conventional and emerging technology applications for
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Conventional and Emerging Technology Applications for Utilizing Landfill Gas
Presented by:Rachel Goldstein
US EPA LMOP
March 1, 2005California Biomass Collaborative Forum
Sacramento, California
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AgendaUses of Landfill GasTechnologies- advantages and disadvantages
Direct UseElectricCHPMicrotubinesVehicle Fuel
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EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program
Established in 1994Voluntary program that creates alliances among states, energy users/providers, the landfill gas industry, and communities
Mission: To reduce methane emissions by lowering barriers and promoting the development of cost-effective and
environmentally beneficial landfill gas energy (LFGE) projects.
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Why Use Landfill Gas?Local, available fuel sourceEasy to capture and useSource of renewable energyConstant supply - 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekReliable technologies exist for using landfill gas ->90% up timeUses a source of energy that otherwise would have been wastedHelps the environment by reducing uncontrolled emissions of landfill gas
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Possible Uses
Direct Use
Combined Heat and Power
Electricity Production
Alternate Fuels
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Direct Gas Utilization
BoilersDirect thermal applicationsInnovative applications
Greenhouses Infrared heaters Pottery kilns Leachate evaporation
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Direct Gas Utilization
Gas piped to a nearby customer for use in boiler or in industrial process100 projects in the USPipeline length range from half mile to 23 milesGas used on-site
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Direct Use: BoilersAdvantages
Can be used either in industrial process or for electricity generation in steam turbineMature technology
DisadvantagesNeed large landfill sizeEnd use facility may require boiler retrofits which can be expensiveNeed high pressure for steam turbine use
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Direct Use: BoilersSizing
Generally require larger landfill size, 3-5 million tons of waste in place
Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending on
Need for boiler retrofitsWhether for use in industrial process or in steam turbine
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Direct Use: Thermal Applications
AdvantagesSimple technologyMinimal processing requirementsMost cost effective
DisadvantagesNeed energy user to be sited in close proximity to the landfillRight of way permitsLocal terrain may not be conducive to pipeline installation
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Direct Use: Thermal Applications
SizingApplicable to wide variety of landfill sizes
Costs$1.50 to $3.50 per MMBtu, depending on
Pipeline lengthCollection system in-place at landfillTerrain
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Combined Heat and Power
Large Industrial
Microturbine Applications
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Combined Heat and Power: Industrial
AdvantagesGreater overall energy recovery efficiency from waste heat recovery - up to 80% Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation from recovered heat
DisadvantagesAdditional cost associated with electricity generation component
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Combined Heat and Power: Industrial
SizingGenerally applicable to mid to larger size landfills
CostsAvailable information indicate overall costs in the $1200-$2000 per kWh range.
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Combined Heat and Power: Microturbines
AdvantagesGreater overall energy recovery efficiency from waste heat recovery - up to 75% Specialized CHP systems availableFlexible - hot water or steam generation from recovered heatLow emissions and noise
DisadvantagesAdditional cost associated with electricity generation componentCost of gas conditioning to remove Siloxane
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Combined Heat and Power: Microturbines
SizingGenerally applicable to small to mid size landfills
CostsAvailable information indicate overall installed costs in the $1800-$3000 per kWh range.
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Electricity GenerationMost prevalent type of project in the US
In US, 1000 MW of capacity from over 200 operational projects
Electricity sold to utility, cooperative or nearby customerAverage project size: 3 MW (500 kW - 50 MW) 50 MW Steam Turbine, Puente Hills LF, CA
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Electricity Generation
Internal Combustion EnginesTurbinesMicroturbinesEmerging Technologies
Stirling EngineOrganic Rankine Cycle Engine
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Internal Combustion Engine
AdvantagesLow cost, high efficiency and reliabilityMost common technology
DisadvantagesProblems due to particulate matter buildupCorrosion of engine parts and catalystsHigh NOx emissions
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Internal Combustion Engine
Sizing1-3 MWs
Costs$1,100-1,300 ($/kW)
Major suppliersCat, Jenbacher, Waukesha, Deutz
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Small Internal Combustion Engine
AdvantagesFunction on low input landfill gas pressure (<1 psig)
DisadvantagesSimilar to larger IC engines
Man EO826E, Lean Burn, 55kW
MAN E2842 LE302 Lean Burn, 315 kW
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Small Internal Combustion Engine
Sizing55-800 kW
CostsNot easily available, expected to be lower than microturbine capital and O&M costs
Major suppliersMAN, LFG Specialties
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Turbines: Gas, Steam, and Combined Cycle
AdvantagesCorrosion resistantLow O&M costsSmall physical sizeLower NOx emissions
DisadvantagesInefficient at partial loadHigh parasitic loads, due to high gas compression requirements
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Turbines: Gas, Steam, and Combined Cycle
Sizing1-10MWs
Costs$1,200-1,700 ($/kW)
Major suppliers: Cat, Fairbanks-Morse
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MicroturbinesAdvantages
Low emissions Multiple fuel capabilityLight weight/small sizeFuel pretreatment not requiredLower maintenance costs
DisadvantagesLow efficienciesPrimarily tested for natural gas applicationsLess proven technology
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MicroturbinesSizing
30-250 kW
CostsEquipment Costs: $1,200-$2,000 ($/kW)Installed Costs: $2,200 - $3,500 ($/kW)Maintenance Costs: $0.01-0.015 ($/kW)
Allied Signal Parallon 75
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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External Combustion Engine
AdvantagesLower emissionsReliable, scalable, fewer moving parts
DisadvantagesLimited track record of performance
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Emerging TechnologiesStirling External Combustion Engine (Continued)
Sizing25 - 55 kW
CostsO&M approximately 0.8 cents/kWCapital Cost - limited information, demonstration project in Michigan should provide more detailed costs
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Emerging TechnologiesOrganic Rankine Cycle Engine
AdvantagesProvides up to 225 kW electrical powerFree fuel - waste heat poweredNo additional emissionsLow life-cycle cost
DisadvantagesNew unproven technology for LFG
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Alternate Fuels
High-Btu Upgrade
Vehicle Fuels LNG/CNG
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Alternate Fuels –High-Btu Upgrades
TechnologyGas is purified from 50% to 97% or 99% methaneRemoval of Carbon dioxide is primary step
AdvantagesInject treated product into pipelineReduction in use of fossil fuelsReduce local ozone pollution
DisadvantagesMust meet strict standards of pipelineCostly technology Limited track record of performance
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Alternate Fuels –High-Btu Upgrades
SizingEconomical for large scale only
CostsCapital Costs for 2000 cubic ft/min. system range from $3 million to $4 millionO&M costs range from $0.82 to $1.12 per MMBtu
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Alternate Fuels - Vehicle FuelCompressed landfill gas (CNG)
Liquefied landfill gas (LNG) -CryoEnergy®
Bio-Diesel
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Alternate Fuels- Vehicle FuelAdvantages
LNG/CNG price lower than diesel fuel costReduction in use of fossil fuelsReduce local ozone pollution
DisadvantagesVery small percentage of alternative-fuel vehicles Vehicle conversion costsLimited track record of performance
CostsRetrofit vehicles = $3,500 to $4,000 per vehicleFueling station = $1,000,000 Fuel price = $0.48 to $1.26 per gallon
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California OpportunitiesCurrently there are close to 80 landfill gas energy projects operational, with additional 5 projects under construction.A total of 280 MW of energy being produced.There are an additional 43 candidate landfills around the state with estimated project potential of 50 MWs of energy.Microturbines
11 operational projects in California, utilizing over 50 microturbine unitsGenerating 2,710 kW of power
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SummaryMany ways to beneficially utilize LFGAvailable niche technologies range from research and development stage units to commercially available systemsTechnologies exist for low and high volumes of LFG productionSelection of technology is project specific
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Summary, continued….
Key Selection considerations include:
Environmental performanceReliabilityAccuracy of assumptionsPermitting issues – emissionsCost