coping with crisis and complexity.a complexity science-informed approach to crisis management

7/29/2019 Coping with Crisis and Complexity.A complexity science-informed approach to crisis management

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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty

@ naepkmxjty snjminm%jigaremh `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs eì`dmemit

E`stmr Xfmsjs

\ur Mrkìduid hms `c`hmejsnfmi Dr`hms

E`stmr ag @rts ji Ousjimss

hmr G`nffanfsnfukm GF Nèpus Tjmi

E`stmrstuhjmidìd< _jsc Eì`dmemit uih Narpar`tm mnurjty

Mjidmrmjnft vai0)?)?) Mxpmrt survmy Xfm st`tm ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))08

0)>) Naepkmxjty tfmarjms+ naepkmx systmes ìh imtwarcs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0:0)>)0) Naepkmx @h`ptjvm ^ystmes ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))?20)>)?) Rrjinjpkms ag naepkmx systmes ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))??0)>)>) Tfy imtwarcs e`ttmr ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>4

?) Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))=8?)0) Eavjid ji tfm @sfoy ^p`nm % rmspaism aptjais ta mxtmri`k stjeukj ji naepkmxmivjraiemits ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))=8?)?) Oauihmh _`tjai`kjty )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))72?)>) G`st ìh grud`k fmurjstjns gar hm`kjid wjtf naepkmxjty ji nrjsjs ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))7>

>) _mtfjicjid Nrjsjs Eì`dmemit grae ` naepkmxjty pmrspmntjvm ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76>)0) Ardìjs`tjai ìh strunturm )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76

>)0)0) Hjstrjoutmh naitrak )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76


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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty Xòkm ag Naitmits

6

>)0)?) Miòkjid naihjtjais gar smkg%ardìjs`tjai )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))42>)0)>) Hjvmrsjty ìh km`hmrsfjp ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))40

>)?) Jigare`tjai d`tfmrjid ìh hmnjsjai e`cjid ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4?>)?)0) Jitmri`k naitmxt )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4?>)?)?) Mxtmri`k naitmxt ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4>>)?)>) Jep`nt ìh Xrjddmrs ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))48>)?)8) _mspaism aptjais )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=>)?)=) Naeeuijn`tjai )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=>)?)7) _mvjmw ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=

8 Nainkusjais gar Nrjsjs Eì`dmemit ji naepkmx mivjraiemits ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))46@iimx @< Mxpmrt jitmrvjmws )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))62@iimx O< Mxpmrt survmy ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):0@iimx N< Jitmrvjmw qumstjaii`jrm ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):7Kjst ag gjdurms ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):6Kjst ag tòkms )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))022Kjst ag rmgmrminms 020


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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty Jitrahuntjai

R`dm | 0

Jitrahuntjai

@haptjid ` naepkmxjty pmrspmntjvm f`s jepartìt S)))U jepk jn`tjais wjtf wfjnfeì`dmemit rmsm`rnfmrs ìh pr`ntjtjaimrs `kjcm eust naem ta tmres S)))U ìh patmitj`kkynfìdm eì`dmemit mhun`tjai ji naismquminm)

0

Jssums ìh nurrmit st`tm ag ciawkmhdm

Aur nurrmit+ haejiìt warkh vjmw tf`t uihmrpjis east e`jistrmè snfaaks ag tfaudft ji

mnaiaejns+ pakjny%e`cjid+ eì`dmemit+ mhun`tjai ìh hmvmkapemit stjkk nmitrms ai tfm

emnfìjstjn jhm` tf`t tfm warkh js aolmntjvm+ em`suròkm+ prmhjntòkm+ ìh naitrakkòkm+

hmspjtm `keast avmrwfmkejid mvjhminm ta tfm naitr`ry)? @s eì`dmrs+ naisuktìts+

mxmnutjvms ìh hmnjsjai e`cmrs+ aur warkh vjmw tmkks us tf`t tfm warkh guintjais kjcm `

sapfjstjn`tmh e`nfjim+ ta om uihmrstaah kjcm ` tmxtoaac midjimmrjid praokme3 ji atfmr warhs+kjcm ` faem `ppkjìnm+ iat kjcm tfm fueì oahy)> Aur eì`dmemit systmes ìh pkìs `rm

vmry eunf oujkt ai tfm jkkusjai ag uihmrstìhòkm rmk`tjais omtwmmi nùsm ìh mggmnt+ ìh+

djvmi ` suggjnjmit èauit ag h`t`+ omjid òkm ta prmhjnt hmvmkapemits+ pkì str`tmdjn`kky ìh

prmp`rm ardìjs`tjais gar nrjsms o`smh ai tfmsm prmhjntjais) @nnarhjid ta X`kmo+

/narpar`tjais `rm ji kavm wjtf tfm jhm` ag tfm str`tmdjn pkì)/8 Fawmvmr+ tfmrm js ia mvjhminm

tf`t str`tmdjn pkìijid warcs `s `hvan`tmh3 jihmmh+ tfmrm smmes ta om mvjhminm `d`jist jt)

Tjkkjè ^t`rounc f`s puokjsfmh euktjpkm p`pmrs qumstjaijid tfm mggmntjvmimss ag pkìijid+

wfjnf+ o`smh ai fjs gjihjids+ e`cms tfm narpar`tjai aptjai%okjih+ omnaejid kancmh jita `

iai%appartuijstjn naursm ag `ntjai)=

Im`rky ?22 ym`rs `da+ K`pk`nm nrm`tmh fjs gèaus hmeai

?ng) @kkmiOauktai ?200+ p) 07=

> ng) X`kmo ?20?o+ pp) N0

8X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8

=ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8

7K`pk`nm 060: 3+ p) ?86


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R`dm | ?

@ktfaudf tmnfiakady ìh h`t`%pranmssjid n`pòjkjtjms jinrm`sm `t ì uiprmnmhmitmh p`nm+

wm `rm iat n`pòkm ag sunf K`pk`nm%msqum jitmkkjdminm ìh p`r`haxjn`kky+ tfm mxpaimitj`k

jinrm`sm ji jitmrnaiimntjvjty+ naeeuijn`tjai tmnfiakady ìh dkao`kjs`tjai ji dmimr`k f`s kmh

i`tur`k snjmitjsts+ pfjkasapfmrs ìh eì`dmemit snfak`rs ta rmnadijsm tf`t

0>OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) 4


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R`dm | 8

pmrnmptjai ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit grae purmky ganusmh ai past%jep`nt rmspaism ta ` earm

jitmdr`k+ euktj%hjsnjpkji`ry `ppra`nf+ mepf`sjsjid tfm euktjpkm hjemisjais jivakvmh ji `

nrjsjs) Xfjs wjkk miòkm ardìjs`tjais iat aiky ta omnaem raoust ìh rmsjkjmit ta mxtmri`k ìh

jitmri`k sfancs+ out uktje`tmky ta omimgjt grae vak`tjkjty) @ naepkmxjty%o`smh `ppra`nf

mepf`sjsms gkmxjojkjty avmr stìh`rhjsmh ar prm%pkìimh rmspaisms ta tfrm`ts) @ dmimr`k

naismisus èaidst snfak`rs ìh `n`hmejns n`kkjid gar ` imw `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs

eì`dmemit js ta swjtnf grae ` emnfìjn`k ar ì `rnfjtmntur`k ta ` earm ojakadjn`k

`ppra`nf ta rm`h+ smjzm+ ìh fìhkm memrdjid nrjsms)08

Gurtfmrearm+ tfjs tfmsjs `jes ta mxpk`ji fjdfky sunnmssguk nrjsjs eì`dmemit str`tmdjms oy

`ssmssjid systmes tf`t nì nk`je kaid%tmre mggjn`njausimss) Oy ì`kysjid ojakadjn`k ìh

atfmr naepkmx imtwarcs+ tfjs tfmsjs aggmrs suddmstjais ai faw ardìjs`tjais nì hr`w

kmssais grae tfm pmreìmit `h`pt`tjai pranmss ag sunf imtwarcs+ o`smh ai tfm dmimr`kjtjmsag tfmsm imtwarcs prapmrtjms)@s st`tmh oy Pujkk+ tfmrm S`rmU uijvmrs`k prjinjpkms tf`t `ppky ta

hjggmrmit imtwarcs tf`t snjmitjgjn`kky S`rmU naepkmtmky uirmk`tmh out e`tfme`tjn`kky S`rmU

gakkawjid tfm sèm `rnfjtmntur`k prjinjpkms)0= Xfmsm naeeai imtwarc omf`vjaurs naukh aggmr

mxnjtjid jisjdfts gar eì`dmemit tfmarjms ih guturm rmsm`rnf)

Oy jinarpar`tjid mepjrjn`k mxpmrt jitmrvjmws wjtf jihjvjhu`ks ji tfm gjmkhs ag `n`hmej` ìh

ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit+ tfjs tfmsjs `ksa `jes ta hmsnrjom tfm mxtmit ta wfjnf

naepkmxjty snjminm js `krm`hy jepkmemitmh+ ar `t km`st `nciawkmhdmh+ wjtfji rjsc ìh nrjsjseì`dmemit+ ìh naisakjh`tm tfm tfmarmtjn`k gjihjids grae naepkmxjty snjminm ìh snjminm

ag naepkmx imtwarcs wjtf tfm pr`ntjn`kjtjms ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit) Xfjs js `nfjmvmh oy

pravjhjid ` naepkmxjty%jigaremh pratanak gar ìtjnjp`tjai+ `h`pt`tjai ìh &naepkmxjty*

òsarptjai hurjid nrjsjs sjtu`tjais)

Gji`kky+ tfjs tfmsjs fjdfkjdfts `rm`s gar gurtfmr ji%hmptf rmsm`rnf ji v`rjaus hjggmrmit

hjsnjpkjims)

08R`r`scmv`s ?227+ p) 6:8

0=Pujkk ?20?+ p) 06


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R`dm | =

Emtfahakady ìh strunturm ag tfm tfmsjs

Kjtmr`turm rmvjmw

@ hmt`jkmh kjtmr`turm rmvjmw ìh naep`rjsai ag tfmarjms ìh eahmks ag naepkmxjty w`snaihuntmh wjtf tfm `je ag nrm`tjid ` o`smkjim uihmrstìhjid ag tfm hmgjijtjais ìh prjinjpkms

`rauih naepkmxjty) Xfjs smntjai `ksa jinkuhms ` sfart nf`ptmr ì`kysjid tfm hmgjijtjai ag `

nrjsjs ìh ì avmrvjmw ag tfm nurrmit `ppra`nf ta ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit)

Tjtf tfm dmimr`k prjinjpkms ag naepkmxjty tfmrmoy mstòkjsfmh+ nkasm mxèji`tjai ag aim suo%

hjsnjpkjim wjtfji tfm wjhm gjmkh ag naepkmxjty snjminm wjkk om prmsmitmh+ mxèjijid imtwarc

snjminm ìh hmsnrjojid faw imtwarcs omf`vm uihmr nrjsjs)

Xfjs smntjai js gakkawmh oy ` nf`ptmr hmsnrjojid dmimrjn eahmks ji napjid wjtf naepkmxjty+ganusjid ai eahmks tf`t `rm sjepkm ìh+ tfmrmgarm+ patmitj`kky trìsgmrròkm ta ardìjs`tjai`k

nrjsjs eì`dmemit)

Mepjrjn`k stuhy

Xfm mepjrjn`k smntjai ag tfjs tfmsjs naisjsts ag ` hu`k%g`nmtmh `ppra`nf)

Mxpmrt survmy

Gjrstky+ ` survmy w`s naihuntmh ta jispmnt faw tfaraudfky naepkmxjty js uihmrstaah oy smijarnrjsjs eì`dmemit pragmssjai`ks ji naeemrnj`k ardìjs`tjais+ ìh jg nainkusjais hr`wi grae

tfm tfmarmtjn`k rmsm`rnf ag tfjs tfmsjs e`tnf wf`t nì om aosmrvmh ji h`jky pr`ntjnm) Xfm

mxpmrt survmy w`s naihuntmh ta dùdm tfm jepkmemit tjai ìh &smkg%`ssmssmh* mggmntjvmimss

agtfm ardìjs`tjais nrjsjs eì`dmemit systme)

@s p`rt ag ` wjhmr jivjt`tjai%aiky naeemrnj`k mvmit ai tfm pakjtjn`k+ smnurjty+ ìh jitmdrjty

rjscs ji tfm Ejhhkm M`st rmdjai t`rdmtjid `ppraxje`tmky 0=2 rjsc+ smnurjty+ ìh nrjsjs

eì`dmemit pragmssjai`ks ìh hmnjsjai e`cmrs grae iuemraus smntars+ jinkuhjid

davmriemit+ IDAs ìh naeemrnj`k gjres tfm ùtfar naihuntmh ` warcsfap wjtf tfm tjtkm8

jihjvjhu`ks wmrm survmymh usjid tòkmt naeputmrs3 tfm rmsukts wmrm suee`rjsmh ìh

prmsmitmh ta tfm p`rtjnjpìts `t tfm nainkusjai ag tfm smssjai)

Mxpmrt jitmrvjmws

^mnaihky+ tfrmm smijar nrjsjs mxpmrts grae hjggmrmit jihustrjms ìh `n`hmej` wmrm

jitmrvjmwmh+ ganusjid ai spmnjgjn p`st nrjsjs jinjhmits) X`cjid ` qu`kjty avmr quìtjty


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R`dm | 7

`ppra`nf+ tfm jitmrvjmws saudft vjmws grae tfrmm hjggmrmit+ rmkmvìt ìdkms< grae tfm NMA ag

ì jihustry%km`hjid naepìy aggmrjid nrjsjs eì`dmemit smrvjnms ta dkao`k nkjmits3 ` fjdfky

mxpmrjminmh smnurjty pragmssjai`k wfa f`s ommi eì`djid nrjsms gar fjs ardìjs`tjai gar tfm

p`st hmn`hm3 ìh gji`kky tfm pmrspmntjvm ag aim ag tfm gmw snjmitjsts naihuntjid rmsm`rnf `t

tfm luintjai ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit ìh naepkmxjty)

Xfm stuhy usmh tfm Nrjtjn`k Jinjhmit Xmnfijqum &NJX*+07 gjrst `scjid tfm p`rtjnjpìts ta rmn`kk

ìh hmsnrjom ` nrjsjs tfmy f`h mxpmrjminmh+ ìh suosmqumitky gar tfmjr jisjdfts ai wf`t w`s

km`rit grae tfm nrjsjs) Xfm NJX jitmrvjmw w`s nfasmi gar tfm gakkawjid rm`sais< jt `kkaws

p`rtjnjpìts ta mxprmss tfmjr pmrsai`k vjmws ag tfm hmsnrjomh jinjhmit304 jt js jihuntjvm oy

i`turm mspmnj`kky wfmi tfm tapjn omjid jivmstjd`tmh f`s iat ommi wmkk rmsm`rnfmh306 jt

yjmkhs ` rjnf h`t` smt30: ìh jt js nuktur`kky imutr`k+ jisag`r `s jt jivjtms p`rtjnjpìts ta aggmr

tfmjr awi pmrnmptjais+ r`tfmr tfì rmspaih ta rmsm`rnfmr%jijtj`tmh qumstjais)?2 Xfm jitmrvjmws

k`stmh omtwmmi =2 ìh 0>2 ejiutms ìh wmrm trìsnrjomh vmro`tje) Xfm rmkmvìt gjihjids

grae tfm jitmrvjmws f`vm ommi meomhhmh jita tfm nf`ptmrs `hhrmssjid naepkmxjty ìh

napjid wjtf naepkmxjty+ wfmrm `ppraprj`tm)

Gji`kky+ ji smntjai > tfm tfmsjs orjids tadmtfmr tfm v`rjaus tfmarmtjn`k eahmks ìh tfm

nainkusjais ag tfm mepjrjn`k mxpmrt jitmrvjmws ìh survmys+ nainkuhjid wjtf ` suddmstmh

grèmwarc gar ì miòkjid ìh ardìjn eahmk gar hmnjsjai e`cjid uihmr nrjsjs ìh

naepkmxjty)

Kjejt`tjais ìh naistr`jits

Ji naep`rjsai ta atfmr hjsnjpkjims+ naepkmxjty `s ` snjminm js stjkk vmry yauid ìh eìy ag

tfm tfmarjms òaut naepkmx systmes ìh naepkmx imtwarcs wjkk immh ta om v`kjh`tmh ji tfm

naejid ym`rs) Naepkmxjty jtsmkg js iat saemtfjid tf`t js m`sjky uihmrstaah ìh eunf kmss

07ng) Gkì`dì 0:=8+ p) >=?

04ng) ^tùssTmjikjnf 0::4+ pp) >4=2

06ng) DravmGjsc 0::4+ pp) 764>

0:ng) \mjtfèkOjtimr ?22>+ pp) 8===

?2ng) _uytmr mt `k) 0::=+ pp) 044064


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R`dm | 4

m`sjky hme`rn`tmh) Ji g`nt+ ` strjnt em`surm gar naepkmxjty hams iat smme gm`sjokm) Xa

hmsnrjom ` naepkmx systme yau f`vm+ ji ` nmrt`ji smism+ ta rmpm`ttfm systme ?0) Fminm+ ia

n`tmdarjs`tjai ar emtrjns ag naepkmxjty ìh naepkmx nrjsms wjkk om `ttmeptmh ji tfjs tfmsjs)

Gurtfmrearm+ rmsm`rnf hmsjdi kjejt`tjais wfjnf ha iat `kkaw ora`h dmimr`kjs`tjais immhta om t`cmi jita naisjhmr`tjai) Xfm sèpkm sjzm ag tfm stuhy &i5>8 gar tfm mxpmrt survmy+ i5>

gar tfm mxpmrt jitmrvjmws* js vmry se`kk ìh jinkuhms aiky mxmnutjvms ìh `n`hmej`) Oy

f`vjid ` wjhmr rìdm ag st`cmfakhmrs tfm stuhy waukh prahunm earm pmrspmntjvms+ km`hjid

pmrf`ps ta rjnfmr+ earm raoust gjihjids)

?0Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) 02


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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty 0 Ardìjs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ ìh Naepkmxjty

R`dm | 6

0) Ardìjs`tjais+ Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty

Ji tfjs smntjai+ tfm tfmarmtjn`k gauih`tjai gar ` naepkmxjty snjminm `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs

eì`dmemit wjkk om autkjimh+ `ssmssjid `nnmptmh tfmarjms hmsnrjojid naepkmxjty `s `

pfmiaemiai ìh jts nf`r`ntmrjstjns+ naepkmx systmes ìh imtwarcs+ `s wmkk `s dmimr`k eahmks

gar hm`kjid wjtf naepkmxjty)

0)0) Ardìjs`tjais `s naepkmx systmes

Fjdfky tfmarmtjn`k mxpkì`tjais òaut naepkmx systmes kjcm ojakadjn`k+ vjrtu`k+ ar sanj`k imtwarcs

`rm ` naistruntjvm `ppra`nf ta omttmr uihmrstìh ìh sf`pm ardìjs`tjais ìh `kkaw tfme ta

napm wjtf tfm jitmri`k ìh mxtmri`k naepkmxjtjms tfmy g`nm ji tfmjr mivjraiemit) Ji suppart ag tfjs

tfmary+@kkmi iatms tf`t naepkmxjty js tfm snjminm ag ardìjs`tjai ìh ji p`rtjnuk`r jts arjdjiìh mvakutjai ìh js tfmrmgarm tfm i`tur`k grèmwarc gar naisjhmrjid ardìjs`tjais ìh

naiimntmh mitjtjms)?? ^jejk`r ta naepkmx systmes+ ardìjs`tjais `rm naepkmx SU tfmy `rm

nf`r`ntmrjsmh oy iai%kjim`r jitmrrmk`tjaisfjps ìh jitmrhmpmihminjms èaid hjvmrsm

jihjvjhu`ks)?>

@s mxmnutjvms ìh snfak`rs rmnadijsm SU naivmitjai`k tfmarjms ag eì`dmemit+ gardmh jitfm mr` ag jihustrj`kjs`tjai+ vmrtjn`kky jitmdr`tmh naepìjms+ ìh rmk`tjvmky jepmremòkmjistjtutjai oarhmrs+ nì ia kaidmr napm wjtf tfm jeemismky naepkmx ardìjs`tjais tf`t f`vmmemrdmh hurjid twa hmn`hms ag rjsjid dkao`kjs`tjai ìh hmnmitr`kjs`tjai)

?8

Fawmvmr+ tfm jepkjn`tjais ag tfjs rm`kjs`tjai f`vm iat ymt gukky trìsk`tmh ta eì`dmemit

systmes+ mspmnj`kky wfmi jt naems ta rjsc+ nrjsjs+ ìh smnurjty eì`dmemit)?=

@ naeeai tfmem ji tfm kjtmr`turm rmvjmwmh gar tfjs tfmsjs js tf`t ardìjs tjais `rm systmes wjtf

sanj`k ìh tmnfijn`k hjemisjais tf`t `rm naepkmx ìh jitmrhmpmihmit ìh+ fminm+ immh ta om

hm`kt wjtf `s naepkmx+ mvmi ojakadjn`k ar kjvjid systmes)?7 X`kmo naep`rms ardìjs`tjais

hjrmntky wjtf kjvjid systmes oy st`tjid tf`t8

?>F`zy ?200+ p) =?=

?8OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226

?= ng) Kuhmsnfmr ?727?20>+ p) 0?

?7ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs eì`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) :


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R`dm | :

Eìy tfjids sunf `s sanjmty+ mnaiae jn `ntjvjtjms ìh e`rcmts+ ìh nuktur`k omf`vjaur `rm`pp`rmitky eì%e`hm out draw ai tfmjr awi ta rm`nf saem cjih ag smkg%ardìjs`tjai) Xfmye`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ out tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tf`t+ ji ` w`y+ tfmy euktjpkyìh rmpkjn`tm % tfjic ag rueaurs+ jhm`s+ tmnfiakadjms+ ìh ousjimssms)

?4

_`tjai`k ardìjs`tjai`k hmsjdi+ o`smh ai emnfìjstjn rukms ìh prmhjntjais+ ha iat `ppky ji `

naepkmxjty%gjkkmh mivjraiemit+ wfmrm wm iat aiky gjih naepkmx systmes ìh imtwarcs+ out

naepkmx systmes jitmr`ntjid wjtf atfmr naepkmx systmes+ nrm`tjid ì `hhjtjai`k k`ymr ag

naepkmxjty) Ji g`nt+ rmsm`rnfmrs f`vm rmnadijsmh tf`t jts iat miaudf ta ciaw faw jsak`tmh

imtwarcs warc3 stuhyjid faw imtwarcs jitmr`nt wjtf aim ìatfmr js lust `s jepartìt)?6

Ji emnfìjstjn ìh hmtmrejijstjn eì`dmemit systmes+ tfm stìh`rh `ppra`nf ta praokme

sakvjid js ta< jhmitjgy tfm nùsm ag tfm praokme+ nfìdm jt+ ìh tfm praokme dams `w`y)?: @s

^tmreì hmsnrjoms2

^mvmr`k stuhjms rmgmrrmh ta oy ^tmreì ji fjs rmsm`rnf jihjn`tm tf`t wfmi pmapkm trjmh ta naitrak

` hyièjn`kky naepkmx systme tfmjr `ttmepts wmrm nauitmrprahuntjvm) Mvmi earm tfaudft%

pravacjid js tfm g`nt tf`t agtmi tfmjr rmsukts wmrm omstmh oy ` ha%iatfjid rukm>0 ar vmry sjepkm

fmurjstjns &smm Xòkm 0< Rmrgareìnm ag twa g`st ìh grud`k fmurjstjns ìh twa kjim`r str`tmdjms

Xfjs hjggjnukty ta `ppky tfm rukm ag nùsm ìh mggmnt js wf`t X`kmo n`kks nùs`k ap`njty< jt js f`rhta smm tfm `rraw grae nùsm ta naismquminm+ e`cjid eìy ag tfm naivmitjai`k emtfahs+ ji

`hhjtjai ta stìh`rh kadjn+ ji`ppkjnòkm)>?

@s O`ttrè mxpk`jis+ aim ag tfm east jepartìt nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag naepkmx iai%kjim`r systmes js

tf`t tfmy nìiat+ ji dmimr`k+ om sunnmssgukky ì`kysmh oy hmnaepasjid ìh stuhyjid ` smt ag

prapmrtjms smp`r`tmky ìh tfmi naeojijid tfasm p`rtj`k `ppra`nfms ji ì `ttmept ta gare `

?4X`kmo ?20?`+ p) =7

?6 Pujkk ?20?

?:OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) 4

>2^tmreì 0::8+ p) >28

>0 ng) ^tmreì 0::8+ p) >28

>?ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) =7=6


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R`dm | 02

pjnturm ag tfm wfakm)>> Xa uihmrkjim tfm jimggmntjvmimss ag hmsjdimh+ tap%hawi systmes ta

naitrak naepkmxjty+ X`kmo naep`rms tfm g`jkurms ag ùtfarjt`rjì rmdjems ji âvjmt _ussj` ar

O``tfjst Jr`q ìh ^yrj`>8 wjtf tfm rmk`tjvm sunnmss ag ` oattae%up emnfìjse+ kjcm nìtai%

o`smh hmnjsjai e`cjid ji ^wjtzmrkìh) Xfm jepkjn`tjais gar tfm eì`dmemit ag ardìjs`tjais+

mspmnj`kky ji tjems ag nrjsjs+ `rm sjdijgjnìt ìh `s Ourstmji mt `k) iatm=

Xfmsm gjihjids lustjgy ` nkasmr `ssmssemit ag tfm tfmarjms ag naepkmx systmes ìh imtwarcs ji

arhmr ta jhmitjgy dmimr`k rukms gar i`vjd`tjid ` naepkmx systme &tfm ardìjs`tjai* wjtfji `

naepkmx mivjraiemit hurjid tjems ag nrjsjs) Fawmvmr+ omgarm mxpkarjid tfm tfmarmtjn`k o`ncoaim

ag naepkmx systmes+ jt js imnmss`ry ta hmgjim tfm tmre nrjsjs wjtf rmd`rhs ta ì ardìjs`tjai)

0)?) Nrjsjs

Aim ag tfm gjrst sjdijgjnìt t`scs gar hjsnussjid nrjsjs eì`dmemit js ta hmgjim wf`t `ntu`kky

naistjtutms ì ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs) @ktfaudf ardìjs`tjais &trjoms+ ojakadjn`k imtwarcs+

sanjmtjms+ mtn)* f`vm ommi rmspaihjid ta nrjsms sjinm tfm omdjiijid ag tfmjr mxjstminm+

ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit js ` rmk`tjvmky imw hjsnjpkjim tf`t f`s memrdmh wjtfji tfm k`st

twmity ym`rs `s ì `n`hmejn spmnj`kjs tjai)>7 @ v`st quìtjty ag hmgjijtjais garnrjsjs f`vm ommi

prahunmh ji eì`dmemit kjtmr`turm ìh hmo`tms naitjium avmr wfmtfmr nrjsms nì om hmgjimh ji

` pasjtjvjst eìimr wjtf ` rjdjh smt ag nrjtmrj` ar ì jitmrprmt`tjvm aim wfmrm tfm mxjstminm ag `

nrjsjs hmpmihs mitjrmky ai jihjvjhu`k pmrnmptjais)>4 Jt js `pp`rmit tf`t tfmrm js ia uijvmrs`k `kk%

minaep`ssjid hmgjijtjai gar ` nrjsjs) Jt vmry eunf hmpmihs ai tfm vjmwpajit ag tfm aosmrvmr+ tfm

hmdrmm ag pmrnmjvmh jep`nt vmrsus tfm `ntu`k jep`nt+ tfm hmdrmm ag jitmrruptjai ì mvmit

nùsms+ faw w`vms trjddmrmh oy tfm mvmit rjppkm tfraudf ì ardìjs`tjai ìh faw ì

ardìjs`tjai js prmp`rmh ta hm`k wjtf jt)

>>ng) O`ttrè 0:::+ p) 0?

>8ng) X`kmo ?20?o+ pp) N0

>=OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) :

>7 ng) Tmid ?22:+ p) 48

>4ng) EnNaiimkkHrmiiì ?227+ p) =:


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R`dm | 00

Xfm nrjsjs eahmks prmsmitmh ji naitmepar`ry kjtmr`turm mjtfmr nainmitr`tm ai jinjhmits sunf `s

i`tur`k hjs`stmrs+ s`gmty% ìh smnurjty%rmk`tmh mvmits+ rmput`tjai`k jssums `ggmntjid ì

ardìjs`tjai ar ai gjiìnj`k ìh ejseì`dmemit nrjsms) Imvmrtfmkmss+ iaim ag tfm nrjsjs typm

eahmks `rm suggjnjmitky naeprmfmisjvm ta min`psuk`tm `kk nrjsjs mvmitu`kjtjms ì ardìjs`tjai

apmr`tjid ji tfm ?0st nmitury e`y minauitmr)

Ji arhmr ta pravjhm oauih`rjms ta hjstjidujsf ` nrjsjs grae atfmr mvmits+ tfm gakkawjid hmgjijtjai

usmh tfraudfaut tfjs tfmsjs f`s ommi nrm`tmh `s ` naisakjh`tjai ag cmy mkmemits ag snfak`rky

hmgjijtjais6 trjddmrmh oy &pmrnmjvmh ìh `ntu`k*>: kaw praoòjkjty mvmits82 tf`t `rm

`ssanj`tmh wjtf ì jifmrmitky òiare`k+ uistòkm ìh naepkmx sjtu`tjai80 ìh &usu`kky* f`vm `

sfart hmnjsjai tjem ìh ` v`ryjid hmdrmm ag surprjsm8? `ssanj`tmh wjtf tfme) Nrjsms `rm mvmits

wjtf fjdf ar sjdijgjnìt jep`nt ai tfm str`tmdjn aolmntjvms+ rmput`tjai ar mxjstminm ag ì

ardìjs`tjai8> wjtf ` passjokm imd`tjvm autnaem88)

@i jepartìt nrjsjs `ttrjoutm js nfìdm) Nfìdm ji tfjs jistìnm js rmgmrrjid ta `ktmr`tjais ji tfm

mxtmri`k ar jitmri`k mivjraiemit) @i mkmemit ag tf`t mivjraiemit eust sfjgt gar ì mvmit tf`t nì

usu`kky om eì`dmh ai ` h`y%ta%h`y o`sjs ta draw jita ` nrjsjs)

@iatfmr sjdijgjnìt nrjsjs `ttrjoutm js jts kjcmkjfaah ag annurrminm ìh suosmqumit kmidtf ag

hmnjsjai tjem) Xfm hmgjijtjai fjdfkjdfts tf`t nrjsms `rm kaw praoòjkjty mvmits wjtf ` v`ryjidhmdrmm ag surprjsm+ emìjid tf`t mjtfmr tfm ardìjs`tjai js iat `w`rm tf`t tfjs mvmit naukh annur+

f`s hmtmrejimh tf`t tfm kjcmkjfaah js sa kaw tf`t jt nì t`cm tfm rjsc+ ar js g`nmh wjtf ` oujkhjid

>6ng) O`rtai K) ?228+ p) 0=

>:

ng) Jihmmh+ eìy ùtfars `drmm tf`t ` sjtu`tjai omnaems ` nrjsjs wfmi aim ar earm st`cmfakhmr draupspmrnmjvm jt `s sunf) &Naaeos+ ?227*82

ng) Tmjnc 0::>+ p) 7>>

80ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs eì`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 0

8?ng) O`rtai ?228+ p) 0=

8> ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs eì`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 0

88ng) CijdftRrmtty 0::7+ p) 08


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R`dm | 0?

nrjsjs+ ` kaw jep`nt mvmit tf`t js ejseì`dmh ar uihmrmstje`tmh ìh uiprmhjntòky hmvmkaps

jita ` nrjsjs gar tfm ardìjs`tjai)

Gar tfm purpasms ag tfjs tfmsjs+ jt js jihjspmisòkm ta nkm`rky hme`rn`tm tfm oarhmrs omtwmmi

nait`jimh jinjhmits ar mvmits) Omnùsm jinjhmits `rm mssmitj`kky garmsmmòkm mvmits+ nùsmhoy ciawi rjscs tf`t dmimr`tm ` ora`hky prmhjntòkm smt ag naismquminms8=+ ` g`jr hmdrmm ag hmt`jk

nì om mxpmntmh ji jinjhmit eì`dmemit pkìs) Fawmvmr+ nrjsms wjtf `kk tfmjr iuìnms ha iat

kmih tfmesmkvms ta sunf fjdfky strunturmh rmspaisms) Xfjs suddmsts tf`t nrjsjs eì`dmemit

pkìs ha iat omimgjt grae hmt`jkmh kjsts ag `ntjais ar `ntjvjtjms) Ji g`nt+ nrjsjs eì`dmemit immhs

gkmxjokm n`pòjkjtjms+ r`tfmr tfì prm%prmp`rmh rmspaism pranmhurms)87

@ nrjsjs nì om smmi `s ` guintjai ag jep`nt ìh tjem3 tfmrmgarm+ tfm ardìjs tjai`k rmspaism ta

nrjsms nì om `ksa pkattmh ai tfm sèm twa `xms) Gjdurm 0 omkaw sfaws tfm tr`hjtjai`k

pk`nmemit ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit wjtfji tfm spmntrue ag ardìjs`tjai`k rmspaism aptjais)

Gjdurm 0< Xfm spmntrue ag ardìjs`tjai`k rmspaisms ta uigarmsmmi mvmits84

Tfjkm strunturmh ìh prmhjntòkm jinjhmits nì om hm`kt wjtf oy `ppkyjid prm%hmgjimh memrdminyrmspaism pranmhurms+ `t tfm sèm tjem tfmy f`vm tfm patmitj`k ta hmvmkap ji ` iai%kjim`r ìh

sn`km%grmm &ìh fminm+ uiprmhjntòkm* g`sfjai tfraudf smkg%rmjigarnjid emnfìjns kjcm pasjtjvm

gmmho`nc kaaps) @s st`tmh ji tfm Orjtjsf Nòjimt Aggjnms ^tìh`rh gar Nrjsjs Eì`dmemit

/Nrjsms `rm `ssanj`tmh wjtf fjdfky naepkmx praokmes+ tfm gukk jepkjn`tjais ìh i`turm agwfjnf e`y om uinkm`r `t tfm tjem) M`nf passjokm sakutjai e`y f`vm smvmrm naismquminms agaim gare ar ìatfmr)/86

Xfmsm `rm jifmrmit nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag naepkmx systmes ìh wjkk om hmsnrjomh ji tfm gakkawjid

nf`ptmrs)

0)?)0) Tfy nrjsms annur

Omgarm ì`kysjid saem ag tfm g`nts jhmitjgjmh m`rkjmr+ ` rmvjmw ag wf`t sfjgts mvmits jita nrjsms

immhs ta om uihmrt`cmi) Xfjs qumstjai sjts `t tfm narm ag mvmry ardìjs`tjai hm`kjid wjtf `

nrjsjs) Orjtjsf tìh`rhs R@^?22 &?200* st`tms ag tfm p`rtjnjpìts sjepky hjh iat ciawjg tfmjr ardìjs`tjai f`h ` systme ji pk`nm ar iat)

=0ng) Cmrnfimr 0:6?+ p) 0?6

=? ng) _jmkmy ?227+ p) 4

=>ng)fttpQûotkmtyQtruepsQstr`tmdy%\@TZ@?20>20?22:8>>83

k`st vjsjtmh 2? ^mptmeomr ?20>
http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/


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R`dm | 0=

Gjdurm ?< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< Hams yaur ardìjs`tjai f`vm ` nrjsjs eì`dmemit

systme1

Ji tfm suosmqumit qumstjai+ 7- ? p`rtjnjpìts wmrm iat òkm ta `ssmss tfm e`turjty ag tfmjr

ardìjs`tjais nrjsjs eì`dmemit3 fawmvmr+ tfm ìswmr jihjn`tms ` dmimr`kky fjdfjepkmemit`tjai st`tus gar tfasm ardìjs`tjais tf`t naisnjausky nfasm ta smt up ` gare`k systme)

Gjdurm >< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw wmkk meomhhmh js nrjsjs eì`dmemit ji yaur

ardìjs`tjai1/

Xfmsm gjihjids `rm naidrumit wjtf tfm g`nt tf`t east ardìjs`tjais nfaasm ta tmst tfmjr nrjsjs

eì`dmemit systmes ìh tr`ji tfmjr nrjsjs eì`dmemit tmès ym`rky) Fawmvmr+ tfm rmk`tjvmky

fjdf prapartjai ag p`rtjnjpìts tf`t tr`ji aiky mvmry twa ym`rs ar hait tr`ji `t `kk jihjn`tms ` k`nc

ag jepkìt`tjai wjtfji saem ardìjs`tjais) Rkìs ejdft f`vm ommi prahunmh `s p`rt ag ` pjmnm

ag ejih jijtj`tjvm past%@rò ^prjid out imvmr rm`nfmh tfm jepkmemit`tjai st`dm)


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R`dm | 07

Gjdurm 8< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw agtmi hjms hams yaur ardìjs`tjai tr`ji jts nrjsjs

eì`dmemit tmè1/

Mvmi tfaudf tfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics &`s hmsnrjomh k`tmr ji tfjs tfmsjs* js rmk`tjvmky imw ìh

jts jepkjn`tjais ai nrjsjs eì`dmemit ymt immh ta om mxpkarmh ji drm`tmr hmt`jk+ tfmrm w`s `nkm`r uihmrstìhjid tf`t jigare`k naiimntjais ìh kaasm imtwarcs pk`y ` vmry jepartìt &>=- !

0?* ar mvmi jihjspmisòkm &?7- ! :* rakm gar tfm sunnmssguk eì`dmemit ag ` nrjsjs)

Gjdurm =< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw jepartìt `rm yaur jigare`k naiimntjais ji

eì`dmemit ji ` nrjsjs1/

Iat surprjsjidky+ ` v`st e`larjty ag tfm p`rtjnjpìts f`h ta `ntjv`tm tfmjr nrjsjs eì`dmemit

tmès euktjpkm tjems ji tfm twa ym`rs prjar ta tfm survmy omjid naihuntmh) Xfjs js `ssmssmh ta

om rmgkmntjvm ag tfm pakjtjn`k jistòjkjty ìh `nnaepìyjid smnurjty rjscs ìh nrjsms gar ousjimssms

apmr`tjid ji tfm Ejhhkm M`st ìh @grjn` sjinm m`rky ?200) Xfjs js gurtfmr narraoar`tmh oy Gjdurm

4+ wfjnf sfaws tf`t tfm e`larjty ag nrjsms wmrm apmr`tjai`k nrjsms+ wfjnf `rm eastky jijtj`tmh

mihadmiausky oy tfm mivjraiemit ji wfjnf tfm ousjimss apmr`tms)


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R`dm | 04

Gjdurm 7< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /F`s yaur nrjsjs eì`dmemit systme ommi `ntjv`tmh ji

tfm p`st ? ym`rs1/

Gjdurm 4< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Tfjnf typm ag nrjsjs f`vm yau mxpmrjminmh east

grmqumitky1/

Tfmi mxèjijid tfm ìswmrs ji Gjdurm 6+ saem oj`sms immh ta om t`cmi jita `nnauit) Tfjkm `k`rdm prapartjai ag tfasm survmymh s`jh tf`t tfmy tfjic tfmjr `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs eì`dmemit js

mggmntjvm+ jt js passjokm tf`t ardìjs`tjais wjtf ì jimggmntjvm nrjsjs eì`dmemit systme ejdft

iat f`vm survjvmh kaid miaudf tfraudf tfm tureajk ji tfm rmdjai ta om prmsmit gar tfjs survmy)

Gurtfmr+ tfm gare`k rmspaisjojkjty gar nrjsjs eì`dmemit vmry agtmi kjms wjtf smnurjty hjrmntars

tfm survmymh ùhjminm fminm+ ` imd`tjvm ìswmr ta tfjs qumstjai waukh naistjtutm `hejttjid `

pragmssjai`k g`jkurm)


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R`dm | 06

Gjdurm 6< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Hjh yau gjih yaur nrjsjs eì`dmemit systme

mggmntjvm1/

@s gar tfm autkaac gar tfm imxt 0? eaitfs+ east p`rtjnjpìts `ssmss rmdjai`k pakjtjn`k jistòjkjty

&?7- :* ar rmduk`tary nfìdms &?0- 4* ta om tfm east kjcmky nùsms gar ` nrjsjs ta jep`nt tfmjr

ardìjs`tjai)

Gjdurm :< ûrvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Tfjnf tfrm`t ha yau tfjic js east kjcmky ta hjsrupt yaur

ousjimss ji tfm imxt 0? eaitfs1/

O`smh ai tfm n`sm stuhy warcsfap naihuntmh wjtf `kk tfm p`rtjnjpìts tfm ùtfar `ssmssms tf`t

east p`rtjnjpìts f`h ` naeeai uihmrstìhjid ag tfm dmimr`k `ppra`nf ta ì mggmntjvm nrjsjs

eì`dmemit systme `s hmsnrjomh oy Ejtragg+ wfa hjstjidujsfmh gjvm pf`sms ji nrjsjs

eì`dmemit< sjdi`k hmtmntjai3 prmp`r`tjai prmvmitjai3 nait`jiemit &hè`dm kjejt`tjai*3

rmnavmry3 ìh km`rijid) Fawmvmr+ ji tfm ùtfars mxpmrjminm `s ` nrjsjs eì`dmemit naisuktìt

tfmrm smmes ta om ` prmhaejiìt ganus ai nait`jiemit &hè`dm kjejt`tjai*< tfm `ntu`k

eì`dmemit ag tfm jinjhmit)=8 @s hmsnrjomh wjtfji tfm imxt nf`ptmrs ag tfjs tfmsjs+ naepkmxjty

rmqujrms tf`t ardìjs`tjais meor`nm ` nrjsjs nukturm `s ` suosmt ag ardìjs`tjai`k nukturm tf`t

nrm`tms miòkjid naihjtjais gar pmrnmjvjid+ omf`vjid+ ìh naeeuijn`tjid nrjsms wjtfji warc

smttjids) Fawmvmr+ nrjsjs nukturm nìiat om jepasmh oy smijar eì`dmemit) _`tfmr+ nrjsjs

=8ng) Ejtragg 0::6+ pp) 0=?2


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R`dm | 0:

nukturm js ì memrdmit prapmrty `rjsjid grae naitjiujid imdatj`tjais òaut v`kums+ emìjids

ìh prjarjtjms omtwmmi tfm ardìjs`tjai`k emeomrs ìh tfm mivjraiemit wjtfji wfjnf tfmy

apmr`tm)==

0)>) Naepkmxjty tfmarjms+ naepkmx systmes ìh imtwarcs

Eunf kjcm nrjsjs eì`dmemit+ naepkmxjty ìh naepkmxjty snjminm `rm stjkk memrdjid oahjms ag

ciawkmhdm+ ji wfjnf tfm sèm tmres `rm hmgjimh oy rmsm`rnfmrs ji euktjpkm w`ys)

@s Kmtjnfm iatms+ /naepkmxjty tfmarjsts nì hjsnuss memrdminm ìh smkg%ardìjs tjai `s wmkk

`s $naepkmx `h`ptjvm systmes$ SU ìh `ntu`kky om rmgmrrjid ta vmry hjggmrmit uijvmrsms ag

hjsnaursm)/=7

Ji arhmr ta kjejt gurtfmr naigusjai+ e`lar nainmpts ji naepkmxjty tfmary wjkk om hmsnrjomh ji tfmgakkawjid nf`ptmrs) Xfraudfaut+ tfm kjics omtwmmi naepkmxjty ìh nrjsjs eì`dmemit wjkk om tfm

tfrm`h ag tfjs nf`ptmr) Wì ]hmi mt `k) suee`rjsms< /naepkmxjty o`sjn`kky tmkks us tf`t mvmrytfjid

js naiimntmh ta mvmrytfjid mksm/)=4

Xfmrm js ì jepartìt hjstjintjai omtwmmi naepkmx ìh naepkjn`tmh) âem systmes f`vm ` vmry

k`rdm iueomr ag naepaimits ìh pmrgare sapfjstjn`tmh t`scs+ out ji ` w`y tf`t nì om

ì`kysmh `nnur`tmky3 sunf ` systme js naepkjn`tmh) Naivmrsmky+ naepkmx systmes `rm

naistjtutmh oy sunf jitrjn`tm smts ag iai%kjim`r rmk`tjaisfjps ìh gmmho`nc kaaps tf`t aiky nmrt`ji

`spmnts ag tfme nì om ì`kysmh `t aim tjem) Xfmrm `rm v`rjaus mitmrt`jijid mxèpkms ta omttmr

hmsnrjom tfjs hjggmrminm+ rìdjid grae naep`rjid lueoa lmts &naepkjn`tmh* ta e`yaii`jsm

&naepkmx*+=6 ` sp`nm sfuttkm ta ` sauggk &naepkmx omnùsm jts jidrmhjmits `rm jrrmvmrsjoky

&saemtjems uiprmhjntòky* trìsgaremh hurjid jts prmp`r`tjai*+=: ar ` w`sfjid e`nfjim ta `

n`t)72

Naep`rjid sanjmty+ e`rcmts+ ìh ardìjs`tjais ta kjvjid+ `h`ptjid systmes js `kkurjid ìh wfjkm

tfmsm eì%e`hm systmes e`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tf`t tfmy

==R`r`scmv`s mt `k) ?20>+ p) 088

=7Kmtjnfm ?222+ p) =8=

=4 vì ]hmi mt `k) ?220+ p) =4

=6ng) Njkkjmrs 0::6+ pp) >8

=:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) ?=

72ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8


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R`dm | ?2

euktjpky ìh rmpkjn`tm) X`kmo usms tfm mxèpkm ag rueaurs+ jhm`s+ tmnfiakadjms ar ousjimssms

tf`t `rm nkasmr ta tfm n`t tfì ta tfm w`sfjid e`nfjim out tmih ta om ejst`cmi gar w`sfjid

e`nfjims)70 F`zy o`smh fjs rmsm`rnf ai tfm `ssueptjai tf`t ardìjs`tjais nì om rmprmsmitmh

ìh uihmrstaah `s naepkmx `h`ptjvm systmes `s hmgjimh oy Fakkìh+ wjtf jihjvjhu`ks `ntjid `s

jitmrhmpmihmit+ smej%ùtaiaeaus `dmits+ wfa km`ri ìh nì jinarpar`tm jigare`tjai òaut tfm

mivjraiemit ji tfm strunturm ag tfm systme3 naismqumitky+ tfm nakkmntjvm `s ` wfakm nì km`ri

tfraudf nfìdms ta jts strunturm)7?

Xfjs tfmsjs gakkaws tfjs grèmwarc ìh+ ji kjim wjtf tfm euktj%hjsnjpkji`ry `ppra`nf ag naepkmxjty

snjminm+ hr`ws grae gjihjids grae tfm gjmkhs ag imtwarc snjminm+ ojanfmejstry+ emhjnjim+ ìh

eì`dmemit tfmarjms+ omimgjttjid grae ora`h mxpmrjminm ìh wjhm v`rjmty ag mvakutjai`ry

`h`pt`tjai+ `s wmkk `s ` vmry kaid pmrjah ag sunnmssguk smkg%ardìjs`tjai ìh nrjsjs eì`dmemit)

@ih wfmrm omttmr ta km`ri kmssais òaut tfm hyièjns ag survjv`k ìh `h`ptòjkjty tfì grae kjgmjtsmkg1

Tf`t hjggmrmitj`tms tfm naepkmx grae tfm naepkjn`tmh ji jts raats `rm iat lust aosmrvòkm

nf`r`ntmrjstjns kjcm memrdminm ìh iai%kjim`rjty &wfjnf wjkk om mxpkarmh ji tfm gakkawjid

nf`ptmrs*3 tfm e`ji struntur`k hjggmrminm kjms ji tfm jepartìnm ag tfm naiimntjais ìh tfm

rmk`tjais omtwmmi tfm jitmr`ntjid+ ìh jitmrhmpmihmit `dmits ag tfm systme) Naepkmx systmes

`rm gukk ag jitmrhmpmihminjms)7>

0)>)0) Naepkmx @h`ptjvm ystmes

Lafi Fakkìh+ ` pjaimmr ji tfm gjmkh ag naepkmxjty rmnadijsmh m`rky tf`t+ p) :


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hjstrjoutjai js qujtm hjggmrmit ta tfm iare`k &ar omkk nurvm* gar Dùssjì hjstrjoutjai) Xfjs js

sjdijgjnìt omnùsm tfm t`jks ag tfm pawmr hjstrjoutjai `rm naisjhmròky straidmr3 tfmy nait`ji `

fjdfmr praoòjkjty ag ì mvmit annurrjid tfì tfm sèm t`jks ag tfm omkk nurvm) @ guihèmit`k

hjggmrminm omtwmmi tfm twa js tf`t tfm omkk nurvm js o`smh ai tfm jihmpmihminm ag annurrjid

mvmits+ wfmrm`s tfm pawmr k`w t`cms jita `nnauit saem kmvmk ag rmk`tjaisfjp omtwmmi tfasm

mvmits) Oy hmgjijtjai+ naepkmx systmes `rm oujkt wjtf euktjpkm jitmrrmk`tjaisfjps ìh tfmrmgarm

f`vm ì jitmrhmpmihminm tf`t e`y gakkaw ` vmrsjai ag tfm pawmr k`w+ wfjnf f`s ` eunf fjdfmr

praoòjkjty ag mxtrmem annurrminms tfì hams tfm omkk nurvm)48

0)>)?)?) Rrjinjpkm .?< @dmits jitmr`ntjais `ktmr tfm systme avmr tjem

Xfmsm jitmr`ntjais immh iat om pfysjn`k ìh wjkk om east grmqumitky om rmk`tmh ta sf`rjid

jigare`tjai)4=

Jitmr`ntjais `rm kan`k wjtf dkao`k mggmnts

^tu`rt Cùggeì mxèjimh tfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn grae tfm stìhpajit ag ojakadjn`k mvakutjai ìh

najimh tfm mxprmssjai tfm `hl`nmit passjokm+47 emìjid tf`t nfìdm wjtfji ` kjvjid systme

eavms stmp%oy%stmp out dr`hu`k mxpìsjai ag tfm `hl`nmit passjokm `kkaws k`rdm%sn`km nfìdms

ta memrdm avmr tjem) Xfm jigare`tjai js eahuk`tmh `kaid tfm w`y ìh nì om mifìnmh+

supprmssmh ar `ktmrmh ji ì uiprmhjntòkm eìimr)44 Ejtkmtai%Cmkky aosmrvms+ p) ?:


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R`dm | ?8

p`rtjnjp`tm ji jigkuminjid ì autnaem+ ìh m`nf e`y jigkuminm tfm `ntjais ag atfmr p`rts)4:

Fawmvmr+ `s nì om smmi ji sw`res+ ojakadjn`k ar sanj`k imtwarcs+ tfmrm mxjst nmrt`ji sjepkm

mkmemits ag naeeai uihmrstìhjid ai tfm e`nra kmvmk) Djkpji mt `k) rmgmr ta ` stuhy naihuntmh

oy E`rr` tf`t sfaws+ p) 8

6>ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) :


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R`dm | ?=

Jitmr`ntjais rm rmnurrmit

Djkpji mt `k) hmsnrjoms tfjs gm`turm `s gakkaws< mggmnts ag jitmr`ntjai `rm kaapmh+ emìjid tfmy

nì gmmh o`nc `t ìy pajit ji tfm systme+ mjtfmr pasjtjvmky &ta minaur`dm nfìdm* ar imd`tjvmky

&ta minaur`dm stòjkjty*)

68

Ourstmji mt `k) hmsnrjom /naepkmx sjtu`tjais ji ` naepkmxmivjraiemit/6= `s ` Naepkmx @h`ptjvm Emss &N@E*) Ji ` N@E)?)>)

:0ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) 06006?

:? Djdmrmizmr ap) ?220+ p) 8>

:>Fjh`kda ?200+ p) ==6

:8H`vjsRawmkk 0::?+ p) >06

:= OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?4:

:7ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) 0?


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R`dm | ?4

Jitmr`ntjais `rm iai%kjim`r

Iai%kjim`rjty ji naepkmx systmes du`rìtmms tf`t se`kk nùsms nì f`vm k`rdm rmsukts+ ìh

vjnm vmrs`) Jt js ` prmnaihjtjai gar naepkmxjty):4 Iai%kjim`rjty ag nùsm ìh mggmnt ji naepkmx

systmes `rm tfm raat nùsm ag tfm uiprmhjntòjkjty ag sunf systmes) Tjtfji naepkmx systmes tfmnaiimntjais ìh jitmr`ntjais omtwmmi jihjvjhu`k `dmits e`ttmr earm tfì tfm nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag

tfm jihjvjhu`k jtsmkg) Xfm rmsukts ag tfmsm jihjvjhu`k jitmr`ntjais `rm uiprmhjntòkm) ê`kk nùsms

nì f`vm ` pragauih jep`nt ai tfm ardìjs`tjai+ wfjkm k`rdm mvmits e`y iat uismttkm ` naepkmx

systme) Xfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn js agtmi aosmrvmh ji tfm emnfìjns omfjih ardìjs`tjai`k nfìdm

pranmssms< wfjkm k`rdm%sn`km jijtj`tjvms sunf `s ì ardìjs`tjai`k str`tmdjn rm`kjdiemit nì

sfaw vmry kjttkm jep`nt ai tfm ardìjs`tjais h`y%ta%h`y ousjimss+ se`kk rueaurs ar dassjp nì

nrm`tm r`hjn`k ih r`pjh nfìdm+ mggmntjvmky naistjtutjid i ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs)

Oajsat mt `k) st`tm tf`t tfm e`ji p`rèmtmrs gar `kkawjid wf`t tfmy n`kk tjiy jijtj`tjid mvmits

&XJMs* ta prap`d`tm r`pjhky tfraudf ` systme+ passjoky prahunjid mxtrmem autnaems+ `rm

tmisjai ìh naiimntjvjty) Xfjs nì om mxmepkjgjmh oy tfjicjid òaut ` gjsfjid imt omjid nut

omtwmmi twa iahms ag tfm imt) Jg tfm imt kjms nruepkmh up ji ` pjkm+ tfm nut wjkk smp`r`tm twa

iahms ag tfm imt out km`vm tfm rmst ag tfm imt uihjsturomh) Fawmvmr+ uihmr tmisjai+ sunf ` nut

naukh jistìtky sprm`h grae aim mih ag tfm imt ta tfm atfmr3 sjejk`r hyièjns f`vm ommi

aosmrvmh ji k`rdm%sn`km pawmr ok`ncauts ji tfm ]^+:6 wfmrm fjdfky naiimntmh ìh

jitmrhmpmihmit systmes jinkuhm uiprmhjntòkm gmmho`nc kaaps)

Xfmrm `rm v`rjaus mxèpkms ag iai%kjim`r omf`vjaurs ji ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsms) Xfm uiprmhjntòky

vjakmit ìh wjhmsprm`h rm`ntjai ag tfm Euskje warkh `gtmr ` Hìjsf imwsp`pmr ji ?226

puokjsfmh n`rtaais hmpjntjid tfm Rrapfmt Eafèemh js aim mxèpkm):: Xfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag

naepkmx systmes js mxpk`jimh ji earm hmt`jk ji nf`ptmr0)>)?)>)

Emr`kj suee`rjsms tfm rmk`tjais omtwmmi `h`ptòjkjty+ memrdmit omf`vjaurs ih iai%kjim`rjty oy

st`tjid tf`t

:6ng) OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ pp) ?:2?:0

::ng) OON ?20>+ s)p)


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R`dm | ?6

nf`r`ntmrjsmh oy memrdminm ìh smkg%ardìjs`tjai o`smh ai tfm kan`k `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur agtfm systme$s naistjtumits)

022

@s wjtf tfm naiimntjai omtwmmi ejnra% ìh e`nra%kmvmk rukms hmsnrjomh ji 0)>)?)?+ tfm sèm

jitmr%kmvmk naiimntjais nì om smmi ji tfm `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur ag ` naepkmx systme ta jts

mivjraiemit< memrdmit nf`r`ntmrjstjns ai tfm kan`k ejnra kmvmk nùsm systme%wjhm+ e`nra%kmvmk`h`pt`tjai) Xfjs mggmnt nì om aosmrvmh wfmi tfm t`ntjn`k `ntjvjtjms ag sunnmssguk nrjsjs

eì`dmemit tmès ji ` nrjsjs sjtu`tjai `kkaw tfm ardìjs`tjais str`tmdjn km`hmrsfjp ta

naeeuijn`tm tfm kan`k sunnmssms ta ` dkao`k ùhjminm ìh dr`hu`kky `h`pt iat aiky tfmjr nrjsjs

str`tmdy out patmitj`kky `ksa tfm ardìjs`tjais arjmit`tjai jg appartuijtjms `rjsjid grae tfm nrjsjs

sjtu`tjai `rm jhmitjgjmh ìh smjzmh)

0)>)?)>) Rrjin jpkm .>< Naepkmx systme s rm smkg%ard ìjsji d

@i mssmitj`k gm`turm ag naepkmx systmes js tf`t tfmy `rm smkg%ardìjsjid) @s Rrjnm aosmrvmh+aim ag tfm o`sjn jisjdfts ag naepkmxjty tfmary js tf`t hyièjn systmes tmih ta mvakvm ji tfm

hjrmntjai ag jinrm`smh naepkmxjty avmr tjem3020 tfjs mvakutjai hams iat imnmss`rjky `nnaepìy

nfàs ar mxfùstjai ag tfm systme) Xfm strunturms `kkawjid sunf ` smkg%ardìjs`tjai f`vm ommi

tmremh hjssjp`tjvm strunturms oy Jky` Rrjdadjim+ wfa gauih tf`t ` hjssjp`tjvm systme wjkk

hjspmrsm mimrdy uitjk jt rm`nfms ` trìsjtjai st`tm `t wfjnf jt e`y mjtfmr smkg%hmstrunt ar smkg%

ardìjsm jita ` imw+ memrdmit gare)02? Ourstmji mt `k) n`kk tfmsm mvmits tjppjid pajits

Gakkawjid tfm prjinjpkms ag naepkmx systmes+ tfm R@^ Nrjsjs Eì`dmemit ^tìh`rh iatms tf`t

`gtmr ` nrjsjs4

02>OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) >

028R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs eì`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p)67


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@s Njkkjmrs iatms+ wfmi wm f`vm ta mxpk`ji uimxpmntmh+ fjdf%jep`nt jinjhmits sunf `s ` stanc%

e`rcmt nr`sf ar ` suhhmi autorm`c ag pakjtjn`k vjakminm+ wm tmih ta smmc jihjvjhu`k g`ntars tf`t

naeojimh ta nùsm jt) Xfjs cjih ag ì`kysjs `ttmepts ta mxpk`ji tfm omf`vjaur ag k`rdm+ naepkmx

systmes oy mxtr`pak`tjid grae tfm omf`vjaur ag se`kk+ sjepkm systmes) ]igartui`tmky tfjs

mxtr`pak`tjai g`jks omnùsm ag tfm smkg%ardìjsjid omf`vjaur ag naepkmx systmes)02=

Oajsat mt `k) st`tm tf`t tfm twa cmy mkmemits djvjid rjsm ta smkg%ardìjs`tjai `rm `h`ptjvm tmisjai

ìh naiimntjvjty)027 Naiimntjvjty omtwmmi tfm jitmr`ntjid p`rts emìs tf`t mvmry jitmr`ntjai

omtwmmi `dmits js gakkawmh oy ` km`rijid pranmss) Mvmitu`kky tfmsm se`kk kan`k eavmemits km`h

ta k`rdm%sn`km p`ttmris) @s Djkpji mt `k) iatm+ tfm autnaem ag sunf ` $na%mvakutjai$ js agtmi

rmgmrrmh ta `s $memrdminm$+ hmgjimh `s /uiprmhjntòkm p`ttmris ag arhmr tf`t `ppm`r tfraudf `

pranmss ag smkg%ardìjs tjai)/024 Rravjtaka mt `k) hmsnrjom jt `s gakkaws

02:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) ?6

002ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) >>


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R`dm | >2

nr`sfms+ djìt gjres+ mtn)/ ìhmxpk`ji sn`kmòjkjtywjtf tfm mxèpkm ag ` nùkjgkawmr< nuttjid agg `

gkarmt grae ` nùkjgkawmr wjkk prahunm ` se`kkmr gkarmt grae wfjnf ìatfmr se`kkmr gkarmt nì om nut

agg ìh sa ai) M`nf wjkk om se`kkmr tfì tfm prmvjaus out m`nf wjkk f`vm tfm sèm sf`pm+

strunturm ìh dmimsjs) Xfjs emìs tf`t sn`km%grmm nùsms ar sn`kmòjkjty /dmimr`tm tfm sèm

hyièjn+ mggmnt+ ar nf`r`ntmrjstjn `t euktjpkm kmvmks ag ` systme)/000

X`kmo hmsnrjoms tfm jep`nt ag tfjs gr`nt`k strunturm ai e`nra systmes) Tfmi ` systme &m)d) ì

ardìjse* omimgjts grae ` f`reguk jinjhmit+ jt kaacs kjcm sunnmssguk `h`pt`tjai ta tfm

mivjraiemit grae tfm autsjhm) Fawmvmr+ grae tfm jisjhm tfmrm `rm wjiimrs ìh kasmrs< se`kkmr

systmes wjtfji tfm systme &m)d) ardìs ji ì ardìjse ar nmkks wjtfji ì ardì* wjkk hjm wfjkm tfm

e`nra systme wjkk survjvm) Fm n`kks tfjs k`ymrjid gr`nt`k smkg%sjejk`rjty+ rmgmrrjid ta ` vjsjai oy

Omiajt Eìhmkorat)00?

^mkg%ardìjsmh nrjtjn`kjty

@i jepartìt tmre wjtfji smkg%ardìjs`tjai js smkg%ardìjsmh nrjtjn`kjty+ arjdji`kky jhmitjgjmh ìh

hmsnrjomh oy Rmr O`c)00> Tfmi ` pmrturo`tjai wjtfji ` systme nìiat om hjssjp`tmh+ tmisjai wjkk

hmvmkap) Nsmremky hmsnrjoms jt s gakkawsng) O`cNfmi 0::0

008Nsmremky ?227+ pp) =:72

00=ng) Xfjmt`rtGardums ?200+ p) =6

007ng) Cùggeì 0::0+ p) 62


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R`dm | >0

@s hmsnrjomh oy O`c+ mitjtjms tf`t survjvm wjkk e`jit`ji tfmesmkvms ji tfm emktjid zaim ji ` st`tm

ag smkg%ardìjzmh nrjtjn`kjty+004 wfjnf emìs tf`t ` pranmss ag smkg%ardìjs`tjai js jijtj`tmh wfmi

/fmtmradmimaus `dmits ji sm`rnf ag jepravmh gjtimss jitmrnaiimnt uihmr naihjtjais ag

mxadmiausky ar mihadmiausky jepasmh `h`ptjvm tmisjai)006 Imw arhmr js ì memrdmit

autnaem ag tfjs pranmss ìh nì om aosmrvmh ji ojakadjn`k ìh sanj`k imtwarcs hurjid tjems ag

nrjsjs) Xfjs nainmpt js hmsnrjomh ji earm hmt`jk ji 0)>)>)0)

Ji sw`res ìh imtwarcs+ `s wmkk `s fueìs ìh ardìjs`tjais+ tfjs memrdmit smkg%ardìjs`tjai

nì om aosmrvmh ìh hmsnrjomh `s pìjn qu`cms00:ar imtqu`cms ânjmty+ e`rcmts ìh nuktur`k

omf`vjaur `rm `pp`rmitky eì%e`hm out draw jihmpmihmitky ta rm`nf saem gare ag smkg%

ardìjs`tjai) Xfmy e`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ out tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tfm eìimr

ji wfjnf tfmy euktjpky ìh rmpkjn`tm) Xa mepf`sjsm ì m`rkjmr rmgmrminm< tfmy `rm nkasmr ta tfm

n`t tfì ta tfm w`sfjid e`nfjim out tmih ta om ejst`cmi gar w`sfjid e`nfjims+ wfjnf

saemtjems f`s kmh ta nrjsjs eì`dmemit pkìs omjid wrjttmi kjcm eìu`ks gar w`sfjid

e`nfjims)

ûnnmssguk naepkmx systmes rmqujrm saem hasm ag vak`tjkjty gar smkg%ardìjsmh nrjtjn`kjty) ûnf

v`rj`tjais ji tfm mivjraiemit `nt `s purdms) X`kmo usms tfm mxèpkm ag se`kk garmst gjrms tf`t

pmrjahjn`kky nkmìsm tfm systme &garmst* ag tfm east gkèeòkm e`tmrj`k+ sa tf`t jt hams iat f`vm

004 ng) O`c 0::7+ pp) 06?=

006OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?6?

00:ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) 70

0?2jojh)+ p) 70

0?0ng) Fmkojid mt `k) ?222+ pp) 8648:2

0??ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) 70

0?>jojh)+ p) 70


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tfm appartuijty ta `nnueuk`tm+ systme`tjn`kky prmvmitjid n`t`strapfjn garmst gjrms) Fueìs hjm ji

g`vaur ag tfm fueì dmim paak+ tr`hjid jihjvjhu`k gr`djkjty gar tfm survjv`k ag fueìjty) Ji oatf

mxèpkms+ mkmemits ag tfm systme rmduk`rky orm`c hawi ai ` se`kk sn`km+ ji arhmr ta `vajh

k`rdm%sn`km dmimr`kjsmh n`t`strapfms0?8) Jt js gar sjejk`r rm`sais tf`t stòjkjty nì om hmtrjemit`k

gar ardìjs`tjais< gjres omnaem vmry wm`c hurjid kaid pmrjahs ag stm`hy praspmrjty hmvajh ag

smto`ncs+ ìh fjhhmi vukimròjkjtjms `nnueuk`tm sjkmitky uihmr tfm surg`nm) Xa ì mvakutjai`ry

sunnmssguk naepkmx systme+ g`jkurm js ` nrjtjn`k naepaimit ag hm`kjid wjtf naepkmxjty ìh

`h`ptòjkjty)

X`kmo dams sa g`r `s ta `hvan`tm trm`tjid rujimh mitrmprmimurs ji tfm sèm w`y wm faiaur

hm`h sakhjmrs+ pmrf`ps iat wjtf `s eunf faiaur+ out usjid tfm sèm kadjn) @s X`kmo mxpk`jis+

lust `s tfmrm js ia sunf tfjid `s ` g`jkmh sakhjmr+ hm`h ar `kjvm &uikmss fm `ntmh ji ` naw`rhky

eìimr*+ kjcmwjsm tfmrm js ia sunf tfjid `s ` g`jkmh mitrmprmimur ar g`jkmh snjmitjgjnrmsm`rnfmr)

0?= Xfmjr s`nrjgjnm e`cms tfm systme straidmr) Xfjs pfmiaemiai w`s `ksa aosmrvmh

oy Cijdft mt `k)+ wfa naihuntmh ` stuhy ai tfm jep`nt ag mggmntjvm vmrsus iai%mggmntjvm nrjsjs

eì`dmemit ai tfm sf`rmfakhmr v`kum ag `ggmntmh naepìjms) Xfm rmsukts ag tfjs stuhy `rm

sfawi ji Gjdurm 02 ìh `rm `staijsfjid< ardìjs`tjais wjtf mggmntjvm nrjsjs eì`dmemit s`w ì

avmr`kk jinrm`sm ag 4- ji tfmjr sf`rmfakhmr v`kum ìh ` fm`ktfy rmnavmry wfmrm`s tfasm wfa g`jk

ta pkì ìh suosmqumitky hmkjvmr ì jimggmntjvm rmspaism+ struddkm ta rmnavmr ìh smm `

hmnrm`sm ji tfmjr sf`rmfakhmr v`kum oy ejius 0=-)0?7

0?8ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) 02202?3 >=2

0?=jojh)+ pp) 02202?3 >=2

0?7ng) CijdftRrmtty 0::7+ p) 08


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Gjdurm 02< Jep`nt ag mggmntjvm nrjsjs eì`dmemit ai sf`rmfakhmr v`kum0?4

Xfjs ^nfuepmtmrjì `ppra`nf ta uihmrstìhjid naepkmx systmes0?6 js `ksa hmsnrjomh oy

Nsmremky+ wfasm gjihjids ai ojakadjn`k imtwarcs ih jepkjn`tjais ai naepkmxjty wjkk om mxpkarmh

ji nf`ptmr0)>)>) Xfm nf`kkmidm ji tfm pr`ntjn`k `ppkjn`tjai ag tfjs `ppra`nf gar ardìjs`tjai`k

nrjsjs eì`dmemit js ta hjstjk tfasm nf`r`ntmrjstjns ìh t`ntjns tf`t `kkaw gar tfm survjv`k ag tfm

ardìjs`tjai3 o`smh ai tfm gr`nt`k%kjcm strunturm ag naepkmx systmes+ tfjs `ksa emìs `nnmptmh

g`jkurm ìh hm`tf ag naepaimits e`cjid up tfm systme)

0)>)?)8) Rrjin jpkm .8< Naepkmx sy stmes rm uist òkm

@s Djkpji mt `k) st`tm+ ji naepkmxjty%o`smh tfjicjid+ stòjkjty js iat ` hmsjrmh st`tm3 jihmmh+ jt js

passjokm aiky wfmi tfm systme nm`sms ta om naepkmx)0?: ^jejk`rky+ Njkkjmr iatms tf`t2

Jt js jepartìt ta iatm tf`t jistòjkjty ji naepkmx systmes js iat ta om naigusmh wjtf k`nc ag

raoustimss ar rmsjkjminm ag tfm systmes) @s Nsmremky st`tms0

Ji naepkmx systmes+ ì jihjn`tar gar tfm stòjkjty ag tfm systme js tfm èauit ìh jitmisjty ag tfm

jitmr`ntjais omtwmmi tfm `dmits ji tfm systme) Xaa gmw jitmr`ntjais emì stòjkjty &ji ` imd`tjvm

smism+ `s hmsnrjomh òavm*+ wfjkm taa jitmism jitmr`ntjais km`h ta ` naepkmtm hjsarhmr) Jt js ji

tfm jitmremhj`tm rìdm+ omtwmmi taa kjttkm ìh taa eìy jitmr`ntjais+ wfmrm memrdmit

pfmiaemi` rjsm % `t tfm mhdm ag $nfàs$)0>?

Xadmtfmr wjtf tfm iai%kjim`r nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag naepkmx systmes+ tfjs jistòjkjty pasms tfm east

sjdijgjnìt nf`kkmidm ji ì ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs< jitmrvmijid SU ji ` smisjtjvm systme ji wfjnf

mvmrytfjid js jitmrrmk`tmh+ SU nì f`vm hr`stjn ìh uimxpmntmh rmsukts)0>> Xfjs gm`r ag

jitmrvmijid ji fjdfky naepkmx ìh ap`qum prmssurm sjtu`tjais nì agtmi nrm`tm ì`kysjs

p`r`kysjs+ `s hmsnrjomh ji Mxpmrt Os n`sm stuhy< ji ` g`st%hmvmkapjid+ fjdf%rjsc sjtu`tjai+ `

fjdfky tr`jimh rmsmrvm aggjnmr lust naukh iat napm wjtf tfm èauit ìh jitmisjty ag jinaejid ìh

agtmi naigkjntjid jigare`tjai ta tfm pajit wfmrm fm naukh iat om usmh gar tfm sjepkmst suppartt`scs ìh f`h ta om rmeavmh grae tfm snmim) Ji sunf ` snmi`rja+ sjepkm rukms nì fmkp ta cmmp

aiky wf`t js jepartìt wjtfji tfm grèm ag rmgmrminm ìh nì pravjhm nainjsm dujhìnm ji

naepkmx sjtu`tjais)

0)>)?)=) Rrjin jpkm .=< Naepkmx sys tmes rm jrrmvmrsj okm

Ciawkmhdm wjtfji ` naepkmx systme js kan`tmh `t tfm kmvmk ag tfm jihjvjhu`k mkmemits tf`t

naeprjsm tfm systme)0>8 Xfjs emìs tf`t tfm fjstary ag tfm systme js ì mssmitj`k gm`turm ag tfm

memrdjid p`ttmris ìh omf`vjaurs) Njkkjmr e`cms jt nkm`r tf`t2Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >

0>0Nsmremky ?227+ p) 02>

0>?Xfjmt`rtGardums ?200+ p) =6

0>> K`d`hmn 0::>+ p) 046

0>8ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >2


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R`dm | >=

Naepkmx systmes f`vm ` fjstary) Iat aiky ha tfmy mvakvm tfraudf tjem+ out t fmjr p`st js na%rmspaisjokm gar tfmjr prmsmit omf`vjaur) @iy ì`kysjs ag ` naepkmx systme tf`t jdiarms tfmhjemisjai ag tjem js jinaepkmtm+ ar `t east ` syinfraijn si`psfat ag ` hj`nfraijnpranmss)

0>=

@ e`ji hjggmrminm omtwmmi naepkmx systmes ìh tfm nk`ssjn Imwtaijì eahmks ag systmes js

tf`t ji naepkmx strunturms tjem js ia kaidmr naisjhmrmh rmvmrsjokm)0>7 M`nf sunnmssjvm

hmvmkapemit memrdms grae ` spmnjgjn smt ag prmvjaus hmvmkapemits SU+ out iat ji ` kjim`r

smquminm tf`t nì sjepky om gakhmh ar uigakhmh)0>4 Xa mxpk`ji tfm jep`nt ag tfjs ai nrjsjs

eì`dmemit+ Djkpji mt `k) rmgmr ta E`rr` wfa hmhunms tf`t ardìjs`tjai k nukturm+ r`tfmr tfì `

spmnjgjn nrjsjs pkì+ js aim ag smvmr`k g`ntars tf`t hmtmrejim sunnmssguk nrjsjs naeeuijn`tjai+0>6

ìh tf`t omnùsm ag tfm gr`nt`k%kjcm strunturm ag naepkmx systmes+ ardìjs tjai`k fjstary puts jts

stèp ai `kk `spmnts ag ` nrjsjs+ `t `kk kmvmks ag ì ardìjs`tjai )0>:

Xfm jepartìnm ag tfm fjstary ag ` naepkmx systme js `ksa rmgkmntmh ji tfm w`y sunnmssguk

ardìjs`tjais hm`k wjtf naepkmxjty) Grae tfm ì`kysjs ag Fjdf _mkjòjkjty Ardìjs`tjais &F_As*+

Tmjnc jhmitjgjmh `ttmitjvmimss `s ` cmy ardìjs`tjai`k omf`vjaur tf`t miòkms F_As ta

sunnmssgukky e`cm smism ag tfm g`st%p`nmh ìh fjdfky naepkmx mivjraiemit ji wfjnf tfmy

apmr`tm)082 Xfjs smism%e`cjid js `ksa gjreky `tt`nfmh ta fjstary+ `s emìjid naems grae

p`yjid `ttmitjai wf`t f`s `krm`hy annurrmh080 ìh memrdms ji tfm prmsmit wfjkm rme`jijid

gjreky drauihmh ji tfm p`st) Fminm+ mvmry nrjsjs naistjtutms ì jrrmvmrsjokm mvmit gar ì

ardìjs`tjai3 ardìjs`tjai`k nfìdm+ om jt omimgjnj`k ar hmtrjemit`k+ js aokjd`tary past%nrjsjs)

Mvmi ardìjs`tjais tf`t sunnmssgukky rmsakvm ` nrjsjs rmturi ta ` imw iare`k ìh iat ta tfmjr

prm%nrjsjs st`tm)

0)>)?)7) Rrjinjpkm .7< Naepkmx systmes f`vm pmremòkm ih j k k %hmg jimh oau ih`rjms

Tfjkm dmimr`k systmes tfmarjms `ssuem ` hjstjint oarhmr omtwmmi ` systme ìh jts

mivjraiemit+ naepkmx systmes tfmary oujkhs ai tfm uihmrstìhjid tf`t naepkmx systmes `h`pt

0>= Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >0>7

ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?

0>4 jojh)+ p) >4

0>6jojh)+ p) >2

0>:jojh)+ p) >2

082ng) Tmjncûtnkjggm ?220+ pp) 0204

080jojh)+ p) 08


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R`dm | >7

naistìtky ta tfmjr nfìdjid mivjraiemits+ wfjnf km`hs ta nfìdms ji tfm mivjraiemit08? ìh+

tfus+ rmqujrms naepkmx systmes ta om smmi `s apmi08> ìh `s p`rt ag ` wjhmr naepkmx

systme)088

Ji tfm warhs ag Njkkjmrs0

088ng) Pujkk ?20?

08= Njkkjmrs 0::6+ pp) vjjjjx

087E`dujrm ?200+ p) 62

084DjkpjiEurpfy ?226

086Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >


45/114


R`dm | >4

0)>)?)4) Rrjin jpkm .4< Naepkmx sys tmes rm jrrmhu njokm

@s hjsnussmh m`rkjmr+ hum ta memrdmit p`ttmris ìh iai%kjim`r omf`vjaurs+ ` naepkmx systme js

earm tfì tfm sue ag jts p`rts) Xfmrmgarm+ jt js iat passjokm ta rmhunm tfm systme ta jts

naepaimit p`rts ar ta kaac `t sèpkms ìh e`cm dmimr`kjs`tjais gar tfm wfakm+ wfmi smmcjid ta

uihmrstìh ` naepkmx systme)08: @ k`rdm systme ag kjim`r mkmemits nì usu`kky om nakk`psmh

jita ì mqujv`kmit systme tf`t js vmry eunf se`kkmr)0=2 Xfm eìimr ji wfjnf nrjsjs eì`dmemit

f`s ommi `ppra`nfmh ji tfm p`st jivakvms snfme`tjsjid ìh sjepkjgyjid patmitj`k nrjsjs

snmi`rjas jita dmimrjn naepaimits ìh js

Xfm smvmi prjinjpkms hmsnrjomh ji tfjs nf`ptmr `rm tfm gauih`tjai gar uihmrstìhjid faw

naepkmx systmes ìh naepkmx sjtu`tjais prmsmit tfmesmkvms ta nrjsjs eì`dmrs) Xfm mxpmrtjitmrvjmws ìh n`sm stuhjms ji @iimx @ wjkk `jh ji hmeaistr`tjid faw tfmsm prjinjpkms `ppky ta

rm`k%warkh nrjsjs snmi`rjas)

0)>)>) Tfy imtwarcs e`ttmr

F`vjid tfm òjkjty ta prmhjnt kmt `kaim naitrak tfm hyièjns ag naepkmx imtwarcs rme`jis `

nmitr`k nf`kkmidm tfraudfaut imtwarc snjminm) ^truntur`k ìh hyièjn sjejk`rjtjms èaid

hjggmrmit rm`k imtwarcs suddmst tf`t saem uijvmrs`k k`ws ejdft om ji `ntjai) Crjaucav mt `k)

puokjsfmh ` stuhy ji I`turm tf`t sfaws tf`t tfm nùs`k imtwarc rmprmsmitjid tfm k`rdm%sn`km

08:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?

0=2ng) Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >

0=0R`r`scmv`s ?227+ p) 6:8

0=? ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?

0=>Nsmremky ?227+ p) WJJ


46/114


R`dm | >6

strunturm agsp`nmtjem ji aur `nnmkmr`tjid uijvmrsm js ` pawmr%k`w dr`pf wjtf straid nkustmrjid+

sjejk`r ta eìy naepkmx imtwarcs sunf `s tfm jitmrimt+ sanj`k imtwarcs+ ar ojakadjn`k

imtwarcs)0=8 Tfjkm tfmsm systmes f`vm ommi tr`hjtjai`kky eahmkkmh `s rìhae dr`pfs+ jt js

jinrm`sjidky rmnadijsmh tf`t tfm tapakady ìh mvakutjai ag rm`k imtwarcs `rm davmrimh oy raoust

ardìjsjid prjinjpkms)0==

Ag naursm+ nmrt`ji naistr`jits ìh kjejt`tjais `ppky wfmi naep`rjid imtwarcs naisjstjid ag

ym`st o`ntmrj` wjtf sanj`k imtwarcs gauih ji ` dkao`k narpar`tjai3 sanj`k systmes immh ta om

stuhjmh ji tfmjr awi rjdft `s naepkmx sanj`k systmes)0=7 Fawmvmr+ oy kaacjid `t tfm dmimrjn

nf`r`ntmrjstjns ar prjinjpkms naeeai ta `kk i`tur`k naepkmx systmes ìh `t tfm naep`r`tjvm

ì`taey ag imtwarcs+ rmsm`rnfmrs `rm òkm ta sfaw tf`t tfmrm `rm uijvmrs`k prjinjpkms tf`t `ppky

ta hjggmrmit imtwarcs tf`t snjmitjgjn`kky `rm naepkmtmky uirmk`tmh out `rm gakkawjid tfm sèm

e`tfme`tjn`k ih `rnfjtmntur`k prjinjpkms)0=4

@ wjhm `rm` ag rmsm`rnf f`s kaid ommi hmvatmh ta uihmrstìhjid faw pk`ymrs sunf `s oahjky

ardìs+ pmapkm+ ous staps+ naepìjms ar nauitrjms naiimnt ta imtwarcs) @s Pujkk st`tms+ p) ?

0=4ng) Pujkk ?20?+ p) 06

0=6jojh)+ p) 06


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R`dm | >:

0)>)>)0) Hyièjn imtwarc tapa kady uih mr nrjs js

Oy kaacjid `t faw ym`st o`ntmrj` nukturms rm`nt ìh eahjgy tfmjr jitmri`k naeeuijn`tjai ìh

strunturm uihmr strmss &ji tfm n`sm ag tfm o`ntmrj`+ strmss emìs rmhuntjai ag iutrjmits ar

mxpasurm ta fm`t sfancs*+ Nsmremky gauih straid sjejk`rjty ji tfm aosmrvòkm omf`vjaurs ag

tfmsm o`ntmrj`k imtwarcs ih fueì+ sanj`k imtwarcs)0=:

Grae ` nrjsjs eì`dmemit pmrspmntjvm+ aim ag tfm east jitmrmstjid gjihjids w`s tf`t o`ntmrj`k

imtwarcs uihmrda sjdijgjnìt struntur`k nfìdms uihmr nrjsjs) ]ihmr iare`k njrnuestìnms tfmjr

pfmiatypm js hmsnrjomh `s k`rdm+ emìjid uinaihmismh+ ìh hjspk`yjid tfm typjn`k naiimntjai

nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag ` naepkmx systme wfmrm mvmrytfjid js naiimntmh ta mvmrytfjid wjtfaut e`lar

hjggmrminms ji tfm strmidtfs ag tfmsm naiimntjais) Fawmvmr+ wfmi put ji survjv`k eahm tfraudf

`ppkjn`tjai ag mxtmri`k strmssars+ tfm imtwarc hr`stjn`kky rmhunmh jitmr%draup naiimntjais+

tfmrmoy nrm`tjid earm smp`r`tm imtwarc eahukms tf`t wmrm stjkk naiimntmh+ tfaudf tfm strmidtfag tfmsm naiimntjais w`s sjdijgjnìtky rmhunmh3 Nsmremky n`kks tfjs tfm se`kk pfmiatypm)

Mssmitj`kky+ tfm systme rm`rrìdmh jtsmkg ìh qu`rìtjimh v`rjaus eahukms ta ejtjd`tm tfm

hmstruntjvm jep`nt ag grmm r`hjn`ks wfjnf+ ji ` tjdftky naupkmh systme+ naukh rm`nf hjstìt

mkmemits ag tfm systme earm m`sjky ìh nùsm earm hè`dm) @iatfmr pasjtjvm autnaem ag tfjs

rmnaigjdur`tjai ag tfm systme w`s tf`t tfm jihjvjhu`k imtwarc eahukms naukh hmvmkap kan`k ìh

spmnjgjn sakutjais ta tfm nrjsjs tfmy wmrm g`njid) Tfjkm pratmji syitfmsjs mkmemits `rm tfm east

jepartìt mkmemit ag ym`st imtwarcs hurjid iare`k guintjai+ tfmsm mkmemits omnaem usmkmss ji

tfm òsminm ag iutrjmits grae wfjnf pratmji js syitfmsjsmh) ûrvjv`k pranmssms omnaem earm

jepartìt ìh tfm ym`st o`ntmrj` imtwarc eahukms nfìdm tfmjr jitmri`k warcgkaw oy rmhjrmntjid

jts mimrdy hjstrjoutjai ta mkmemits tf`t naukh pranmss pratmji hmdr`h`tjai jistm`h ag syitfmsjs+

ta `kkaw gar imtwarc survjv`k `s sfawi ji Gjdurm 00)

0=:ng) Nsmremky ?226+ p) =


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R`dm | 82

Gjdurm 00< ^truntur`k nfìdms ji ym`st naeeuijty ji nrjsjs eahm &Oattae pìmk O< 0= ejiutms+

>4N fm`t sfanc*072

Oy nrm`tjid earm kan`k+ kmss%naiimntmh eahukms wjtf kmss jitmisjvm nait`nts+ tfm wfakm imtwarc`nfjmvms jinrm`smh gkmxjojkjty+ omttmr hè`dm kan`kjs`tjai+ swjgtmr spmnjgjn ih mggmntjvm rmspaism+

ìh omttmr avmr`kk naigkjnt eì`dmemit)070Earm dmimr`kky+ Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf tmè sfaw tf`t

o`ntmrj` kjvjid ji ` v`rjòkm mivjraiemit f`vm earm smp`r`tm imtwarc eahukms+ `s tfmy `rm

naistìtky mxpasmh ta nrjsjs ìh tfm immh gar mggmntjvm nrjsjs eì`dmemit js ` survjv`k

imnmssjty) Gjdurm 0? omkaw sfaws ì `ntu`k dr`pfjn`k rmprmsmit`tjai ag tfm hjggmrmit imtwarc

strunturm ag twa hjggmrmit ardìjses+ kjvjid ji ` v`rjòkm mivjraiemit &kmgt* vmrsus kjvjid ji `

stòkm fast ardìjse &rjdft*)

072Nsmremky ?226+ p) 02

070ng) Ejf`kjc mt `k) ?200+ p) >


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R`dm | 80

Gjdurm 0?< ê`kk+ euktj%eahuk`r pfmiatypm ai tfm kmgt ag tfm grmm kjvjid M) nakj o`ntmrjue vmrsus

k`rdm+ sjidkm e`lar narm pfmiatypm ai tfm rjdft ag tfm syeojait Ounfimr` kjvjid ` kmss

fastjkm!v`rjòkm mivjraiemit) Ok`nc njrnkms jihjn`tm imtwarc eahukms)07?

@s st`tmh òavm+ tfm v`kum ag `ssmssjid nrjsjs eì`dmemit grae ` naepkmxjty snjminm ìh

imtwarc snjminm pmrspmntjvm kjms ji tfm dmimr`k `ppkjnòjkjty ag nmrt`ji &iat `kk* nf`r`ntmrjstjns)

Fminm+ ìatfmr stuhy ji wfjnf naeeuijn`tjai p`ttmris ji sanj`k imtwarcs prjar ìh hurjid ta `

nrjsjs mvmit wmrm aosmrvmh+ js ag sjdijgjnìnm ta ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit ìh jts

nainkusjais nì om `ppkjmh ta ì ardìjs`tjais nrjsjs strunturm ìh `ppra`nf ta nrjsjsrmsakutjai) O`draw mt `k) mxpkarmh sanjmt`k rmspaism ta mxtmri k pmrturo`tjais ìh jhmitjgjmh

rm`k%tjem nfìdms ji naeeuijn`tjai ìh eaojkjty p`ttmris ji tfm vjnjijty ag memrdminjms+ sunf

`s oaeo `tt`ncs ìh m`rtfqu`cms+ wfjnf wmrm surprjsjidky sjejk`r ta Nsmremkys gjihjids ji

ym`st o`ntmrj` naeeuijtjms) Kjcm tfm eìimr ji wfjnf ojanfmejsts usm hruds ta pmrturo tfm

st`tm ag ` nmkk ta omttmr uihmrstìh tfm nakkmntjvm omf`vjaur ag kjvjid systmes+ O`draw mt `k)

kaacmh `t memrdminjms `s mxtmri`k sanjmt`k pmrturo`tjais+ fmkpjid uinavmr dmimrjn nfìdms ji

tfm sp`tj`k+ tmepar`k ìh sanj`k `ntjvjty p`ttmris ag tfm fueì papuk`tjai)

O`draw mt `k) gauih tf`t naeeuijn`tjai spjcms `nnaepìyjid memrdminjms wmrm oatf sp`tj`kky

ìh tmepar`kky kan`kjsmh+ out jigare`tjai òaut memrdminjms sprm`h dkao`kky)07> @s js tfm n`sm

wjtf ojanfmejn`k imtwarcs+ tfm rmsm`rnfmrs naukh aosmrvm ` nfìdm ji tfm fueì sanj`k

07?^z`k`y%Omca mt `k) ?20?+ p) ??2?

07>ng) O`draw mt `k) ?200+ p) ?


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R`dm | 8?

imtwarc ta `hapt ` se`kk pfmiatypm+ wjtf ì jinrm`sm ji tfm iueomr ag n`kks pk`nmh ta grjmihs

ìh ` narrmspaihjid hmnrm`sm ji n`kks ta iai%grjmihs+ `s appasmh ta iai%memrdminy mvmits

wfmrm usmrs wmrm kmss kjcmky ta n`kk ` nkasm nait`nt)078 @sjhm grae tfm aovjaus struntur`k

sjejk`rjty ta tfm eahuk`r M) nakj imtwarc sfawi ji Gjdurm 0?+ Gjdurm 0> sfaws faw

naeeuijn`tjai wjtfji ` fueì sanj`k imtwarc nfìdms grae omjid uistrunturmh+ k`rdm ìh

rìhaeky naiimntmh &prmvjaus wmmc* ìh struntur`kky nfìdmh ta ` se`kk+ kan`kjsmh ìh

eahuk`r wmo)

Gjdurm 0>< Xap pìmk< tfm nait`nt imtwarc garemh omtwmmi `ggmntmh usmrs hurjid ` oaeojid)

Oattae pìmk< tfm n`kk p`ttmri omtwmmi usmrs tf`t `rm `ntjvm hurjid tfm memrdminy hurjid tfm

prmvjaus wmmc+ jihjn`tjid tf`t tfm jigare`tjai n`sn`hm aosmrvmh hurjid tfm oaeojid js aut ag tfm

arhji`ry)07=

078ng) O`draw mt `k) ?200+ pp) ^8

07=jojh)+ p) =


51/114


R`dm | 8>

Kaacjid `t ìatfmr fjdfky sunnmssguk nrjsjs eì`dmemit ardìjs`tjai+ tfm fueì jeeuim

systme+ tfm sèm prapmrtjms nì om aosmrvmh077) Tfmi uihmr `tt`nc+ tfm fjdfky naiimntmh+ kaw%

naepkmxjty imtwarc js trìsgaremh ta ` earm sp`rsmky naiimntmh imtwarc+ mxfjojtjid ` fjdfmr

hmdrmm ag naepkmxjty) Hurjid tfmsm nfìdms+ tfm jeeuim imtwarc nì rmnrujt ìh kasm mkmemits

ìh nfìdm tapakady)074

Gar tfm purpasms ag tfjs tfmsjs+ jt js ag jitmrmst ta uihmrstìh tfm uihmrkyjid hyièjns ìh

naihjtjais tf`t `kkaw tfm imtwarcs ta `h`pt+ ìh ta hr`w nainkusjais gar fueì ardìjs`tjai`k

nrjsjs eì`dmemit tmès) Tf`t `rm tfm prm%naihjtjais ta `kkaw imtwarcs ta nfìdm tfmjr

strunturm uihmr nrjsjs1 Xfm rmsm`rnf ag Nsmremky ìh O`draw sfaw tf`t imtwarc tapakady

nfìdms uihmr nrjsjs ta `kkaw gar earm mggmntjvm nrjsjs eì`dmemit ji ojakadjn`k nmkkuk`r

imtwarcs ìh fueì sanj`k imtwarcs) Xfmsm nfìdms ji imtwarc tapakady `rm jitmihmh ta

miòkm tfm imtwarc ta jinrm`sm jts pmrgareìnm uihmr nrjsjs ìh+ o`smh ai tfm gjihjids ag MxpmrtN+ tfmy `rm tfm prmrmqujsjtms gar memrdmit omf`vjaurs ji N@^) Oy nfìdjid tfmjr tapakady grae

k`rdm+ uinkustmrmh ìh kaasmky naiimntmh mkmemits ta naep`rtemit`kjsmh+ fjdfky naiimntmh

strunturms minaep`ssjid mkmemits wjtf hmgjimh ìh spmnjgjn guintjais+ imtwarcs nì jsak`tm tfm

nrjsjs+ kjejt tfm rjsc ag tfm nrjsjs sprm`hjid tfraudf tfm wjhmr imtwarc+ ìh warc ai kan`kjsmh

sakutjais+ `kk wfjkm cmmpjid jigare`tjai gkawjid tfraudf tfm imtwarc iahms) @kk tfmsm mkmemits

&hjvmrsjty ag `dmits+ naiimntjvjty+ r`tm ag jigare`tjai gkaw* f`vm ommi jhmitjgjmh oy Mxpmrt N `s

omjid nrunj`k gar sunnmssguk nrjsjs rmsakutjai ji fueì+ narpar`tm ardìjs`tjais)076

Xfm qu`kjty ag tfm naiimntjai omtwmmi imtwarc `dmits js ` nainmpt tf`t Nsmremky hmsnrjoms `s

mssmitj`k ta `kkaw gar imtwarc nrjsjs eì`dmemit) Xfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics+ wm`c sjdi`ks ìh

nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm hjsnussmh ji tfm imxt nf`ptmrs)

0)>)>)?) Tm`c k jics ih stòj k j ty ag n aepkmx i mtwarcs

@gtmr aosmrvjid ìh stuhyjid nf`pmraim eakmnukms+ Nsmremky nèm ta tfm nainkusjai tf`t

imtwarc ciawkmhdm js ` cmy `ssmt wfmi pkìijid jeemhj`tm nauitmr%em`surms `d`jist

nrjsjs)07:

077ng) Dùsm ?200+ pp) 0>2%0>0

074ng) Nsmremky ?227+ pp) 0=60=:

076ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) :

07:Nsmremky ?227+ p) WJJ


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@ nf`pmraim+ ar eakmnuk r nf`pmraim+ js ` pratmji tf`t fmkps tfm gakhjid ag atfmr pratmjis oy

prmvmitjid tfmjr `ddrmd`tjai ar oy p`rtj`kky uigakhjid tfme ta djvm tfme ` imw appartuijty ta

rmgakh) Nf`pmraim syitfmsjs js jihunmh oy strmss ar fm`t sfanc)042 _utfmrgarh mt `k) gauih tf`t jg

` nmrt`ji nf`pmraim eakmnukm warcs ji tfm grujt gky spmnjms hrasapfjk`+ `keast `kk tfm hrasapfjk`s

sfaw tfm sèm pfysjn`k nf`r`ntmrjstjns3 fawmvmr+ jg tfm nf`pmraim eakmnukm w`s hè`dmh

tfraudf strmss+ j)m) fm`t sfancs+ tfm grujt gkjms wmrm smrjausky hmgaremh ìh kaacmh ejsmròkm3

out+ ejsmròkm ji hjggmrmitw`ys)?< `

naepkmx systme wjkk sfaw ì `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur ji arhmr ta na%mvakvm wjtf jts mivjraiemit) Xa

`nfjmvm tfjs+ tfm `tt`ncmh systme immhs ta om suggjnjmitky naepkmx ta miòkm ì `hmqu`tm

èauit ag rmspaism aptjais3 ji tfm n`sm hmsnrjomh oy _utfmrgarh mt `k)+ tfm rmspaism aptjais

e`tmrj`kjsmh ji ` v`rjmty ag hjvmrsm hrasapfjk` eut`tjais)

@iatfmr jitmrmstjid gjihjid grae tfjs stuhy js tf`t nf`pmraim eakmnukms f`h ` stòjkjsjid mggmnt

ai tfm dmimtjn nahm ag tfm grujt gky) @s st`tmh ji smntjai 0)>)?)8+ ` cmy nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag naepkmx

systmes js tf`t tfmy `rm uistòkm) Nsmremky hmgjims tfm tmre stòjkjty `s gakkaws< /@ imtwarc js

stòkm jg jt sfaws ` tmihminy ta rmturi ta jts arjdji`k p`rèmtmr v`kums `gtmr ` pmrturo`tjai/+04>

ìh?6

040jojh)+ p) WJJ

04?jojh)+

04>jojh)+ p) 02>

048jojh)+ p) ?6?


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R`dm | 8=

Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf sfaws tf`t tfm stòjkjsjid mggmnt ag nf`pmraim eakmnukms js o`smh ai tfmjr

n`pòjkjty ta oujkh sa%n`kkmh wm`c kjics ta ` fjdf iueomr ag mkmemits wjtfji tfm imtwarc 3 fm

hmhunmh dmimr`kky `ppkjnòkm gjihjids grae ì`kysjid mx`ntky faw nf`pmraims eì`dmh ta

e`cm naepkmx kjvjid imtwarcs raoust `d`jist mxtmri`k strmssars) Nsmremky hmgjims ` wm`c kjic

`s gakkaws< ` kjic js hmgjimh `s wm`c wfmi jts `hhjtjai ar rmeav`k hams iat nfìdm tfm emì

v`kum ag ` t`rdmt em`surm ji ` st`tjstjn`kky hjsnmrijokm w`y)04=

Xfm prjinjpkm ag imtwarc rmsjkjminm tfraudf tfm prmsminm ag wm`c kjics w`s jijtj`kky hmsnrjomh oy

Drìavmttmr ji tfm 0:72s ji sanj`k imtwarcs) Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf ìh `ttmept ta dmimr`kjsm tfjs

nainmpt gar imtwarcs jihjn`tms tf`t wm`c kjics f`vm ` stòjkjsjid guintjai iat aiky ji pratmjis

ìh sanj`k systmes out `ksa ai tfm psynfm+ ìje`k naeeuijtjms+ gjre sanj`k imts+ partgakjas+

tawis+ sagtw`rm+ mnasystmes+ fareaim imtwarcs+ tfm jeeuim systme+ kìdu`dm+ mkmntraijn

njrnujts+ ìh eìy earm)047

Zmt ìatfmr mxèpkm ag systme stòjkjty w`s rmvm`kmh `gtmr tfm tmrrarjst `tt`nc `d`jist tfm Tarkh

Xr`hm Nmitrm ai 00 ^mptmeomr ?220) @kk ag tfm mepkaymms ag ` naepìy wfa cimw tfm

p`sswarh ta `nnmss ` smt ag nrunj`k h`t` f`h hjmh) G`nmh wjtf tfjs sjtu`tjai+ tfm rme`jijid

mepkaymms nfasm tfm gakkawjid ppra`nf+ p) :

06=ng) Cùggeì 0::0

067ng) Ejtkmtai%Cmkky ?22>+ p) :

064jojh)+ p) :


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R`dm | 86

Gjres+ davmriemit`k systmes ìh east atfmr ardìjs`tjais `rm typjn`k gare`k imtwarcs+ j)m)

fjmr`rnfjn`k strunturms wfmrm kjics `rm straid) Ardìjs`tjais naukh iat guintjai wjtfaut tfmsm

straid naiimntjais omtwmmi mkmemits ag tfm imtwarc)066 Nsmremky straidky `hvan`tms tfm immh

gar ` n`rmguk o`kìnm omtwmmi straid ìh wm`c kjics ji ousjimss imtwarcs)06: Fm hjggmrmitj`tms

omtwmmi praokme typms tf`t `rm fjdfky ganusmh ìh rmqujrm ` iare`tjvm `ppra`nf straid kjics

ìh hjggusm praokmes ìh jistruemit`k t`scswfmrm tfm je`dji`tjvm ìh nrm`tjvm usm ag wm`c

kjics nì prahunm memrdmit sakutjais)0:2

Hjvmrsjty+ tfm v`st rmsaurnm ag tfm eyrj`h ag wm`c kjics+ pravjhms gar tfm mxtrmemky jepartìt

ouggmrjid n`p`njty ag naepkmx systmes+ wfjnf jinrm`sms tfmjr raoustimss ìh nfìnms ag

survjv`k ji tjems ag hìdmr ìh nrjsjs)0:0 Imtwarcs ar wmos `rm iat naistìtky naiimntmh) Xfmjr

raoustimss kjms ai tfmjr òjkjty ta rm%mstòkjsf hareìt naiimntjais+ wfmi imnmss`ry)0:? Mxpmrt

N gukky `nciawkmhdms tfm jepartìnm ag kaasm naiimntjvjty ji imtwarcs ta `kkaw gar systme

rmsjkjminm) Tfjkm straid kjics tmih ta hmstòjkjsm tfm systme wfmi iahms dmt naidmstmh oy

jigare`tjai ar hmstraymh oy nrjsjs+ jt js tfm kaasm naiimntjais tf`t `kkaw tfm jigare`tjai ta

njrnuevmit okancmh iahms ìh djvm tfm systme tfm rmqujrmh èauit ag gkmxjojkjty)0:>

Ji ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit ìh rmsjkjminm+ tfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics js nkasmky rmk`tmh

ta ì ardìjs`tjais n`pòjkjty ta hmtmnt ìh rm`nt ta wm`c sjdi`ks)

0)>)>)>) Tm`c s jdi`ks

Iajsm &emìjidkmss stjeukj* ji ` systme js o`h gar tfm imtwarc jg fjdf ìh naitjiuaus iajsm

kmvmks hjsturo `kk imtwarc guintjais)0:8 Tf`t js mssmitj`k gar m`rky hmtmntjai ag ` sjtu`tjai tf`t

naukh patmitj`kky hmvmkap jita ` nrjsjs+ js tfm òjkjty ta hjggmrmitj`tm wm`c sjdi`ks grae tfm iajsm ji

066ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) ?24

06:ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) ?2>

0:2jojh)+ p) ?2>

0:0jojh)+ p) 7

0:?ng) Ejtkmtai%Cmkky ?22>+ p) ?4

0:>ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) 07

0:8ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) =?


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R`dm | 8:

` systme) Xfm gjrst hanuemitmh aosmrv`tjais ag wm`c sjdi`ks &ar daah iajsm* wmrm s`jkars

rmparts ai tfm pmnukj`r pfmiaemiai tf`t hjsarhmrmh r`jihraps g`kkjid ai tfm anmì nì n`ke

raudf sm`s)0:= Jt js aiky `gtmr eìy eaitfs ai sm` tf`t tfjs p`ttmri w`s rmnadijzmh+ tfm sjdi`k

jhmitjgjmh+ ìh tfm ciawkmhdm n`pturmh ìh p`ssmh ai)

Mxpmrt N fjdfkjdftmh sunf sjdi`k hmtmntjai `s ì mssmitj`k mkmemit ag nrjsjs eì`dmemit nrjsjs

prmvmitjai) @ktfaudf N hams iat imnmss`rjky `drmm tf`t mvmry nrjsjs meì`tms iatjnmòkm

sjdi`ks omgarm jt f`ppmis+ fm `drmms tf`t jt js trum ji east ag tfm n`sms ìh+ fminm+ m`rky sjdi`k

hmtmntjai js cmy ta sunnmssguk nrjsjs eì`dmemit) N jhmitjgjms tfrmm hjggmrmit typms ag hmtmntars+ p) 8


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naepìy f`h jts omstsmkkjid eaitf+ iaw vjmwmh ji ` pasjtjvm kjdft `s tfm `kkmd`tjais wmrm

pmrnmjvmh ta om g`ksm)0:4

Gjdurm 0=< ]iwìtmh sjejk`rjty ag kada ìh @ròjn nf`r`ntmrs spmkkjid tfm ièm Eafèemh0:6

O`rtai jhmitjgjmh ` kjst ag typjn`k w`rijid sjdi`ks ì ardìjs`tjai sfaukh eaijtar gar+ njtjid

jihjn`tars kjcm puokjn rmsjstìnm ta ì jiiav`tjai+ p`ttmris ag ejiar jinjhmits ar im`r%ejss

mvmits+ pmrsjstmit rueaurs+ pmrsjstmit nustaemr naepk`jits+ ìh atfmrs)0:: @kk ag tfm òavm

kjstmh mvmits wjkk mxjst ji v`rjaus sf`pms ar gares wjtfji ì ardìjs`tjai3 fawmvmr+ jt js tfm sjdi`k

strmidtf tf`t wjkk hmtmrejim rm`ntjai kmvmk) Xfraudf tfm usm ag gjktmrjid emnfìjses+ prapmr

sjdi`ks e`y om hjstjidujsfmh grae tfm surrauihjid iajsm)?22

Xfm nainmpt aggmrs eì`dmemit ` sakutjai ta tfm rmnurrjid praokme ag ejs`kjdiemit ag str`tmdjnpkìijid wjtf tfm mxtmri`k ar jitmri`k mivjraiemit) @i ardìjs`tjai js naigraitmh wjtf str`tmdjn

surprjsms wfmi imjtfmr tfm nùsms iar tfm passjokm rmspaisms `rm nkm`r) ?20

^tr`tmdjn pkìijid js naivmrtjid mivjraiemit`k jigare`tjai jita nainrmtm `ntjai pkìs+

pradrèems ìh ouhdmts) Xfjs js wfmrm @isagg jhmitjgjmh ` p`r`hax< jg ì ardìjs`tjai w`jts

uitjk jigare`tjai js `hmqu`tm gar str`tmdjn pkìijid+ jt wjkk jinrm`sjidky om surprjsmh oy nrjsms3 jg jt

`nnmpts v`dum jigare`tjai+ tfm naitmit wjkk iat om spmnjgjn miaudf gar tfaraudf str`tmdjn

0:4 ng) Kuhmsnfmr :26?20?

0:6ng) Kuhmsnfmr :26?20?+ ùtfars awi jkkustr`tjai

0::ng)O`rtai K) ?228+ p) ==

?22ng)EìcmkwjnCjt`f`r` ?202+ p) >

?20ng)@isagg 0:4=+ p) >


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R`dm | =0

pkìijid)?2? Xfm sakutjai prmsmitmh oy @isagg urdms ardìjs`tjais ta naisjhmr wf`t `ntjais `rm

gm`sjokm `t ` tjem wfmi jigare`tjai omnaems `v`jkòkm) Jijtj`kky+ `ntjais wjkk om uiganusmh+

`jemh `t jinrm`sjid tfm str`tmdjn gkmxjojkjty ag ì ardìjs`tjai) @s tfm jigare`tjai omnaems earm

prmnjsm+ sa sfaukh tfm ardìjs`tjais rmspaism+ mvmitu`kky tmreji`tjid ji ` hjrmnt `tt`nc ta tfm

tfrm`t ar appartuijty)?2>

Naisjhmrjid oatf tfm str`tmdjn pkìijid ìh apmr`tjai`k kmvmk+ @isaggs eahmk js cmy ji nrjsjs

jhmitjgjn`tjai+ hmtmntjid tfm se`kkmr trjddmr mvmits) Jt js r`rm tf`t nrjsms annur wjtfaut ìy

jihjn`tjai ar `hvmrsm p`ttmri ag mvmits tf`t pajits taw`rhs ` imd`tjvm `nnueuk`tjai ìh `

patmitj`k nrjsjs) Tm`c kjics ìh rm`ntjai ta wm`c sjdi`ks `rm cmy pjkk`rs ji ardìjses nrjsjs

eì`dmemit n`pòjkjtjms3 fawmvmr+ imtwarc snjminm f`s `ksa jhmitjgjmh tfm immh gar sa%n`kkmh

nrm`tjvm mkmemits) ^mntjai 0)>)>)8 hmsnrjoms tfm nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits ìh faw

ardìjs`tjai k nrjsjs eì`dmemit nì omimgjt grae tfmjr usm ji tjems ag nrjsjs)

0)>)>)8) Nrm`tjv m mkmemits

Nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tfm kjgm jisurìnm ag naepkmx systmes+ fmkpjid tfme ta survjvm hurjid ìy

uimxpmntmh hè`dm3 tfm iueomr ìh jepartìnm ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits sfaukh jinrm`sm jg tfm

naepkmx ardìjse mxpmrjminms ` gkuntu`tjid mivjraiemit)?28

Nsmremky hmsnrjoms nrm`tjvm mkmemits `s omjid hyièjn+ saemwf`t uiprmhjntòkm naiimntars

ag hjstìt imtwarc eahukms) East jepartìtky+ nrm`tjvm mkmemits f`vm trìsjmit+ wm`c kjics

km`hjid ta jepartìt pasjtjais &agtmi fuos* ji tfm imtwarc ìh omnaem mspmnj`kky jepartìt

wfmi tfm wfakm systme mxpmrjminms ì `typjn`k sjtu`tjai rmqujrjid ` iavmk+ nrm`tjvm sakutjai)?2=

Xypjn`k mxèpkms ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tfm `ntjvm nmitrms ag pratmjis+ tfm strmss pratmjis ag

nmkks+ stme nmkks ag ardìjses+ pr`ntjn`kky ìy imurai ji tfm fueì or`ji+ ìh nrm`tjvm pmapkm ar

draups) Nrm`tjvm mkmemits pk`y ` cmy rakm ji tfm hmvmkapemit+ survjv`k ìh mvakvòjkjty ag

naepkmx systmes)?27

?2?ng)@isagg 0:4=+ p) ?>

?2>ng)@isagg 0:4=+ p) ?>

?28Nsmremky ?227+ p) 8:

?2=jojh)+ p) >?:

?27 jojh)+ p) >


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Cmy nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tf`t tfmy naiimnt hjstìt imtwarc rmdjais+ ìh

naistìtky nfìdm tfmjr pasjtjai wjtfji tfm imtwarc) @s tfm naepkmxjty ag ` systme jinrm`sms+

tfm eaojkjty ag jihjvjhu`k nrm`tjvm mkmemits mxpìhs sa tf`t tfmsm mkmemits navmr earm ìh

earm ag tfm imtwarc)?24 G`rc`s st`tms tf`t

@ cmy t`cm`w`y gar ardìjs`tjai`k nrjsjs eì`dmemit js tfm immh ta oujkh ` hjvmrsm+

fmtmradmimaus nrjsjs eì`dmemit tmè tf`t jinkuhms mkmemits tf`t `rm grmm grae

ardìjs`tjai`k fìhnuggs ìh nì eavm wjtfji tfm imtwarc) Xfm R@^ iatms tf`t

Fawmvmr+ ` nrjsjs tmè naisjstjid purmky ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits waukh iat `nfjmvm ìytfjid

emìjidguk wjtfaut wf`t G`rc`s n`kks ` praokme sakvmr) East iahms `rm praokme sakvmrs ìh

`rm spmnj`kjsmh ta ` nmrt`ji t`sc tf`t tfmy nì naepkmtm &sakvm* wjtf fjdf mgffnjminy)?08 Atfmr

iahms `rm praokme hjstrjoutars3 fuos tf`t hjstrjoutm sjdi`ks) @s G`rc`s nainkuhms< StfmsmU

tfrmm typms ag omf`vjaurs hmsnrjomh òavm nì om ejxmh ji earm naepkmx imtwarcs+ p`rtjnuk`rky

tfasm minauitmrmh ji tfm rm`k warkh)?0=

Ardìjs`tjais usu`kky `krm`hy f`vm suggjnjmit praokme sakvmrs &tmnfijn`k mxpmrts* ìh praokme

hjstrjoutars &eì`dmrs*) Tf`t typjn`kky k`ncs ji ` nrjsjs snmi`rja `rm nrm`tjvm mkmemits) Xfm narm

nrjsjs eì`dmemit tmè nì om sunf ` nrm`tjvm mkmemit+ sfjgtjid jts `ttmitjai ìh `kkan`tjid

rmsaurnms wfmrm tfmy `rm east rmqujrmh) Xfm prmnaihjtjais gar f`vjid tfjs grmmhae ag

eavmemit ìh nrm`tjvm patmitj`k `rm hjvmrsjty ìh rmhuihìny wjtfji tfm narm nrjsjs

eì`dmemit tmè)

?0>R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs eì`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 7

?08G`rc`s mt `k) ?200+ p) 0

?0=jojh)+ p) 0


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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs ìh Naepkmxjty ? Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty

R`dm | =8

?) Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty

Xfm gakkawjid smntjai hmsnrjoms tfm @sfoy ^p`nm+ ` tfmarmtjn`k eahmk mxpk`jijid tfm

kjejt`tjais ìh oarhmrs ag naepkmxjty hmnjsjai e`cjid) Xfm nf`ptmr wjkk tfmi mxèjim tfm

tfmarjms ag oauihmh r tjai`kjty ìh g`st ìh grud`k fmurjstjns `s tmnfijqums ta suppart

naepkmxjty hmnjsjai e`cjid wjtfji tfmsm kjejt`tjais)

?)0) Eavjid ji tfm @sfoy^p`nm % rmspaism aptjais ta mxtmri`k

stjeukj ji naepkmx mivjraiemits

Xfm nainmpt ag tfm @sfoy ^p`nm oy Oajsat mt `k) js o`smh ai _ass @sfoy$s $k`w ag rmqujsjtm

v`rjmty+ wfjnf st`tms tf`t /` systme survjvms ta tfm mxtmit tf`t tfm rìdm ag rmspaisms jt js

òkm ta e`rsf`k `s jt `ttmepts ta `h`pt ta jepasjid tmisjais sunnmssgukky e`tnfms tfm

rìdm ag sjtu`tjais tfrm`ts ìh appartuijtjms naigraitjid jt)/?07 Gar kjvjid systmes+ sunf `

rmspaism nì om mjtfmr ` purmky omf`vjaur`k aim &m)d) ` fareai`k rmspaism ar ` rmgkmx* ar `

okmih ag omf`vjaur ìh nadijtjai+ wfjnf km`h ta ` naisnjaus hmnjsjai o`smh ai

rmprmsmit`tjais ag jts mivjraiemit tf`t `rm naistruntmh aut ag $snfme`s$ strunturmh

hmsnrjptjais ag ì mxtmri`k warkh) Xfm omimgjt ag sunf snfme`s js tf`t tfmy `kkaw ` systme ta

hjstjidujsf omtwmmi emìjidguk jigare`tjai ìh iajsm)?04 Tf`t naistjtutms jigare`tjai ar

iajsm gar ` systme js eastky ` guintjai ag tfm systmes mxpmnt`tjais+ fjstary+ eatjv`tjais ìh

luhdmemits+ ar ji tfm ardìjs`tjai`k kìdu`dm+ jts narm ejssjais+ `jes ìh v`kums ìh tfm

memrdmit ardìjs`tjai`k nukturm)

O`smh ai @sfoy$s k`w+ Oajsat mt `k) hmvmkapmh ` hj`drè jkkustr`tjid tfm @sfoy ^p`nm+ sfawi

ji Gjdurm 07 omkaw)

?07@sfoy 0:=7+ p) >?

?04ng)OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?4:


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Gjdurm 07< Xfm @sfoy ^p`nm?06

Xfm vmrtjn`k `xjs rmprmsmits tfm rm`k%warkh stjeukj tf`t `ggmnt ` systme &ar ì ardìjse*3 `

kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus gar ` nrjsjs eì`dmemit tmè ji ì ardìjs`tjai naukh om+ gar mxèpkm+

tfm ìiauinmemit ag prmsjhmitj`k mkmntjai rmsukts ji ` nauitry tf`t f`s ia kjic`dm ar

jepartìnm ta tfm ardìjs`tjais apmr`tjais) @ fjdf%v`rjmty stjeukus gar tfm sèm tmè naukh

om tfm rueaur òaut ` passjokm naitèji`tjai ag aim ag tfmjr prahunts+ wjtf smvmrm jep`nt ai

naisuemrs) Ai tfm farjzait`k `xjs+ Oajsat mt `k) sfaw tfm v`rjmty ag ` systme$s rmspaisms ta

tfm stjeukj+ `ksa rìdjid grae kaw ta fjdf) @ kaw%v`rjmty rmspaism ta ` kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus

naukh sjepky om ta `nciawkmhdm tfm mkmntjai rmsukt+ e`cm ` emit`k iatm ìh atfmrwjsm t`cm

ia `ntjai) @ fjdf%v`rjmty rmspaism ta tfm kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus naukh om gar tfm tmè ta stap `kk

apmr`tjais ìh wjtfhr`w `kk st`gg grae surrauihjid nauitrjms wfmrm tfmy apmr`tm) Xfjs waukh

pravm ta om hmv`st`tjid gar tfm ousjimss) Xfm gjrst rmspaism s`vms sn`rnm rmsaurnms ag

mimrdy ìh tjem3 tfm smnaih w`stms tfme) Xfm hj`dai`k ji tfm hj`drè jihjn`tms tfm pajit `t

wfjnf v`rjmty nì om naisjhmrmh $rmqujsjtm$+ wfjnf emìs tf`t tfm v`rjmty ag tfm rmspaism

e`tnfms tfm v`rjmty ag tfm jinaejid stjeukj ji ì `h`ptjvm w`y jt g`njkjt`tms survjv`k) O`smh

ai tfm jitmkkjdminm ag tfm systme+ tfm rmspaism wjkk om mjtfmr earm nadijtjvm &gar earm

jitmkkjdmit systmes* ar earm omf`vjaur`k &gar kmss jitmkkjdmit systmes*) Ji tfm mxèpkm òavm+

ì jitmkkjdmit systme waukh usm jts ì`kytjn`k n`p`njty ta `ssmss tfm jep`nt ag tfm jinaejid

stjeukus &mkmntjai rmsukts*+ tfmrmoy smp`r`tjid iajsm grae jigare`tjai+ ìh naukh hmnjhm ta

?06OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?6>


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eavm tfm stjeukus up ai tfm vmrt

coping with crisis and complexity.a complexity science-informed approach to crisis management

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