Cooperation Strategy 2017–2020 for the DPR Korea

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Contents

Glossary 4Introduction 51 Context Analysis 61.1 Overview 61.2 Evolution and scenarios 72 Swiss foreign policy objectives and other humanitarian agencies 82.1 Switzerland’s foreign policy objectives 82.2 Other humanitarian actors in the DPRK 93 Switzerland’s presence in the DPRK and results 103.1 Switzerland’s presence to date 103.2 Results of SDC’s engagement 113.3 Constraints and problems faced 114 Implications for the new Cooperation Strategy for DPRK 2017–2020 124.1 Persisting humanitarian needs 124.2 The community-directed programme approach and the resulting domains of intervention 124.3 Guiding operational concepts and principles 135 Priorities, objectives and impact hypothesis 155.1 Geographical focus and target population 155.2 Domains of intervention 155.3 Cross-cutting issues 165.4 Budget allocations 166 Management of strategy implementation 176.1 Management structure and resources 176.2 Operational modalities and partners 176.3 Accountability and reporting 176.4 Monitoring and learning 176.5 Ensuring skills and innovation 186.6 Whole-of-Government approach 187 Strategic steering 197.1 Monitoring and evaluation 197.2 Risks and context scenarios 197.3 Exit scenarios and triggers 198 Annexes 21

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Glossary

Acronym Definition CABI Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences InternationalCFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment MissionDPRK Democratic People’s Republic of KoreaDSM Dried Skimmed MilkEAA Division Europe-Asia-Americas EMOP WFP’s Emergency OperationsEUPS European Union Programme Support UnitEUPS Unit 2 Save the Children InternationalEUPS Unit 3 Concern WorldwideEUPS Unit 4 German Agro Action / Deutsche WelthungerhilfeEUPS Unit 7 Handicap InternationalFAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United NationsFIBL Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau, LaufenburgGFS Gravity Fed SystemHA Humanitarian AidHI Handicap InternationalICRC International Committee of the Red CrossIFRC International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesKECCA Korean European Cooperation Coordinating AgencyMERV Monitoring development relevant changesMoFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMoA Ministry of AgricultureMoCM Ministry of City ManagementMoLEP Ministry of Land and Environment ProtectionMTP Medium Term ProgrammeNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNNSC Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission NPO National Programme OfficerPC People’s CommitteePDS Public Distribution SystemPRRO WFP’s Protracted Relief and Recovery OperationsRMB Rice Milk BlendROK Republic of Korea (South Korea)SAS State Academy of SciencesSDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationSDC/HA Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation – Humanitarian AidSDC/SC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation – South CooperationSECO Swiss State Secretariat for Economic AffairsSLDM Sustainable Livelihood and Disaster MitigationSLM Sloping Land ManagementSPO Swiss Programme Office (in Pyongyang)UN OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundWASH Water, Sanitation and HygieneWFP World Food Programme of the United NationsWHO World Health Organisation of the United NationsYPO Yearly Plan of Operation

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Introduction

SDC has been active in the DPRK since 1995. Af-ter its initial humanitarian response to the mid-90s famine, the responsibility of Switzerland’s engage-ment was passed to South Cooperation in 2002 who managed a special development programme for ten years. In 2011, Swiss presence was reconsti-tuted as a humanitarian aid programme. SDC’s un-interrupted presence over the last 20 years and the quality of the various projects implemented in that period have permitted SDC to build a reputation as a dependable partner to national and international counterparts operating in the DPRK.

This new Cooperation Strategy covers the peri-od 2017–2020 and replaces the previous Midterm Programme, which ended in December 2016. In accordance with Swiss values, it stipulates a sequel to the humanitarian aid programme of the last five years on terms where Switzerland will continue to champion the needs of vulnerable communities and make a substantial contribution to addressing the humanitarian plight of the distressed population of the DPRK.

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1 Context Analysis

1.1 Overview

Humanitarian situation and challenges: The DPRK represents a protracted and in many ways forgotten humanitarian situation that affects a clear majority of its population of 25 million. 70% are classed as being food insecure, nearly 2 million chil-dren and mothers are in need of specialised food to address basic nutritional needs, and almost 30% of under-five year-olds are affected by stunting. Only one third of pregnant and nursing women are re-garded as having acceptable consumptions of food1. Poverty and food shortages continue to generate malnutrition on a massive scale; the country still has an annual shortfall in the production of cereals of 15–20%. Inadequate access to drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to a high incidence of water-borne diseases and infant mortality. Over 350,000 pregnant women are con-stantly at severe risk of life-threatening situations, such as obstetric complications due to poor health care services. The population of the DPRK does not have the resources to cope with any future major crisis, and disaster preparedness is at best rudimen-tary. As a result, exceptional weather situations quickly invoke catastrophe with unyielding frequen-cy and harshness, while flood, drought, erosion and landslides further weaken coping mechanisms.

Economic and social development: Despite grad-ual improvements in agricultural productivity since the famine of the 1990s, needs continue to out-strip supply, and harvests remain highly susceptible to climatic events such as drought and flood. The country struggles to secure the energy resources to sustain what industries it has, which is only com-pounded by an overdependence on China as the dominant trading partner. As a result, the sceptre of the next humanitarian crisis is never far over the horizon. The government’s current five-year plan of-ficially prioritises agricultural production and energy supply. Nutritionally, most people depend on the

1 See WFP Quarterly Monitoring Report, 1st Quarter 2016

so-called ‘Public Distribution System’ (PDS) that rep-resents a national rationing system for staple foods. Nevertheless, people are forced to cope with short-falls in supply by supplementing their diets through informal trade, food foraging in fields and forests, crofting on areas outside the perimeters of collec-tive farms, and the use of kitchen gardens. While this works for rural populations, urban dwellers are generally more dependent on the PDS.

Political developments: Technically, the two Ko-reas remain at war, despite the 1953 armistice. The inner-Korean border is one of the most heavily for-tified areas in the world with a substantiated poten-tial for military escalation and miscalculation. This is exacerbated by the ebb and flow of the compet-ing political blocks’ political rhetoric. Regular joint military manoeuvers by the USA and South Korea have drawn the ire of the DPRK which labels them as a threat to its sovereignty, and in some instances, an act of war. The DPRK’s relations with its neigh-bours have deteriorated in the wake of recent mis-sile launches and nuclear tests, and the DPRK has been saddled with increasingly severe economic sanctions, most lately, the UN Security Council Res-olutions 2270 and 2321. The verdict is still out on how these latest sanctions will affect the country’s economic, political and social life. Despite being sanction-exempt, humanitarian aid delivery may yet suffer as a collateral consequence of trade restric-tions.

Human rights: The DPRK is repeatedly in the cross-hairs of the international community for gross vio-lations of basic human rights. The DPRK is adamant that human rights are respected, but has prevented foreigners visiting contentious areas of the country, notably the UN-special rapporteur on Human Rights in the DPRK. Although the UN Human Rights Coun-cil has passed a series of resolutions condemning the DPRK, more robust international action against the country’s elite have been blocked by China and Russia in the UN Security Council.

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1.2 Evolution and scenarios

Often classed as a fragile context, the DPRK’s po-litical and economic condition might equally be de-scribed as ‘brittle’. As the political course of the com-ing years is imponderable, it is reasonable to broadly assume a constancy of domestic circumstances until the end of the decade, at least for programmatic purposes. However, the international political de-velopments on the Korean peninsula could trigger donor disengagement that would choke funding for UN organisations working in the country, or a dras-tic external shock might precipitate a wider scope for humanitarian action by forcing authorities to be more cooperative.

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2 Swiss foreign policy objectives and other humanitarian agencies

2.1 Switzerland’s foreign policy objectives

Political objectives: The strategic objectives of Switzerland’s foreign policy towards the DPRK have not changed over the last years. As a member of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NN-SC)2, Switzerland, along with Sweden, continues to maintain its presence in the Demilitarised Zone on the inner-Korean border at Panmunjeom. Although the DPRK does not currently participate in the NNSC mechanism, Switzerland does nevertheless demonstrate its strict neutrality in military matters and availability of its “Good Office” if or when this becomes useful to the parties involved. Switzerland has made it abundantly clear that she could be a vehicle and venue for high-level talks in the same way as she was during the 2015 international nego-tiations with Iran, and has also extended invitations to all members of the currently mothballed Six-Party Talks to engage in track-2 dialogue in Switzerland.

Economic objectives: While the trade of goods and services with South Korea is of central impor-tance to Swiss foreign policy on the Korean Peninsu-la and Switzerland recently ratified a landmark free-trade agreement with China, economic ties with the DPRK are insignificant. The Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) reports that Swiss ex-ports to the DPRK in 2015 totalled CHF 9 million. The humanitarian milk powder deliveries accounted for more than half of this. Strict economic sanctions on all luxury items and goods which might be used for military purposes and the development/produc-tion of nuclear weapons mean that there is little basis for promoting trade of any sort between the two countries. Accordingly, SECO categorically sees no positive room for engagement in pursuit of eco-nomic cooperation in the foreseeable future.

2 2014 marked the 40-year anniversary of diplomatic relation-ships between Switzerland and the DPRK.

Humanitarian Aid: Switzerland’s humanitarian engagement is fully embedded in the Swiss Foreign Policy Strategy 2016-19 and the new Dispatch on Switzerland’s International Cooperation 2017-2020. However, while humanitarian aid is certainly a fea-ture of Swiss foreign policy, it is not an instrument, since it is purely needs-directed and rejects any po-litical conditionality. Also, Swiss Humanitarian Aid in the DPRK – in step with humanitarian principles – insists on indiscriminate and free access to project areas and recipient populations within the scope of prevailing political constraints. A policy of incremen-tal improvements is being pursued, mainly in the form of access based on criteria of vulnerability. The SDC Programme Office in Pyongyang is affiliated to the Swiss Embassy in Beijing. Although foremostly an operative unit in nature, it also serves diplomatic purposes and carries out rudimentary representa-tional functions.

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2.2 Other humanitarian actors in the DPRK

The humanitarian landscape in Pyongyang is any-thing other than crowded. While a small number of countries such as Sweden, Italy, Russia and China do also fund bilateral aid projects, only Switzerland maintains an operational programme office that is involved in direct project implementation. The DPRK imposes stringent conditions on the handful of non-state, foreign organisations working in the country. These include the obligation to accept staff second-ed to them by North Korean authorities, investment thresholds to maintain a continuous presence, and restrictions on movement and operational areas. The foreign staff of the smaller ones are thus per-mitted to enter the country only iteratively, compel-ling organisations to leave operations in the hands of local organisations, which makes accountability difficult. There are no national NGOs in the usual sense of the word with the possible exception of the Korean Red Cross, with whom the ICRC and the IFRC are obliged to cooperate. An overview of in-ternational humanitarian actors can be provided as follows:

› Multilateral organisations: A number of multilateral organisations such as WFP, UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA, FAO, CABI, IFRC and ICRC currently operate with a stationary pres-ence in the country. Of these, WFP is easily the largest, and all others to some degree depend on the WFP’s infrastructure and services to maintain their operational abilities.

› Swiss INGOs: Only a few private Swiss organ-isations are currently active in the DPRK. Faith-based AGAPE International is engaged in the topical areas of food security and renewable energy. FIBL and CABI Switzerland (although not strictly an NGO) support the DPRK Ministry of Agriculture’s efforts to address food security challenges by enhancing technical capacities.

› Non-Swiss INGOs: A small array of INGOs such as Welthungerhilfe, Première Urgence, Concern Worldwide and Handicap International have operated in the DPRK for a number of years, although only a handful are big enough to maintain a constant presence. The govern-ment requires them to run under country-spe-cific names (such as those from Europe simply being referred to as numbered ‘EU Programme Support Units’, e.g. ‘EUPS 5’).

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3 Switzerland’s presence in the DPRK and results

3.1 Switzerland’s presence to date

SDC has been active in the DPRK since 1995. Af-ter its initial humanitarian response to the mid-90s famine, the engagement continued under the lead of South Cooperation (SDC/SC) in 2002, before re-verting back to Humanitarian Aid (SDC/HA) in 2011 after a parliamentary decision3 was taken for SDC/SC to exit the DPRK. This led to the development of a programme that was purely humanitarian in na-ture, and truly neutral towards the political system in its logic.

SDC’s current, humanitarian engagement is gov-erned by the Medium-Term Programme 2012–2014 (MTP) which was prolonged until the end of 2016 due to the constancy of the operational environ-ment. It’s main components consist of Sloping Land Management (SLM), which was carried over from the SDC/SC portfolio and combined with disas-ter risk reduction (DRR), the new initiative ‘WASH’ (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene), and the delivery of dried skimmed milk to the WFP. To date, SDC/HA’s humanitarian programme has improved the well-being and livelihood outlook for tens of thou-

3 See Motion 06.3804 by National Councillor G. Pfister, mooted 20/12/06, adopted 13/06/08 (NR) and 18/09/08 (SR).

sands people in rural areas by introducing them to agroforestry interventions and connecting them to local markets; tens of thousands of people have gained access to potable water, sanitation and hy-giene; and nearly one million children and mothers have received supercereals infused with Swiss milk which is an essential contribution to ensuring that communities are not crippled by the long-term ef-fects of malnutrition and poor health for decades to come.

On current record, the Swiss Humanitarian Aid pro-gramme in the DPRK is clearly achieving its intended objectives as defined in the MTP 2012–16. SDC/HA has earned the trust of the governmental ministries with which is in partnership, not least by its way of operating its programmes and the outcomes that are evidently benefitting the the targeted popula-tions.

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3.2 Results of SDC’s engagement

An approximate overview of the salient results can be offered per domain of intervention as follows:

Domain Public Health: Launched in 2012, the ‘WASH’ programme had established water and sanitation services to 65,000 people by the end of 2016. More than 10,000 beneficiaries use the 1,500 improved pit latrines installed. Communities and lo-cal authorities are taking more direct responsibility for operation & maintenance and propagating hy-giene practices. Switzerland has continued to pro-vide basic nutritional support, especially in the form of dried skimmed milk (DSM) supplementation, to nearly 1 million young children and pregnant or lac-tating mothers in every single year of the current strategy. For many, the few grams of milk powder per recipient and day is enough to raise survival rates, prevent health complications and stave off stunting and malnutrition. The delivery, processing and distribution of supercereals is monitored by the WFP.

Domain Food Security and Environmental Protection: The ‘Sloping Land Management’ pro-gramme (SLM), pioneered by SDC/SC from 2004 onwards, has come of age over the last four years. The number of SLM user groups increased from 19 to 220 (covering 2,200 ha) during the current MTP 2012–2016, and many other groups have emulated the applied agroforestry techniques. Originally de-signed ‘only’ to facilitate crofting on sloped land, SLM contributes significantly to families’ food di-versity, and surplus products are now also traded on local markets. Legal provisions have been enact-

ed that formalise the access of SLM user groups to sloped land and their independent use of harvests, and the state has developed a plan to put more than 300,000 ha of land under the use of agroforestry user groups. This represents a welcome systemic change resulting from the programme that has cre-ated more space for community-directed livelihood strategies.

3.3 Constraints and problems faced

Although there is enough information to establish the programme’s success, it is nevertheless chal-lenging to monitor its full nutritional impact on beneficiaries and track how know-how and good practice are propagated. It is not only a challenge to SDC/HA but to all international actors present in the DPRK.

The DPRK’s context is arguably unique in that it combines what might be called a ‘protracted crisis’ with an exceptionally strong state. This has forced SDC/HA to continually reconsider its modalities and concepts and concentrate on its humanitarian man-date. In doing so, DRR has been fostered as a the-matic emphasis and has reached a point at which it can be used to build synergies between the various spatial interventions and establish an integrated and coherent approach to Food Security and WASH, which is focussed on communities. Another the-matic area deserving greater attention is Protection, or the enhancement of the wellbeing of vulnerable groups. However, effective ways of implementing this are still very much at an exploratory stage.

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4 Implications for the new Cooperation Strategy for DPRK 2017–2020

4.1 Persisting humanitarian needs

Switzerland’s presence has been defined by the concern to provide humanitarian aid to stricken populations according to the Swiss humanitarian mandate to save lives and reduce suffering4. Alas, there are sufficient reasons for humanitarian en-gagement to continue: (1) Poverty, and with it, hu-manitarian needs are widespread and severe; and (2) with poor coping mechanisms rural populations have no reserves to deal with shocks. The salience of these reasons are recognised by the new ‘Dis-patch on Switzerland’s International Cooperation 2017–2020’5.

Operationally, the SDC/HA’s humanitarian pro-gramme has been building the scope for communi-ties and local authorities to become beneficiary-cen-tred agencies. This puts them in the position to take more control of their own lives and become human-itarian actors in their own right. Meanwhile, DSM deliveries form a crucial contribution to protecting an entire generation of children from being stymied by malnutrition.

As a governmental body, SDC can adopt fairly long planning horizons, which is advantageous in con-texts of protracted crises. Coupling this with direct actions, Switzerland is able to build a tight loop between field experience, programme design and humanitarian diplomacy. No other Western actor in the context can currently provide this. Accordingly, there is an overwhelming case for continuation of SDC/HA’s intervention in its present form, as hu-manitarian needs persist unabated and the current interventions have started well or are approaching ‘dividend-paying’ maturity.

4 See “Dispatch on Switzerland’s International Cooperation 2017–2020” (chapters 2.1.1, 2.1.2 and 2.3.2.5 in particular)5 The continuation of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid in DPRK, as proposed in the “Dispatch on Switzerland’s International Cooper-ation 2017–2020” (cf. chapter 2.3.2.5), was adopted by the Swiss National Council on 2nd of June 2016.

4.2 The community-directed pro-gramme approach and the result-ing domains of intervention

Given the importance of food production for ad-dressing humanitarian needs across the DPRK, ru-ral communities are the natural locus for the pro-gramme’s anchoring point, in that they represent groups of interrelated humans who must rely on one another. On the other hand, they must ne-gotiate the opportunities and threats of their nat-ural environment (e.g. the possibility to grow and harvest crops in pursuit of their livelihood, and the risk of natural disasters mainly in the form of drought and flood). By anchoring the humanitarian approach in these groups of people who live and work on the interface between wider society and their natural surroundings (thus the adopted term “community-directed approach”), it becomes possi-ble to address some aspects of fragility by building communities’ resilience.

In doing so, the emerging concept of communal resilience has been structured into inner and out-er spheres. The inner sphere, called ‘human suste-nance’, chiefly helps communities and individuals deal with the weaknesses of the context in which they live, such as by focussing on the dignity and strength of the communities members. The outer sphere called ‘livelihood resources’ helps commu-nities sustainably manage the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend in a way that they are less disaster-prone. Each sphere is split into the categories of Endurance, Subsistence and Protec-tion. When combined, the two community-directed spheres are designed to build community resilience to natural shocks and futile state activism.

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In preparing the various interventions serving this approach, attention is attached to the various sub-groups within rural communities in relation to their social roles and vulnerability. As a result, credit pro-posals will take individual stock of gender issues, and they will consider the specific needs of children and old people as distinct groups within rural com-munities.

4.3 Guiding operational concepts and principles

The implementation of the Cooperation Strategy for DPRK 2017-2020 is guided by the following princi-ples:

1. Objective alignment with the internation-al humanitarian community: Swiss humanitarian engagement is harmonised with the strategic re-sponse of the international community. Hence, the new cooperation strategy is aligned with the priori-ties ‘towards sustainable and resilient human devel-opment’ as formulated in the forthcoming ‘Strate-gic Framework for Cooperation between the United Nations and the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 2017-2021’. In particular, it contributes to the objectives of the strategic pri-orities (1) Food and Nutrition Security, and (2) Resil-ience and Sustainability of that strategic framework.

The strategy bases its interventions on duty-bearer principles which are well understood in the DPRK and form the most promising entry points for pro-viding support to vulnerable groups. Putting this into procedural practice, every new intervention shall be accompanied by a comprehensive analysis of actors and partners. This analysis includes actor mapping and the assumed main interests at stake. This is the basis for devising a do-no-harm approach to interventions in line with the parliamentary man-date, which in turn is the point of departure for designing effective, system-sensitive humanitarian action. Most interventions are undertaken in the form of direct actions, although some smaller man-dates may also be awarded to international NGOs. No programme funds are transferred to or managed by in-country authorities.

2. Linkages with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): In the same way as the previous strat-egy was grounded in the outgoing Millenium De-velopment Goals (MDGs), the strategy is anchored in a total of five SDGs, namely in (2) Zero Hunger, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (13) Climate Ac-tion, (15) Life on Land and Peace, and (16) Justice and Strong Institutions. Within these, a number of SDG-related targets are relevant. The following table shows which of these are of particular pro-grammatic importance and to which thematic are-as they correspond. What transpires is that SDGs 2 (zero hunger) and 6 (clean water and sanitation) are salient. This can be rationalised in the poverty orien-tation of the programme.

SDG Thematic Reference

2.1 End hunger, ensure access of vulnerable people to sufficient food

2.2 End malnutrition and stunting, address nutritional needs of pregnant/lactating women

2.3 Improve productivity of small-scale food producers

2.4 Ensure sustainable food production

Food security (SLDM) within Domain 1

Nutrition (milk powder) within Domain 2

6.1 Access to safe & affordable drinking water

6.2 Access to sanitation & hygiene

6.5 Implement integrated water resources management

WASH (within Domain 2)

13.1 Strengthen resilience & adaptive capacity DRR (within Domain 1)

15.4 Protect biodiversity of mountain ecosystems DRR, Soil protection (within Domain 1)

16.2 Protection of children Human protection (within Domain 2)

CLIMATEACTION

LIFE ON LAND

ZEROHUNGER

CLEAN WATERAND SANITATION

PEACE, JUSTICEAND STRONGINSTITUTIONS

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5 Priorities, objectives and impact hypothesis

5.1 Geographical focus and target population

SDC/HA will be active mainly in regions reachable within a day’s drive from the capital Pyongyang, namely in the counties of North Hwanghae Prov-ince and Kangwon Province. Other selection crite-ria are the prevailing needs and terrestrial, agrofor-estry-related conditions, e.g. exposure to erosion, needs and land pressure (see Annex 8.4 for cover-age). A future extension of activities into the Prov-inces South Pyongan and South Hamgyong could be envisaged. The primary beneficiaries are rural populations, children under five years, pregnant or lactating mothers, and particular vulnerable groups (i.e. people with disabilities and persons in govern-mental care).

5.2 Domains of intervention

In line with SDC/HA’s mandate, the strategy will continue to put the humanitarian concerns of the community at the heart of its approach, keeping it community-directed. On this basis, it is structured in two spheres of operation which correspond to the domains of intervention6. A first, broader sphere addresses the question of poverty and the resourc-es needed to sustain the livelihood of communities, while a second, narrower sphere concerns itself with the general dignity and fortitude of individuals and communities.

Resulting impact statement (overall goal): Communities gain greater custodianship of available resources to secure sustainable liveli-hoods and boost the quality of life and dignity of their members.

6 Domains of intervention have not been fundamentally changed compared to the MTP 2012-2016, but instead experi-ence a shift in their foci. While Food Security and WASH remain prominent, DRR and Protection also form an integral part of the overall strategic approach.

Domain 1: Restoring and managing liveli-hood-oriented resources [themes: DRR, food se-curity, soil protection]

Domain objective: Communities are more food secure and impacted less by natural hazards.

The programme titled ‘Sustainable Livelihood and Disaster Mitigation’ (SLDM) replaces SLM and put a combination of food security and DRR coupled with agroforestry at the centre of its activities. This repre-sents a continuation of current operations, but with an inversed logic: while sustainable food security will remain important, DRR will cease to simply be a welcome by-product and instead become the prin-ciple concern of the domain of intervention. ‘Flip-ping’ the priorities between food security and DRR should increase the scope for communities and local authorities to work holistically towards sustaining the resources on which livelihoods depend.

A corollary of this approach is an emphasis on the importance of sustainable food production as a central endeavour in terms of addressing the hu-manitarian needs of communities. Coupling this approach with a focus on community action and small-scale watershed management shall serve to enlarge the scope for groups and individuals to act more autonomously from the central state.

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Domain 2: Building and maintaining human sustenance7 [themes: WASH, nutrition, human protection]

Domain objective: The health and dignity of vulnerable groups and communities is im-proved.

Sustainably managed WASH-infrastructure com-bined with good hygiene practice forms an impor-tant foundation for good communal health in that they reduce infections. Improved health raises the livelihood prospects of communities and their mem-bers. Gains in this area are reinforced by geograph-ically linking WASH with SLDM interventions and by strengthening the capacity and responsibility of local authorities to manage and maintain infrastruc-ture.

Meanwhile, support to the WFP with milk powder will be sustained in order to combat malnutrition among mothers and children. Boosting antenatal nutrition and supplementing diets during infan-cy is an investment that pays off as these children will grow to become a healthier, more robust and more productive generation. Beyond this, in a quest to improve the dignity and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, opportunities will be sought to afford pro-tection and support to people with disabilities as possibilities emerge (with a possible later shift to children in state care). Support will focus on working with state institutions to improve living conditions and care practices. Protection through presence and awareness-raising of officials who recognise their duty-bearing responsibilities towards the popula-tion in general is central to the approach.

7 ‘Sustenance’ is defined as the maintaining of someone or something in life or existence

5.3 Cross-cutting issues

SDC/HA is committed to applying a number of spe-cific programming principles and considerations. The most significant of these cross-cutting issues are:

› Gender Equality: SDC/HA is committed to ensuring gender equality and the empower-ment of women in terms of selecting and tar-geting programme beneficiaries. Every project and activity designed or activity supported by SDC/HA will be assessed through this gender lens8.

› Environmental Sustainability: Environmental sustainability and resilience are high priorities in the DPRK. Not only is the country profound-ly affected by the unintended consequences of intensive agricultural exploitation over the years as well as by climate change in a variety of ways, but has also signed a number of the UN’s environmental conventions. Many of these represent global public goods, with the benefit accruing not only in the DPRK, but well beyond.

› Local Governance: Although communities are the primary target, both domains of inter-vention do actively involve the lowest level of government, the so-called People’s Commit-tees. These are critical to institutionalising good practice and upholding the space for communi-ty-based initiative.

5.4 Budget allocations

Financing is projected to stay at a similar level as to-day. A significant increase or decrease is considered only in the case of a material change of context and circumstances. The following, comparative table presents the domains with their thematic structure and the financial volumes of the current and future strategy (a more detailed table can be found in An-nex 8.3).

8 Under SLM, more than 80% of the user group members and leaders are women. Women are always in majority while participating in exchange visits. The strong and exemplary gen-der focus established in the SLM project will continue in this strategy.

DOI Themes2012–16

(in millions of CHF)

2017–2020

(in millions of CHF)

Per year

(in millions of CHF)

1 DRR Food security Soil Protection 2.50 2.50 0.63

2 WASH Nutrition Human Protection 28 (DSM) + 6.60 20 (DSM) + 7.00 5 + 1.40

Overhead and small actions 3.75 4.25 1.06

Total with milk/DSM: 40.85 33.75 8.44

Total without milk/DSM: 12.85 13.75 3.44

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6 Management of strategy implementation

6.1 Management structure and resources

The EAA Division of SDC/HA is responsible for the strategic steering of the Cooperation Strategy for DPRK 2017-2020, the Swiss Programme Of-fice (SPO) in Pyongyang for the operational man-agement, implementation and monitoring of the cooperation strategy. Key performance and man-agement outputs relate to approaches and strat-egies used for delivering results (portfolio man-agement); risk awareness and context/scenario sensitivity; relationships management (external/internal); human resources; institutional learning and knowledge management. The SPO in Pyong-yang is affiliated to the Swiss Embassy in Beijing.

The SPO Pyongyang has three resident expats (Di-rector of Cooperation/Head of SLDM/Head of WASH Unit, CFPA/Head of Finance and Admin). They are supported by a team of Korean nation-als: two NPOs, four support staff (Liaison Officer, Admin/Logistics, Finance, Interpreter) and relevant ancillary staff (drivers, grounds, cleaners), all being seconded by the Government of the DPRK.

6.2 Operational modalities and partners

The existing selection of modalities and instruments will be maintained and anchored in an Memoran-dum of Understanding (MoU) with the government and its line ministries. Operationally, SDC/HA will continue its current three-pronged humanitarian approach. It will (1) continue to engage in direct project implementation, while (2) also working with bilateral programme support via multilateral or-ganisations (multi-bi)9. (3) INGOs may be engaged where profiles and objects coincide with the strate-gic orientation of the programme. As hitherto, alli-ances with other donors will also continue.

9 e.g. WFP for combating malnutrition and ICRC on health.

6.3 Accountability and reporting

Reporting is done on a regular basis mainly through quarterly situation reports (‘SitReps’), financial re-ports (IKS, OMR) and annual reports. Furthermore, regular bilateral contacts with HQ and periodic field missions of HQ persons in charge will guarantee the necessary flow of information.

6.4 Monitoring and learning

Changes in the wider context are monitored peri-odically with an annual MERV and quarterly SitReps being the principle instruments. Formally, the Swiss portfolio undergoes an annual assessment, based on the indicators as defined in the results frame-works of the two domains of intervention, although in reality the programme management monitors implementation on a near-constant basis. When-ever possible, indicators to assess and qualify Swiss portfolio contributions to national outputs and out-comes will be aligned with corresponding national indicators, or indicators developed by the strategic framework of the international community and its partners10. Wherever feasible, all indicators will be monitored and reported using gender-disaggregat-ed datasets, the caveat being that reliable data is difficult to procure in the context of the DPRK.

10 Refers in particular to the already cited “Strategic Frame-work for Cooperation between the United Nations and the Government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 2017-2021”

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6.5 Ensuring skills and innovation

To support the SDC/HA in technical aspects and to bring in outside expertise, external expert consul-tancy support has been assigned to promote DRR measures, and SDC/HA’s DRR advisor has been giv-en a backstopping mandate to track the technical impact. The longstanding collaboration with Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) and the International Centre for Research in Agro-forestry (ICRAF) as a technical consultant to the SLDM programme will continue. External expertise in specific technical WASH related-topics will be sought based on specific needs. CABI will address the urgent need for improved know-how on Inte-grated Pest Management in Agroforestry. These external expert support consultancies are important

in their role in technical capacity building and the training of trainers. As in the last years, the WASH programme’s technical impact is being monitored by SDC/HA’s focal person for water resources. Final-ly, as Protection gains greater prominence, SDC/HA hopes to deepen cooperation with actors already in the DPRK and establish new avenues of expertise.

6.6 Whole-of-Government approach

SDC/HA confers regularly with the Swiss Embassy in Beijing and the FDFA’s Political Division in Bern on the basis of the usual sensitivity of the political context.

19

7 Strategic steering

7.1 Monitoring and evaluation

In step with accepted standards of results-oriented programme management, the strategy implemen-tation will be monitored in different scopes (four different areas of observation):

› Developments in the country’s wider context (i.a. political, economic and social factors / MERV)

› Relevant changes at country level (i.a. humanitarian); country outputs and outcomes

› Swiss portfolio outputs and outcomes per domain of intervention

› Management performance of the SPO in Pyongyang.

Monitoring the impact of humanitarian interven-tions in the DPRK will remain a challenge: (1) most of the required reference indicators for the coun-try’s development are mere output indicators with-out any assessment of impact; (2) for the humani-tarian context in general and for the two domains of intervention in particular, outcome indicators at country level are rarely defined or monitored; and (3) authorities are often reluctant to grant access to verifiable official data. In response, SDC/HA is co-operating with UN agencies and partner ministries to devise proxy indicators that can be collected on programme sites.

An external evaluation of the programme is fore-seen for 2018/19 and will feed into the mid-term review to be conducted in 2019.

7.2 Risks and context scenarios

It is reasonable to broadly assume a constancy of domestic circumstances until the end of the decade, and this is the working assumption of this strategy.

However, two parameters that merit deeper consid-eration are international political developments on the Korean peninsula and the DPRK’s general hu-manitarian situation. While the former could trig-ger a donor backlash that would choke funding for UN organisations working in the country, the latter might precipitate a wider scope for humanitarian action by forcing authorities to be more coopera-tive.

An unlikely, but far-reaching development might be a withdrawal of the WFP (and with it other UN bodies). This would immediately deprive SDC/HA of the logistics to monitor the use and distribution of DSM, which would in effect halt deliveries. Coupled with competing humanitarian needs elsewhere in the world, this may have a negative influence on the funding available for milk powder.

7.3 Exit scenarios and triggers

On the basis of current knowledge and the nature of the ongoing activities, the programme will have reached what can be achieved by 2024. At this point, SDC/HA will have been in the country for more than 12 years. Considering programme life-cy-cles, the WASH-Programme is now rapidly reaching maturity, and the SLDM/DRR intervention is expect-ed to peak in terms of its efficacy by around 2020. That would mean that new and robust programme content would have to emerge for SDC/HA to re-main much longer. Unless fundamentally new needs appear, or new forms of humanitarian aid can be delivered to vulnerable groups, this would be the natural time to leave the country. One such poten-tial content on the horizon would be a comprehen-sive Protection programme, although this is an area still to be explored more extensively. There may also be unidentified interventions which might yet come to be classed as ‘too good to miss’. The Programme should be phased out by 2024 if either of these new avenues fails to materialise.

20

However, besides the possibility of a maximum runtime limitation, there are also other triggers that could accelerate an exit decision and lead to the programme being shortened. These are of course linked to the context developments, and according-ly, for the most part, would be based on the more extreme developments. So in summary, exit triggers based on the abovementioned scenarios and pro-gramme life-cycles would be:

› DPRK authorities choke access to beneficiar-ies to a degree that meaningful access to bene-ficiaries and project areas become impossible;

› Authorities do not respond positively to new proposals or hinder project operations (e.g. Protection);

› In sufficient progress can be made in key are-as, such as operation and maintenance issues (WASH), localisation, and the inability to moti-vate duty bearing authorities to provide support to the most vulnerable groups in their care;

› Operative difficulties to a degree that aid is no longer effective and strategic goals are being missed;

› Existing activities achieve their goals and then decline in efficacy.

Besides the possibility of a maximum runtime limita-tion, there are also other triggers that might hasten an exit. They are clearly linked to the above-men-tionned context scenarios, as contextual events will condition how the programme portfolio can or should evolve. A mid-term review in early 2019 will examine the exit strategy provisions and make a more definitive projection as to how long the pro-gramme should run and whether any developments have triggered the preconditions that should lead to a faster exit or might alternatively warrant a pro-gramme extension.

It is noteworthy that the same contextual develop-ments on which the different context scenarios are predicated will also determine the scope for devel-oping new programme interventions – which in turn will determine the length of the programme. What follows is a reciprocal relationship between context, programming opportunities and exit planning.

218 A

nn

exes

16

8.1

Resu

lts fr

amew

ork

Dom

aind

omai

n of

inte

rven

tion

1: R

esto

ring

and

Man

agin

g Li

velih

ood-

Orie

nted

Res

ourc

es

DRR,

Foo

d Se

curit

y, S

lope

Sta

bilis

atio

n &

Wat

ersh

ed P

rote

ctio

n

Ove

rall

Obj

ectiv

e (d

omai

n go

al):

Com

mun

ities

are

mor

e fo

od se

cure

and

impa

cted

less

by

natu

ral h

azar

ds

(1) S

wis

s po

rtfo

lio o

utco

mes

(2

) Con

trib

utio

n of

Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e (3

) Cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t or h

uman

itaria

n ou

tcom

es11

Out

com

e 1.

1:

Com

mun

ities

pro

tect

thei

r lif

e-su

stai

ning

reso

urce

s In

dica

tors

: •

Cove

rage

of a

ppro

x. 8

00 h

a of

man

aged

and

soil-

eros

ion

prot

ecte

d pr

ojec

t are

as a

nd a

t lea

st 5

0 ha

dow

nstr

eam

ar

eas p

rote

cted

from

soil

eros

ion

• 20

0 ha

of d

egra

ded

land

has

bee

n re

med

iate

d th

roug

h ag

rofo

rest

ry la

nd m

anag

emen

t tec

hniq

ues

• 30

0 ha

of d

egra

ded

land

has

bee

n re

fore

sted

•

8,00

0 pe

ople

who

mas

ter a

nd a

pply

mul

tiple

disa

ster

mit-

igat

ion

tech

niqu

es

• 80

new

SLU

Gs in

pro

ject

cou

ntie

s mas

ter a

nd a

pply

mul

-tip

le d

isast

er m

itiga

tion

tech

niqu

es

• Al

l inv

olve

d Pe

ople

’s C

omm

ittee

s hav

e in

tegr

ated

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion

plan

s int

o th

eir l

ocal

pla

nnin

g pr

oces

ses

• 4

out 8

cou

ntie

s sup

port

ed u

nder

the

prev

ious

SLM

will

co

ntin

ue to

act

as p

ilot s

ettin

gs, w

here

as 4

new

cou

ntie

s w

ill b

e gr

adua

lly in

tegr

ated

into

the

proj

ect

Base

line:

Su

rvey

dat

a of

late

201

6/ea

rly 2

017

acco

rdin

g to

indi

cato

rs

The

Swis

s pr

ogra

mm

es c

ontr

ibut

e to

the

cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t ou

tcom

es a

s fo

llow

s:

The

prot

ectio

n of

com

mun

ities

’ liv

e-su

stai

ning

reso

urce

s (s

oils,

bio

sphe

re, w

ater

re

sour

ces)

giv

es th

em a

sou

nd b

asis

to c

ope

with

disa

ster

s an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

, pr

imar

ily t

hrou

gh t

heir

own,

saf

er f

ood

prod

uctio

n, b

ut a

lso t

hrou

gh a

cces

s to

bi

olog

ical

res

ourc

es (e

.g. f

or t

he id

entif

icat

ion

of m

ore

clim

ate

resil

ient

veg

eta-

tion

spec

ies o

r for

the

iden

tific

atio

n of

pos

sible

bio

logi

cal v

ecto

rs a

gain

st p

ests

). Th

e SL

DM p

roje

ct re

duce

s er

osio

n ris

ks b

y ap

plyi

ng a

nd p

rom

otin

g ag

rofo

rest

ry

tech

niqu

es a

nd m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s. M

oreo

ver,

SLDM

enr

iche

s bi

odiv

ersit

y an

d lin

ks in

alm

ost p

erfe

ct w

ay th

e ai

m o

f env

ironm

enta

l pro

tect

ion

with

food

sec

u-rit

y of

tar

gete

d po

pula

tion

(mos

tly p

erso

ns w

ith n

o ac

cess

to

the

agric

ultu

ral

prod

uctio

n of

co

mm

uniti

es’

coop

erat

ives

). Ad

ditio

nally

, su

rplu

s yi

elds

ar

e so

ld/b

arte

red

to g

ener

ate

inco

me,

whi

ch in

dire

ctly

impr

oves

the

nutr

ition

al s

ta-

tus a

nd fo

od se

curit

y of

targ

eted

pop

ulat

ions

. As

sum

ptio

ns:

The

prog

ram

me

will

con

tinue

to d

eliv

er s

ucce

ssfu

l mod

els

of D

RR a

nd a

grof

or-

estr

y, w

hich

will

be

emul

ated

in o

ther

are

as, a

nd M

oLEP

will

con

tinue

to d

eliv

er

the

fram

ewor

k co

nditi

ons

for

this

to h

appe

n. C

omm

uniti

es a

re fr

ee to

con

tinue

ex

ploi

ting

area

s out

side

colle

ctiv

e fa

rmin

g ar

eas a

nd m

arke

t pro

duce

. O

bsta

cles

/ R

isks

: Ex

cept

iona

l wea

ther

con

ditio

ns o

r pe

sts

coul

d de

stro

y m

easu

res

in e

arly

sta

ges

of im

plem

enta

tion

(e.g

. bio

engi

neer

ing)

bef

ore

thei

r su

cces

s ha

s be

en d

emon

-st

rate

d).

Poor

dat

a av

aila

bilit

y an

d ac

cura

cy o

n a

loca

l and

com

mun

ity le

vel i

n co

mbi

na-

tion

with

acc

ess

cons

trai

nts

mig

ht h

inde

r effe

ctiv

e M

&E

of p

roje

ct p

erfo

rman

ce,

prog

ress

and

resu

lts.

Lack

of

fund

ing

and/

or c

oord

inat

ion

prob

lem

s w

ith a

utho

ritie

s, o

r a

lack

of

com

mitm

ent b

y M

oLEP

cou

ld h

ampe

r pro

ject

pro

gres

s and

resu

lts.

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

a-tio

ns a

nd th

e Go

vern

men

t of t

he D

PRK

2017

-21

/ Str

ateg

ic

Prio

rity

3:

Out

com

e 3.

1: L

ocal

com

mun

ities

can

bet

ter c

ope

with

and

re

spon

d to

ene

rgy

need

s, im

pact

s of d

isast

ers a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

. O

utco

me

3.3:

Gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies a

pply

inte

grat

ed a

p-pr

oach

es to

env

ironm

enta

l man

agem

ent,

ener

gy, c

limat

e ch

ange

and

disa

ster

risk

man

agem

ent.

Out

com

e 1.

2:

Com

mun

ities

till,

har

vest

and

mar

ket a

ba

lanc

ed v

arie

ty o

f nut

ritio

nally

rele

vant

cr

ops

Indi

cato

rs:

• 80

new

SLU

Gs a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d ho

useh

olds

ben

efit

from

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns a

nd th

e Go

vern

men

t of t

he D

PRK

2017

-21

/ Str

ateg

ic

Prio

rity

1:

Out

com

e 1.

1: In

crea

sed

food

pro

duct

ion

and

proc

essin

g in

ag

ricul

ture

, hor

ticul

ture

, fish

erie

s and

live

stoc

k.

11

Plea

se n

ote

that

offi

cial

cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t out

com

es, a

s fa

r as

they

are

eve

n of

ficia

lly a

nnou

nced

, are

ver

y of

ten

expr

esse

d in

term

s of

pro

duct

ive

outp

ut, a

nd d

o no

t len

d th

emse

lves

wel

l to

the

resu

lts fr

amew

ork.

To

com

pens

ate

this,

the

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

N a

nd th

e DP

RK G

over

nmen

t and

out

com

es c

omm

unic

ated

dire

ctly

by

part

ner m

inist

ries (

MoC

M a

nd M

oLEP

)

22

17

impr

oved

die

tary

stan

dard

s and

are

cul

tivat

ing

at le

ast 5

di

ffere

nt c

rops

(mea

sure

of b

iodi

vers

ity)

• Al

l par

ticip

atin

g SL

UG

s are

cul

tivat

ing

at le

ast 4

diff

eren

t tr

ee a

nd c

ash

crop

spec

ies a

re c

ultiv

ated

and

eco

nom

ical

-ly

exp

loite

d •

40%

of t

he in

volv

ed S

LUGs

app

ly in

tegr

ated

pes

t man

-ag

emen

t tec

hniq

ues

• Th

e cr

op y

ield

of p

artic

ipat

ing

SLU

Gs is

gre

ater

than

1.

5 m

t/ha

and

at l

east

300

kg/y

ear/

bene

ficia

ry

Base

line:

Su

rvey

dat

a of

yea

rs 2

015

and

2016

acc

ordi

ng to

indi

cato

rs

Out

com

e 1.

2: Im

prov

ed h

ouse

hold

acc

ess t

o su

ffici

ent d

iver

-sif

ied

food

all

year

, inc

ludi

ng th

roug

h en

hanc

ed p

rodu

ctiv

ity

and

livel

ihoo

ds.

(4) L

ines

of i

nter

vent

ion

(Sw

iss

Prog

ram

me)

: O

utco

me

1.1:

Slo

ping

land

use

r gro

ups

and

com

mun

ities

are

cap

acita

ted

with

the

know

-how

and

abi

litie

s to

dev

ise a

nd im

plem

ent e

rosio

n-co

ntro

lling

mea

sure

s (t

hrou

gh b

ioen

gine

erin

g an

d st

ruct

ures

) and

to

thin

k ho

listic

ally

abo

ut th

e ris

ks in

thei

r env

ironm

ent.

• Tr

aini

ng o

n DR

R m

easu

res

• Co

oper

atio

n w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t (‘p

eopl

e’s c

omm

ittee

s’) o

n iss

ues o

f coo

rdin

atin

g th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of D

RR-m

easu

res a

cros

s wat

ersh

eds

Out

put p

aram

eter

s: N

umbe

r of D

RR-r

elat

ed w

orks

hops

and

trai

ning

sess

ions

; num

ber o

f im

prov

ed ri

ver c

ours

es, a

rea

prot

ecte

d by

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

Out

com

e 1.

2: T

hrou

gh th

e in

trod

uctio

n of

agr

ofor

estr

y te

chni

ques

and

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f slo

ping

land

man

agem

ent,

the

slopi

ng la

nd u

ser g

roup

s con

trib

ute

to a

redu

ced

risk

of e

rosio

n an

d to

a p

artia

l ref

or-

esta

tion

of d

efor

este

d slo

ping

land

s. A

t the

sam

e tim

e, li

velih

ood

of th

e be

nefic

iarie

s is

impr

oved

and

bio

dive

rsity

and

die

tary

div

ersit

y is

enric

hed.

The

refo

re, t

he S

LDM

Pro

gram

me

links

in id

eal m

anne

r ob-

ject

ives

of l

and

and

envi

ronm

enta

l pro

tect

ion

with

an

impr

ovem

ent o

f foo

d di

vers

ity a

nd fo

od/in

com

e se

curit

y.

• An

alys

is of

gen

der a

nd a

ge g

roup

s.

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f bas

ic p

rodu

ctio

n m

ater

ials

and

agro

fore

stry

trai

ning

• Tr

aini

ng o

n la

nd-m

anag

emen

t and

die

tary

nee

ds

• Ho

rizon

tal l

inka

ges b

etw

een

user

gro

ups

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f sim

ple

man

ufac

turin

g to

olin

g to

impr

ove

valu

e ch

ains

for l

ocal

mar

ket a

cces

s (e.

g. n

oodl

e-m

akin

g m

achi

ne)

Out

puts

par

amet

ers:

Num

ber o

f new

use

r gro

ups;

num

ber o

f new

cou

ntie

s, n

umbe

r of w

orks

hop

rela

ted

to a

grof

ores

try

and

pest

con

trol

(5) R

esou

rces

, par

tner

ship

s (Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e):

Fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es: A

ppro

x. C

HF 6

00,0

00 p

er a

nnum

– o

f whi

ch n

one

is m

anag

ed b

y go

vern

men

t bod

ies i

n th

e DP

RK. C

omm

uniti

es p

rovi

des s

ubst

antia

l in-

kind

con

trib

utio

ns in

the

form

of l

abou

r.

Part

ners

hips

: MoL

EP a

s an

inst

itutio

nal c

ount

erpa

rt; P

eopl

e’s C

omm

ittee

s and

com

mun

ities

for a

ctua

l im

plem

enta

tion;

CAB

I, m

iscel

lane

ous b

ioen

gine

erin

g co

nsul

tant

s and

ICRA

F fo

r tec

hnic

al a

ssis

tanc

e

(6) M

anag

emen

t and

per

form

ance

resu

lts:

• En

sure

that

a fu

ll-fle

dged

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

is im

plem

ente

d w

ithin

the

first

yea

r of t

he st

rate

gy w

ith c

redi

ble

base

line

indi

cato

rs

• Bu

ild o

f syn

ergi

es in

the

area

of D

RR w

ith o

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l par

tner

s (e.

g. jo

int a

ppro

ache

s and

con

cept

ual c

oher

ence

)

• En

sure

that

all

maj

or P

roDo

cs fo

llow

SSP

M p

rinci

ples

, suc

h as

the

map

ping

of t

he n

atio

nal i

nter

ests

of a

utho

ritie

s and

how

an

inte

rven

tion

can

reac

h th

e ru

ral c

omm

uniti

es fu

lly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y

18

8.2

Resu

lts fr

amew

ork

dom

ain

of in

terv

entio

n 2:

Bui

ldin

g an

d M

aint

aini

ng H

uman

Sus

tena

nce

WAS

H/Pu

blic

hea

lth, N

utrit

ion

& H

uman

Pro

tect

ion

O

vera

ll O

bjec

tive

(dom

ain

goal

): T

he h

ealth

and

dig

nity

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

com

mun

ities

is im

prov

ed

(1) S

wis

s po

rtfo

lio o

utco

mes

(2

) Con

trib

utio

n of

Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e (3

) Cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t or h

uman

itaria

n ou

tcom

es12

Out

com

e 2.

1: C

omm

uniti

es h

ave

acce

ss to

and

man

age

drin

king

wa-

ter a

nd sa

nita

tion

infr

astr

uctu

re, a

nd a

dapt

hy-

gien

e pr

actic

es

Indi

cato

rs:

• 40

,000

peo

ple

with

full

acce

ss to

WAS

H se

rvic

es (i

.e. a

t lea

st 8

0l

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

per

per

son

and

day,

use

of l

atrin

es a

nd h

ygie

ne

prom

otio

n)

• Ac

cura

te d

ocum

enta

tion

is m

aint

aine

d fr

om w

hich

pro

duct

ion

figur

es a

nd m

aint

enan

ce a

ctiv

ities

can

be

retr

ieve

d •

Publ

ic la

trin

es a

re m

aint

aine

d (e

.g. c

lean

and

regu

larly

em

ptie

d)

and

faec

al sl

udge

is h

andl

ed sa

fely

(urin

e di

vers

ion

is in

pla

ce;

faec

al sl

udge

is c

ompo

sted

) •

90%

of E

-col

i hou

seho

ld sa

mpl

es a

re a

t an

acce

ptab

le le

vel.

• 75

% o

f wat

er c

atch

men

t are

as a

re p

rote

cted

by

fore

st o

r agr

o-fo

rest

ry/D

RR m

easu

res

Base

line:

Fe

asib

ility

stud

y an

d ba

selin

e st

udy

for e

ach

proj

ect s

ite (2

016

aver

-ag

es)

Tabl

e 7.

4 pa

ge 1

04 (D

PRK,

Soc

io-e

cono

mic

, Dem

ogra

phic

and

Hea

lth

surv

ey 2

014

(UN

FPA)

The

Swis

s pr

ogra

mm

es c

ontr

ibut

e to

the

cou

ntry

hum

anita

rian

outc

omes

as f

ollo

ws:

W

ASH

serv

ices

are

pro

vide

d to

com

mun

ities

whi

ch a

re j

oint

ly s

e-le

cted

with

MoC

M b

ased

on

lack

of w

ater

sup

ply

and

high

inci

denc

e of

wat

er re

late

d di

seas

es.

Prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

such

as

land

use

rest

rictio

ns c

ontr

ibut

e to

sus

-ta

inab

le d

rinki

ng w

ater

sup

ply

and

fost

er r

esili

ent e

cosy

stem

s w

ith-

in th

e w

ater

shed

s.

Any

impr

ovem

ent o

f wat

er s

uppl

y sy

stem

s (a

cces

s an

d qu

ality

) and

w

aste

wat

er m

anag

emen

t w

ill f

ight

effe

ctiv

ely

wid

espr

ead

diar

-rh

oea

and

ther

efor

e ha

ve p

ositi

ve e

ffect

s on

the

nut

ritio

nal s

itua-

tion

(loss

red

uctio

n of

cal

orie

s, v

itam

ins

and

min

eral

nut

rient

s) a

s w

ell a

s on

the

heal

th s

ituat

ion

of ta

rget

ed p

opul

atio

n in

gen

eral

. At

the

sam

e tim

e, c

hild

and

mat

erna

l mor

talit

y w

ill d

ecre

ase

since

hig

h pe

rcen

tage

of i

t is d

ue to

wat

er b

orne

dise

ases

. Th

e su

pply

of

high

qua

lity

milk

pow

der

cont

ribut

es s

igni

fican

tly t

o fig

ht m

alnu

triti

on i

n ge

nera

l an

d th

e la

ck o

f pr

otei

ns p

artic

ular

ly

with

in m

ost

vuln

erab

le;

babi

es,

child

ren,

pre

gnan

t an

d la

ctat

ing

wom

en13

. Pos

sible

sup

port

to v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

will

be

rese

arch

ed,

and

appr

opria

te p

roje

cts

are

laun

ched

with

the

sup

port

of

duty

-be

arin

g au

thor

ities

/min

istrie

s.

Obs

tacl

es /

Ris

ks:

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

and

the

Gove

rnm

ent o

f the

DPR

K 20

17-2

1 / S

trat

egic

Prio

rity

2:

Out

com

e 2.

2: E

nhan

ced

serv

ices

to a

ddre

ss c

omm

unic

able

and

no

n- c

omm

unic

able

dise

ases

, mat

erna

l and

chi

ldho

od d

iseas

es.

Out

com

e 2.

4: C

oord

inat

ed, e

quita

ble

and

sust

aina

ble

WAS

H co

v-er

age

in h

ouse

hold

s, le

arni

ng in

stitu

tions

and

hea

lth fa

cilit

ies.

Ar

ticul

ated

nec

essa

ry o

utco

mes

by

MoC

M:

Stre

ngth

en th

e na

tionw

ide

capa

city

to su

pply

and

trea

t dom

es-

tic/in

dust

rial w

ater

and

to tr

eat d

omes

tic/in

dust

rial w

aste

wat

er

in li

ne w

ith th

e na

tiona

l sta

ndar

ds to

impr

ove

the

peop

les l

ivin

g by

pro

tect

ing

them

from

wat

erbo

rne

dise

ases

and

pro

vidi

ng th

em

with

a w

ell-p

rote

cted

livi

ng e

nviro

nmen

t. Ba

selin

es:

UN

ICEF

surv

ey 2

014

(not

cov

erin

g th

e w

hole

cou

ntry

and

not

offi

-ci

ally

rele

ased

yet

) Ac

cord

ing

to d

raft

DPR

K-U

N S

trat

egic

Fra

mew

ork

2017

- 20

21

12

Plea

se n

ote

that

offi

cial

cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t out

com

es, a

s fa

r as

they

are

eve

n of

ficia

lly a

nnou

nced

, are

ver

y of

ten

expr

esse

d in

term

s of

pro

duct

ive

outp

ut, a

nd d

o no

t len

d th

emse

lves

wel

l to

the

resu

lts fr

amew

ork.

To

com

pens

ate

this,

the

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

N a

nd th

e DP

RK G

over

nmen

t and

out

com

es c

omm

unic

ated

dire

ctly

by

part

ner m

inist

ries (

MoC

M a

nd M

oLEP

) 13

Th

e de

liver

y of

milk

pow

der i

s a h

uman

itaria

n in

terv

entio

n of

SDC

sinc

e 19

95 a

nd is

not

mea

nt fo

r sus

tain

abili

ty, b

ut it

may

def

initi

vely

hav

e a

long

-ter

m im

pact

on

child

ren’

s phy

sical

and

cog

nitiv

e de

velo

pmen

t.

23

17

impr

oved

die

tary

stan

dard

s and

are

cul

tivat

ing

at le

ast 5

di

ffere

nt c

rops

(mea

sure

of b

iodi

vers

ity)

• Al

l par

ticip

atin

g SL

UG

s are

cul

tivat

ing

at le

ast 4

diff

eren

t tr

ee a

nd c

ash

crop

spec

ies a

re c

ultiv

ated

and

eco

nom

ical

-ly

exp

loite

d •

40%

of t

he in

volv

ed S

LUGs

app

ly in

tegr

ated

pes

t man

-ag

emen

t tec

hniq

ues

• Th

e cr

op y

ield

of p

artic

ipat

ing

SLU

Gs is

gre

ater

than

1.

5 m

t/ha

and

at l

east

300

kg/y

ear/

bene

ficia

ry

Base

line:

Su

rvey

dat

a of

yea

rs 2

015

and

2016

acc

ordi

ng to

indi

cato

rs

Out

com

e 1.

2: Im

prov

ed h

ouse

hold

acc

ess t

o su

ffici

ent d

iver

-sif

ied

food

all

year

, inc

ludi

ng th

roug

h en

hanc

ed p

rodu

ctiv

ity

and

livel

ihoo

ds.

(4) L

ines

of i

nter

vent

ion

(Sw

iss

Prog

ram

me)

: O

utco

me

1.1:

Slo

ping

land

use

r gro

ups

and

com

mun

ities

are

cap

acita

ted

with

the

know

-how

and

abi

litie

s to

dev

ise a

nd im

plem

ent e

rosio

n-co

ntro

lling

mea

sure

s (t

hrou

gh b

ioen

gine

erin

g an

d st

ruct

ures

) and

to

thin

k ho

listic

ally

abo

ut th

e ris

ks in

thei

r env

ironm

ent.

• Tr

aini

ng o

n DR

R m

easu

res

• Co

oper

atio

n w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t (‘p

eopl

e’s c

omm

ittee

s’) o

n iss

ues o

f coo

rdin

atin

g th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of D

RR-m

easu

res a

cros

s wat

ersh

eds

Out

put p

aram

eter

s: N

umbe

r of D

RR-r

elat

ed w

orks

hops

and

trai

ning

sess

ions

; num

ber o

f im

prov

ed ri

ver c

ours

es, a

rea

prot

ecte

d by

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

Out

com

e 1.

2: T

hrou

gh th

e in

trod

uctio

n of

agr

ofor

estr

y te

chni

ques

and

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f slo

ping

land

man

agem

ent,

the

slopi

ng la

nd u

ser g

roup

s con

trib

ute

to a

redu

ced

risk

of e

rosio

n an

d to

a p

artia

l ref

or-

esta

tion

of d

efor

este

d slo

ping

land

s. A

t the

sam

e tim

e, li

velih

ood

of th

e be

nefic

iarie

s is

impr

oved

and

bio

dive

rsity

and

die

tary

div

ersit

y is

enric

hed.

The

refo

re, t

he S

LDM

Pro

gram

me

links

in id

eal m

anne

r ob-

ject

ives

of l

and

and

envi

ronm

enta

l pro

tect

ion

with

an

impr

ovem

ent o

f foo

d di

vers

ity a

nd fo

od/in

com

e se

curit

y.

• An

alys

is of

gen

der a

nd a

ge g

roup

s.

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f bas

ic p

rodu

ctio

n m

ater

ials

and

agro

fore

stry

trai

ning

• Tr

aini

ng o

n la

nd-m

anag

emen

t and

die

tary

nee

ds

• Ho

rizon

tal l

inka

ges b

etw

een

user

gro

ups

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f sim

ple

man

ufac

turin

g to

olin

g to

impr

ove

valu

e ch

ains

for l

ocal

mar

ket a

cces

s (e.

g. n

oodl

e-m

akin

g m

achi

ne)

Out

puts

par

amet

ers:

Num

ber o

f new

use

r gro

ups;

num

ber o

f new

cou

ntie

s, n

umbe

r of w

orks

hop

rela

ted

to a

grof

ores

try

and

pest

con

trol

(5) R

esou

rces

, par

tner

ship

s (Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e):

Fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es: A

ppro

x. C

HF 6

00,0

00 p

er a

nnum

– o

f whi

ch n

one

is m

anag

ed b

y go

vern

men

t bod

ies i

n th

e DP

RK. C

omm

uniti

es p

rovi

des s

ubst

antia

l in-

kind

con

trib

utio

ns in

the

form

of l

abou

r.

Part

ners

hips

: MoL

EP a

s an

inst

itutio

nal c

ount

erpa

rt; P

eopl

e’s C

omm

ittee

s and

com

mun

ities

for a

ctua

l im

plem

enta

tion;

CAB

I, m

iscel

lane

ous b

ioen

gine

erin

g co

nsul

tant

s and

ICRA

F fo

r tec

hnic

al a

ssis

tanc

e

(6) M

anag

emen

t and

per

form

ance

resu

lts:

• En

sure

that

a fu

ll-fle

dged

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

is im

plem

ente

d w

ithin

the

first

yea

r of t

he st

rate

gy w

ith c

redi

ble

base

line

indi

cato

rs

• Bu

ild o

f syn

ergi

es in

the

area

of D

RR w

ith o

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l par

tner

s (e.

g. jo

int a

ppro

ache

s and

con

cept

ual c

oher

ence

)

• En

sure

that

all

maj

or P

roDo

cs fo

llow

SSP

M p

rinci

ples

, suc

h as

the

map

ping

of t

he n

atio

nal i

nter

ests

of a

utho

ritie

s and

how

an

inte

rven

tion

can

reac

h th

e ru

ral c

omm

uniti

es fu

lly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y

18

8.2

Resu

lts fr

amew

ork

dom

ain

of in

terv

entio

n 2:

Bui

ldin

g an

d M

aint

aini

ng H

uman

Sus

tena

nce

WAS

H/Pu

blic

hea

lth, N

utrit

ion

& H

uman

Pro

tect

ion

O

vera

ll O

bjec

tive

(dom

ain

goal

): T

he h

ealth

and

dig

nity

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

and

com

mun

ities

is im

prov

ed

(1) S

wis

s po

rtfo

lio o

utco

mes

(2

) Con

trib

utio

n of

Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e (3

) Cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t or h

uman

itaria

n ou

tcom

es12

Out

com

e 2.

1: C

omm

uniti

es h

ave

acce

ss to

and

man

age

drin

king

wa-

ter a

nd sa

nita

tion

infr

astr

uctu

re, a

nd a

dapt

hy-

gien

e pr

actic

es

Indi

cato

rs:

• 40

,000

peo

ple

with

full

acce

ss to

WAS

H se

rvic

es (i

.e. a

t lea

st 8

0l

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

per

per

son

and

day,

use

of l

atrin

es a

nd h

ygie

ne

prom

otio

n)

• Ac

cura

te d

ocum

enta

tion

is m

aint

aine

d fr

om w

hich

pro

duct

ion

figur

es a

nd m

aint

enan

ce a

ctiv

ities

can

be

retr

ieve

d •

Publ

ic la

trin

es a

re m

aint

aine

d (e

.g. c

lean

and

regu

larly

em

ptie

d)

and

faec

al sl

udge

is h

andl

ed sa

fely

(urin

e di

vers

ion

is in

pla

ce;

faec

al sl

udge

is c

ompo

sted

) •

90%

of E

-col

i hou

seho

ld sa

mpl

es a

re a

t an

acce

ptab

le le

vel.

• 75

% o

f wat

er c

atch

men

t are

as a

re p

rote

cted

by

fore

st o

r agr

o-fo

rest

ry/D

RR m

easu

res

Base

line:

Fe

asib

ility

stud

y an

d ba

selin

e st

udy

for e

ach

proj

ect s

ite (2

016

aver

-ag

es)

Tabl

e 7.

4 pa

ge 1

04 (D

PRK,

Soc

io-e

cono

mic

, Dem

ogra

phic

and

Hea

lth

surv

ey 2

014

(UN

FPA)

The

Swis

s pr

ogra

mm

es c

ontr

ibut

e to

the

cou

ntry

hum

anita

rian

outc

omes

as f

ollo

ws:

W

ASH

serv

ices

are

pro

vide

d to

com

mun

ities

whi

ch a

re j

oint

ly s

e-le

cted

with

MoC

M b

ased

on

lack

of w

ater

sup

ply

and

high

inci

denc

e of

wat

er re

late

d di

seas

es.

Prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

such

as

land

use

rest

rictio

ns c

ontr

ibut

e to

sus

-ta

inab

le d

rinki

ng w

ater

sup

ply

and

fost

er r

esili

ent e

cosy

stem

s w

ith-

in th

e w

ater

shed

s.

Any

impr

ovem

ent o

f wat

er s

uppl

y sy

stem

s (a

cces

s an

d qu

ality

) and

w

aste

wat

er m

anag

emen

t w

ill f

ight

effe

ctiv

ely

wid

espr

ead

diar

-rh

oea

and

ther

efor

e ha

ve p

ositi

ve e

ffect

s on

the

nut

ritio

nal s

itua-

tion

(loss

red

uctio

n of

cal

orie

s, v

itam

ins

and

min

eral

nut

rient

s) a

s w

ell a

s on

the

heal

th s

ituat

ion

of ta

rget

ed p

opul

atio

n in

gen

eral

. At

the

sam

e tim

e, c

hild

and

mat

erna

l mor

talit

y w

ill d

ecre

ase

since

hig

h pe

rcen

tage

of i

t is d

ue to

wat

er b

orne

dise

ases

. Th

e su

pply

of

high

qua

lity

milk

pow

der

cont

ribut

es s

igni

fican

tly t

o fig

ht m

alnu

triti

on i

n ge

nera

l an

d th

e la

ck o

f pr

otei

ns p

artic

ular

ly

with

in m

ost

vuln

erab

le;

babi

es,

child

ren,

pre

gnan

t an

d la

ctat

ing

wom

en13

. Pos

sible

sup

port

to v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

will

be

rese

arch

ed,

and

appr

opria

te p

roje

cts

are

laun

ched

with

the

sup

port

of

duty

-be

arin

g au

thor

ities

/min

istrie

s.

Obs

tacl

es /

Ris

ks:

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

and

the

Gove

rnm

ent o

f the

DPR

K 20

17-2

1 / S

trat

egic

Prio

rity

2:

Out

com

e 2.

2: E

nhan

ced

serv

ices

to a

ddre

ss c

omm

unic

able

and

no

n- c

omm

unic

able

dise

ases

, mat

erna

l and

chi

ldho

od d

iseas

es.

Out

com

e 2.

4: C

oord

inat

ed, e

quita

ble

and

sust

aina

ble

WAS

H co

v-er

age

in h

ouse

hold

s, le

arni

ng in

stitu

tions

and

hea

lth fa

cilit

ies.

Ar

ticul

ated

nec

essa

ry o

utco

mes

by

MoC

M:

Stre

ngth

en th

e na

tionw

ide

capa

city

to su

pply

and

trea

t dom

es-

tic/in

dust

rial w

ater

and

to tr

eat d

omes

tic/in

dust

rial w

aste

wat

er

in li

ne w

ith th

e na

tiona

l sta

ndar

ds to

impr

ove

the

peop

les l

ivin

g by

pro

tect

ing

them

from

wat

erbo

rne

dise

ases

and

pro

vidi

ng th

em

with

a w

ell-p

rote

cted

livi

ng e

nviro

nmen

t. Ba

selin

es:

UN

ICEF

surv

ey 2

014

(not

cov

erin

g th

e w

hole

cou

ntry

and

not

offi

-ci

ally

rele

ased

yet

) Ac

cord

ing

to d

raft

DPR

K-U

N S

trat

egic

Fra

mew

ork

2017

- 20

21

12

Plea

se n

ote

that

offi

cial

cou

ntry

dev

elop

men

t out

com

es, a

s fa

r as

they

are

eve

n of

ficia

lly a

nnou

nced

, are

ver

y of

ten

expr

esse

d in

term

s of

pro

duct

ive

outp

ut, a

nd d

o no

t len

d th

emse

lves

wel

l to

the

resu

lts fr

amew

ork.

To

com

pens

ate

this,

the

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

N a

nd th

e DP

RK G

over

nmen

t and

out

com

es c

omm

unic

ated

dire

ctly

by

part

ner m

inist

ries (

MoC

M a

nd M

oLEP

) 13

Th

e de

liver

y of

milk

pow

der i

s a h

uman

itaria

n in

terv

entio

n of

SDC

sinc

e 19

95 a

nd is

not

mea

nt fo

r sus

tain

abili

ty, b

ut it

may

def

initi

vely

hav

e a

long

-ter

m im

pact

on

child

ren’

s phy

sical

and

cog

nitiv

e de

velo

pmen

t.

24

19

Out

com

e 2.

2:

Mal

nutr

ition

am

ong

mot

hers

and

chi

ldre

n is

kep

t in

che

ck

Indi

cato

rs:

• Ea

ch y

ear,

Switz

erla

nd su

cces

sful

ly d

eliv

ers 1

,000

met

ric to

ns o

r m

ore

of D

SM to

the

care

of W

FP in

the

DPRK

. (O

utpu

t lev

el)

• Su

ffici

ent C

MB/

RMB

ratio

ns a

re d

istrib

uted

to m

ore

than

600

,000

be

nefic

iarie

s, i.

e. m

othe

rs a

nd c

hild

ren

unde

r fiv

e. (O

utpu

t lev

el)

• U

NIC

EF o

bser

ves n

o ris

e in

the

perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n un

der f

ive

with

stun

ting

in W

FP p

rogr

amm

e ar

eas.

•

UN

ICEF

obs

erve

s no

rise

in th

e pe

rcen

tage

of y

oung

mot

hers

suf-

ferin

g fr

om a

naem

ia in

WFP

pro

gram

me

area

s.

Not

e: th

e fir

st tw

o in

dica

tors

whi

ch a

re a

t out

put l

evel

are

des

igne

d to

cor

robo

rate

the

outc

ome

indi

cato

rs (3

rd a

nd 4

th) w

ith S

wiss

sup-

port

. Ba

selin

e:

Curr

ently

, aro

und

900,

000

mot

hers

and

chi

ldre

n ar

e re

ceiv

ing

CMB/

RMB

ratio

ns, t

hrou

gh W

FP's

cove

rage

alo

ng th

e lin

e of

re-

sour

ce-b

ased

rath

er th

an n

eeds

-bas

ed d

eliv

ery

(sou

rces

are

PRR

O

and

WFP

repo

rts)

.

Poor

dat

a av

aila

bilit

y an

d ac

cura

cy o

n a

loca

l and

com

mun

ity le

vel i

n co

mbi

natio

n w

ith a

cces

s co

nstr

aint

s m

ight

hin

der

effe

ctiv

e M

&E

of

proj

ect p

erfo

rman

ce, p

rogr

ess a

nd re

sults

. La

ck o

f fun

ding

and

/or c

oord

inat

ion

prob

lem

s w

ith a

utho

ritie

s, o

r a

lack

of

com

mitm

ent

by M

oLEP

cou

ld h

ampe

r pr

ojec

t pr

ogre

ss a

nd

resu

lts.

Gain

ing

acce

ss t

o vu

lner

able

gro

ups

and

defin

ing

proj

ects

for

pro

-te

ctiv

e m

easu

res

mig

ht b

e sy

stem

atic

ally

res

isted

by

som

e pa

rts

of

gove

rnm

ent.

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

and

the

Gove

rnm

ent o

f the

DPR

K 20

17-2

1 / S

trat

egic

Prio

rity

1:

Out

com

e 1.

3: Im

prov

ed n

utrit

ion

stat

us, e

spec

ially

for w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

and

child

ren

unde

r 5

Out

com

e 2.

3: D

isad

vant

aged

gro

ups h

ave

acce

ss to

app

ropr

iate

se

rvic

es

Indi

cato

rs:

• 2,

000

of p

eopl

e w

ith sp

ecia

l nee

ds (i

nfan

ts, c

hild

ren

in st

ate

care

an

d pa

tient

s) h

ave

adeq

uate

acc

ess t

o sa

nita

tion

faci

litie

s in

pub-

lic b

uild

ings

•

1,00

0 pe

ople

in IC

RC-s

uppo

rted

hos

pita

ls be

nefit

from

com

pre-

hens

ive

med

ical

and

ort

hopa

edic

trea

tmen

t. •

At le

ast 3

inte

rven

tions

, sm

all-s

cale

or o

ther

wise

, rel

ated

to P

ro-

tect

ion

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

hav

e be

en in

itiat

ed.

Base

line:

In

stitu

tions

with

peo

ple

with

spec

ial n

eeds

hav

e lit

tle o

r no

acce

ss to

ad

equa

te sa

nita

tion

serv

ices

.

N/A

25

19

Out

com

e 2.

2:

Mal

nutr

ition

am

ong

mot

hers

and

chi

ldre

n is

kep

t in

che

ck

Indi

cato

rs:

• Ea

ch y

ear,

Switz

erla

nd su

cces

sful

ly d

eliv

ers 1

,000

met

ric to

ns o

r m

ore

of D

SM to

the

care

of W

FP in

the

DPRK

. (O

utpu

t lev

el)

• Su

ffici

ent C

MB/

RMB

ratio

ns a

re d

istrib

uted

to m

ore

than

600

,000

be

nefic

iarie

s, i.

e. m

othe

rs a

nd c

hild

ren

unde

r fiv

e. (O

utpu

t lev

el)

• U

NIC

EF o

bser

ves n

o ris

e in

the

perc

enta

ge o

f chi

ldre

n un

der f

ive

with

stun

ting

in W

FP p

rogr

amm

e ar

eas.

•

UN

ICEF

obs

erve

s no

rise

in th

e pe

rcen

tage

of y

oung

mot

hers

suf-

ferin

g fr

om a

naem

ia in

WFP

pro

gram

me

area

s.

Not

e: th

e fir

st tw

o in

dica

tors

whi

ch a

re a

t out

put l

evel

are

des

igne

d to

cor

robo

rate

the

outc

ome

indi

cato

rs (3

rd a

nd 4

th) w

ith S

wiss

sup-

port

. Ba

selin

e:

Curr

ently

, aro

und

900,

000

mot

hers

and

chi

ldre

n ar

e re

ceiv

ing

CMB/

RMB

ratio

ns, t

hrou

gh W

FP's

cove

rage

alo

ng th

e lin

e of

re-

sour

ce-b

ased

rath

er th

an n

eeds

-bas

ed d

eliv

ery

(sou

rces

are

PRR

O

and

WFP

repo

rts)

.

Poor

dat

a av

aila

bilit

y an

d ac

cura

cy o

n a

loca

l and

com

mun

ity le

vel i

n co

mbi

natio

n w

ith a

cces

s co

nstr

aint

s m

ight

hin

der

effe

ctiv

e M

&E

of

proj

ect p

erfo

rman

ce, p

rogr

ess a

nd re

sults

. La

ck o

f fun

ding

and

/or c

oord

inat

ion

prob

lem

s w

ith a

utho

ritie

s, o

r a

lack

of

com

mitm

ent

by M

oLEP

cou

ld h

ampe

r pr

ojec

t pr

ogre

ss a

nd

resu

lts.

Gain

ing

acce

ss t

o vu

lner

able

gro

ups

and

defin

ing

proj

ects

for

pro

-te

ctiv

e m

easu

res

mig

ht b

e sy

stem

atic

ally

res

isted

by

som

e pa

rts

of

gove

rnm

ent.

Stra

tegi

c Fr

amew

ork

for C

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n th

e U

nite

d N

atio

ns

and

the

Gove

rnm

ent o

f the

DPR

K 20

17-2

1 / S

trat

egic

Prio

rity

1:

Out

com

e 1.

3: Im

prov

ed n

utrit

ion

stat

us, e

spec

ially

for w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

and

child

ren

unde

r 5

Out

com

e 2.

3: D

isad

vant

aged

gro

ups h

ave

acce

ss to

app

ropr

iate

se

rvic

es

Indi

cato

rs:

• 2,

000

of p

eopl

e w

ith sp

ecia

l nee

ds (i

nfan

ts, c

hild

ren

in st

ate

care

an

d pa

tient

s) h

ave

adeq

uate

acc

ess t

o sa

nita

tion

faci

litie

s in

pub-

lic b

uild

ings

•

1,00

0 pe

ople

in IC

RC-s

uppo

rted

hos

pita

ls be

nefit

from

com

pre-

hens

ive

med

ical

and

ort

hopa

edic

trea

tmen

t. •

At le

ast 3

inte

rven

tions

, sm

all-s

cale

or o

ther

wise

, rel

ated

to P

ro-

tect

ion

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

hav

e be

en in

itiat

ed.

Base

line:

In

stitu

tions

with

peo

ple

with

spec

ial n

eeds

hav

e lit

tle o

r no

acce

ss to

ad

equa

te sa

nita

tion

serv

ices

.

N/A

20

(4) L

ines

of i

nter

vent

ion

(Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e):

Out

com

e 2.

1: T

he c

onst

ruct

ion

of W

ASH

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd th

e su

stai

nabl

e op

erat

ion/

mai

nten

ance

of W

ASH

serv

ices

is to

be

orga

nise

d w

ith th

e M

oCM

and

loca

l Peo

ple'

s Com

mitt

ees.

Som

e in

tern

atio

nal N

GOs

alre

ady

gain

ed e

xper

ienc

e in

wat

er sy

stem

reha

bilit

atio

n w

ill b

e fu

nded

to im

plem

ent W

ASH

proj

ects

. Thi

s exp

erie

nce

is to

be

valid

ated

and

cap

italis

ed. A

t lea

st h

alf o

f WAS

H pr

ojec

ts a

re to

be

loca

ted

in th

e sa

me

wat

ersh

eds a

s SLD

M p

roje

cts.

• In

itial

hou

seho

ld su

rvey

ing

and

soci

al a

naly

sis o

f com

mun

ities

(gen

der a

nd a

ge-g

roup

sens

itive

)

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f mat

eria

ls to

Peo

ple'

s Com

mitt

ees f

or b

uild

ing

hous

ehol

d la

trin

es, g

ravi

tatio

nal w

ater

supp

ly sy

stem

s and

som

e so

lar p

umpi

ng sy

stem

s

• Co

oper

atio

n w

ith M

oCM

and

Peo

ple'

s Com

mitt

ees i

n th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of st

ruct

ures

(e.g

. fac

ilita

tion

and

man

agem

ent)

• Co

oper

atio

n w

ith P

eopl

e's C

omm

ittee

s on

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

hyg

iene

trai

ning

and

infr

astr

uctu

re m

anag

emen

t (e.

g. tr

aini

ng a

nd m

anag

emen

t)

Out

put p

aram

eter

s: N

umbe

r of h

ouse

hold

s sup

plie

d w

ith d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

mod

el la

trin

es

Out

com

e 2.

2: S

wiss

hig

h qu

ality

milk

pow

der i

s del

iver

ed to

WFP

in D

PRK

and

then

pro

cess

ed to

Cer

eal M

ilk B

lend

(CM

B), C

orn

Soy

Milk

Ble

nd (C

SM),

Rice

Milk

Ble

nd (R

MB)

, and

hig

h-en

ergy

bisc

uits

. Ela

bora

ted

WFP

hig

h pr

otei

n an

d hi

gh-e

nerg

y pr

oduc

ts a

re d

istrib

uted

to m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e to

enr

ich

thei

r die

t (i.e

. to

orph

anag

es, k

inde

r gar

dens

, sch

ools,

bab

y ho

mes

, pae

diat

ric c

linic

s).

• Pr

ovisi

on o

f DSM

milk

pow

der t

o DP

RK b

enef

icia

ries t

hrou

gh W

FP.

• M

onito

ring

of h

ealth

par

amet

ers (

body

wei

ght,

size

and

gene

ral w

ell-b

eing

of m

othe

rs a

nd c

hild

ren)

in c

olla

bora

tion

with

WFP

O

utpu

t par

amet

ers:

tons

of m

ilk p

owde

r del

iver

ed, n

umbe

r of c

hild

ren

and

mot

hers

reac

hed

Out

com

e 2.

3: F

inan

cial

supp

ort t

o th

e re

habi

litat

ion

of p

ublic

hea

lth se

rvic

e in

fras

truc

ture

(at p

rese

nt u

sual

ly p

rovi

nce

hosp

itals)

is g

iven

to th

e IC

RC. A

ppro

pria

te p

roje

cts t

o as

sist v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

(e.g

. han

di-

capp

ed o

r chi

ldre

n in

the

care

of t

he st

ate)

are

iden

tifie

d an

d im

plem

ente

d w

ith d

uty-

bear

ing

auth

oriti

es. H

ow th

is w

ill b

e pr

ogra

mm

ed, h

as n

ot y

et b

een

dete

rmin

ed in

det

ail.

As su

ch, t

his i

s stil

l a st

rate

gic

ob-

ject

ive

that

mus

t firs

t be

built

by

seizi

ng a

ppro

pria

te o

ppor

tuni

ties.

An

imm

edia

te st

art w

ill b

e m

ade

by p

ursu

ing

Prot

ectio

n th

roug

h th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f the

ICRC

and

Han

dica

p In

tern

atio

nal,

both

whi

ch a

re a

lread

y be

ing

supp

orte

d by

SDC

/HA.

• Co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith sp

ecia

list o

rgan

isatio

ns su

ch a

s ICR

C an

d in

tern

atio

nal N

GOs w

orki

ng in

the

prot

ectio

n fie

ld (c

once

ptua

lisat

ion

and

coor

dina

tion)

• Su

ppor

t pro

vide

d to

the

care

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

, par

ticul

arly

han

dica

pped

and

chi

ldre

n (s

ensit

isatio

n)

• Id

entif

icat

ion

of n

ew a

reas

whe

re p

rote

ctio

n ca

n be

pro

vide

d O

utpu

ts p

aram

eter

s: N

umbe

r of p

eopl

e tr

eate

d in

ICRC

supp

ort i

nstit

utes

, num

ber o

f ind

ivid

uals

from

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps b

enef

ittin

g fr

om p

rote

ctio

n-in

terv

entio

ns.

(5) R

esou

rces

, par

tner

ship

s (Sw

iss P

rogr

amm

e):

Fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es: A

roun

d CH

F 1,

750,

000

per a

nnum

(exc

ludi

ng b

udge

t for

DSM

pro

duct

ion

and

deliv

ery)

– n

one

of w

hich

is m

anag

ed b

y go

vern

men

t bod

ies

in th

e DP

RK. C

omm

uniti

es p

rovi

des

subs

tant

ial i

n-ki

nd c

ontr

ibut

ions

in th

e fo

rm o

f lab

our.

Part

ners

hips

: MoC

M a

s an

inst

itutio

nal c

ount

erpa

rt; P

eopl

e's C

omm

ittee

s and

com

mun

ities

for a

ctua

l im

plem

enta

tion;

Con

cern

Wor

ldw

ide;

Han

dica

p In

tern

atio

nal a

nd IC

RC (a

nd p

ossib

ly o

ther

s yet

to b

e id

enti-

fied)

for i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

Out

com

e 2.

3.

(6) M

anag

emen

t and

per

form

ance

resu

lts:

• En

sure

that

all

maj

or P

roDo

cs fo

llow

SSP

M p

rinci

ples

, suc

h as

the

map

ping

of t

he n

otio

nal i

nter

ests

of a

utho

ritie

s and

how

an

inte

rven

tion

can

reac

h th

e ru

ral c

omm

uniti

es fu

lly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y

• Es

tabl

ish c

lose

r rel

atio

nshi

ps w

ith st

akeh

olde

rs a

t a lo

cal l

evel

• Co

oper

atio

n w

ith o

ther

inte

rnat

iona

l NGO

s in

the

them

atic

are

a of

pro

tect

ion

in a

bid

to d

evel

opin

g vi

able

inte

rven

tions

26

21

8.3

Dom

ains

of i

nter

vent

ion

and

reso

urce

s (bu

dget

)

Dom

ains

of

Inte

rven

tion

Corr

espo

nden

ce to

SDG

s Pr

ogra

mm

atic

are

as o

f int

erve

ntio

n Fi

nanc

ial r

esou

rces

2012

– 2

016

(5 y

.) 20

17 –

202

0 (4

y.)

Dom

ain

1:

Rest

orin

g an

d m

anag

-in

g liv

elih

ood-

orie

nted

re

sour

ces

DRR,

food

secu

rity

&

Soi

l pro

tect

ion

2.1

En

d hu

nger

, en

sure

ac

cess

of

vu

lner

able

peo

ple

to su

ffici

ent f

ood

2.3

Im

prov

e pr

oduc

tivity

of

sm

all-s

cale

fo

od p

rodu

cers

2.

4

Ensu

re su

stai

nabl

e fo

od p

rodu

ctio

n 6.

5

Impl

emen

t in

tegr

ated

wat

er r

esou

rces

man

-ag

emen

t 13

.1 S

tren

gthe

n re

silie

nce

& a

dapt

ive

capa

city

15

.4 P

rote

ct

biod

iver

sity

of

mou

ntai

n

ecos

yste

ms

a.

Prom

otin

g DR

R m

itiga

tion

and

prot

ectin

g re

sour

ces (

5 %

of t

otal

) CH

F 2.

5 m

. (H

A di

rect

impl

emen

tatio

n)

CHF

2.5

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

b.

Impr

ovin

g fo

od se

curit

y th

roug

h en

-ha

nced

agr

ofor

estr

y (3

% o

f tot

al)

Dom

ain

2:

Build

ing

and

mai

ntai

n-in

g hu

man

resi

lienc

e W

ASH,

Nut

ritio

n &

Hum

an p

rote

ctio

n

2.2

En

d m

alnu

triti

on

and

stun

ting,

ad

dres

s

nutr

ition

al n

eeds

of p

regn

ant/

lact

atin

g w

omen

6.

1

Acce

ss to

safe

& a

fford

able

drin

king

wat

er

6.2

Ac

cess

to sa

nita

tion

& h

ygie

ne

16.2

Pro

tect

ion

of c

hild

ren

c.

Impr

ovin

g cl

ean

wat

er su

pply

(acc

ess

and

qual

ity),

sani

tatio

n an

d hy

gien

e (1

2 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

4.1

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

CH

F 4

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

d.

Com

batt

ing

mal

nutr

ition

am

ong

child

ren

and

mot

hers

(5

9 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

28 m

. (m

ilk p

owde

r, W

FP)

CHF

20 m

. (m

ilk p

owde

r, W

FP)

e.

Exte

ndin

g pr

otec

tive

pres

ence

to v

ul-

nera

ble

grou

ps (m

argi

nalis

ed c

hild

ren

and

peop

le w

ith sp

ecia

l nee

ds)

(9 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

2 m

. (IC

RC)

CH

F 2

m. (

ICRC

) CH

F 1

m. (

vario

us)

Vario

us

O

ffice

, Sm

all A

ctio

ns

(12

% o

f tot

al)

CHF

3.75

m.

CHF

4.25

m.

Tota

ls

CHF

40.8

5 m

. ca

. CHF

8 m

./a

CHF

33.7

5 m

. ca

. CHF

8.5

m./

a

Not

e 1:

The

four

maj

or fi

elds

of a

ctiv

ity a

ccou

nt fo

r 88

%: F

ood

secu

rity/

nutr

ition

: 62

%; W

ASH

12 %

, Pro

tect

ion

9 %

, DRR

5 %

Not

e 2:

The

ove

rhea

d an

d sm

all a

ctio

ns a

ccou

nt fo

r 12

%. T

he r

elat

ivel

y la

rge

over

head

(25%

if m

ilk p

owde

r de

liver

ies

are

excl

uded

) is

due

to t

he n

eces

sary

min

imal

pr

esen

ce o

f Sw

itzer

land

for a

rela

tivel

y sm

all p

rogr

amm

e an

d th

e fa

ct th

at W

ASH,

bei

ng a

dire

ct a

ctio

n, in

clud

es p

rogr

amm

atic

sala

ry c

osts

.

Not

e 3:

A p

lann

ed a

mou

nt o

f aro

und

CHF

28 m

(ext

rapo

late

d fr

om 1

6.5

m fo

r the

201

2 –

2014

Mid

-ter

m P

rogr

amm

e du

e to

a tw

o-ye

ar e

xten

sion)

was

ecl

ipse

d by

a C

HF

41 m

tota

l ove

r fiv

e ye

ars.

The

add

ition

al a

mou

nt is

alm

ost e

xclu

sivel

y at

trib

utab

le to

add

ition

al m

ilk p

owde

r del

ivie

ries.

27

21

8.3

Dom

ains

of i

nter

vent

ion

and

reso

urce

s (bu

dget

)

Dom

ains

of

Inte

rven

tion

Corr

espo

nden

ce to

SDG

s Pr

ogra

mm

atic

are

as o

f int

erve

ntio

n Fi

nanc

ial r

esou

rces

2012

– 2

016

(5 y

.) 20

17 –

202

0 (4

y.)

Dom

ain

1:

Rest

orin

g an

d m

anag

-in

g liv

elih

ood-

orie

nted

re

sour

ces

DRR,

food

secu

rity

&

Soi

l pro

tect

ion

2.1

En

d hu

nger

, en

sure

ac

cess

of

vu

lner

able

peo

ple

to su

ffici

ent f

ood

2.3

Im

prov

e pr

oduc

tivity

of

sm

all-s

cale

fo

od p

rodu

cers

2.

4

Ensu

re su

stai

nabl

e fo

od p

rodu

ctio

n 6.

5

Impl

emen

t in

tegr

ated

wat

er r

esou

rces

man

-ag

emen

t 13

.1 S

tren

gthe

n re

silie

nce

& a

dapt

ive

capa

city

15

.4 P

rote

ct

biod

iver

sity

of

mou

ntai

n

ecos

yste

ms

a.

Prom

otin

g DR

R m

itiga

tion

and

prot

ectin

g re

sour

ces (

5 %

of t

otal

) CH

F 2.

5 m

. (H

A di

rect

impl

emen

tatio

n)

CHF

2.5

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

b.

Impr

ovin

g fo

od se

curit

y th

roug

h en

-ha

nced

agr

ofor

estr

y (3

% o

f tot

al)

Dom

ain

2:

Build

ing

and

mai

ntai

n-in

g hu

man

resi

lienc

e W

ASH,

Nut

ritio

n &

Hum

an p

rote

ctio

n

2.2

En

d m

alnu

triti

on

and

stun

ting,

ad

dres

s

nutr

ition

al n

eeds

of p

regn

ant/

lact

atin

g w

omen

6.

1

Acce

ss to

safe

& a

fford

able

drin

king

wat

er

6.2

Ac

cess

to sa

nita

tion

& h

ygie

ne

16.2

Pro

tect

ion

of c

hild

ren

c.

Impr

ovin

g cl

ean

wat

er su

pply

(acc

ess

and

qual

ity),

sani

tatio

n an

d hy

gien

e (1

2 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

4.1

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

CH

F 4

m.

(HA

dire

ct im

plem

enta

tion)

d.

Com

batt

ing

mal

nutr

ition

am

ong

child

ren

and

mot

hers

(5

9 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

28 m

. (m

ilk p

owde

r, W

FP)

CHF

20 m

. (m

ilk p

owde

r, W

FP)

e.

Exte

ndin

g pr

otec

tive

pres

ence

to v

ul-

nera

ble

grou

ps (m

argi

nalis

ed c

hild

ren

and

peop

le w

ith sp

ecia

l nee

ds)

(9 %

of t

otal

)

CHF

2 m

. (IC

RC)

CH

F 2

m. (

ICRC

) CH

F 1

m. (

vario

us)

Vario

us

O

ffice

, Sm

all A

ctio

ns

(12

% o

f tot

al)

CHF

3.75

m.

CHF

4.25

m.

Tota

ls

CHF

40.8

5 m

. ca

. CHF

8 m

./a

CHF

33.7

5 m

. ca

. CHF

8.5

m./

a

Not

e 1:

The

four

maj

or fi

elds

of a

ctiv

ity a

ccou

nt fo

r 88

%: F

ood

secu

rity/

nutr

ition

: 62

%; W

ASH

12 %

, Pro

tect

ion

9 %

, DRR

5 %

Not

e 2:

The

ove

rhea

d an

d sm

all a

ctio

ns a

ccou

nt fo

r 12

%. T

he r

elat

ivel

y la

rge

over

head

(25%

if m

ilk p

owde

r de

liver

ies

are

excl

uded

) is

due

to t

he n

eces

sary

min

imal

pr

esen

ce o

f Sw

itzer

land

for a

rela

tivel

y sm

all p

rogr

amm

e an

d th

e fa

ct th

at W

ASH,

bei

ng a

dire

ct a

ctio

n, in

clud

es p

rogr

amm

atic

sala

ry c

osts

.

Not

e 3:

A p

lann

ed a

mou

nt o

f aro

und

CHF

28 m

(ext

rapo

late

d fr

om 1

6.5

m fo

r the

201

2 –

2014

Mid

-ter

m P

rogr

amm

e du

e to

a tw

o-ye

ar e

xten

sion)

was

ecl

ipse

d by

a C

HF

41 m

tota

l ove

r fiv

e ye

ars.

The

add

ition

al a

mou

nt is

alm

ost e

xclu

sivel

y at

trib

utab

le to

add

ition

al m

ilk p

owde

r del

ivie

ries.

22

8.4

Coun

try

Map

DPR

K an

d SD

C/HA

are

as o

f int

erve

ntio

n as

of m

id-2

016

Imprint

Publisher:Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFASwiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC3003 Bern, Switzerlandwww.sdc.admin.ch

Layout:FDFA Information / Visual Communication, Bern

Photographs: SDC/Peter Michel, Thomas Fisler and Bruce Campbell

Specialist contact:Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDCEurope, Asia and Americas divisionEffingerstrasse 273003 Berndeza@eda.admin.ch

This publication can be downloaded from the website www.sdc.admin.ch (heading “Publications”).

Bern, 2017 / © DEZA