copy of 56913304 pipe systems design
TRANSCRIPT
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TOTAL PRESSURE DROP IN PIPE
Calculating Pressure Drop
One of the most basic calculations performed by any process engineer,
whether in design or in the plant, is line sizing and pipeline pressure loss.
Typically known are the flow rate, temperature and corresponding viscosity
and specific gravity of the fluid that will flow through the pipe. These properties
are entered into a computer program or spreadsheet along with some pipe
physical data (pipe schedule and roughness factor) and out pops a series of
line sizes with associated Reynolds Number, velocity, friction factor and
pressure drop per linear dimension. The pipe size is then selected based on a
compromise between the velocity and the pressure drop. With the line now
sized and the pressure drop per linear dimension determined, the pressure
loss from the inlet to the outlet of the pipe can be calculated.
The total pressure drop in the pipe is typically calculated using these five steps. (1) Determine the tota
horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs. (2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For
two gate valves, a 90o
elbow and a flow thru tee. (3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and
equation. To accomplish this, most engineers use a table of equivalent lengths. This table lists the valve
associated length of straight pipe of the same diameter, which will incur the same pressure loss as that val
example, if a 2 90o
elbow were to produce a pressure drop of 1 psi, the equivalent length would be a lengt
that would also give a pressure drop of 1 psi. The engineer then multiplies the quantity of each type of val
respective equivalent length and adds them together. (4) The total equivalent length is usually added to th
length obtained in step one to give a total pipe equivalent length. (5) This total pipe equivalent length is
in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in the pipe.
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Mass Flow Rate,
lb/hr: 63,143
Volumetric Flow
Rate, gpm: 70
Density, lb/ft3: 112.47
S.G. 1.802
Viscosity, cp: 10
Temperature,
o
F: 127Pipe ID, in: 3.068
Velocity, fps: 3.04
Reynold's No: 12,998
Darcy Friction Factor,
(f) Pipe: 0.02985Pipe Line DP/100 ft. 1.308
Friction Factor at Full
Turbulence (t): 0.018
Straight Pipe, ft: 31.5
Fittings Leq/D1
Leq2, 3 K
1, 2=t
(L/D)Quantity Total Leq Total K
The term
The most commonly used equation for determining pressure
drop in a straight pipe is the Darcy Weisbach equation. One
common form of the equation which gives pressure drop in terms
of feet of head { hL} is given by:
is commonly referred to as theVelocity Head.
The fluid being pumped is 94% Sulfuric Acid through a 3, Schedule 40,
Another common form of the Darcy Weisbach
An Example
To obtain pressure drop in units of psi/100 ft, the value of 100 replaces L in Equation 2.
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90o
Long Radius
Elbow 20 5.1 0.36 2 10.23 0.72
Branch Tee 60 15.3 1.08 1 15.34 1.08
Swing Check Valve 50 12.8 0.9 1 12.78 0.9
Plug Valve 18 4.6 0.324 1 4.6 0.324
3 x 1 Reducer4
None5 822.685 57.92 1 822.68 57.92TOTAL 865.633
Typical
Equivalent
Length
Method
K Value
Method
Straight Pipe DP, psi
Not
applicable 0.412
Total Pipe EquivalentLength DP, psi 11.734 NotApplicable
Valves and Fittings
DP, psi
Not
applicable 6.828
Total Pipe DP, psi 11.734 7.24
60.944
3. Leq is calculated using Equation 5
above.
4. The reducer is really an
expansion; the pump discharge
nozzle is 1 (Schedule 80) but the
connecting pipe is 3. In piping
terms, there are no expanders,just
reducers. It is standard to specify the
reducer with the larger size shown
first. The K value for the expansion
is calculated as a gradual
enlargement with a 30o
angle.
5. There is no L/D associated with an
expansion or contraction. The
equivalent length must be backcalculated from the K value using
Equation 5 above.
1. K values and Leq/D are obtained
from reference 1.
2. K values and Leq are given in terms
of the larger sized pipe.
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The line pressure drop is greater by about 4.5 psi (about 62%)
using the typical equivalent length method (adding straight pipe
length to the equivalent length of the fittings and valves and using
the pipe line fiction factor in Equation 1).
One can argue that if the fluid is water or a hydrocarbon, the
pipeline friction factor would be closer to the friction factor at full
turbulence and the error would not be so great, if at all significant;
and they would be correct. However hydraulic calculations, like all
calculations, should be done in a correct and consistent manner.
If the engineer gets into the habit of performing hydraulic
calculations using fundamentally incorrect equations, he takes
the risk of falling into the trap when confronted by a pumping
situation as shown above.
Final Thoughts - K Values
Another point to consider is how the
engineer treats a reducer when using
the typical equivalent length method.
As we saw above, the equivalent
length of the reducer had to be back-
calculated using equation 5. To do
this, we had to use tand K. Why not
use these for the rest of the fittings and
apply the calculation correctly in the
first place?
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The term (1+1/D) takes into account
scaling between different sizes within a
given valve or fitting group. Values for
K1 can be found in the reference
article2
and pressure drop is then
calculated using Equation 7. For flow
in the fully turbulent zone and larger
size valves and fittings, K becomes
consistent with that given in CRANE.
The 1976 edition of the Crane
Technical Paper No. 410 first
discussed and used the two-friction
factor method for calculating the total
pressure drop in a piping system ( for
straight pipe and t for valves and
fittings). Since then, Hooper2
suggested a 2-K method for calculating
the pressure loss contribution for
valves and fittings. His argument was
that the equivalent length in pipe
diameters (L/D) and K was indeed a
function of Reynolds Number (at flow
rates less than that obtained at fully
developed turbulent flow) and the exact
geometries of smaller valves and
fittings. K for a given valve or fitting is
a combination of two Ks, one being the
K found in CRANE Technical PaperNo. 410, designated KY, and the other
being defined as the K of the valve or
fitting at a Reynolds Number equal to
1, designated K1. The two are related
by the following equation:
K = K1 / NRE + KY (1 + 1/D)
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The use of the 2-K method has
been around since 1981 and does not
appear to have caught on as of yet.
Some newer commercial computer
programs allow for the use of the 2-K
method, but most engineers inclined to
use the K method instead of the
Equivalent Length method still use the
procedures given in CRANE. Thelatest 3-K method comes from data
reported in the recent CCPS Guidlines4
and appears to be destined to become
the new standard; we shall see.
Darby3
expanded on the 2-K
method. He suggests adding a third K
term to the mix. Darby states that the
2-K method does not accurately
represent the effect of scaling the sizes
of valves and fittings. The reader is
encouraged to get a copy of this article.
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Pressure losses distributed in the pipes
l length of all
xample, there may be
fittings into the Darcy
nd fitting and an
e or fitting. For
h of 2 straight pipe
e and fitting by its
total straight pipe
hen substituted for L
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The calculation of the linear pressure loss, that
corresponding to the general flow in a rectilinear
conduit, is given by the following general formula:
D p = pressure loss in PaL = friction factor (a number without dimension)
The expression above shows that calculations of pressure losses
rest entirely on the determination of the coefficient L.
p = density of water in kg/m3
V = flow rate in m/s
D = pipe diameter in m
L = pipe length in m
Carbon Steel pipe:
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FLUID PARAMETERS
PIPE PARAMETERS
Diameter of
fitting in
inches
90 std.
ell,ft.
45 std.
ell,ft.
90 side
tee, ft.
Coupling
or straight
run of tee,
ft.
Gate valve,
feet
Globe
valve, feet3/8 1 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.2 8
1/2 2 1.2 3 0.6 0.4 15
3/4 2.5 1.5 4 0.8 0.5 20
1 3 1.8 5 0.9 0.6 25
1 1/4 4 2.4 6 1.2 0.8 35
1 1/2 5 3 7 1.5 1 45
2 7 4 10 2 1.3 55
2 1/2 8 5 12 2.5 1.6 65
3 10 6 15 3 2 803 1/2 12 7 18 3.6 2.4 100
4 14 8 21 4 2.7 125
5 17 10 25 5 3.3 140
6 20 12 30 6 4 165
A so utePipe
Roughness
Allowance in Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in Valves and Thread
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Pipe Absolute
x 10-6
feet micron
(unless
drawn brass 5 1.5
drawn 5 1.5
commercial 150 45
wrought iron 150 45
asphalted 400 120
galvanized 500 150
cast iron 850 260
wood stave 600 to 3000 0.2 to 0.9
concrete 1000 to 0.3 to 3 mm
riveted steel 3000 to 0.9 to 9 mm
Relative pipe
Included here is a sampling of absolute pipe roughness e data
taken from Binder (1973). These values are for new pipes;
aged pipes typically exhibit in rise in apparent roughness. In
some cases this rise can be very significant.
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binder -
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Example:
FIRE
HOSE
Friction Loss Charts
Hose
U.S. GPM
30 26 4 1.5 --- --- ---60 --- 9 6 1 --- ---
95 --- 22 14 2 --- ---
125 --- 38 25 3.5 1 ---
150 --- 54 35 5 2 ---
200 --- --- 62 8 3.5 ---
250 --- --- --- 13 5 1.5
Hose 3"WI Hose 76mm
U.S. GPM 2" CPL L/Min. 65mm CPL
500 13 3 2 1900 90 20
750 32 6 4 2850 220 401000 56 10 7.5 3800 390 70
1250 87 15 12 4750 600 100
Back to Top
1" 1" 1"
Add 5 P.S.I. Per Storey
P.S.I. Per 100' Dual Line
2" 3"
Kpa Per 30 Meter Dual
65mm
Add 5 P.S.I. Per Siamese or Wye
10 P.S.I. Per Portable Monitor
Add 30 Kpa Per Siamese or
70 Kpa Per Monitor
P.S.I. Per 100' Single Line
2" 3" 4"
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Angle valve, feet4
8
12
15
18
22
28
34
4050
55
70
80
According to kinematics viscosity According to dynamics viscosity
d Fittings
The Reynolds number is defined is:
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V = flow rate in m/s p = density in kg/m3
d = pipe diameter in mm V =speed in m/s
D = hydraulic diameter of the pipe in m
= dynamic viscosity in Pa.s (or kg/m.s)
p = density of water in kg/m3
Loss pressure
(legal System (S.I) in m/s = 1000000
centistokes or mm/s)
Kinematics viscosity in m2/s kinematics viscosity in mm/s (or
= viscosity dynamic of water Pa.s or (kg/m S)
(kg/m.s = One tenth of a poise = 10 poises)
v = kinematics viscosity in mm/s (or
centistokes) - (legal system (S.I) in m/s =
1000000 centistokes)
Reynolds number is inversely proportional to kinematics viscosity.
The viscosity of a fluid is a characteristic which makes it possible to
determine resistance to the movement of the fluid. The higher kinematic
viscosity will be and the more difficult it will be to move the fluid in the pipe.
v = viscosity of water in mm/s (or
centistokes)
Kinematics viscosity (v is the ratio of dynamic viscosity on the density of the
fluid.
In rate of laminar, the nature or the surface quality of the interior walls of the
lines does not intervene in the calculation of the pressure loss.
The loss pressure is determined by the following function:
Laminar flow (Re 2000)
Re = Reynolds numberL = friction factor (a number without dimension)
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
14
15
16
17
Usual value index of roughness (k) in mm
Nature of interior surface Index roughness K
The laminar flow meets in practice only in the transport and the handling of
the viscous fluids, such as the crude oil, fuel oil, oils, etc.
Turbulent flow (Re > 2000)
In the critical zone, i.e. between 2000 and 4000 Reynolds the formula of
computation employed will be treated in the manner that in situation of mode
of turbulent flow.
In rate of turbulent, the factor of friction is translated by the formula of
Colebrook considered as that which translates best the phenomena of flow
into turbulent mode.
Copper, lead, brass, stainless 0,001 to 0,002
PVC pipe 0,0015
Stainless steel 0,015
Steel commercial pipe 0,045 0,09
Stretched steel 0,015
Weld steel 0,045
Galvanized steel 0,15
Rusted steel 0,1 to 1
New cast iron 0,25 to 0,8
Worn cast iron 0,8 to 1,5
5
Sheet or asphalted cast iron 0,01 to 0,015
Smoothed cement 0,3
Ordinary concrete 1
It is noted that this formula is in implicit form; consequently search can be
done only by successive approaches (iterative calculation)
With:
L = friction factor (a number without dimension)
D = pressure loss coefficient.
k = index of roughness of the pipe.
d = pipe diameter in mm.
Re = Reynolds number.
Well planed wood 5
Ordinary wood 1
Rusty cast iron 1,5 to 2,5
Coarse concrete
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Pipe dia. [d mm.] = 50
Flow Rate l/min = 120
Flow velocity [m/s] = #DIV/0!
Viscosity [mm^2/s] =
50 mm PVC pipe, 120 l/min
Hose
L/Min.
130 180 28 10 --- --- ---225 --- 60 40 7 --- ---
350 --- 150 95 14 --- ---
475 --- 260 170 24 7 ---
570 --- 370 240 35 14 ---
760 --- --- 425 55 24 ---
950 --- --- --- 90 35 10
14
2850
85
Influence rate of antifreeze (glycol)
Add 30 Kpa Per Storey
65mm 76mm
ine
76mm
Wye
100mm25mm 38mm
Kpa Per 30 Meter Single Line
44mm
In the case of an addition of antifreeze (glycol) to water, kinematics viscosity
(into centistokes) varies in the following way:
t = temperature at 0C
a = percentage of glycol
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Flow rate (Q) = 100 GPM Velocity (V) = 2.52 Ft/s
0.00001216 Ft /s 69527.96
Pipe Parameters 0.1 Ft
Inside Diameter (D) = 4.026 Inches 0.021265
Length (L) = 100 Ft
0.00015 Ft 0.625 Ft
Input Data Output Data
Fluid Parameters
Velocity = 2.52 Ft/s Flow Rate = 100 GPM
0.00001216 Ft2/s 69527.96
Pipe Parameters 0.1 Ft
Inside Diameter = 4.026 Inches 0.021265
Length = 100 Ft
0.00015 Ft 0.625 Ft
1. Friction head loss calculation based on Darcy-Weisbach equation.
2. Friction factor calculation based on approximated Colebrook equation (Swamee-Jain equation) when Re >5000.
Visit us at
The information contained on this chart has been carefully prepared and is believed to be correct.
SyncroFlo makes no warranties regarding this information and is in no way responsible for l oss incurred from the use of such information.
Kinematic Viscosity = Reynold's Number =
Velocity Head (Hv) =
Friction Factor2
=
Common Fluid Properties
Kinematic Viscosity, v (Ft2/s)Fluid
Absolute Roughness = Friction Loss1
=
Fluid Parameters
Velocity Head (Hv) =
Specific Roughness (e) = Friction Loss1
(Hf) =
Kinematic Viscosity (v) = Reynold's Number (Re) =
Friction Factor2
(f) =
Water, clear (32F)
Water, clear (40F)
Plastic
Water, clear (60F)
Water, clear (85F)
Saltwater, 5% (68F)
Saltwater, 25% (60F)
Propylene Glycol, 35% (20F)1
Ethylene Glycol, 25% (40F)1
Steel and wrought iron
Propylene Glycol, 25% (40F)1
Ethylene Glycol, 35% (20F)1
0.00000869
0.00001118
0.00002583
0.0001
Copyright 2003, SyncroFlo, Inc.
http://www.syncroflo.com/
0.00001931
0.00001664
0.00001216
Cast iron, cement lined
0.00004783
0.00010.00003161
Cast iron
Fiberglass
Specific Roughness, e (Ft)0.00015
0.00085
0.0005
0.000005
0.0004
0.000017
Galvanized steel and iron
Copper and brass
Pipe Head Loss Calculator
Common Piping Material Properties
0.000008
0.000005
NOTE:
1. Aqueous solution, concentration in volume percent.
Material
Input Data Output Data
Cast iron, tar coated
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Fluid viscosity (dynamic), m:
Answers
Pipe relative roughness, e/D:
Pipe length from A to B, L :
Elevation gain from A to B, Dz:
Fluid density, r:
Inputs Pressure at A (absolute):
Average fluid velocity in pipe, V:
Pipe diameter, D :
Note that a positive Dz means that B is
higher than A, whereas a negative Dz
means that B is lower than A.
Wall drag and changes in height lead
to pressure drops in pipe fluid flow.
To calculate the pressure drop and
flowrates in a section of uniform pipe
running from Point A to Point B, enterthe parameters below. The pipe is
assumed to be relatively straight (no
sharp bends), such that changes in
pressure are due mostly to elevation
changes and wall friction. (The default
calculation is for a smooth horizontal
pipe carrying water, with answers
rounded to 3 significant figures.)
100 kPa
1 m/s
1.2 m
0 m/m
50 m
15 m
1 kg/l
1 cP
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umber, R: .00105
desired
output
units for
next
calculati
on. n Factor, f: 0.0180
ssure at B: 95.5 kPa
re Drop: 4.50 kPa
Flowrate: 7.85 l/s
Flowrate:7.85 kg/s
w erep s t e pressure, s t e
average fluid velocity, r is the fluid
density,z is the pipe elevation above
some datum, and g is the gravityacceleration constant.
Changes to inviscid, incompressible
flow moving from Point A to Point B
along a pipe are described by
Bernoulli's equation,
Equations used in the Calculation
ou can so ve or owrate rom a
known pressure drop using this
calculator (instead of solving for a
pressure drop from a known flowrate
or velocity).
Procee y guessing t e ve ocity an
inspecting the calculated pressure
drop. Refine your velocity guess until
the calculated pressure drop matches
your data.
Hint: To Calculate a Flowrate
kPa
l/s
kg/s
Calculate Again Default Values
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w ere s t e p pe engt etween
points A and B, and Dz is the changein pipe elevation (zB -zA ). Note
that Dz will be negative if the pipe at B
is lower than at A.
w ere s e p pe ame er. s e
flow moves down the pipe, viscous
head slowly accumulates taking
available head away from the
pressure, gravity, and velocity heads.
Still, the total head h (or energy)
remains constant.
For pipe flow, we assume that the pipe
diameter D stays constant. By continuity, we
then know that the fluid velocity V stays
constant along the pipe. With D and V
constant we can integrate the viscous head
equation and solve for the pressure at Point
B,
,
energy is converted into heat (in the
viscous boundary layer along the pipe
walls) and is lost from the flow.
Therefore one cannot use Bernoulli's
principle of conserved head (or
energy) to calculate flow parameters.
Still, one can keep track of this lost
head by introducing another term
(called viscous head) into Bernoulli's
equation to get,
total head h along a streamline
(parameterized byx) remains
constant. This means that velocity
head can be converted into gravity
head and/or pressure head (or vice-
versa), such that the total head hstays constant. No energy is lost in
such a flow.
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/navier_stokes.cfm -
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The calculator above first computes the
Reynolds Number for the flow. It then
computes the friction factor f by direct
substitution (if laminar; the calculator uses
the condition that R < 3000 for this
determination) or by iteration using Newton-
Raphson (if turbulent). The pressure drop is
then calculated using the viscous headequation above. Note that the uncertainties
behind the experimental curve fits place at
least a 10% uncertainty on the deduced
pressure drops. The engineer should be
aware of this when making calculations.
The solutions to this equation plotted
versus R make up the popular MoodyChart for pipe flow,
For turbulent flow (R > 3000 in pipes),
f is determined from experimental
curve fits. One such fit is provided by
Colebrook,
average size of the bumps on the pipe
wall. The relative roughness e/D is
therefore the size of the bumps
compared to the diameter of the pipe.
For commercial pipes this is usually a
very small number. Note that perfectly
smooth pipes would have a roughness
of zero.
For laminar flow (R < 2000 in pipes), f canbe deduced analytically. The answer is,
The viscous head term is scaled by the pipe
friction factor f. In general, f depends on the
Reynolds Number R of the pipe flow, and the
relative roughness e/D of the pipe wall,
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/glossary.cfm?ref=lamhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/glossary.cfm?ref=lamhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/overview.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/glossary.cfm?ref=lamhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/glossary.cfm?ref=lamhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_pipe_friction.cfm -
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To convert Into Multiply by
square meters (m)
square centimeters
(cm) 10000
square meters (m) square feet (ft) 10.763911square kilometers
(km)
(statute) square miles
(mi) 0.386109
square ometers
(km)
naut ca square m es
(nm) 0.291181
square ometers
(km) acres 247.105381
(statute) square miles(mi) acres 640
acres square yards (yd) 4840
acres square feet (ft) 43560
hectares(ha) acres 2.47105381
To convert Into Multiply by
Area
>>Unit Conversion Guide
Length
110000110.7639110.38610910.2911811247.105
10
1
1
12.4
Reset
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meters (m) centimeters (cm) 100
meters (m) inches (in) 39.37008
meters (m) feet (ft) 3.28084
meters (m) yard (yd) 1.093613
kilometers (km) (statute) miles (mi) 0.621371
kilometers (km) nautical miles (nm) 0.539612
feet (ft) inches (in) 12
To convert Into Multiply by
kilograms (kg) grams (g) 1000
kilograms (kg) pounds (lb) 2.204627
grams (g) ounce (oz) 0.035274
To convert Into Multiply by
atmospheres (atm) millibar (mb) 1013.25
atmospheres (atm) feet of water (at 4C) 33.9
atmospheres (atm)
nc es o mercury at
0C) 29.92
atmospheres (atm) centimeters of mercury 76
atmospheres (atm) kgs/cm 1.0333
atmospheres (atm) lbs/in 14.7
atmospheres (atm) tons/ft 1.058
Mass
Pressure
1100
139.3701
13.28084
11.09361
10.62137
10.53961
112.0
Reset
11000
12.204627
10.035274
Reset
11013.25
133.90
129.92
176.0
11.0333114.70
11.058
Reset
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To convert Into Multiply by
kilometers/hour (km/h) meters/second (m/s) 0.277778
kilometers/hour (km/h) miles/hour (mi/hr) 0.6214
knots(kn) meters/second (m/s) 0.514444
To convert Into Multiply by
Fahrenheit (F)-32 Celsius (C) 9-May
Fahrenheit (F)+459.67 kelvin (K) 9-May
Celsius (C)+17.7778 Fahrenheit (F) 1.8
Celsius (C)+273.15 kelvin (K) 1
To convert Into Multiply by
cubic meters (m) cubic centimeters (cm) 1,000,000
cubic meters (m) cubic feet (ft) 35.31467
cubic meters (m) U.S. gallons (gal) 264.1721
liter(l) U.S. gallons (gal) 0.2641721
lumbing Conversions
To Change To Multiply By
Speed
Temperature
For questions and comments, please contact: Dr. L. Charles Sun,Email: [email protected]
Volume
10.27778
10.6214
10.51444
Reset
320
0255.3722
032
0273.15
Reset
11000000
135.31467
1264.1721
10.264172
Reset
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.nodc.noaa.gov/dsdt/ucg/index.htmlhttp://www.nodc.noaa.gov/dsdt/ucg/index.htmlhttp://www.nodc.noaa.gov/dsdt/ucg/index.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 14.696
Atmospheres Inches of mercury 29.92
Atmospheres Feet of water 34
Btu/min. Foot-pounds/sec 12.96
Btu/min. Horsepower 0.02356
Btu/min. Watts 17.57Centimeters of mercury Atmospheres 0.01316
Centimeters of mercury Feet of water 0.4461
Cubic inches Cubic feet 0.00058
Cubic feet Cubic inches 1728
Feet of water Atmospheres 0.0295
Feet of water Inches of mercury 0.8826
Gallons Cubic inches 231
Gallons Cubic feet 0.1337
Gallons Pounds of water 8.33
Gallons per min. Cubic feet sec. 0.002228
Gallons per min. Cubic feet hour 8.0208
Horsepower Foot-lbs/sec. 550Inches Feet 0.0833
Inches of water Pounds per square inch 0.0361
Inches of water Inches of mercury 0.0735
Inches of water Ounces per square inch 0.578
Inches of water Ounces per square foot 5.2
Inches of mercury Inches of water 13.6
Inches of mercury Feet of water 1.1333
Inches of mercury Pounds per square inch 0.4914
Ounces (fluid) Cubic inches 1.805
Pounds per square inch Inches of water 27.72
Pounds per square
inch Feet of water 2.31
Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury 2.04
Pounds per square inch Atmospheres 0.0681
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1 Inch (in) - US 25.40005 mm 1 millimeter (mm) 0.03937 in (US)
1 Inch (in) - Imp 25.39996 mm 1 mil limeter (mm) 0.03937 in (imp)
1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)- US 0.3048006 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (US)
1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)
- Imp 0.3047995 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (imp)
1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)
- US 0.9144018 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (US)
1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)
- Imp 0.9143984 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (imp)
1 Mile (mi) =
(1760.yd) - US 1.609347 km 1 kilometer (km)
0.6213699 mi
(US)
1 Mile (mi) =
(1760.yd) - Imp 1.609341 km 1 kilometer (km)
0.6213724 mi
(imp)
1 Nautical mile
(imp) 1.853181 km 1 kilometer (km)
0.5396127 n.mi
(imp)
1 Acre - US 0.4046873 ha 1 hectare (ha)
2.471044 acre
(US)
1 Acre - Imp 0.4046842 ha 1 hectare (ha) 2.4711 acre (imp)
1 Square inch (sq
in) - US 6.451626 cm2
1 Square
centimeter (cm2)
0.1549997 sq. in
(US)
1 Square inch (sq
in) - Imp 6.451578 cm2
1 Square
centimeter (cm2)
0.1550 sq.in (imp)
1 Square foot (sqft) = 144 sq in -
US 0.09290341 m2
1 Square meter
(m2)
10.76387 sq.ft
(US)
1 Square foot (sq
ft) = 144 sq in -
Imp 0.09290272 m2
1 Square meter
(m2)
10.7639 sq.ft
(imp)
1 Square yard (sq
yd) = 9 sq.ft - US 0.8361307 m2
1 Square meter
(m2)
1.195985 sq.yd
(US)
1 Square yard (sq
yd) = 9 sq.ft - Imp 0.8361245 m2
1 Square meter
(m2)
1.1960 sq.yd (imp)
1 Square mile (sq
mi) = 640 acres -
US 2.589998 km2
1 Square
kilometer (km2)
0.3861006 sq.mi
(US)1 Square mile (sq
mi) = 640 acres -
Imp 2.589979 km2
1 Square
kilometer (km2)
0.3861 sq.mi (imp)
US/imp >> Metric
system -----
Metric system >>
US/imp -----
Volume ----- ----- -----
Length (Unit of length of S.I. = meter)
US & Imperial >>: Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial
Surface (the unit of area of S.I. = square meter)
US & Imperial >> Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial
Volume (the unit of volume of S.I. = cubic meter)
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1 Cubic inch (cu
in) - US 16,3871 cm3
1 Cubic
centimeter (cm3)
0.06102509 cu in
(US)
1 Cubic inch (cu
in) - Imp 16.38698 cm3
1 Cubic
centimeter (cm3)
0.0610241 cu in
(imp)
1 Cubic foot (cu ft)
- US 28.31702 dm3
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.03531544 cu ft
(US)
1 Cubic foot (cu ft -
(Imp) 28.31670 dm3
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.0353148 cu ft
(imp)
1 Cubic yard (cu
yd) - US 0.7645594 m3
1 Cubic meter (m3)
1.307943 cu yd
(US)
1 Cubic yard (cu
yd) - Imp 0.7645509 m3
1 Cubic meter (m3)
1.307957 cu yd
(imp)
Measure of
capacity ----- ----- -----
1 fluid ounce (fl
oz) - US
29,5735 cm3 (or
ml)
u c ec me er
(dm3) 33.814 fl oz
1 fluid ounce (fl
oz) - Imp
28,4131 cm3 (or
ml)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3) 35.195 fl oz
1 Bushel (US)
35.23829 dm3 (or
litre)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.0283782 bu
(US)
1 Bushel (imp)
36.36770 dm3 (or
liter)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.02749692 bu
(imp)
1 Gallon (US)
3.785329 dm3 (or
liter)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.2641779 gal
(US)
1 Gallon (imp)
4.545963 dm3 (or
liter)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
0.2199754 gal
(imp)
1 Liquid pint (US)
0.4731661 dm3
(or liter)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3)
2.113423 liq.pt
(US)
1 Pint(pt) = 20 fl
oz - Imp
0.5682454 dm3
(or liter)
1 Cubic decimeter
(dm3) 1.759803 pt (imp)
1Grain (gr) - US 64.79892 mg 1 milligram (mg)
0.01543236 gr
(US)
Weight is a force which depends on terrestrial attraction and it is the
equivalent of the mass of a body by the acceleration of gravity (9.80665 at the
sea level) and is measured in Newton [ N ].
For example a man of 75 kg (it is its mass, and not its weight contrary to the
current expression), has a weight of: 75 * 9.80665 = 735,5 N on the sea level.
US/imp >> Metric system Metric system >> US/imp
Attention not to confuse mass and weight.
The mass (kg) is a intrinsic characteristic of the body and is measured in
kilogram.
Mass(the unit of mass of S.I. = kilogram)
Masse spcifique ou volumique = quotient de la masse d'un corps par son
volume.
Specific mass = quotient of the mass of a body by its volume
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1Grain (gr) - Imp 64.79892 mg 1 milligram (mg)
0.01543236 gr
(imp)
1Ounce (oz) - US 28.34953 g 1 gram (g)
0.03527396 oz av.
(US)
1Ounce (oz) - Imp 28.34953 g 1 gram (g)
0.03527396 oz av.
(imp)
1Pound (Ib) = 16
oz - US 0.4535924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)
2.204622 lb av.
(US)
1Pound (Ib) = 16
oz - Imp 0.4535924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)
2.204622 lb av.
(imp)
1Short
hundredweight(sh
cwt)= 100 Ib - US 45.35924 kg 1kilogram (kg)
0.02204622
sh.cwt (US)
1Cental (imp) 45.35924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)
0.02204622 ctl
(imp)
1Long ton (l tn) =
2240 Ib - US 1.016047 t 1 ton
0.9842064 l.tn
(US)
1Ton (imp) 1.016047 t 1 ton
0.9842064 tn
(imp)
Specific Gravity
The density of gas, relative to air, is called specific gravity. The specific
gravity of air is defined as 1. Since propane gas has a specific gravity of 1.5,
propane-air mixtures have a specific gravity of greater than 1.
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Design 1:
(1) Determine the total length of all horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs.
2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For example, there may be two gate valves,
(3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and fittings into the Darcy equation.
(4) The total equivalent length is usually added to the total straight pipe length obtained in step one to g
(5) This total pipe equivalent length is then substituted for L in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in
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, a 90o elbow and a flow thru tee.
ive a total pipe equivalent length.
the pipe