisition on, 266merchants on, 26municipal councils on, 181, 218, 244and Order of Christ, 257production on, 54, 111settlement of, 23–24, 33, 74, 164–165,

172, 174–177, 184sexual relations and miscegenation on,

319and slavery, 111–112strategic position of, 230–231, 236and sugar, 111–112and urban planning, 394–395

Madeira, Diogo Simões, 154, 216Madrid, 112, 324, 325, 328, 382, 419

Treaty of, 127–128, 165, 331Maetsuyker, Joan, 226Magellan, Ferdinand, 506Majorca, 489Makassar, 13, 15, 104, 302Malabar Coast, 161, 325

art and architecture on, 406interpreters from, 318local powers on, 200, 231, 298and markets, 100merchants on, 100, 296Portuguese forts on, 90, 92, 204settlement of, 168, 236, 304

Malacca, 20, 201, 209, 220, 505Aceh’s attacks on, 215and the Chinese, 289, 482commercial position of, 204and concessionary voyages, 28conquest of, 1, 293, 373diocese at, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 33, 61, 222–223as exchange center, 93fort at, 104languages of, 374

526




Index

merchant communities at, 94–95,100–102

and the Moluccas, 207Muslim traders and, 492settlement of, 169, 178trade with, 26, 29, 75, 100–102,

212–213, 303, 325–326malaria, 247Malay Peninsula, 186Malays, 95Malekandthil, Pius, 103Malindi, 91, 98, 145–146, 216Malocello, Lanzarotto, 135mamelucos, 330, 335Manchuria, 500Manila, 15, 28, 96–97, 186, 207, 210, 213,

263 (see also Philippines)manioc culture, 111, 118–119 (see also

agriculture)Manuel I (King of Portugal), 237, 286, 296,

315, 321, 326, 361, 363, 368–369and Brazil, 232and China, 298portrayed by Damião de Góis, 378emblem of, 399, 413and literary culture, 365military orders and, 258millenarianism and, 492and municipal councils, 246and Morocco, 177

Manueline architecture, 421–422,429

Maranhão, 127, 168agriculture of, 40art and architecture in, 395captaincies in, 239–242cattle in, 125and commercial companies, 115diocese in, 259French settlement of, 161, 171, 338and language, 385local power in, 346–348rebellion in, 329–335, 344settlement of: French, 161, 171, 338;

Portuguese, 170–171, 179, 344slaves in, 5, 110and trade, 114, 121

Maratha Confederation, 4, 33, 215

Marchione, Bartolomeo, 54Maria I (Queen of Portugal), 267markets, 88–108 passim, 141, 223Mar Pequeña, 139–141marriage, 181–182, 190, 203, 214, 217, 219,

246, 269, 334, 372 (see also casados;sexual relations and miscegenation;women)

Martellus, Henricus, 462Martins, Oliveira, 124Mascarenhas, João de (1st Marquis of

Fronteira), 416Mascarenhas, Jorge de, 242Mascarenhas, Vasco, 238Massachusetts, 250Masulipatnam, 100Matamba, kingdom of, 113, 124, 153,

156Mato Grosso, 161

agriculture in, 111captaincy of, 127, 240, 242fort in, 180mining in, 6, 35, 67settlement of, 170–171, 179, 183and trade, 128

Matos, Artur Teodoro de, 57Mauritania, 24Maurits, Johann, see Nassau-SiegenMauro, Frédéric, 65Maxwell, Kenneth, 67–68Mazagan (El Jadida), 22, 179–180, 230–231,

393–394transfer of, 15

Mecca, 492Medina del Campo, 57Mediterranean, 93, 96–98, 139, 142, 222,

482, 486–487, 489Meliapor, 212Mello, Evaldo Cabral de, 61, 63Melo, D. Francisco Manuel de, 382Melo, Garcia de, 325–326Mendes, Alfonso, 156Meneses, Diogo de Sousa de, 154Meneses, Vasco Fernandes César de, 242mercantilism, 14, 16, 19, 73, 174,

policies, 31, 34, 38–39mercenaries, 3, 103, 143–145, 147–148,

152, 212, 241, 504

527




Index

merchant communities, 80, 86, 88, 185, 315,504

in Africa, 94–95, 110, 112, 146, 148–149,300

in Asia, 10, 70, 89–108, 325–329, 373in Brazil, 75, 114, 128, 246, 330and intercontinental networks, 97in Lisbon, 16in relation to private trade and royal

monopoly, 20, 27Mesquita, Francisco Frias de, 395, 442messianism, 359, 383, 491–492 (see also

Sebastianism)mestiço, 102 (see also sexual relations and

miscegenation)Methuen, Treaty of (1703), 35metropole, see Lisbon; London; Madrid;

Parismetropolis, 6–8, 20, 34–35, 41, 68–72, 129,

163, 174, 250, 252Mexico, 72, 186, 249, 266, 395,

423, 428–429, 438, 448,501

Middle East, 91–93, 98–99, 228military, 163

architecture, see fortsexpenditures, 77, 81–82mercenaries in Asia, 104, 301Portuguese soldiers, 159

military orders, 75, 257–259, 320millenarianism, 14Miller, Joseph, 117Mina, see El MinaMina Coast, 234Minas Gerais, 338

art and architecture in, 395, 429, 434,437–438, 440–441, 447–455

confraternities in, 268and gold, 16, 35–36, 66, 69Inconfidência mineira, 7, 242and markets, 116, 118, 121, 125–128religious orders in, 267–268settlement of, 111, 168–171, 175,

183–184, 240Minho, 163, 175–176mining, 112, 118, 127–129

of diamonds, 6, 34, 37, 64, 68–71, 85,128–129, 132, 448, 507

of gold (mentioned), 19, 88, 95,109–110, 123, 169, 245, 320, 384, 448,481, 505–507

of gold, in Brazil, 6, 34–37, 66–70,126–134, 179, 183–184, 240–242

of gold, in Africa, 21, 23–24, 54, 91, 98,139–142, 144–147

of silver, 15, 28, 30, 32, 72, 88, 96, 111,118, 209, 505, 508

minting houses, 75miscegenation, 3, 5, 13, 102, 104, 188, 204,

219, 305policy regarding, 8See also sexual relations and

miscegenationMisericórdias, 218, 268, 270, 273missionaries, 110, 114, 257, 302, 490

in Africa, 150, 155, 271–273, 307, 361in Asia, 204, 210, 220, 256, 262–264,

271–277in Brazil, 115, 186, 264–265, 300expulsion of, 259, 329–330across frontiers, 295and languages, 374–375nominated bishops, 261Protestant, 373rivalry among, 262–263, 277See also Catholicism; Christianity;

evangelization; religionmocambos, see quilombosMocha, 98Mogadishu, 91Mogador, 22Moghul empire, 92, 96, 205, 212, 227–228,

292, 299, 307, 503art and architecture in, 396, 406–410and nobility, 89

Moghul expansion, 33Moluccas, 29, 60, 917, 190, 204–207, 220,

222, 226, 331, 465, 509Mombasa, 91, 94, 98–104, 145–148, 179,

215–216, 236, 271, 291, 505Monomotapa, 3, 35, 91, 98, 126, 216–217,

307monsoons, 101, 167, 496–498Montesquieu, 336Montevideo, 118Morais, Francisco Teixeira de, 331–333

528




Index

Morineau, Michel, 67Morocco, 22, 51–54, 57–59, 138–140, 165,

177–181, 231, 283, 291, 301, 393Mozambique, 72, 104, 148, 185, 247–248

agriculture in, 111“Atlanticization” of, 130casados in, 102Catholicism in, 259–260, 271, 307and decolonization, 161and gold, 98, 142, 146–147government of, 216–218languages in, 162and local powers, 2–3, 220and military expeditions, 153–155prazos in, 217settlement of, 158, 167–170, 174, 176,

178–180, 185, 190, 293sexual relations and miscegenation in, 3and the slave trade, 130, 248and trade routes, 123See also Africa (East)

Mpinda, 111–112mulattoes, 110, 246 (see also sexual relations

and miscegenation)mule trade, 127–128, 170municipal councils, 73, 218–220, 244–249,

319, 330Muscat, 161, 178–179, 203, 215Muslims, 89, 91–96, 98–101, 110, 138–141,

153, 156, 203–204, 232, 255–257, 265,270, 283, 286, 296, 301, 360, 371, 376,492, 504 (see also Islam)

Mutapa, see Monomotapa

N’dongo, kingdom of, 113, 149–153,156–157, 293

Nagappattinam, 211–214Nagasaki, 3, 28, 101–102, 169, 178,

190, 300, 303, 307, 374, 416–417Namban art, 391, 416–420Napoleonic wars, 43, 130Nassau-Siegen, Johann Maurits van,

248natios, 104naus, 98–100Navarro, João Azpilcueta, 384Negreiros, André Vidal de, 243Nero, 331

Netherlands, 69, 103, 157, 219, 222, 484,503 (see also Dutch empire)

New Christians, 33, 59–60, 103, 186–188,220, 246–247, 265–266, 268, 325–328,383 (see also Jews)

New England, 250Newfoundland, 485Nicolao, Giovanni, 416Nicote, Filipe de Brito, 212–213Niger basin, 109Nigeria, 176Nile River, 504Njinga, Queen, 153, 156–157Nobili, Robert de, 265, 274–275nobility, 242 (see also aristocracy; social

classes)Nóbrega, Manuel da, S.J., 173, 273Noli, Antonio da, 148Noronha, D. Fernando de, 291–292Noronha, Pedro António de, 242North Sea, 482Northern Province, 4Norwegians, 487Novais, Paulo Dias de, 150–153, 177–178,

184, 243–244, 293, 299Nunes, Pedro, 468–471, 476nutmeg, 88, 502 (see also spices)

Obidos, Josefa de, 435Okinawa, 95Olinda, 242, 246, 259, 428–429Olivares, Count-Duke, 62Oliveira, António de, 58, 61Oliveira, Fernando de, 256, 462, 469,

472–475Oman, 202Omanese empire, 4opium, 75Order of Avis, 258Order of Christ, 75, 237–238, 244,

257–258, 261, 270Order of Santiago, 258Order of the Temple, 258orders, see religious orders; military

ordersorientalism, 14Orta, Garcia da, 300, 468Ouidah, 37

529




Index

Oviedo, Andrea da, 155Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de, 323

Pacific Ocean, 96–97, 315, 373, 487, 496padroado régio, 16, 75, 198, 257–259, 267,

277padrões, 331, 375padrões de juro, 79Paiva, Afonso de, 142Palacio, Diego Garcia de, 474Palladio, Andrea, 475palm-wine, 75Panikkar, K. N., 11Pará, 5

diocese in, 260government of, 241, 245, 385and markets, 128settlement of, 170–171, 179and slave trade, 110and trade, 40

Paraguay, 116Paranaguá, 66Paraty, 128Paris, 162, 365Parı́sio, Cataldo, 364Pate, 98Patna, 90paulistas, 117–118, 127, 179, 242, 336–339,

344–348Pearl River, 209, 294pearls, 505Pedro, Prince D., 53Pedro II (King of Portugal), 156, 416Pegu, 3Peking, 447, 505pepper, 29, 54, 71, 80, 88–92, 98–103, 202,

324–328, 509 (see also spices)Pereira, Alexandre Machado, 492Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 461, 463–468, 472Pereira, Nuno Álvares, 154, 216Pernambuco

and Angola, 243diocese in, 259Dutch occupation of, 5, 31–32, 61, 63,

85, 248, 382genealogies in, 335government of, 233, 238Inquisition in, 266

settlement of, 171, 178–179, 184and the slave trade, 122and sugar, 25–26and trade, 38, 119, 121

Perry, Commodore, 308Persia (and Persian Gulf ), 92, 94, 98, 101,

161, 165, 178, 202–203, 482Peru, 25, 116, 249–250, 423, 428, 448, 501peruleiro network, 116–117Pescaria Coast, 3Petrarch, 377Philip I (II of Spain), 381Philip II (III of Spain), 244, 326, 436Philip IV, 80, 86Philippines, 90, 95, 189, 207, 255 (see also

Manila)Phoenicians, 485, 488Piauı́, 125, 171Pigafetta, Filippo, 143Pigorini, Luigi, 399pillaging versus trade, 109, 113, 146, 152Pimentel, Luı́s Serrão, 394Pina, Rui de, 360–363Pinto, Adriano, 274Pinto, Fernão Mendes, 379–381, 447,

504–505Pinto, Inácio Ferreira, 440Pinto, Virgı́lio Noya, 36, 66–68piracy, 22, 61–62Pires, Francisco, 291, 295, 393Pires, Tomé, 209, 298Pires, Vicente Ferreira, 235Pita, Sebastião da Rocha, 336Plato, 485Pliny, 475–476political order, conceptions of, 321–322,

332, 335, 340–341, 344, 347–348Poliziano, Angelo, 364Polo, Marco, 377Pombal, Marquis of, 4, 6, 34–35, 38–41,

116, 128–129, 267, 276, 384–385, 393porcelain, 91, 93, 410, 413–415port cities, 89–104Porto, 19, 219, 245, 449Portugal and Portuguese empire, 9, 42,

69–71, 77, 89, 126administration of, 78, 82, 239–243and Amerindians, 114

530




Index

art and architecture in, 386–451 passimand Brazil, 71, 131and the British empire, 77, 226–229,

250–251, 256and cartography, 142and centralization, 197, 200, 221,

240–245, 252and colonial institutions, 203–206,

208–211, 217–226, 230–234,341–342

in comparative perspective, 247–252and decolonization of Africa, 161and Dutch empire, 77, 117, 124–125, 157,

222–229, 248, 256, 335and emigration, 8, 163, 167–169,

172–176, 185, 190as “entrepreneurial domain state,” 73–74and expansion, 109–137 passim, 162–163,

229–247 passimfamily structures in, 163–164finances of, 59, 69, 71–82, 95, 99,

113–114and France, 71government of, 78, 82, 162–164,

217–218, 221–222historiography of, 9–11, 189, 193,

197–199, 348, 370, 384and imperial culture, 314–349 passimand Islam, 138language and literature of, 299, 358–386

passimand liberal revolution (1820), 71and local agents, 316–317, 347and local powers, 197, 201–208,

210–215, 217, 220–221, 230–231, 235,238, 296–298, 329–330

manufacturing in, 130maritime and naval achievements of, 140,

473, 494–495and nautical knowledge, 469–472,

494–498as “nebula of power,” 199–200, 221,

247, 249and nomadism, 377and the Overseas Council, 123–124, 243politics, culture and language of, 314–315,

320, 328, 330–332, 339–341, 344–347,349, 490

population of, 8, 80, 484postmodern view of, 198–199and religion, 198, 255–278 passimand renegades, 301–302and the Restoration, 113, 225, 260, 266,

394, 445and royal officials, 80–81, 110and royal patronage, 74, 81, 172, 320 (see

also padroado régio)and Russian empire, 498–501and science, 460–476 passimsettlement of, 74, 161–196 passimand soldados, see renegadesand Spanish empire, 249–250, 256, 508and spices, 298stereotypes of, 314, 345and trade, 71, 113, 146urban centers in, 182See also Brazil; Estado da Índia

Post, Frans, 419Potosı́, 4, 15, 116Pozzo, Andrea, 440prazos (in Zambezi region), 30Prester John, 138–139, 142, 145–146,

377–378Prı́ncipe Island, see São Tomé and Prı́ncipePropaganda Fide, Congregation of, 259,

277Protestants, 266, 276, 346, 373, 422Ptolemy, geography by, 142Pulicat, 93, 100

Queirós, Fernão, 289Quelimane, 146quilombos, 16, 123–124, 186, 337 (see also

slavery)quinine, 2, 244quintos, 66–68

race (and racism), 8Ramalho, João, 337Ramalho, José Cardoso, 448Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 324Ravenna, Benedetto da, 393Recife, 118, 242, 428–429, 445 (see also

Pernambuco)Red Sea, 91–101, 147, 165, 236, 504regimentos, 172

531




Index

religion, 86, 98, 318and empire, 255–279 passimand trade, 396–397and women, 269–270See also Catholicism; Christianity;

evangelization; Islam; missionariesreligious orders, 103, 262–265, 267–268,

271, 277, 379, 413, 419, 448 (see alsomilitary orders)

Renaissance, 322, 366, 377, 395, 398, 447,461–462, 468, 474–475

renegades, 214, 224, 301–302Resende, André de, 364Resende, Garcia de, 369resistance and revolts, 16–18

in Africa, 24in Brazil, 7, 242in Goa, 7

Restelo, 323Restoration (1640), 31, 62Ribeiro, António Simões, 433Ribeiro, Bernardim, 366Ribeiro, Gabriel, 435Ricci, Matteo, 274–275, 295, 414rice, 40, 116, 130–131 (see also agriculture)Rio de Janeiro, 6, 20, 114, 118–119, 178,

242administration of, 240–243agriculture in, 123, 130art and architecture in, 429, 437, 438,

442, 444–445, 448–449as capital of Brazil, 6, 67, 127convents in, 269diocese of, 259French occupation of, 338population of, 41, 169and royal bureaucracy, 163settlement of, 178–179and the slave trade, 116–119, 131in the South Atlantic complex, 114, 118,

122, 130, 243and Spanish America, 116–117and trade, 125–126as urban center, 182, 245–246

Rio de la Plata, 116–118, 125, 130, 167, 239,248, 324

Rio Grande de São Pedro, see Rio Grandedo Sul

Rio Grande do Sul, 38, 127, 171, 179,239

rivers, 3, 30, 167–170, 176, 178, 206, 243,293–294

in Africa, 109–111, 141, 143, 148,152–155, 158, 217, 302, 304

in America, 116, 167in Asia, 209, 294

Rocha, José Joaquim da, 437Rodrigues, Domingos, 430, 433Rodrigues, João, 374Rome, 155, 265, 307, 397, 419, 433,

446Rosário, Frei António do, 42Rubens, 415, 430, 440Ruggieri, Michelé, 274–275, 295, 414Russell-Wood, A. J. R., 37Russia, 90, 487, 498–500, 509

Sá, Dom Constantino de, 208Sá, Mem de, 173Sá, Salvador Correia de, 5, 123, 157,

243Sá de Miranda, Francisco, 365–366, 377Sa’adid monarchy, 138Sacramento, 118, 171, 331Safim, 2, 22, 55Sagres, 363Sahara, 110–111, 148, 360Said, Edward, 11Saint-Domingue, see HaitiSakai, 94Salazar regime, 13, 198, 316, 483Saldanha, Aires, 213Salomonic columns, 438, 440salt, 69–70, 117, 123, 484saltpeter, 92Salvador, 6, 182, 245

art and architecture in, 395, 397,428–429, 433–438, 441–443, 447

founding of, 173Misericórdia, 246municipal council of, 245population of, 169and royal bureaucracy, 163, 239–240and trade, 33, 38, 41, 64See also Bahia

sandalwood, 88, 204

532




Index

Santa Catarina, 171, 174, 179Santos, 117São Francisco River, 125, 129São Jorge da Mina, see El MinaSão Luı́s, 330São Paulo, 183, 241, 246, 309, 314

and agriculture, 116–117and Amerindian slavery, 5, 111, 303art and architecture in, 435and bandeirantes, 303diocese of, 260great families of, 335–339merchants in, 41and the mule trade, 127and paulistas, 6settlement of, 170–171, 179sexual relations and miscegenation in, 5,

188, 292and trade, 116–117

São Paulo de Luanda, see LuandaSão Tomé and Prı́ncipe, 21, 111, 148,

161–162, 177, 232, 236African population of, 176and captaincies, 243decolonization of, 161diocese of, 259Dutch conquest of, 5, 61municipal council of, 245–246and native priests, 277and religious orders, 260settlement of, 24, 145, 165, 174and slavery, 144, 184and sugar, 24, 171and trade, 111–112, 141

São Tomé de Meliapor, 28, 73, 211São Vicente, 178Saraswat Brahmins, 103Scandinavia, 486, 489Schall, Adam, 274Schorkens, Juan, 436–437Schwartz, Stuart, 117, 120science and technology, 460–476, 483,

486–490and experience, 460–476and medicine, 300–301

scientific revolution, 461–463, 488Scotland, 488Sea of Japan, 167

sea routes, 139–142, 145, 161, 175Sebastianism, 383–384 (see also messianism)Sebastião (King of Portugal), 30, 138,

150–152, 231, 293, 301, 381Senegal, 140, 143, 148, 304Senegal River, 109, 141Senegambia, 23, 110, 141, 143–144, 148,

234Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 289sertões, 167–168sesmarias, see land grantssettlement, 148, 151–156, 165, 233, 245

and climate, 167geography of, 166–172patterns of, 161–196 passimand possession, 163religion and, 181–182rivers and, 167, 179structures of, 179–187settlers, 148–149, 172, 178, 187–188, 385in Africa, 123, 152, 154–156in Brazil, 114–115, 128, 246, 330, 334and migrants, 175–177

Setúbal, 484Seven Years War, 228, 251Severim, Baltasar de Faria, 80Seville, 15, 162sexual relations and miscegenation, 3, 102,

104, 172, 188, 214, 219, 304–305, 319,372

shipbuilding, 78shipping, 89, 98, 140, 146shipwrecks, 27, 33Shirazis, 101, 104Siam, 33Siberia, 499–500, 509Sicily, 359Sideri, Sandro, 130Sierra Leone, 144, 149, 155, 173, 360,

398–400silk, 28–29, 93, 209, 304, 410, 505Silveira, António da, 153silver, see miningSilves, Diogo de, 494Sindh, 29, 99Sintra, 447sisas, 73Slave Coast, 111, 121–122, 129

533




Index

slavery, 69, 109–112, 126, 128, 144, 232,318–319, 481, 506

in Africa, 4–5, 9, 10, 17, 23–24, 26, 33,39, 40–41, 64, 68, 153

and Amerindians, 334and Atlantic economy, 15, 20in Brazil, 115, 117, 120–122, 127, 173,

337and Canary Islands, 23challenges to, 7and diet, 107, 111, 119and insurrections, 112, 123, 125and the Jesuits, 115in Portugal, 23and religion, 271and slave interpreters, 316–319See also slave trade

slave trade, 109–124, 128–129, 157, 169,188, 247–248, 304, 318–319, 334,482–483, 503–504, 507–508

and Africa, 24, 144–145and Amerindians, 292–293, 334with Brazil, 117, 131, 176–177, 330condemnation of, 256duties on, 70and price of slaves, 32, 36, 117traders, 119, 299, 330See also slavery

Smith, Adam, 37smuggling, 75, 81, 98, 116, 294sobas, 152social classes, 81, 148, 225Society of Jesus, see JesuitsSocotra island, 142, 232Sofala, 26, 91, 98, 100, 102, 142, 145–147,

158, 171, 216Solis, Duarte Gomes, 80Solor, 210solteiros, 102–105Somalis, 147Sottomaior, Francisco de Gouveia, 151Sousa, Francisco de, 240Sousa, Luı́s António de (Morgado de

Mateus), 127–128Sousa, Martim Afonso de, 233, 293,

469–470South Africa, 224Southey, Robert, 345

Spain (and Castile), 32, 41, 189, 225, 321,488

and colonial architecture, 423and the dual monarchy, 373, 381empire of, 60, 72, 130, 249–250, 269, 276finances of, 72and imperialism, 501–503and Portugal, 32, 72, 120, 123–124, 160,

225, 323–324, 327and silver trade, 96–97and slave trade, 112, 144Tordesillas, Treaty of, 331universities in, 364

Speelmann, Cornelis, 226spices, 19, 34, 163, 499, 504, 509

competition for, 88, 223–226, 372production of, 91–93, 204, 223royal income from, 29, 55, 63–64trade in, 97–98, 101, 117, 142See also cinnamon; cloves; nutmeg;

pepperSpinola, Carlo, 423, 433Staden, Hans, 324Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 89sub-Saharan societies, 110, 117, 247Suez Canal, 487sugar economy, 19, 75, 162, 171, 246, 506

African slaves and, 4–6, 26, 111–119Amerindian slaves and, 4–6, 26in Brazil, 21, 25–26, 38, 43, 65–66,

68–69, 125–132, 184, 483in India, 97in Madeira, 23, 25–26, 54sugar cane liquor, see cachaçaand trade, 39, 43in the West Indies, 32, 41, 248, 251, 501See also agriculture

sultans, 165–166, 169, 492Sumatra, 88, 101, 298Surat, 89–90, 99–100, 105Swahili Coast, 91, 94, 98, 104, 215–216,

236Sweden, 185, 487–488Syria, 139Syriam, 3

Tacitus, 332, 347Tamara, Francisco, 324

534




Index

Tangier, 22, 31, 48, 177, 320tangomaus, 110Taoism, 256, 289Taques de Almeida Pais de Leme, Pedro,

335–338, 346–347Tavares Chicó, 395Távora, Marquis of, 339, 346–347taxes, 86, 172, 220, 251, 340

in Africa, 148–149, 216in Asia, 95–96, 101, 206–210in Brazil, 127ecclesiastical, 257See also tithes

tax farmers, 82technology, see science and technologytenças, 79, 202Ternate, 504Tete, 154, 176Tetuán, 138textiles, 29, 44, 64, 93, 110, 410 (see also

cotton)Thevet, André, 324Thirty Years War, 124Tibet, 90, 272Tidore, 504Timor, 104, 162, 178, 210, 374

Catholicism in, 262, 276, 308political power in, 210–211, 220and sandal wood trade, 204,

210Timor Sea, 167tithes, 75, 77 (see also taxes)tobacco

in Brazil, 5–6, 65–66, 114, 126, 130, 132,184

monopoly of, 69–71, 80, 121in North America, 250, 501and South Atlantic complex, 5trade in, 33, 37–38, 64, 69–70, 96, 119,

121Tokugawa shogunate, 33Tomar, 258, 393Tomaz, Fernando, 56, 69Tomonobu, 417Tonga, 217Tordesillas, Treaty of, 331Torralva, Diogo de, 393Toscano, Gonçalo, 316

trade, 27, 58, 70–73, 81, 98, 129–131, 171,206, 508

African, 94, 102–104, 109–113, 119, 145,165, 304

and art, 391Asian, 27, 76, 92–95, 99–104, 182, 185,

205, 223, 225, 326, 413, 504Atlantic, 498, 506Brazilian, 75, 111–113, 115–123, 126, 130,

174chartered companies and, 33, 39, 41, 115coastal, 89–90, 98–101, 111concessions, 20, 53, 74, 80–81, 232, 315,

330contraband, 37, 71, 118, 121and customs, 69–71, 75–76, 94–103in furs, 114, 499in gold, 142Indian Ocean, 91, 98, 145–147intercolonial, 109intercontinental, 111land routes for, 97, 110licences, 75long distance, 91, 94, 100–105, 170at Malacca, 95monopolies (and contracts), 74, 80, 232peddlers, 89, 101, 104in porcelain, 413private, 99, 102–103, 211, 233, 315, 327and religion, 396–397, 490retail and wholesale, 89and South Atlantic complex, 111in textiles, 92, 95, 110and trading firms, 102and trading rights and privileges, 81and trading ventures, 78and West Africa, 140–144

trading companies, 16Brazil Company, 32, 62–63Companhia do Estanco do Maranhão,

115Companhia Geral do Comércio de

Pernambuco e Paráiba, 39, 41, 129Companhia Geral do Comércio do Grão

Pará e Maranhão, 39, 41, 115–116, 128Dutch and English trading companies,

33, 104, 186, 189, 202, 223–229, 248,413, 502

535




Index

trading companies (cont.)Portuguese East India Company, 33,

62trading posts ( feitorias ), 26–27, 76, 163, 174,

290in Africa, 123, 146, 148, 157, 178, 181,

216, 221–224, 232–236, 247in Asia, 178, 200–203, 206–207, 296in Brazil, 233British and Dutch, 226–229

Trancoso, Gonçalves Fernandes, 265treaties, 16, 164, 173

Alcaçovas, Treaty of, 164Madrid, Treaty of, 127–128, 165, 231Methuen, Treaty of, 35Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 500Santo Ildefonso, Treaty of, 331Tordesillas, Treaty of, 165, 331, 361, 464,

466Treaty of 1654 between Portugal and

England, 31Twelve Years Truce, 59

Tupi, 384–385, 496Turks, 55, 98–100, 205, 297, 376

United States, 43, 114, 124, 131, 487Upper Guinea, 109–110, 116, 304 (see also

Guinea)urban planning, 395

Valdelvira, Andrés de, 423Valignano, Alessandro, 273–276, 307Van Leur, Jacob, 11Vasco, Grão, 496Vasconcelos, Diogo Mendes de, 319Vasconcelos, Luı́s Mendes de, 152Vasconcelos, Simão de, 332Vasconcelos e Sousa, Pedro de (Count of

Castelo Melhor), 242Vatican Basilica, 440Veen, Otto van, 443Velho, Álvaro, 285, 299, 371–372Venice, 103, 189, 222

Verba, Friar João de, 320Verbiest, Ferdinand, 500Viamão, 128Vicente, Gil, 363–364Vieira, António, S. J., 5, 115, 300, 329, 344,

382–385Vieira, João Fernandes, 243Vijayanagar, 93, 504Vilhena, Filipa de, 407Viterbo, Sousa, 390Voltaire, 336Volta River, 110Vorah, Virji, 89–90

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 11War of the Barbarians, 125War of the Spanish Succession, 68wax, 110Welser (banking house), 103West India Company, 156, 248West Indies, 116, 121, 250, 318, 501, 506West-Indische Compagnie (WIC), see West

India Companywind systems, 167, 241, 461, 493–496wine, 117, 119–120, 171women, 13, 17, 172, 182, 319

and religion, 269–270See also sexual relations and

miscegenation

Xavier, Francis, 272, 307, 373–374, 379,396, 424

Yemen, 94

Zambezi River, 3, 30, 153–155, 158,167–170, 176, 206, 209, 217, 302,309

Zanzibar, 97Zimbabwe, 447Zupanov, Ines, 265Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 139, 284, 306,

324, 359–361

536




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