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Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ”Jlhirjlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

Fdcu`tdthd eh Cimstrucţbb eh Kdřbmb řb Kdmdjhkhmt Bmeustrbd`

Ehdrtdkhmtu` eh Bmjbmhrbd Kdthrbd`h`ir řb

!hcurbtdth Bmeustrbd`ă

C"#U$"%X% &$"EX!'%"$ (# C"#!U$XC)BD

 E' KD*B#B 

&ri+hsir ciireimdtir, !tuehmţb,

Cim+- Er- Bmj- Cistbcă .h/bmdrbu $>4mbc Cbrbdm

  7>r3u 5dsb`h

  *vhţ Burbh

8 BD*B 8

6:<6

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

 Curbms,

8 Dshcth d`h khtiei`ijbhb eh cimtri`u` rieush`ir 2m cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb ------------------------6

-  Cimtri`u` cd`btăţbb d rieush`ir --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

- Bmstrukhmth`h cimtri`u`ub rieush`ir řb ehkhrsu` bmvhstbjdţbhb ---------------------------------------------?

- Bmjbmhrbd rbscu`ub --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

- #iţbumb rbvbme ruhrhd kdthrbd`h`ir ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0

- Eh+irkdrhd `dstbcă `d rhch -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<1

- &rhcb4bd ebkhmsbimd`ă ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66

- Khmthmdmţă dutivhlbcu`h -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6?

Cimtri`u` rieush`ir 2m cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

  Dshcth d`h khtiei`ijbhb eh cimtri`u` rieush`ir 2m cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb

Whd`bzdrhd irbcărub stuebu cimtri` d` prieush`ir, phmtru si`uţbimdrhd  prig`hkh`ir eh irbch mdtură bmthrvbmh ímdctbvbtdthd djhmtu`ub hcimikbc, mhchsbtă i dgiredrh khtiebcă. Dchdstă hxbjhmtă, vd`dgb`ă phmtru tidth tbpurb`h ehstuebb, hsth ku`t kdb kdrh ím cdzu` ebdjmistbcu`ub umhb dctbvbtăţb prieuctbvh, d umub prieus. ^hmtru d pătrumeh ím`dgbrbmtu` cikp`bcdt d` umhb ímtrhprbmehrb řb d behmtbfbcd si`uţbb`h ch`h kdb gumh `d prig`hkh`h dpăruth, hsth fidrth

bkpirtdmtă dsbjurdrhd umhb bmfirkărb cirhcth d sphcbd`bstu`ub cimsu`tdmt. htied ebdjmistbcărbb, ph eh i pdrth, drtrhgub să phrkbtă ehjd!drhd h`hkhmth`ir hshmţbd`h phmtru h`dgirdrhd stuebu`ub řb, kdb ku`t, chrchtdrhd ímprifumzbkh ím cdzu` dmikd`bb`ir, bdr ph eh i d`tă pdrth, să mhj`b!hzh h`hkhmth`h dcchsirbb cdrh mu prhzbmtă utb`btdthphmtru eikhmbu stuebdt, Dchdstă eug`ă mhchsbtdth dmtrhmhdză hfirturb`h hxphrtu`ub  ím h`bkbmdrhd ebfbcu`tăţbb`irkhtiehb eh ebdjmistbcdrh, ch dr trhgub să hvbth eiuă pisbgb`h `bkbth řb dmukh" rh`bzdrhd umub stuebu ku`t prhd

j`igd` , cdrh pidth dmtrhmd umh`h ikbsbumb, prbm cdrh să sh pbdreă umh`h pumcth bkpirtdmth phmtru !uehcdtd fbmd`ăřb phmtru prijrdkh`h eh dcţbumh ch urkhdză d fb prieush. #d urkdrh, mukdb i khtieă rbjuridsă ehebdjmistbcdrh vd cimvbmjh ghmhfbcbdru` stuebu`ub eh cikphthmţd řb eh vd`idrhd hxphrtu`ub sphcbd`bst `d cdrh s-ddph`dt řb eh fdptu` că rhzu`tdtu` hxphrtbzhb mu cuprbmeh i ku`tbtuebmh eh bmfirkdţbb bmutb`h, fără hshmţă.

$rbch cimtri` prhsupumh utb`bzdrhd kdb ku`tir th%mbcb cikp`hkhmtdrh phmtru hvbehmţbhrhd řb dmd`bzddsphcth`ir vbzdth. Dvdmtd!u` rhcurjhrbb `d i dgiredrh ku`tb`dthrd`ă hsth eug`u" ph eh i pdrth vhrbfbcdrhd kărturbb`ir / 

drjukhmth`ir cdrh kărhsc shcurbtdthd dmd`bthzhb bdr ph eh d`tă pdrth, phrkbth behmtbfbcdrhd ch`ir kdb pitrbvbth prichehh, dedptdth eikhmbb`ir stuebdth, ehidrhch irbch th%mbcă drh `bkbth`h sd`h řb pidth fb utb`bzdtă mukdb ímpripirţbb ebfhrbth phmtru hxdkbmdrhd structurb`ir, fumcţbb`ir sdu prichsh`ir eh chrchtdth. Whd`bzdrhd khtiebcă debdjmistbcu`ub cikpirtă um dmukbt mukăr eh htdph, dgsi`ut mhchsdrh ím h`dgirdrhd umhb `ucrărb phrtbmhmth.

&tuebu` cimtri`u`ub prieusu`ub bm cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb mh furmbzhdzhdză um dmukbt mukăr eh bmfirkdţbb utb`h ímdgiredrhd dsuprd umub prieus cd urkdrh d ehjrdeărbb sdu ehthrbirărbb dchstubd . 'mstrukhmth`h ebdjmistbcu`ubsumt ehstbmdth să jhmhrhzh řb să prbkhdscă bmfirkdţbb řb edth, să `h ireimhzh řb să `h structurhzh řb, prbm pumhrhd`ir ím `hjătură, să phrkbtă eheuchrhd umhb shkmbfbcdţbb ph cdrh m-dr dvhd-i edcă dr fb trdtdth shpdrdt.

#imtri`u` prieusu`ub hsth prhzhmtdt cd umbrhd d eiuă mbvh`urb eh dmd`bză"

- pumcth`h firth řb s`ăgbcbumb`h pisbgb`h d`h umub prieus"- dkhmbmţărb`h jhmhrd`h eh khebu` ímcim!urătir.

Whd`bzdt ímtr-i kdmbhră prhvhmtbvă sdu curdtbvă, ebdjmistbcu` drh cd ţh`"

- să dmd bzhzh cirh`dţbd fumcţbimărbb řb d kdmdjkhmtu`ub cu igbhctbvh`h(- să scidtă ím hvbehmţă mhcimfirkbtăţb`h řb dmsdkg`u` cduzh`ir(- să pripumă um p`dm eh dcţbumh pitrbvbt, dcţbim)me dsuprd umub dmsdkg`u eh cduzh řb dsuprd khebu`ub

 ímcim!urătir, dstfh` ímc)t să dkh`birhzh cikphtbtbvbtdthd sdu hfbcdcbtdthd prieush`ir, hc%bpdkhmth`ir,htc.

Cimtri`u` cd`btăţbb d rieush`ir

dmdjhkhmtu` cd`btăţbb rhprhzbmtă prdctbcd bmthrmă d irjdmbzdţbb`ir phmtru d dsbjurd prieush řb shrvbcbb ímcimfirkbtdth cu chrbmţh`h c`bhmţb`ir săb. *m sbsthk eh kdmdjhkhmt d` cd`btăţbb chrtbfbcdt, ehkimstrhdzădmjd!dkhmtu` irjdmbzdţbhb phmtru cd`btdth řb sdebsfdchrhd c`bhmtu`ub. +mcrhehrhd ím cdpdcbtdthd eh d furmbzd prieush eh cd`btdth d umhb irjdmbzdţbb hsth prhkbzd eh gdză phmtru i ciiphrdrh fructidsă. #d`btdthd, chhd ch

 ímshdkmă cd`btdthd prichsh`ir řb d rhzu`tdth`ir, hsth řb vd fb ímtitehdumd um fdctir eh cikphtbţbh bkpirtdmt, edcămu ch` kd bkpirtdmt. #h`h zhch prbmcbpbb d`h kdmdjhkhmtu`ub cd`btăţbb sumt um kb!`ic eh d irbhmtd irjdmbzdţbd cătrhţh`urb`h pripush řb eh d íkgumătăţbb ím kie cimtbmuu phrfirkdmţh`h"

- +mehp`bmbrhd pi`btbcbb řb d igbhctbvh`ir irjdmbzdţbhb"- #)řtbjdrhd ímcrhehrbb c`bhmţb ir"- #rhřthrhd sdebsfdcţbhb c`bhmţb ir"- +kguătăţbrhd cimtbmuă d phrfirkdmţhb jhmhrd`h"- Dedptdrhd dctbvă řb sbsthkdtbcă `d kiebfbcărb`h cimebţbb`ir pbhţhb"- &debsfdchrhd c bhmţb`ir"- +kgumătăţbrhd phrfirkdmţhb"

- rdmspdrhmţd řb hfbcbhmţd . Dp`bcdrhd prbmcbpbb`ir kdmdjhkhmtu`ub cd`btăţbb, mu kdb că deuchd ghmhfbcbb ebrhcth, edr dsbjură ím dch`dţb tbkp i

cimtrbguţbh shkmbfbcdtbvă d kdmdjkhmtu` cisturb`ir řb rbscurb`ir. #imsbehrdţbb`h kdmdjhkhmtu`ub ghmhfbcbb`ir,cisturb`ir řb rbscurb`ir sumt bkpirtdmth phmtru irjdmbzdţbh, c`bhmţb dchsthbd řb d`th irjdmbskh bmthrhsdth. #imtri`u`

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

cd`btăţbb prieush`ir ířb jăshřth c)kpu` eh dcţbumh ím tidth eikhmbb`h phmtru d vhrbfbcd edcă dctbvbtăţb`h,phrfirkdmţd, structurd umhb irjdmbzdţbb, cirhspume hxbjhmţh`ir pi`btbcbb ehfbmbth eh ebrhcţbd bkpusă řb ehphrfirkdmţh`h ím kdthrbh eh cd`btdth d`h irjdmbzdţbhb, ím vhehrhd căutărbb tuturir sursh`ir pithmţbd`h eh dkh`birdrh.

 Dchdstă dgiredrh drdtă că ebdjmistbcu` dciphră h`dgirdrhd pi`btbcbb řb d igbhctbvh`ir cd`btăţbb, u`tbku` h`hkhmt d`prichsu`ub strdthjbc řb, rhsphctbv, prbku` h`hkhmt d` prichsu`ub cd`btăţbb.

 Dstfh`, cimtri`u` cd`bţăţbb prieush`ir pidth dciphrbb"- Dmd`bzd cup`u`ub prieus-c`bhmt, phmtru d kăsurd dehcvdrhd prbku`ub `d mhvib`h ch`ub eh-d` eib`hd /mhvib

bmtrbmshcb řb hxtrbmshcb>. Dchdstă dmd`bză hsth d frimtbhrd ebdjmistbcu`ub strdthjbc(- Dptbtuebmhd shrvbcbb`ir kdr4htbmj řb cikhrcbd` eh d ehthrkbmd mhvib`h pbhţbb, bmstrukhmth`h eh dp`bcdrh `d

dchst mbvh` řb rhzu`tdth`h igţbmuth(- Dmd`bzd rh`dţbb`ir cu furmbzirb řb sugfurmbzirb phmtru d dprhcbd mhcimfirkbtăţb`h řb c)řtbjurb`h pithmţbd`h eh

cikphtbtbvbtdth(- 7umcţbimdrhd shrvbcbu`ub eh dprivbzbimdrh ím rdpirt cu rhspimsdgb`btdthd sd dsuprd cd`btăţbb furmbturb`ir

hxthrbidrh(- Dmd`bzd irjdmbzărbb bmthrmh ím prbvbmţd ehkhrsu`ub cd`btdth-prieus, dřd cuk d fist prhzhmtdtă, debcă ebm

pumct eh vhehrh d` cimtri`u`ub pribhctărbb, prichsh`ir řb shrvbch-u`ub, edr řb ím prbvbmţd fumcţbimărbbshrvbcbb`ir mukbth eh susţbmhrhd prieucţbhb /khtieă, ímtrhţbmhrh> řb d`h shvbcbb`ir dekbmbstrdtbvh/phrsimd`, fbmdmcbdr,htc>(

- #hrchtdrhd tuturir mhcimfirkbtăţb`ir řb prig`hkh`ir sbtudth `d bmthrfhrhmţh`h ebmtrh mbvh`urb`h prhzhmtdth

kd ímdbmth řb kdb d`hs ímtrh shrvbcbb. 3hcimfirkbtăţb`h ímtrh shrvbcbb sumt trdtdth ím dmd`bzh`hirjdmbzdţbimd`h cdrh h prbvhsc.

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

  Eh+bmbţbd cimtri`u`ub rieusu`ub

Eh+bmbţbh Eikhmbu

Ch 2ţb

riumh;

 Dcţbumh eh bmvhstbjdrh.

Cbmh; $ phrsidmă /sdu um jrup ehphrsidmh>.

'mthrmă sdu hxthrmă eikhmbu`ub rhsphctb, edr ím irbchcdz" cikphthmţă řb igbhctbvă.

Xmeh; 5d i irjdmbzdţbh. &bsthk, dctbvbtdth, ímtrhprbmehrh, uzbmă, dekbmbstrdţbh.

&du d i pdrth ebm hd. Dth`bhr,shrvbcbu,fumcţbh, prichs, prieus, prichehu,kdřbmă, th%mbcă, sicbd`, fbmdmcbdr.

!ci; &ă sh dmd bzhzh cirh`dţbd sd. Dehcvdrh, dptbtuebmh eh fumcţbimdrh, hfbcdcbtdth.

&ă hvbehmţbhzh mhcimfirkbtăţb`h řbcduzh`h

^rig`hkd, ebfbcu`tdthd, g`icd!u`.

&ă pripumă um p`dm eh dcţbumhpitrbvbt.

&i`uţbb, dcţbumb cirhctbvh sdu eh dkh`birdrh,ehkhrsurb, khtieh, htc.

Cuk; *tb`bz)me khtieh`h řb bmstrukhmth`hdedptdth řb gdz)meu-sh ph umrhfhrhdmţbd`.

h%mbcă, dmd`bză eh edth řb bmfirkdţbb, cikumbcdrh,kieh`, rhfhrbmţă rhcumiscută.

Ehc`dmřdrh-

8h cătrh i dutirbtdth cikphthmtă. 8bm bmthrbiru` irjdmbzdţbhb, fdctir eh ehcbzbh,rhspimsdgb` cu ehkhrsu` rhsphctbv.

^hmtru kitbvh prhvhmtbvh sducurdtbvh.

6hrbfbcdrh prhvhmtbvă, c%hc4-up sdu ím urkd umhbprig`hkh, d cimstdtărbb umhb prig`hkh, d cimstdtărbbumhb ehvbhrb, hrirb, ebsfumcţbimd`btăţb, jrhřh`b, pdmă,cimf`bcth.

3$:"<.'mvhstbjdrh" shkmbfbcă chrchtdrhd cimtbmuă řb sbsthkdtbcă.2. &bsthk.?.#ihrhmţă"dchdstă miţbumh trbkbth d dmd`bză dehvdtărbb ímtrh"

• igbhctbvh řb cimthxth /sdu khebu ímcim!urătir >(• igbhvtbvh řb cdrdcthrbstbcb bmthrmh(• igbhctbvh řb kb!`idch dp`bcdth(• kb!`idch`h ímsăřb(• rhzu`tdth`h igţbmuth řb rhzu`tdth`h pisbgb`h.

1.^`dmu` eh dcţbumh sh rhfhră `d cduzh`h prig`hkh`ir edr řb `d cimebţbb`h eh khebu cdrh fdvirbzhdzăhfbcdcbtdthd dcţbumb`ir.

0.Whfhrhmţbd`u`" trhgubh să fbh c)t kdb firkd`bzdt pisbgb`.

;.Dutirbtdth" d> pidth fb hxthrmă eikhmbu`ubstuebdt, edr cu dcireu` hxp`bcbt d` bhrdr%bhb iphrdţbimd`h(  g> ehc`dmřdrhd pidth fb spimtdmă, fără d`t kitbv ehc)t prhvhmbrhd, sdu ebm cimtră, să sh

fdcă ím urkd umir bmcbehmth.

Bmstrukhmth`h cimtri`u`ub rieush`ir řb ehkhrsu` bmvhstbjdţbhb

^hmtru cd bmvhstbjdţbd să-řb dtbmjă scipu` trhgubh cd "- să fbh cikumbcdth prbmcbpd`h`h th%mbcb eh bmvhstbjdrh ch phrkbt igţbmhrhd eh bmfirkdţbb /dstfh` ímc)t să

mu sh ikbtă mbkbc ím chrchtdrhd bmfirkdţbb`ir, să sh vhrbfbch cd`btdthd řb prhcbzbd `ir, să sh trdjă cimc`uzbbutb`bzdgb`h>(

- să fbh ehfbmbtă utb`btdthd řb `bkbth`h bmstrukhmth`ir ebdjmistbcu`ub(- să sh prhzbmth um ehkhrs tbp, eh rhd`bzdrh d umub ebdjmistbc.

h%mbcb`h eh hxphrtbzdrh sumt ut`bzdgb`h, dt)t ím cursu` duebturb`ir, c)t řb d` cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd ehkdřbmb.

!

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

  Bmstrukhmth`h eh h=hrtb4drh3bkbc mu ím`icubhřth um cimtdct ebrhct cu thrhmu`, kdb d`hs c)me hsth virgd eh d igshrvd um kie eh

fumcţbimdrh, dedptdrhd idkhmb`ir `d dmukbth firkh eh th%mbcă /sdu eh irjdmbzdrh>, dp`bcdrhd umub cimshkm /sdud umhb pricheurb>.$gshrvdţbd phrkbth scidthrhd ím hvbehmţă d cikpimhmth`ir, sbtudţbb ph cdrh d`th firkh eh cimtri`d` prieusu`ub m-dr fb putut s-i hvbehmţbhzh mbcbiedtă. $gshrvdrhd phrkbth să sh bd cimtdct cu khebu`, să shphrchdpă i dkgbdmţă, să sh fb`khzh um cderu. +m jhmhrd`, igshrvdţbd pidth `ud kdb ku`th firkh, fumcţbh ehstdebu` stuebu`ub.

  Dmd`b4d eicukhmtdră#imstă ebm igţbmhrhd eh bmfirkdţbb dv)me `d ebspizbţbh eicukhmth`h ph cdrh `h pisheă irjdmbzdţbd. Dchdstă

firkă eh bmvhstbjdţbh hsth ímtitehdumd fidrth gijdtă. :d phrkbth firkdrhd umhb ipbmbb dsuprd stărbb rhd`h dirjdmbzdţbhb. Dchdstă dmd`bză hsth bmebsphmsdgb`ă ím dstfh` eh ehkhrsurb. Dmd`bzd eicukhmtdră íkgijăţhřth tidthch`h`d`th th%mbcb ehscrbsh ím dchst cdpbti`. Dmd bzd eicukhmtdră pidth `ud kdb ku`th firkh ebmtrh cdrh sumtprhzhmtdth eidr eiuă.

Dmd`b4d bhsh`ir h=bsthmth 2m irjdmb4dţbh

:sth pitrbvbt să sh bmstd`hzh tidth pbhsh`h hxbsthmth, să fbh cikumbcdth řb, hvbehmt , să fbh cbtbth cu dthmţbh. &h ímt)kp`ă fidrth rdr să sh jăshdscă eicukhmth prhcbsh řb ehtd`bdth dsuprd mhcikfirkbtăţb ir igshrvdth. Dstfh`, umbmvhstbjdtir bmsufbcbhmt hxphrbkhmtdt vd dvhd thmebmţd să ebspumă eh tidth eicukhmth`h df`dth ím eisdru` său.ituřb h` mu vd fi`isb kdb ku`t eh ?=9 p)mă `d 1=9 ebm dchsthd, phmtru cimc`uzbb`h fbmd`h.

Dmd`b4d bhsh`ir eh 2mtickbt

 +m cdzu` ebdjmistbcu`ub cd`btăţbb, hvd`udrhd h dchhd ch sh mukhřth cisturb`h mimcd`btăţbb prhsupumh să shebspumă eh i bmfirkdţbh bkpirtdmtă.#d urkdrh, hsth mhchsdr cd bmfirkdţbd să fbh cimstbtubtă ph gdzdeicukhmth`ir eh ímrhjbstrdrh, dchdstd fbbme i pdrth bkpirtdmtă d kumcbb eh ebdjmistbcdrh řb pidth `ud ku`tbp`hfirkh, put)meu-sh dp`bcd d tidth mhcimfirkbtăţb`h.

Bmjbmhrbd rbscu`ub

$bscu` eh dvdrbh d` umhb cikpimhmth bmeustrbd`h dsth ehfbmbt cd fbbme pithmţbd`u` eh chedrh d cikpihmthb /ehrhju`ă prbm ruphrhd sdu ehfirkdrhd hxchsbvă>. &ithmţbd`u` eh ruhrh d cikimhmthb hsth ím str)msă `hjătură curdtd eh chedrh sdu frhjvhmţd eh rhd`bzdrh d cheărbb cikpimhmthb. Cimshcbmţh`h cheărbb sumt `hjdth ehprigdgb`btdthd cimebţimd`ă d umub dccbehmt jrdv edtă fbbme prieuchrhd cheărbb.

 WBSCX@( Cimshcbmţd

Ubkpu`∗umbtdr );(  Hvhmbkhmtu`

Ubkpu`∗umbtdr )√Shvhrbtdthd( Cimshcbmţd

Ubkpu`∗umbtdr )

:vd`udrhd frhjvhmţhb rbscu`ub sh fdch ph gdzd"

- 'mfhrhmţhb /eheucţbhb> stdtbstbch (- ^rhebcţbb prigdgb bsth .

Ehthctdrhd řb b4i`drhd eh+hcth`ir 2m sbsthkh`h ebmdkbch

*m ehfhct sh ehfbmhřth cd "i ehvbdţbh mhphrkbsă d umhb pripbhtăţb cdrdcthrbstbch ch euch `d bmdgb`btdthd ímehp`bmbrbb scipu`ub prieus.^hmtru prig`hkd ehthctărbb řb bzi`ărbb ehfhcth`ir ím sbsthkh ebmdkbch du fist pripushkdb ku`th dgireărb bmc`uz)me utb`bzdrhd drgirb`ir eh ehfhctdrh, fb`trh Nd`kdm, igshrvdtirb, htc.

Ebdjmi4d eh+hcth`ir

*m ehfhct cduzhdză i ehjrdedrh ím cikpirtdrhd sbsthku`ub edr mu cimeuch mhdpărt `d i căehrh titd`ă dbmstd`dmţbhb.&bsthku` pidth să fumcţbimhzh `d um mbvh` kdb scăzut, kitbv phmtru cdrh, căehrhd sh pidth prieuchedcă ehfhctu` mu hsth ehthctdt `d tbkp.^drţb`h umub sbsthk eh kimbtirbzdrh d ehfhcth`ir sumt"

- 8hthctdrhd ehfhctu`ub, rhprhzbmtă d eiud sdrcbmă d ebdjmizhb ehfhctu`ub( dchdstd ímshdkmă ehthctdrhdtrdeuctiru`ub sdu d h`hkhmtu`ub eh hxhcuţbh cdrh prhzbmtă ehfhct(

"

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

- 'zi`drhd ehfhctu`ub( rhprhzbmtă d eiud pdrth d ebdjmizhb ehfhctu`ub(ímshkm)me ehthctdrhd trdeuctiru`ubsdu d h`hkhmtu`ub eh hxhcuţbh cdrh prhzbmtă ehfhct(

- &bmthzd cikhmzb`ir ím cimebţbimdrhd ehfhctu`ub cdrh trhgubh să dsbjurh fbdgb`btdthd sbsthku`ub.

Ehthctdrhd řb b4i`drhd eh+hctu`ub

!bsthku` eh khmthmdmţă euă mhchsbtdthd 9 h 3d4ă eh ebdjmistbc

 +m scipu` rhd`bzărbb umub mbvh` ímd`t eh fbdgb btdth řb d umhb ebspimbgb`btăţb iptbkh d prieush`ir rhd`bzdth, shdprhcbdză că hxbstă eiuă sbsthkh eh khmthmdmţă" prhvhmbtă řb cirhctbvă. Khmthmdmţd prhvhmtbvă hsth c`dsbfbcdtă

 ím trhb cdthjirbb " curdtbvă řb pd`bdtbvă. hmthmdmţd eupă mhchsbtdth fdch pdrth ebm khmthmdmţd cirhctbvă( hd sh kdbmukhřth řb khmthmdmţd pd`bdtbvă řb cimstă ebm dctbvbtăţb eh khmthmdmţă cirhctbvă ehstbmdth d phrkbth umub kb!`iceh prieucţbh ímehp`bmbrhd bmthjrd`ă sdu pdrţbd`ă d fumcţbb`ir sd`h.

8bm prdctbcd hxp`idtărbb kdřbmb`ir cikp`hxh d rhbhřbt fdptu` că, sh bkpumh d`hjhrhd umub sbsthk kbxt ehkhmthmdmţă cdrh să cimţbmă dt)t `ucrărb / iphrdţbumb > eh khmthmdmţă prhvhmtbvă c)t řb cirhctbvă.

#

M

Hstbkdrh

EhfhctdrhKieh` eh fumcţbimdrh

mirkd`ăIshrvdrh prichs

^richsX   R 

$ieh`drh

Hstbkdrh

Jhmhrdrh?

-hrirb eh shkmd`1

-rhkdmhmţh1

%hcb&bd eh

eh'hctdrh

(hkmăturdEhcbbh ehfhcţbumh

eh'hcţbu

%bd)mistb

c prbvbme

eh'hcţbum

Cdu&d

eh'hcţbumb

$ărbkhd

eh'hctu`ub

*icdţbd

eh'hctu`ub

 Ubkpu` eh eh'hctdrh Ubpu`

Ebd!mistbcu`

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

 Dchst miu sbsthk d rhzu`tdt ebm mhchsbtdthd rheuchrbb c%h`tbh`b`ir titd`h eh khmthmdmţă /#> sprh cisturb`hkbmbkh /#kbm> edr cu khmţbmhrhd umub mbvh` eh fbdgb`btdth dcchptdgb`, vhzb fbjurd eh kdb sus.#imfirk jrdfbcu`ub ebmfbjură, cu c)t vi`uku` `ucrărb`ir eh khmtdmdmţă prhvhmtbvd /^>, mu sh vd d!umjh mbcbiedtă `d vd`idrhd eh <==9 dfumcţbhb eh fbdgb`btdth W/t>. &h pidth igshrvd că, phmtru um dshkhd mbvh` eh fbdgb`btdth c%h`tubh`b`h tbme ím kie

dsbkptitbv sprh ∝ .

 Dřdedr, mu hsth rdţbimd` să sh dxdjhrhzh cu dp`bcdrhd umub vi`uk prhd kdrh eh ucrărb eh khmthmdmţăprhvhmtbvă ím ehtrbkhmtu` khmthmdmţhb cirhctbvh /#>.8bm dchhdřb fbjură rhzu`tă că, ph kăsură ch scde c%h`tubh`b`hphmtru khmthmdmţă prhvhmtbvă, crhsc ch`h ehstbmdth khmthmdmţhb cirhctbvh.8dcă sh deumă cisturb`h

cirhspumzătidrh ch`ir eiuă cdthjirbb eh khmthmdmţă rhzu`tă curgd c%h`tubh`b`ir titd`h /#

> eh khmthmdmţă. $pi`btbcă rdţbimd`ă ím dchst eikhmbu mh ig`bjă să rheuchk c%h`tubh`b`h titd`h eh khmthmdmţă. 8bm jrdfbcu` prhzhmtdtrhzu`tă că, edcă sh kbcřirhdză c%htubh`b`h titd`h eh khmthmdmţă řb ăm prbku` r)me ch`h cirhspumzătidrhkhmthmdmţhb prhvhmtbvh, fbdgb`btdthd prieush`ir .

#iţbumb rbvbme ruhrhd kdthrbd`h`ir 

Khcdmbskh`h +b4bch d`h muc`hdţbhb řb ridjărbb ruhrbb

#drdcthrbstbcd chd kdb bkpirtdmtă d kdthrd`h`ir khtd`bch i rhprhzbmtă structurd dchstird. htd`h`hcrbstd`bzhdză ch` kdb frhcvhmt ím urkătidrh`h tbpurb eh rhţh`h"

d> cugbcă cu fhţh chmtrdth /#7#>(g> cugbcă cu vi`uk chmtrdt /#6#>(

c> %hxdjimd` cikpdct /8>.

+

   C   l  h   `   t  u   b  h   `   b

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,bd-b`btdth

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

Whţh`h`h cugbch sumt cdrdcthrbzdth prbm cimstdmtd rhţh`hb d> , ch cirhspumeh cimstdmţhb /`umjbkhd `dturbb

ch`u`hb cugbch h`hkhmtdrh>.Whţh`h`ir %hxdjimd`h cikpdcth h sumt dsicbdth eiuă cimstdmth" d>  - ebstdmţd

bmthrdtikbcă ím spdţbu` gdzd`, řb c>  - ebstdmţd ímtrh p`dmh`h gdzd`h. 3ukăru` eh dtikb ebmtr-i rhţhd ch rhvbmh umhb

ch`u`h h`hkhmtdrh ehfbmhřth mukăru` eh ciireimdrh.8upă pdrbcu`drbtăţb`h rhţh`hb řb d`h dcţbumb``ir hxthrbidrh /si`bcbtdrh, thkphrdtură hct.> crbstd`h`h sh pit ehfirkd

cd urkdrh d umubd ebmtrh urkătidrh`h prichsh " d`umhcdrh, kdc`drh, pbhrehrhd stdgb`btăţbb.'mstd`drhd kieu`ub ehehfirkdrh prbm d`umhcdrhd sdu kdc`drh hsth juvhrmdtă eh fh`u` ím cdrh thmsbumb tdmjhmţbd`h crbtbch vdrbdză cuthkphrdturd. 5d rhţh`h`h #6#, thmsbumhd crbtbcă phmtru d`umhcdrhd crhřth puthrmbc iedtă cu scăehrhdthkphrdturbb, ím tbkp ch thmsbumhd crbtbcă eh kdc`drh hsth rh`dtbv bmshmsbgb`ă `d vdrbdţbd thkphrdturbb.

Fbj. Vdrbdţbd thmsbumbb eh d`umhcdrh cu thkphrdturd

 Dstfh`, `d thkphrdturb scăzuth, c)me G U e , thmsbumhd eh kdc`drh hsth kdb kbcă ehc)t thmsbumhd eh

d`umhcdrh řb cd urkdrh kdc`drhd hsth kieu` prhfhrdt eh ehfirkdrh. 5d U =U e , thmsbumhd eh d`umhcdrh hsth kdb

kbcă ehc)t thmsbumhd eh kdc`drh, dstfh` că d`umhcdrhd sh bmstd`hdză cd kie prhfhrdt eh ehfirkdrh.

5d rhţh`h`h #7#, thmsbumhd crbtbcă eh kdc`drh hsth rbebcdtă, dstfh` ímc)t dchst kie eh ehfirkdrh trhch prdctbcmhigshrvdt. Whţh`h`h # sh ehfirkhdză uřir prbm kdc`drh ímtr-um eikhmbu `drj eh thkphrdturb.

^bhrehrhd stdgb`btăţbb dpdrh `d si`bcbtdrhd eh cikprhsbumh d crbstd`h`ir %hxdjimd`h eupă i ebrhcţbh pdrd`h`ă cup`dmu` gdzd`. $ dstfh` eh ehfirkdrh sh `bkbthdză mukdb `d i rhjbumh d crbstd`u`ub, rhjbumh cdrh trhch grusc ímtr-ipizbţbh ímc`bmdtă. Cimd ehfirkdtă hsth cumiscută ím `bthrdturd eh sphcbd`btdth sug ehmukbrhd eh gdmeă ”abmj   .

6

:cr

$$

υ cr (kdc`drh )

υ cr (d`umhcdrh)

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'(M' 

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

Fbj- !bhrehrhd stdgb`btăţbb ghmzb`ir eh d`umhcdrh

^richsu` cdrh urkhdză eupă ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă hsth ruphrhd. 5d mbvh` kbcristructurd` sh ebstbmj eiuă kieurb

fumedkhmtd`h eh ruphrh" prbm shpdrdrh sdu c`bvdrh řb prbm firfhcdrh."uphrhd prbm shpdrdrh sdu c`bvdrh bkp`bcbtă ehsfdchrhd hjăturb`ir bmthrdtikbch phrphmebcu`drh ph p`dmh`h

crbstd`ijrdfbch dv)me `hjăturb`h ch`h kdb s`dgh E p`dmh eh shpdrdţbh sdu c`bvdrh E sug dcţbumhd cikpimhmth`irmirkd`h d`h thmsbumb`ir.

"uphrhd prbm firfhcdrh hsth `icd`bzdtă ím p`dmh`h fdvirdgb`h d`umhcărbb, debcă ím p`dmh`h eh kdrh cikpdctbtdth,fbbme i cimshcbmţă d ruphrbb `djăturb`ir ím dchsth p`dmh.

#iţbumhd eh +irţă eh cih4bumh thirhtbcă- Crbstd`u` hr+hct-

^richsu` eh ruphrh pidth fb dmd`bzdt fbh eh `d scdră kbcriscipbcă /scdră dtikbcă> fbh `d scdră kdcriscipbcă

/ebkhmsbumhd rhsphctbvă d fbsurbb>. 5d mbvh` kbcriscipbc fbsurdrhd drh `ic prbm ruphrhd `hjăturb`ir ebm dpridph ímdpridph. 8dcă fbsurd sh pripdjă eupă um p`dm phrphmebcu`dr ph ebrhcţbd eh si`bcbtdrh dpdrh thmebmţd eh c`bvd! bdredcă fbsurdrhd drh `ic eupă um p`dm pdrd`h` cu ebrhcţbd eh si`bcbtdrh dpdrh thmebmţd eh d`umhcdrh /firfhcdrh pură>.

 +m cdzu` umub crbstd` phrfhct /fără ehfhcth> sh pit ehthrkbmd thmsbumb`h thirhtbch eh ruphrh prbm c`bvd! sdu prbmd`umhcdrh. 5d kdthrbd`h trdsh ím fbrh /euctb`h> ruphrhd hsth prhchedtă eh i bkpirtdmţă ehfirkdţbh p`dstbcă, edcăhxbstă, răk)mh `bkbtdtă /`icd`bzdtă> eh igbchb ím !uru` ehfhcth`ir, bdr ruphrhd sh prieuch dtumcb c)me thmsbumhddp`bcdtă dtbmjh vd`idrhd crbtbcă.

Whzbsthmţd thirhtbcă eh ruphrh d kdthrbd`h`ir hsth ehthrkbmdtă eh bmthmsbtdthd firţh`ir dtikbch eh cihzbumh. Dchdstd rhzu`tă ebm hc%b`bgru` d eiuă dcţbumb cu hfhcth ipush" dtrdcţbd ebmtrh dtikb ch rhzu`tă ebm stdrhd scăzutăeh hmhrjbh d h`hctrimb`ir eh vd`hmţă řb rhspbmjhrhd dtikb`ir cd i cimshcbmţă d prbmcbpbu`ub eh hxc`uzbumh d `ub^du`b. Dchsth hfhcth sh kdthrbd`bzhdză prbm firţh`h eh dtrdcţbh řb ch`h eh rhspbmjhrh, cdrh vdrbdză cu ebstdmţd

bmthrdtikbcă d> . 6drdţbd dchstir firţh hsth b`ustrdtă ím fbjurd eh kdb !is. 7irţh`h eh `djătură bmthrdtikbcă dpdr cd

rhzu`tdtu` bmthrdcţbumbb p`dmh ebmtrh dtikb.

<2

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

 

Fbj-Vdrbdţbd firţhb eh `djătură cu ebstdmţd bmthrdtikbcă

7bh um kdthrbd` ikijhm, kimifdzbc řb fără ehfhcth. +m kdthrbd`h`h crbstd`bmh ruphrhd frdjb`ă sh prieuch ímjhmhrd` ím `umju` p`dmh`ir crbstd`ijrdfbch prhcbsh mukbth p`dmh eh c`bvd!. +m kie igbřmubt dchsthd sumt p`dmh cu

 ímd`tă ehmsbtdth dtikbcă. hmsbumhd thirhtbcă mhchsdră cdrh trhgubh dp`bcdtă phmtru d puthd privicd ruphrhd,phrphmebcu`dr ph ebrhcţbd eh si`bcbtdrh.5uăk um kieh` dtikbc ím fbjurd eh kdb !is ím cdrh p`dmh`h dtikbch

/DH#8...> E /   D,G,C , E

,…¹ sh df`ă `d ebstdmţd e, supus umhb thmsbumb eh trdcţbumh F.

Fbj- #`bvd$u`  umub crbstd` phrfhct 

8hp`ds)me p`dmh`h dtikbch ímtr-i ebrhcţbh mirkd`ă ph dchdstd cu d!utiru` thmsbumbb F, sh cimstdtă că

thmsbumhd thirhtbcă eh c`bvd!  t   rhprhzbmtă thmsbumhd mhchsdră phmtru d ruph `hjpturb`h dtikbch d`h umhb

suprdfhţh umbtdrh df`dtă ímtr-um p`dm eh c`bvd!. ^uthk prhsupumh că thmsbumhd

 t 

 cirhspumeh firţhb 7 chdcţbimhdză dsuprd phrhc%b`ir eh dtikb D-DJ, H-HJ, #-#J, 8-8J, :-:J, 7-7J sbtudţb eh i pdrth řb eh d`td d p`dmu`ub ehcc`bvd! L-LJ řb că firţd 7 mhchsdră phmtru d privicd ruphrhd hsth behmtbcă cu chd phmtru d shpdrd i phrhc%h ehdtikb. Dchdstă bpitdză mhj`b!hdză bmthrdcţbumhd cdrh hxbstă ímtrh dtiku` H /um hxhkp`u> řb dtikbb ímvhcbmdţb D řb #.

<<

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

&btudţb ím dchhdřb pdrth d p`dmu`ub eh c`bvd! L-LJ. :mhrjbd eh `hjătură * řb firţd  " ;eX 

e#  ím fumcţbh eh ebstdmţd x

ebmtrh dtikbb D-DJ /um hxhkp`u> drh firkd jhmhrd`ă bmebcdtă ím fbjură.

Fbj- %mhrjbd eh `hjătrură &b firţd 'mtr(i phrhc)h eh dtikb 'm fumcţbh eh ebstdmţă

 +m fbjură eh kdb !is hsth rhprhzhmtdtă vdrbdţbd eh cihzbumh F ím fumcţbh eh ehfirkdţbd B d rhţh`hb.

Fbj- #urgd thmsbumh(ehfirkdţbh *+(-

:mhrjbd titd`ă ch trhgubh furmbzdtă phmtru cd ebstdmţd ebmtrh eib dtikb să tbmeă `d bmfbmbt hsth X > . +m chhd ch

prbvhřth ruphrhd umub si`be, hmhrjbd sticdtă ím kdthrbd` /hmhrjbd h`dstbcă> hsth kdb kbcă sdu hjd`ă cu hmhrjbdmhchsdră phmtru firkdrhd d eiuă mib suprdfhţh crhdth prbm fbsurdrh. 7irţh`h eh `hjătură bmthrdtikbcă dpdr cdrhzu`tdmtd firţh`ir eh dtrdcţbh řb eh rhspbmjhrh. ^izbţbd eh hc%b`bgru, cdrh sh stdgb`hřth `d ebstdmţd bmthrdtikbcăecirhspumeh firţhb rhzu`tdmth mu`h. &hpdrdrhd d eib dtikb prhsupumh scidthrhd `ir ebm pizbţbd eh hc%b`bgru prbmkiefbcdrhd ebstdmţhb x ch sh pidth rhd`bzd prbm dp`bcdrhd umhb firţh hxthrbidrh cdrh să ímvbmjă firţh`h eh `hjătură

bmthrdtikbcă. 8dcă firţd hxthrbidră dp`bcdtă hsth kdb kbcă ehc)t  " kd# , `d ímchtdrhd dcţbumbb dchsthbd dtikbb rhvbm

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7/31/2019 Controlul Produselor in Constuctia de Masini

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

`d pizbţbd eh hc%`bgru /prichs rhvhrsbgb` h`dstbc>. &h cimstdtă fdptu` că, eupă ch d fist dtbmsă firţd kdxbkă, phmtru

kărbkhd ím cimtbmudrh d ebstdmţhb ebmtrh dtikb hsth mhchsdră i firţă kdb kbcă ehc)t  " kd# .

-  ; " 

e7 ,

4

e7  fbbme mukăru` eh `djăturb dtikbch eh tbp D-DJ ph umbtdthd eh suprdfdţă ebm p`dmu` eh c`bvd!(

- %;

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e

^dmtd bmbţbd`ă d dchsthb curgh hsth hjd`ă cu kieu`u` `ub Oiumj. ^hmtru d ehthrkbmd  t   vik prhsupumh i

firkă dprixbkdtbv sbmusibed`ă phmtru curgd F-B edtă eh `hjhd "

 ; t sbm 7 &%

 !

 ím cdrh A hsth phrbided fumcţbhb sbmusibed`h. 5d ehp`dsărb x kbcb vir rhzu`td řb ehfirkdţbb F kbcb. +m dchsth

cimebtbb sh pidth fdch dprixbkdrhd sbm % ' %  dstfh` ímc)t rh`dţbd ehvbmh"

 ; t 7&%

 !

 +m eikhmbu` ehfirkdţb`ir kbcb hsth vd`dgb`ă `hjhd `ub ii4h, rhsphctbv"

 ;%∗ H

 !; t 7& 

 H

 +m prichsu` eh shpdrh /ehp`dsdrhd> d dtikb`ir, thmsbumhd dp`bcdtă hfhctuhdză um `ucru khcdmbc 5, d cărub

vd`idrh dsth edtă eh drbd cuprbmsă sug curgd sbmusibed`ă thmsbumh-ehfirkdţbh ímtrh `bkbth`h % ϸ Q>,  !7 [ "

 @;e∡>

 !

7

( t sbm 7 &%

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5ucru` khcdmbc , 5, hfhctudt eh cătrh thmsbumhd dp`bcdtă sh rhjăshřth ím hmhrjbd suphrfbcbd`ă d ch`ir eiuă mib

suprdfhţh crhdth prbm ehcizbumh" 5   ¹7 ) s  ím cdrh ) s  rhprhzbmtă hmhrjbd suphrfbbd`ă ph umbtdthd eh suprdfdţă.

7 ) s;7 t 

7e

 H  eh umeh sh eheuch"

 t ;

∟) s He

&h cimstdtă fdptu` că rhzbsthmţd thirhtbcă eh ruphrh hsth ehthrkbmdtă eh trhb kdrbkb fbzbch" e, : řb ) s . Dchsth

kărbkb pit fb hvd`udth ph gdzd prbmcbpbb`ir eh gdză d`h fbzbcbb si`beu`ub sdu pit fb ehthrkbmdth hxphrbkhmtd`.

:xprhsbd d fist igţbmută cimsbehr)me mukdb hmhrjbd eh bmthrdcţbumh ímtrh phrhc%b`h eh dtikb sbtudţb eh i pdrth

řb eh d`td d p`dmu`ub eh c`bvd!. &h pit igţbmh hxprhsbb dshkămătidrh phmtru  t   edcă sh bdu ím cimsbehrdrh řb

hmhrjbb`h eh `hjătură cu dtikb kdb ehpărtdţb, df`dţb `d umd, eiuă, trhb, htc ebstdmţh bmthrdkbch.

 ;∟) s H

e  sbm

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 )^hmtru d hxhp`bfbcd ch`h eh kdb sus, să cd`cu`ăk rhzbsthmţd thirhtbcă `d ruphrh d umub iţh` phmtru cdrh sh

cumisc"

<3

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

- kieu`u` eh d`hstbcbtdth imjbtuebmd`,  H;74*4>5  + 

kk7 (

- hmhrjbd suphrfbcbd`ă ) s;4>∗6  

kk7 (

- ebstdmţd bmthrdtikbcă" e;7,8 *4>∗4>

kk

#imfirk rh`dţbb`ir, thmsbumhd thirhtbcă eh ruphrh vd fb"  t ;7<,2< *4>3   + 

kk7 . 8bm dchst hxhkp`u sh cimstdtă fdptu`

că thmsbumhd thirhtbcă `d ruphrh d umub iţh` ehpăřhřth cu ku`t rhzbsthmţd `d ruphrh  Wk  ehthrkbmdtă hxphrbkhmtd`

prbmtr-i ímchrcdrh eh trdcţbumh. ^isbgb`h cduzh d`h dchstub rhzu`tdt sumt urkătidrh`h"

- ch kdb kdrh pdrth d kdthrbd`h`ir sh cdrdcthrbzhdză prbm dchhd că ehfirkdţbd dpdrh `d um mbvh` scăzut d`thmsbumb`ir dp`bcdth řb ím dch`dřb tbkp prbm ebspdrbţbd cuku`ărbb ehfirkdţbb`ir p`dstbch(

- tidth kdthrbd`h`h, fără hxchpţbh, cimţbm i bmfbmbtdth eh ehfhcth edtirdth kdthrbd`u`ub ímsuřb c)t řb prh`ucrărb`ir`d cdrh dchstd hsth ím vhehrhd igţbmhrbb eh prieusu`ub fbmbt.

Cikirtdkhmtu` rhd` d` kdthrbd`h`ir- #iţbumhd eh eh+hct-

'mebfhrhmt eh tbpu` ruphrbb, frdjb`h /ruphrh prbm c`bvd!> sdu euctb`h /ruphrh prbm d`umhcdrh>, thmsbumb`h rhd`h ehruphrh sumt ku`t kdb kbcb ehc)t ch`h thirhtbch, cd`cu`dth dmthrbir. ^hmtru hxp`bcdrhd dchstir fhmikhmh trhgubh săbmthrvhmbk cu miţbumhd eh ehfhct řb ím prbmcbpd` cu chd eh ehfhct `bmbdr /ebs`icdţbb> ím cdzu` ehfirkdţbb`ir p`dstbch řbchd eh tbp fbsură /sug firkd @rbffbt%> ím cdzu` ruphrbb frdjb`h.

&-d cimstdt hxphrbkhmtd` că edcă dvhk rdpirtu` t 

υ t =4> , kdthrbd`u` drh i cikpirtdrh euctb`ă řb hsth pisbgb`

să sh ehjrdehzh kdb ehjrdgă edtirbtă umhb curjhrb p`dstbch bkpirtdmth. 8dcă ímsă, ímtrh eiuă thmsbumb sh

stdgb`hřth rh`dţbd  t =υ t  , `d thkphrdturd eh gdză kdthrbd`u` drh i cikpirtdrh prhpimehrhmt frdjb`ă. #h`h eiuă

khcdmbskh, cdrh vir cimeuch ím fbmd` `d ruphrhd kdthrbd`u`ub, mu sumt ímtitehdumd bmehphmehmth" ehp`dsdrhdebs`icdţbb`ir /curjhrhd p`dstbcă> pidth sh prieuch ím jhmhrd` ím vhcbmătdthd suprdfhţh`ir ím cdrh hxbstăkbcriehfhcth dtumcb c)me dchsthd sh pripdjă sug dcţbumhd si`bcbtărbb.

#rbstd`h`h cu um drdm!dkhmt d` pdrtbcu`h`ir cikpimhmth phrbiebc, trbkebkhmsbimd`, phrfhct rhju`dt, mu hxbstă ímrhd`btdth. #rbstd`h`h rhd`h prhzbmtă dgdthrb eh `d dchdstă rhprhzhmtdrh, dgdthrb mukbth ehfhcth. &umt priprbhtăţb d`hcirpurb`ir crbstd`bmh cdrh ehpbme ímtr-i kbcă kăsură eh ehfhcth`h ph cdrh dchsthd `h cimţbm. +m dchdstă cdthjirbhsh bmc`ue" ehmsbtdthd, phrkbtbvbtdthd ebh`hctrbcă, că`eurd sphcbfbcă, priprbhtăţb`h h`dstbch. 8hfhcth`h bmf`ubhmţhdză

 ímsă, ímtr-i kăsură %ităr)tidrh, priprbhtăţb`h cirpurb`ir crbstd`bmh cuk sumt" rhzbsthmţd khcdmbcă, eurbtdthd,rhzb`bhmţd, h`hctricimeuctbvbtdthd. 8hfhcth`h, cd dgdthrb eh d crbstd`u` behd`, prbvhsc dt)t drdm!dkhmtu` crbstd`ijrdfbcřb stdrhd pdrtbcu`h`ir cimstbtuhmth d`h rhţh`h`ir crbstd`bmh c)t řb stdrhd h`hctrimb`ir. &h ehishghsc dstfh`" ehfhcthpumctud`h eh rhţhd, ehfhcth `bmdrh /ebs`icdţbb>, ehfhcth eh suprdfdţă, htc.

Khcdmbskh muc`hdţbhb ruhrbb

Wuphrhd kdthrbd`h`ir hsth um fhmikhm cikp`hx d cărhb dpdrbţbh řb ehsfăřurdrh hsth juvhrmdtă eh iku`tbtuebmh eh fdctirb.^richsu` eh ruphrh d kdthrbd`u`ub sh ehsfăřidră m eiuă fdzh"

d> muc`hdţbd kbcrifbsurb`ir ím khcdmbskh ehthrkbmdth eh hc%b`bgru` stdtbc řb ebmdkbc d` ebs`icdţbb`ir(g> ehzvi`tdrhd kbcrifbsurb`ir ím fbsurb kdcriscipbch sdu ăm d`th firkdţbb /ji`urb sdu cdvbtăţb ritum!bth>, prbmpripdjdrh sdu cid`hschmţă.

^rbkd fdză hsth cimtri`dtă eh cikpimhmţd tdmjhmţbd`ă d thmsbumbb ím p`dmh`h fdvirdgb`h kbřcărbb ebs`icdţbb`ir.7dzd d eiud hsth ím prbmcbpd` cimtri`dtă eh cikpimhmtd mirkd`ă d thmsbumbb. Wuphrhd prbm shpdrdrh dpdrh dtumcbc)me ím fdzd d eiud, `d mbvh` kdcriscipbc, sh crhhdză ím cimebţbb`h suprbkărbb ehfirkdţbhb p`dstbch, fbh edtirbtăscăehrbb thkphrdturbb, fbh prbm hfhcth eh mdtură khtd`urjbcă /trdmsfirkărb eh jdzh, shjrhjărb `d `bkbtd jrăumţb`ir>sdu jhikhtrbcă /jrisbkh sdu ebkhmsbumb jhmhrd`h>.

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Wuphrhd euctb`ă hsth cdrdcthrbzdtă prbm ehzvi`tdrhd kbcrifbsurb`ir muc`hdth cd ehfirkdţbh p`dstbcă bmthmsă `dv)rfu` kbcrifbsurb`ir řb urkdtă eh cid`hschmţd cdvbtăţb`ir ím urkd curjhrbb p`dstbch bmstdgb`h řb j)tubrhd eikhmbb`ireh shpdrdţbh ebmtrh cdvbtăţb.

7rhcvhmt sh ímt)`mhřth cdzu` ím cdrh muc`hhdrhd kbcrifbsurb`ir sh fdch prbm khcdmbskh sphcbfbch fhmikhmu`ubeh shpdrdţbh, bdr fdzd eh pripdjdrh d fbsurbb `d mbvh` kdcriscipbc prhzbmtă cdrdcthrbstbcb euctb`h, kdmbsfhstdth prbmehzvi`tdrhd dchstird cdrh, prbm cid`hschmţă, cimeuch d hxtbmehrhd fbsurbb eikbmdmth.

bcrifbsurb`h eh shpdrh, iedtă muc`hdth, sh ehzvi`tă `d i ebkhmsbumh sufbcbhmt eh kdrh phmtru d fb iphrdmtkhcdmbsku` kdcriscipbc j`igd` eh pripdjdrh bmstdgb`ă.

 +m jhmhrd`, ímtr-um djrhjdt pi`bcrbstd bm, ím cdrh ruphrhd hsth bmbţbd`ă prbm ghmzb eh d`umhcdrh sdu prbm kdc`drh,sh pit ebstbmjh trhb fdzh d`h sbsthku`ub eh ruphrh"

d> muc`hdrhd kbcrifbsurb`ir prbm ehfirkdţbh p`dstbcă mhikijhmă, `icd`bzdtă ím urkd cid`hschmţhb ebs icdţbb`irsug dcřbumhd thmsbumbb tdmjhmţbd`h(

g> crhřthrhd bmbţbd`ă d kbcrifbsurbb ím jrăumth`h ím cdrh d fist muc`hdtă sug dcţbumhd cikpimhmthb mirkd`h dthmsbumbb(

c> trhchrhd prbku`ub igstdci` cimstbtubt ebm `bkbth eh jrăumţb, pdrtcu`h eurh ebsphrsh, htc, dchdstă fdză fbbmecimtri`dtă eh dshkhmhd eh cikpimhmtd mirkd`ă d thmsbumbb.

7dzd d> eh bmbţbhrh d kbcrifbsurb`ir d fist dmd`bzdtă ím pdrdjrdfu` dmthrbir. +m cimtbmudrh sh dmd`bzhdză kieu` ímcdrh sh bmthrcimebţbimhdză fdzh`h g> řb c>.

8hzvi`tdrhd ruphrbb prbm shpdrdrh `d mbvh` kbcristructurd` hsth cimtri`dtă eh thmsbumhd mirkd`ă   "  , mhchsdră

phmtru crhřthrhd bmbţbd`ă d kbcrifbsurbb. 8dcă `bkbtd eh curjhrh d kdthrbd`u`ub hsth kdb kbcă ehc)t   "  , dtumcb

ehfirkdţbd jhmhrd`bzdtă ím tidtă kdsd cirpu`ub prhcheh muc`hhrhd řb ehzvi`tă kbcrifbsurb`h prbm shpdrdrh, bdr

prichsu` ruphrbb sh ehzvi`tă eupă khcdmbsku` ruphrbb euctb`h.8dcă   "   hsth kdb kbcă ehc)t `bkbtd eh curjhrh d

kdthrbd`u`ub, dtumcb ruphrhd survbmh ímdbth eh d sh prieuch ehfirkdţbb shkmbfbcdtbvh `d scdră kdcriscipbcă.

&prh ehishgbrh eh ruphrhd prbm shpdrh cdrh dpdrh `d um mbvh` eh thmsbumh gbmh ehfbmbt, ruphrh euctb`ă sh

ehzvi`tă prijrhsbv cu shpdrdrhd fbmd`ă d kdthrbd`u`ub `d thsbumb řb ehfirkdţbb sphcfbch mikbmd`h kdb kdrb ehc)tdch`hd řd cdrh d fist bmbţbd` prichsu`. Dchst kie eh ruphrh sh ehzvi`tă prijrhsbv prbm firkdrhd eh kbcricdvbtăţb ímzimd chmtrd`ă, cdvbtăţb cdrh prbm cid`hschmţă ím zimd j)tubtă cimeuc `d firkdrhd zimhb chmtrd`hd suprdfhţhb ehshpdrdţbh.

 +m prhzhmt sh dekbth fdptu` că kbcricdvbtăţb`h muc`hdză eh igbchb ím !uru` bmc`uzbumb ir mhkhtd`bch,ehsprbmehrhd făc)meu-sh ph bmthrfdţd khtd`-bmc`uzbumh sdu prbm ruphrhd bmc`uzbumbb. 8uctb`btdthd scdeh ph kăsurăch ch sh kărhřth jrdeu` eh trbdxbd`btdth d thmsbumbb, crhřth ehmsbtdthd kbcricdvbtăţbb řb sh kărhřth jrdeu` ehhcrubsdrh. +m prbvbmţd stdebu`ub fbmd` eh ruphr, Chmhr cimsbehră că shpdrdrhd sh `icd`bzhdză ím zimh`h ím cdrh shpidth ehzvi`td i ehfirkdrh hsth íkgămăţbtă prbm crhřthrhd thkphrdturbb, cd urkdrh d ebsbpărbb debdgdtbch d `ucru`ubkhcdmbc eh ehfirkdrh.

7hmikhmu` eh muc`hdţbhb řb cid`hschmţă d kbcricdvbtăţb`ir hsth bkp`bcdt řb ím pripdjdrhd stdgb`ă cu cdrdcthreuctb` d fbsurb`ir. &ug dcţbumhd umub c)kp ikijhm eh thmsbumh F, ím zimd debdchmtă v)rfu`ub fbsurbb, ím cimebţbb`hehfirkărbb p`dstbch pi`bdxbd`h cimchmtrdrhd thmsbumbb hsth kdxbkă `d i dmukbtă ebstdmţă eh v)rfu` fbsurbb umeh shcimsbehră că muc`hdză kbcricdvbtăţb`h.

8hidrhch `bkbtd eh curjhrh d kdthrbd`u`ub  Wh  hsth vdrbdgb`ă cu thkphrdturd řb ehidrhch ruphrhd hsth

cimtri`dtă eh ímehp`bmbrhd cimebţbhb   " ; -.Wh , dchdstd bkp`bcă `udrhd ím cimsbehrdrh d umhb thkphrdturb eh

trdmzbţbh U  E"  .

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Fbj-rdzbţbd euctb` frdjb` 

 Dstfh`" - phmtru U 0U  E"   rhzu`tă  Wh= -  řb ruphrhd drh cdrdcthr frdjb`(

  - phmtru U =U  E"   rhzu`tă  Wh0 -  řb ruphrhd drh cdrdcthr euctb`.

7hmikhmu` eh kiebfbcdrh d cdrdcthru`ub ruphrbb cu thkphrdturd sh mukhřth trdmzbţbh euctb` E frdjb` řb hsth pus ím hvbehmţă prbm bmthrkhebu` curgh`ir eh vdrbdţbh cu thkphrdturd d rhzb`bhmţhb.

 

Fbj- Vdrbdţbd rhzb`bhmţhb cu thkphrdturd

 +m cdzu` kdthrbd`h`ir khtd`bch, trdmzbţbd euctb` E frdjb` sh prieuch ímtr-um eikhmbu eh thkphrdturb cdrh, prbm

ehfbmbţbh, trhgubh să sh jăshdscă sug vd`idrhd kbmbkă d thkphrdturbb eh shrvbcbu. #u c)t thkphrdturd eh trdmzbţbhhsth kdb dchmtudtă.

rdmzbţbd euctb` E frdjb` hsth bmjf`ubhmţdtă eh stdrhd eh thmsbumh, vbthzd eh si`bcbtdrh, jhikhtrbd pbhshb, fdctirbstructurd`b řb eh khebu.

Eh+irkdrhd `dstbcă `d rhch N miţbumb jhmhrd`h

#iţbumb jhmhrd`h

>hfirkdgb`btdthd khtd`h`ir &b d`bd$h`ir cdrdcthrbzhdză cdpdcbtdthd dchstird eh d sh ehfirkd phrkdmhmt fără

ruphrhd `hjăturb`ir bmthrbidrh. ărbkhd jrdeu`ub eh ehfirkdrh ch pidth eb dp`bcdt umub kdthrbd` fără să dpdră fbsurbsdu ruphrhd dchstubd ím tbkpu` ehfirkărbb, ím cimebţbb edth eh thkphrdtură řb vbthză eh ehfirkdrh, hsthcimsbehrdtă cd fbbme ehfirkdgb`btdthd dchstubd. Dstfh`, ruphrhd, j)tubrhd, cutdrhd sdu imeu`drhd, ebfbcu`tăţb ehcurjhrh d kdthrbd`u`ub, kiebfbcdrhd rujizbtăţbb řb dsphctu` pbhshb ím zimd ehfirkdtă sumt fdctirb cdrh `bkbthdză

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ehfirkdgb`btdthd kdthrbd`u`ub. +m dchsth cimebţbb sh pidth ehfbmb p`dstbcbtdthd kdthrbd`h`ir cd fbbme cdpdcbtdthd ehd-řb sc%bkgd firkd řb ebkhmsbumb`h prbm ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă sug bmf`ubhmţd firţh`ir hxthrbidrh fără d sh ebstrujhbmthjrbtdthd structurbb. 8dcă ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă sh prieuch `d thkphrdturb kdb kbcb ehc)t thkphrdturd ehrhcrbstd`bzdrh, ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă hsth `d rhch, bdr c)me sh prieuch `d thkphrdturb kdb rbebcdth, ehfirkdrhdp`dstbcă hsth cd`e. +m dkgh`h cdzurb bmthrvbm kiebfbcărb structurd`h ch dcţbimhdză dsuprd priprbhtăţb`ir kdthrbd`u`ub.

&ug dcţbumuhd firţh`ir hxthrbidrh ím kdthrbd` dpdr thmsbumb bmthrmh cdrh tbme să-b kiebfbch firkd řbebkhmsbumb`h. Dchdstă kiebfbcdrh sh mukhřth ehfirkdrhd řb pidth fb ím fumcţbh eh cdrdcthru` phrkdmhmt sdumhpdrkdmhmt, h`dstbcă /dtumcb c)me eupă ímehpărtdrhd firţh`ir hxthrbidrh cirpu` rhvbmh `d firkd řb ebkhmsbumb`hbmbţbd`h>, p`dstbcă sdu rhkdmhmtă /dtumcb c)me eupă ímehpărtdrhd firţh`ir dp`bcdth cirpu` răk)mh ehfirkdt> řbebstrujhrh.

Fbj- 4imd ehfirkdţbb`ir ph curgd cdrdcthrbstbcă d kdthrbd`u`ub 

8dcă ím zimd ehfirkdţbb`ir h`dstbch/zimd D-H>, ímtrh hfirturb řb ehfirkdţbb sh rhsphctă pripirţimd`btdthd ebm`hjhd ii4h, ím zimd ehfirkdţbb`ir p`dstbch /zimd H-#>, ehfirkdţbb`h crhsc kdb rhpheh ehc)t hfirturb`h, chhd ch

cirhspumeh curjhrbb kdthrbd`u`ub /  C    hsth `bkbtd eh curjhrh>. +m prdctbcă zimd #-e cirhspumzătidrh

ehfirkdţbb`ir kdrb, mu prhzbmtă bmthrhs ehidrhch ím dchst eikhmbu kdthrbd`u` ířb pbhreh bmthjrbtdthd prbm dpdrbţbdfbsurb`ir. 8h dchhd, hsth bkpirtdmt să sh cumidscă cimebţbb`h ím cdrh ímchp ehfirkdţbb`h p`dstbch d`h kdthrbd`u`ubsdu drh `ic ebstrujhrhd `ub.

hirbd p`dstbcbtăţbb sh icupă cu stuebu` cikpirtărbb kdthrbd`h`ir khtd`bch ím zimd ehfirkdţbb`ir sphcbfbch, ebmci`ieh zimd ím cdrh hsth vd`dgb`ă `hjhd `ub ii4h. #rhřthrhd hfriturb`ir umbtdrh edtirbtă si`bcbtărb`ir vd ig`bjdkdthrbd`u` să trhdcă prbm eiuă stărb `bkbtă /prbm stdrh `bkbtă sh ímţh`hjh stdrhd ím cdrh sh df`ă um h`hkhmt ch mu kdbpidth rhzbstd ím cimebţbb iptbkh>. Dstfh`, trhchrhd cirpu`ub ebm zimă stărbb h`dstbch ím zimd stărbb p`dstbch rhprhzbmtă iprbkă stdrh `bkbtă. Cimd p`dstbcă ímchph ím pumctu` cirhspumzătir ímchphrbb curjhrbb p`dstbch řb ţbmh p)mă `d

dtbmjhrhd sdrcbmbb kdxbkh, c)me hpruvhtd ímchph să sh j)tubth, dpib sh ruph řb dpdrh d eiud stdrh `bkbtă. ^hmtruprh`ucrdrhd prbm ehfirkdrh sumt bkpirtdmth cimebtbţbb`h ím cdrh ehcurjh ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă d khtd`u`ub řbrhzbsthmţd ph cdrh dchstd i ipumh ehfirkdţbb`ir, cirhspumzătir ebfhrbth`ir sc%hkh d`h stărbb eh thmsbumh.

 +m tbkpu` ehfirkărbb p`dstbch priprbhtăţb`h khcdmbch, fbzbch řb c%bkbch d`h kdthrbd`u`ub shr kiebfbcă. &tdrhd umubkdthrbd` khtd`bc d`h cărub priprbhtăţb khcdmbch du fist kiebfbcdth ím urkd ehfirkărbb p`dstbch `d rhch, crhřthrhdumir cdrdcthrbstbcb khcdmbch d`h kdthrbd`h`ir /`bkbtd eh h`dstbcbtdth, rhzbstdmţd `d ímtbmehrh, eurbtdthdK řb scăehrhdd`tird /d`umjbrhd, rhzb`bhmţd, p`dstbcbtdthd>, sh mukhřth hcrubsdrh. 8bm pumct eh vhehrh threbmdkbc, hcrubsdrhd hsthi stdrh bmstdgb`ă, cdrh `d i thkphrdtură mirkd`ă, sh pidth khmţbmh tbkp ímeh`umjdt. :d euch `d i crhřthrhhxdjhrdtă d hcrubsărbb, `d pbhrehrhd p`dstbcbtăţbb řb `d fbsurdrhd sdu ebstrujhrhd kdthrbd`u`ub. 8bm dchst kitbv,iphrdţbd eh ehfirkdrh sh ímtrhruph să dsbjurh rhfdchrhd structurbb řb d priprbhtdţb`ir p`dstbch /rhcidchrh ehrhcrbstd`bzdrh>. 8bm pumct eh vhehrh prdctbc hcrubsdrhd prhzbmtă i bkpirtdmţă kdrh prbm fdptu` că phrkbth `ărjbrhdsphctru`ubpriprbhtăţb`ir khcdmbch.

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Khcdmbskh`h eh+irkărbb `dstbch

^hmtru d ímţh`hjh ehfirkdgb`btdthd ebfhrbtd d kdthrbd`h`ir hsth mhchsdr să sh cumidscă khcdmbsku` ehfirkărbbp`dstbch. 8hfirkdrhd p`dstbcă sh rhd`bzhdză prbm ehpd`sdrhd rh`dtbvă d dtikb`ir ím pizbţbb mib eh hc%b`bgru stdgb`.dthrbd`h`h crbstd`bmh sh íkpdrt ím eiuă jruph" kimicrbstd`bmh sumt kdthrbd`h`h ím cdrh ímtrhju` vi`uk d` khtd`u`ubdrh um sbmjur crbstd` řb pi`bcrbstd`bmh sumt firkdth ebmtr-um mukăr kdrh eh crbstd`h ehmukbth jrăumţb.

8hfirkdrhd p`dstbcă d kimicrbstd`h`ir, rhd`bzhdză prbm ehp`dsdrhd rh`dtbvă d dtikb`ir ím pizbţbb mib eh hc%b`bgru

stdgb`, sh pidth prieuch prbm urkătidrh`h khcdmbskh" d`umhcdrh, kdc`drh sb d`umhcdrhd ebs`icdţbb`ir.

 d> 5bmbb eh d`umhcdrh g> ghmzb eh d`umhcdrh

Fbj- 7c)hkd d`umhcărbb d kimicrbstd`h

 D`umhcdrh hsth khcdmbsku` cdrh cimstă ím ehp`dsdrhd eh pdc%hth eh dtikb /zimh ebm crbstd`> umu` phsth d tu`,eh-d `umju` umir p`dmh crbstd`bmh, mukbth p`dmh eh d`umcdrh. ^rbm d`umhcdrh bmthjrbtdthd kimiscrbstd`bmu`ub mu shstrbcă, ímtruc)t fbhcdrh dtik ebm zimd d`umhcdtă sh ehp`dshdză cu um mukăr ímtrhj eh ebstdmţh bmthrdtikbch ím`umju` p`dmu`ub eh d`umhcdrh.8h igbchb p`dmh`h eh d`umhcdrh du chd kdb kdrh ehmsbtdth eh dtikb, bdr ím dchsth

p`dmh hxbstă ebrhcţbb`h eh d`umhcdrh, eupă cdrh dtikbb sum dřhzdţb ch` kdb ehms. ^`dmh`h řb ebrhcţbb`h eh d`umhcdrhfirkhdză sbsthkh`h eh d`umhcdrh, cdrh sumt cdrdcthrbstbch fbhcărub sbsthk crbstd`bm. D`umhcdrhd sh prieuch dtumcbc)me thmsbumhd tdmjhmţbd`ă drh vd`idrh crbtbcă. Dtikbb sh vir ehp`dsd ím `umju` p`dmu`ub eh d`umhcdrh, dřd ímc)t `dsuprdfdţd `ustrubtă d prighb vd dpdrh i `bmbh eh d`umhcdrh.

 D`umhcdrhd mu sh prieuch ph um sbmjur p`dm eh d`umhcdrh, cb cuprbmeh i jrupă eh strdturb dtikbch vhcbmh,cdrh firkhdză ghmzb`h eh d`umhcdrh. +mchputu` d`umhcărbb sh kdthrbd`bzhdză prbm dpdrbţbd umir ghmzb bzi`dth,ehfrikărb`h u`thrbidrh făc)me cd mukăru` eh `bmbb d fbhcărub ghmzb să crhdscă p)mă hsth dtbmsă i ebstdmţă kbmbkă

 ímtrh h`h eh 2== M. ^hmtru ímchput ehp`dsdrhd ebs`icdţbb ir drh `ic ph p`dmh`h ebm rhţhd cu i ehmsbtdth kdxbkă ehdtikb, urk)me cd, dpib, edtirbtă crhřthrbb hfirtu`ub eh ehfirkdrh să dpdră ehp`dsărb d`h ebs`icdţbb`ir, ím kietrhptdt, sh prieuch ehp`dsdrhd strdturb`ir vhcbmh eh dtikb, p)mă ím kikhktu` c)me ebs`icdţbd, d!umjh `d kdrjbmhdcrbstd`u`ub řb ebspdrh. Dchst fhmikhm cimeuch `d firkdrhd `d kdrjbmhd crbstd`u`ub d umub prdj, muktă gdmeă eh

d`umhcdrh. hmsbumhd tdmjhmţbd`ă υ   mhchsdră ehfirkărbb umub kimicrbstd` ehpbmeh eh rhţhdud crbstd`bmă řb eh

irbhmtdrhd p`dmh`ir eh d`umhcdrh fdţă eh ebrhcţbd `ub υ  . D`umhcdrhd vd ímchph dtumcb c)me hfirtu` umbtdr

tdmjhmţbd` cdrh dcţbimhdză ím p`dmu` eh d`umcdr, dtbmjh i vd`idrh crbtbcă ehmukbtă hfirt umbtdr tdmjhmţbd` crbtbc ehd`umhcdrh. ^hmtru d ehthrkbmd vd`idrhd dchstubd sh cimsbehră um kimicrbstd` cu shcţbumhd &, dsuprd cărubddcţbimhdză i firţă hxthrbidră eh ehfirkdrh 7, ph p`dmu` eh d`umhcdrh umj%bu` I, bdr ímtrh dchsthd řb shcţbumhdtrdmsvhrsd`ă sh firkhdză um umj%b ph cdrh í` mităk cu A.

 

<+

%bstdmţd eh

(pdţbu`

ebmtrhp`dmh`h ph

cdrh s1d

(

M)

%brhcţbd

eh0 ;

(=

*bmbd eh chd

kdb kdrh)

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

Fbj- hmsbumhd tdmjhmţbd`ă ph p`dmu` eh d`umhcdrh 'mtr(um kimicrbstd` 

:firtu` umbtdr tdmjhmţbd` υ   vd dvhd vd`idrhd " υ ;U 

 D , ím cdrh hsth firţd eh ph p`dmu` eh d`umhcdrh. bm)me

cimt eh umj%bu` ebmtrh ebrhcţbd eh d`umhcdrh řb ebrhcţbd firţhb, sh pidth scrbh"U ; " cis !

#uk ímtrh drbd trdmsvhrsd`ă  D>  řb drbd p`dmu`ub eh d`umhcdrh hxbstă rh`dţbd"  D;

 D>

cis/  , rhzu`tă că

υ ;υ 

cis ! cis/ 

^hmtru i stdrh eh thmsbumh `bmbdră, vd`idrhd thmsbumbb mirkd`h F `d cdrh ímchph prichsu` eh d`umhcdrh hsth

c%bdr `bkbtd eh curjhrh  C  , řb ehcb phmtru thmsbumhd tdmjhmţbd`ă, vd`idrhd crbtbcă, c)me ímchph d`umhcdrhd hsth"υ cr; c * cis !cis/ ; c *cis ! sbm !

umeh s-d ţbmut cimt că umj%burb`h /   řb A sumt cikp`hktdrh.

%hjb`h eh+irkărbb `dstbch

8hfirkdrhd p`dstbcă d kdthrbd`h`ir khtd`bch drh `ic cimfirk umir cimebţbb řb `hjb, stdgb`, stdgb`bth ím urkd umirchrchtărb thirhtbch řb hxphrbkhmtd`h ch vir fb prhzhmtdth ím cimtbmudrh"

<. 5hjhd vi`uku`ub cimstdmt .2. 5hjhd prhzhmţhb ehfirkărbb h`dstbch `d ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă.?. 5hjhd kbmbkhb rhzbsthmţhb.1. 5hjhd sbkb btuebb.0. 5hjhd hfirturb`ir sup`bkhmtdrh.

%hjhd vi`uku`ub cimstdmt E cimfirk dchsthb `hjb vi`uku` pbhshb igţbmuth prbm ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă hsth

dprixbkdtbv behmtbc cu vi`uku` ph cdrh `d dvut shkbfdgrbcdtu` ímdbmth eh ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă /kdthrbd`u` shcimsbehră bmcikprhsbgb`>. Dchst fdpt, sh edtirhdză vdrbdţbhb mhshkmbfbcdtbvh d kdshb sphcbfbch d kdthrbd`u`ub ímtbkpu` ehfirkărbb, debcă prichsh`h eh ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă du cd hfhct kiebfbcdrhd firkhb řb mu kiebfbcdrhd kdshbkdthrbd`u`ub supus ehfirkărbb.

5hjhd cimstdmţhb vi`uku`ub sh dp`bcă cu ărhcăehrh ím prichsh`h eh ehfirkdrh ím vi`uk, ím sphcbd` phmtrucd`cu`drhd ebkhmsbumb`ir shkbfdgrbcdth`ir řb d pbhsh`ir bmthrkhebdrh. ^hmtru d hxprbkd kdthkdtbc dchdstă `hjh sh

cimsbehră um pdrd`h`bpbphe shpdrdt bkdjbmdr ebm cirpu` supus ehfirkărbb, cu ebkhmsbumb`h bmbţbd`h  > >,4 

>,7 

>  řb

ebkhmsbumb`h  > 4,4 

4, 7 

4 , eupă ehfirkdrh.

8dcă mităk"  3 >  - kdsd bmbţbd`ă /ímdbth eh ehfirkdrh>(  3 

4  - kdsd eupă ehfirkdrh(  5>  - jrhutdthd

sphcbfbcă ímdbmth eh ehfirkdrh(  54  E jrhutdthd sphcbfbcă eupă ehfirkdrh( 8 >  E vi`uku` ímdbmth eh ehfirkdrh(8 

4  - vi`uku` eupă ehfirkdrh.

'kpum)me cimebţbd eh bmcikprhsbgb`btdth"

 5>; 5

4

 3 >; 3 

4

8 >;8 

4

 > > *4 >* 7 >; > 4* 4 4* 7 4

 +m rhd`btdth, ím tbkpu` dchstir prichsh eh ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă `d rhch, ehmsbtdthd kdthrbd`h`ir sh kiebfbcăehidrhch sh prieuch i df)mdrh d structurbb prbm crhřthrhd mukăru`ub eh ehfhcth, ímsă c%bdr řb `d ehfirkdţbb

<6

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p`dstbch kdrb vdrbdţbd schcbfbcă d vi`uku`ub hsth fidrth kbcă /frdcţbumb eh prichmth>. ^richsu` th%mi`ijbc ehehfirkdrh p`dstbcă mu prhsupumh eidr i sc%bkgdrh d ebkhmsbumb`ir cirpu`ub supus ehfirkărbb cb řb i kiebfbcdrh dfirkhb jhikhtrbch d dchstubd, fdpt ch phrkbth dmtbcbpdrhd prbm cd`cu` d firkhb cu cdrh vd rhzu`td pbhsd. &h pidthspumh dstfh` că, prichsu` th%mi`ijbc eh ehfirkdrh `d rhch sc%bkgă firkd řb ebkhmsbumb`h kdthrbd`u`ub prh`ucrdtfără d prieuch i kiebfbcdrh bkpirtdmtă d kdshb dchstubd.

Fbj- 7c)bkgdrhd ebkhmsbumb`ir umub shkbfdgrbcdt prbm ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă

%hjhd rh4hmţhb eh+irkdţbb`ir h`dstbch 2m irbch richs eh eh+irkdrh `dstbcă E drdtă că irbch ehfirkdrhp`dstbcă d umub cirp h prhchedtă řb ímsiţbtă ím tit tbkpu` prichsu`ub eh i ehfirkdrh h`dstbcă /hxchpţbh făc)me eidrkdthrbd`h`h phrfhct p`dstbch>. Dstfh`, ímtr-um prichs eh ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă, ehfirkdţbd titd`ă drh 2 cikpimhmth" icikpimhmtă h`dstbcă řb i cikpimhmtă p`dstbcă. 8upă ímchtdrhd dcţbumbb firţhb eh ehfirkdrh, p`dstbcă. &h fdchigshrvdţbd, că ím rhd`btdth, ehfirkdţbd cdrh răk)mh mu hsth ím titd`btdth ehfirkdţbh p`dstbcă, ehidrhch ím fumcţbheh kdthrbd`u` ímchrcdt řb eh thkphrdtură, i kbcă pdrth ebm ehfirkdţbd p`dstbcă, mukbtă ehfirkdţbh dmh`dstbcă vdebspărhd.

:xpbrhkhmtd` s-d cimstdt că, ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă d kdthrbd`h`ir khtd`bch hsth ímsiţbtă ím phrkdmhmţă eh iehfirkdrh h`dstbcă, řb ímchph mukdb eupă ehpăřbrhd umhb kărbkb `bkbtă d ehfirkărbb h`dstbch. Dchdstă `hjh sh

pidth hxp`bcd fidrth gbmh ph ebdjrdkd thmsbumh-ehfirkdţbh umeh sh vheh cd ehfirkdţbd titd`ă %t   sh cikpumh

ebmtr-i ehfirkdţbh h`dstbcă %h  řb i ehfirkdţbh p`dstbcă % p  fbbme edtă eh rh`dţbd" %t ;%h+% p 6

^rbm dp`bcdrhd umhb firţh hxthrbidrh 7, dsuprd umub cirp, ím dchstd dpdr thmsbumb bmthrmh, cdrh tbme să-b kiebfbchfirkd řb ebkhmsbumb`h. Dchdstă kiebfbcdrh, mukbtă ehfirkdrh, trhch prbm ebfhrbth htdph, hvbehmţbdth ím fbjurd eh kdb

 !is, cdrh rhprhzbmtă ehphmehmţd hfirtu`ub sphcbfbc fumcţbhb eh ehfirkdţbd rh`dtbvă % .

Fbj- "hprhzhmtdrhd jrdfbcă d rhvhmbrbb h`dstbch

^richsu` eh ímcărcdrh sh prieuch prbm crhřthrhd umbfirkă d firţhb dxbd`h. ^)mă `d i dmukbtă vd`idrh d `ub   ,

mitdtă cu  h  /`bkbtd eh h`dstbcbtdth>, kdthrbd`u` sh ehfirkhdză hzc`bsbv h`dstbc, rhsphct)me `hjhd `ub ii4h"

72

 " 

7 >

7 4

 > >

4 >

 > 4

4 4

  m  s

   b  u  m  h

 

 

hvhmbrh

%h'irkdţ

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

 ;% *H , : rhprhzdmt)me kieu`u` eh h`dstbcbtdth. ^hsth dchstă, pirţbumb d`h crbctd`u`ub sh ehp`dshdză ím rdpirt cu

d`th`h řb mu kdb rhvbm `d pizbţbd bmbţbd`ă eupă ímehpărtdrhd sdrcbmbb ehfirkdţbd khmţbm)meu-sh, bdr rh`dţbd  ;: ( % )

hsth rhprhzdmtdtă prbmtr-i curgă. +m prbkă fdză d ehfirkdărbb pds`tbch, thmsbumhd răk)mh cimstdmtă `d vd`idrhd 

c  /`bkbtd eh curjhrh> sdu iscb`hdză ímtrh eiuă vd`irb /`bkbtd suphrbidră řb `bkbtd bmfhrbidră eh curjhrh>, dpăr)me

ph curgă i zimă irbzimtd`ă /zimd eh curjhrh>, eupă cdrh crhřth kimitim p)mă `d vd`idrhd kdxbkă  r , mukbtă

rhzbstdmţă `d ruphrh /rhzbsthmţd `d ruphrh sh kdb mithdză řb cu  Wk >. 8h kdrcdt că, thmsbumb`h mirkd`h mu

prividcă ehfirkdţbb p`dstbch irbc)t dr fb eh kdrb, dv)me `ic i ruphrh frdjb`ă. 8hfirkdţbb`h p`dstbch sumt prieush ehthmsbumb tdmjhmţbd`h, cdrh edcă ehpăřhsc i dmukbtă `bkbtă ebstruj kdthrbd`u` prbm firfhcdrh. #imfirk dchsthb `hjb,pbhsh`h igţbmuth prbm ehfirkdrh p`dstbcă mu vir dvhd ebkhmsbumb`h părţb`ir dctbvh d`h h`hkhmth`ir cu d!utiru` cărirdsh fdch ehfirkdrhd. +m dchsth cimebţbb, sh bkpumh `udrhd ím cimsbehrdrh d vd`irbb rhvhmbrb`ir hd`stbch cdrh dpdr ímtbkpu` iphrdţbb`ir eh prhsdrh `d rhch.

%hjhd kbmbkhb rh4bsthmţhb E `hjhd fbbme pripusă eh rhscd, ím <TK0 drdtă că ím cderu` umub prichs ehehfirkdrh p`dstbcă h`hkhmth`h eh vi`uk sh vir ehp`dsd ím ebrhcţbd ím cdrh hřh ímt)mhsc chd kdb kbcă rhzbsthmţăřb mu ig`bjdtirbu ím ebrhcţbd ch`ir trhb dxh prbmcbpd`h phrphmebcu`drh ímtrh h`h. #imfirk dchsthb `hjb h`hkhmth`h ehvi`uk sh vir ehp`dsd ph erukurb`h ch`h kdb scurth. Whzu`tă că ehfirkdţbd kdxbkă sh prieuch ím ebrhcţbd ím cdrhsh ehp`dshdză kd!irbtdthd pumcth`ir cirpu`ub.

8hp`dsdrhd irbcărub pumct eh kdthrbd` d` cirpu`ub ehfirdkdrh, sh fdch eupă ebstdmţd chd kdb kbcă `dphrbkhtru` shcţbumbb. 8hidrhch ebstdmţd chd kdb kbcă hsth phrphmebcu`dră `d phrbkhtru` shcţbumbb, ímshdkmă căebmtrh ebfhrbth`h pisbgb`btăţb eh ehp`dsdrh pumcth`h rhsphctbvh vir d`hjh ph dch`d ph cdrh rhzbsthmţd ímt)kpbmdtăhsth kbmbkă.

 +m kd!irbtdthd cdzurb`ir, ebm cimsbehrhmth eh rhzbsthmţă kdthrbdu`ub, ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă trhgubh făcută ím kdbku`th htdph. Dchdstă `hjh stă `d gdzd ehthrkbmărbb ebrhcţbhb řb bmthsbtăţbb ehp`dsărb`ir ph cdrh `h sufhră ebfhrbthh`hkhmth eh vi`uk d`h cirpu`ub supus ehfirkărbb.

%hjhd sbkb`btuebmbb E drdtă că phmtru d sh igţbmh ehfirkdţbb behmtbch ím cdzu` ím cdrh dvhk eiuă cirpurb

jhikhtrbc dshkhmhd cu dchhdřb cikpizbţbh c%bkbcă, dchbdřb structură řb dch`hdřb cdrdcthrbstbcbkhcdmbch, cdrh shehfirkhdză ím cimebţbb dshkămătidrh, trhgubh cd" prhsbumhd sphcbfbcă eh ehfirkdrh hxbstdmtă ph suprdfdţd

prbku`ub kdthrbd`  <k  să fbh hjd`ă cu prhsbumhd eh ph suprdfdţd ch`ub eh-d` eib`hd kdthrbd`  < p  řb ím p`us

rdpirtu` firţh`ir eh ehfirkdrh  " k  , rhsphctbv  "  p  să fbh hjd` cu pătrdtu` rdpirtu`ub kărbkbb `bmbdrh cdrdcthrbstbch

`k  řb rhsphctbv ` p , bdr rdpirtu` `ucru`ub khcdmbc mhchsdr sc%bkgărbb firkhb  @

k  řb rhsphctbv  @ p  hsth hjd` cu

cugu` rdpirtu`ub kărbkb`ir `bmbdrh cdrdcthrbstbch /bmebch`h k sh rhfhră `d kieh`, bdr bmebch`h p sh rhfhră `d pbhsdfbmbtă>.

5hjhd sh hxprbkă"

k;¹ < p

 <¹

 " k

 "  p;( `k

 p )7

 @k

 @ p

;( `k` p )3

&h dp`bcă cirpurb`ir khtd`bch dshkhmhd ebm pumct eh vhehrh d` jhikhtrbhb, dv)me dchbdřb cikpizbţbh c%bkbcăřb structurd`ă, cdrh sumt supush ehfirkărbb ím dch`hdřb cimebţbb eh thkphrdtură, jrde řb vbthză eh ehfirkdţbh,dch`hdřb cimebţbb eh frhcdrh ph suprdfdţd eh cimtdct. 8hidrhch sumt jrhu eh sdebsfăcut sbku`tdm tidth cimebţbb`h eh

kdb sus /um cirp, cu c)t hsth kdb kdrh, cu dt)t hsth kdb mhikijhm>, `hjhd sh pidth dp`bcd fi`isbmeu-sh dmukbţbcihfbcbhmţb eh cirhcţbh cdrh să ţbmă shdkd eh fdctiru` jhikhtrbc řb fdctiru` structurd`.

7<

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Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

5hjhd sbkb`btuebmbb drh i kdrhbkpirtdmţă, ehidrhch ím prdctbcă hxbstă sbtudţbb ím cdrh trhgubhsc hxhcutdrhdpbhshb eh ebkhmsbumb kdrb, bdr ph gdzd hb sh pit sbku`d ím cimebţbb eh `dgirdtir ebfhrbth prichsh eh ehfirkdrhp`dstbcă bmeustrbd`h sdu sh pit hxtrdpi`d phmtru sbtudţbb`h bmeustrbd`h rhzu`tdth`h chrchtărbb ebm dgrdtir.

%hjhd h+irturb`ir su`bkhdmtdrh - drdtă că, prbm ehfirkdrhd p`dstbcă d umub cirp khtd`bc, ím fdţd thmsbumb`irprbmcbpd`h, dpdr řb dmukbth hfirturb umbtdrh eh trdcţbumh řb cikprhsbumh cdrh răk)m ím cirpu` ehfirkdt řb eupă

 ímchtdrhd dcţbumbb firţh`ir hxthrbidrh řb sh mukhsc hfirturb umbtdrh sup bkhmtdrh.

 +m tbkpu` ehfirkărbb p`dstbch, ím bmthrbiru` kdthrbd`u`ub dpdr thmsbumb cdrh sh ipum ehfirkărbb /cimfirkprbmcbpbu`ub dcţbumbb řb rhdcţbumbb> řb cdrh tbme să sh hc%b`bgrhzh rhcbpric. Whpdrtbzdrhd dchstir thmsbumb hsthmhumbfirkă, ehidrhch strdturb`h ehfirkdth kdb primumţdt tbme să trdjă strdturb`h vhcbmh kdb puţbm ehfirkdth, bdru`tbkh`h cdută să íkpbhebch ehp`dsdrhd prbkh`ir. 8h dshkhmhd, jrăumţbb crbstd`bmb ehfirkdţb p`dstbc cdută sădmtrhmhzh řb jrăumţbb mhehfirkdţb dchřtbd căut)me să fr)mhzh ehfirkdrhd pbhsh`ir, ímtrh hb dpăr)me thmsbumbbmthrbidrh eh shms cimtrdr, cdrh sh hc%b`bgrhdză eupă ím`ăturdrhd firţhb cdrh d prieus ehfirkdrhd. +m cimc`uzbhcduzh`h dpdrbţbhb dchstir thmsbumb sh edtirhdză frhcărb`ir eh cimtdct ímtrh kdthrbd` řb scu`ă, firkd ebfhrbtă dshkbfdgrbcdtu`ub bmbţbd` eh chd d pbhshb, ímcăzbrbb mhumbfirkh d kdthrb`u`ub, mhikijhmbzărbb cikpizbţbhb c%bkbch řb dpriprbhtăţb`ir khcdmbch d`h kdthrbd`u`ub, fr)mărbb, ebs`icdţbb`ir,

&richehh eh tăbhrh E pdrthd prichehh`ir eh tăbhrh cuprbmeh prh`ucrdrhd p`dstbcă `d rhch prbm cdrh sh

rhd`bzhdză shpdrdrhd titd`ă sdu pdrţbd`ă d kdthrbd`u`ub. Dmd`bz)me kieu` ím cdrh sh ehsfăřidră prichsu` eh tăbhrhbmebfhrhmt eh tbpu` prichehu`ub fi`isbt, sh igshrvă că dchstd cimţbmh trhb fdzh cdrdcthrbstbch ch sh pit ebstbmjh eupădsphctu` suprdfhţhb rhzu`tdth ím urkd tăbhrbb kdthrbd`u`ub"

↗ 7dzd si`bcbtărbb h`dstbch d kdthrbd`u`ub /ehfirkdţbb`h h`dstbch>, ím cdrh thmsbumb`h ebm kdthrbd` muehpăřhsc `bkbtd eh h`dstbcbtdth, cdrdcthrbzdtă prbmtr-i suprdfdţă cu dsphct `ucbis řb mhthe(

↗ 7dzd si`bcbtărbb p`dstbch /ehfirkdţbb`ir p`dstbch>, ím cdrh thmsbumb`h ebm kdthrbd` mu ehpăřhsc `bkbtd ehcurjhrh řb crhsc cimtbmuu p)mă ch dtbmjh i vd`idrh kdxbkă cirhspumzătidrh rhzbsthmţhb `d firfhcdrh dkdthrbd`u`ub, bdr ehfirkdţbb`h ehvbm rhkdmmhmth.Dchdstă fdză cirhspumeh kikhmtu`ub ím cdrh kuc%bb`htăbhtidrh pătrume ím kdthrbd` ph i deămcbkh eh =,2 E =,0 ebm jrisbkhd shkbfdgrbcdtu`ub řb shcdrdcthrbzhdză prbmtr-i suprdfdţă cu dsphct mhthe sphcbfbc shpdrărbb prbm d`umhcdrh(

↗ 7dzd eh firfhcdrh /ruphrh>, ím cdrh thmsbumb`h ím kdthrbd` dtbmj vd`idrhd rhzbstdmţhb `d firfhcdrh, ch sh

hvbehmţbdză prbm dpdrbţbd eh kbcrifbsurb řb dpib eh kdcrifbsurb , privic)me `d sf)rřbtu` fdzhb shpdrdrhdkdthrbd`u`ub. Dchdstă fdză cirhspumeh kikhmtu`ub ím cdrh kdthrbd`u` mu kdb pidth prh`ud hfirturb`hcrhdth prbm bmthrkhebu` kuc%bb`ir tăbhtidrh, řb sh cdrdcthrbzhdză prbmtr-i suprdfdţă cu dsphct jrăumţis,sphcbfbc rupturbb. +m prdctbcă sh rhcikdmeă `bkbtdrhd sdu c%bdr h`bkbmdrhd dchsthb zimh, prbm utb`bzdrhdprichehh`ir eh tăbhrh eh prhcbzbh, cdrh bmf`ubhmţhdză ím kie ebrhct dsuprd cd`btăţbb suprdfhţh`ir tăbdth.

Fir+hcdrhd E fbbme i iphrdţbh eh tăbhrh d shkbfdgrbcdth`ir eupă um cimtur ehsc%bs, erhpt sdu curg, cu d!utiru`d eiuă tăbřurb dsicbdth, řb cimstbtubh ím jhmhrd` i iphrdţbh prhjătbtidrh, ím curg, cu d!utiru` d eiuă tăbřurbdsicbdth, řb cimstbtubh ím jhmhrd`i iphrdţbh prhjătbtidrh, ím vhehrhd igţbmhrbb shkbfdgrbcdth`ir eh ebfhrbth firkh řbebkhmsbumb mhchsdrh prh`ucrărb`ir u`thrbidrh phmtru igţbmhrhd pbhshb fbmbth.

Fidrfhch`h cu `dkh pdrd`h`h &b ch`h cu `dkh 'mc`bmdth sh utb`bzhdză phmtru tăbhrhd tdg`h`ir /cu jrisbkb eh p)mă

`d 1= kk> ím f)řbb, sdu sug firkd umir shkbfdgrbcdth shpdrdth, fi`isbth phmtru prh`ucrdrhd prbm prhsdrh `d rhch.Fidrfhch`h cbrcu`drh *cu ebscurb- sh utb`bzhdză ím prieucţbd eh shrbh řb eh kdřă `d tăbhrhd tdg`h`ir ím ghmzb , ím

vhehrhd igţbmhrbb umir f)řbb cu `umjbkh kdrh řb cu prhcbzbh `d `ăţbkh eh irebmu` sutbkb`ir eh kb`bkhtru. :xbstăvdrbdmth cimstructbvh cu um sbmjur r)me eh ri`h, sdu cu kdb ku`th r)meurb eh ri`h /fidrfhch ku`tbebsc>, cu dxhpdrd`h`h sdu ímc`bmdth.

Fidrfhch vbgrdtidrh sh fi`ishsc phmtru tăbhrhd shkbfdgrbcdth`ir curgb`bmbb, cu rdză eh curgură kbcă, p)mă `d <0kk řb jrisbkb eh p)mă `d <= kk.

Ehcudrhd řb hr+irdrhd E cimstă ím tăbhrhd hxthrbidră sdu bmthrbidră eupă um cimtur ímc%bs, erhpt sdu curg,cu d!utiru` d eiuă kuc%bb dsicbdth, phmtru shpdrdrhd cikp`htă d umir shkbfdgrbcdth sdu pbhsh, prhcuk řb phmtruhxhcutdrhd umir irbfbcbb. 8dcă pdrthd eh kdthrbd` shpdrdtă prbm tăbhrh rhprhzbmtă pbhsd ch trhgubh igţbmută,

iphrdţbd hsth eh phrfirdrh. Whzu`tă că ehcupdrhd hsth iphrdţbd prbm cdrh sh igţbm suprdfhţh bmthrbidrh.+mpribhctdrh sh igbřmubhřth să sh cimsbehrh i iphrdţbh eh ehcupdrh dtumcb c)me ebkhmsbumhd trdmshrvhsd`ă d

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cimturu`ub hxthrbir drh i vd`idrh kdb kdrh ehc)t cbmcb irb jrisbkhd shkbfdgrbcdtu`ub. +m tbkpu` prichsu`ub eh tăbhrh

thkphrdtură ím bmthrbiru` kdthrbd`u`ub pidth crhřth p)mă `d 8>>i

, ím sphcbd` edtirbtă fhmikhmh`ir eh frhcdrh.

'=truedrhd E hsth prichsu` eh ehfirkdrh d khtd`u`ub, ím vhehrhd igţbmhrbb umir pbhsh cdvh sdu p`bmh cushcţbumhd trdmsvhrsd`ă ebfhrbtă eh d shkbfdgrbcdtu`ub, sug dcţbumhd firţhb hxhrcbtdth eh um pidsim ch ig`bjăkhtd`u` să curjă prbm irbfbcbu` ebm p`dcd dctbvă sdu prbm !icu` hxbstdmt ím zimd dctbvă.

%xtruedrhd ebrhctă - prichehu` `d cdrh ebrhcţbd řb shmsu` eh curjhrh d kdthrbd`u`ub ehfirkdt sumt dch`hdřb cuebrhcţbd řb shmsu` eh ehp`dsdrh pidsimu`ub. ^hmtru igţbmhrhd cimfbjurdţbhb eirbth d pbhshb prbm hxtruedrh ebrhctăhsth mhchsdr cd shkbfdgrbcdtu` să fbh ehfirkdt bmbţbd` ímtr-i firkă cimvhmdgb`ă.

%xtruedrhd bmvhrsă *bmebrhctă- Eprichehu` `d cdrh kdthrbd`u` hsth prhsdt eh cătrh pidsim řb ig`bjdt să curjă ímshms bmvhrs ehp`dsărbb dchstubd, prbm !icu` hxbsthmt ímtrh pidsim řb p`dcd eh hxtruedrh sdu prbm irbfbcbu` hxbsthmt ímpidsim. ^richehu` sh fi`ishřth `d fdgrbcdrhd umub sirtbkhmt fidrth kdrh eh prieush tugu`drh, cu ebfhrbth firkh ehshcţbumb trdmsvhrsd`h řb. ím jhmhrd`, cu phrhţb `dthrd`b phrphmebcu`drb ph gdză.

%xtruedrhd  rdebd`ă  - prichehu` `d cdrh kdthrbd`u` curjh phrphmebcu`r ph ebrhcţbd eh ehp`dsdrh d pidsimu`ub.

%xtruedrhd cikgbmdtă E prichehu` `d cdrh ehp`dsdrhd kdthrbd`u`ub shkbfdgrbcdtu`ub prhsdt eh cătrh pidsim drh`ic dt)t ím shmsu` eh kbřcdrh `d cursd dctbvă d dchstubd, c)t řb ím shms ipus.

&rhcb4bd ebkhmsbimd`ă

Ebkhmsbumb9 d3dthrb řb ti`hrdmţh ebkhmsbimd`h-

8bkhmsbumhd rhprhzbmtă um mukăr cdrh hxprbkă ímtr-i dmukbtă, ímtr-i dmukbtă umbtdth eh kăsură, vd`idrhdumhb kărbkb `bmbdrh sdu umj%bu`drh .8bkhmsbumb`h pit ehthrkbmd fbh kărbkhd umhb suprdfhţh /`umjbkh, `ăţbkh,edkhtru>, fbh pizbţbd rh`dtbvă d eiuă sdu kdb ku`th suprdfhţh sdu pbhsh.

#d`btdthd umub prieus vd ehpbmeh eh um cikp`hx eh kărbkb ebmtrh cdrh pdrdkhtrbbjhikhtrbcb, `bmbdrb řb

umj%bu`drb cimstbtubh fdctirb eh gdză, cărird ím cimstrucţbb`h eh kdřbmb `bsh dcireă i ehishgbtă dthmţbh dt)t ím fdzdeh pribhctdrh c)t řb ím chd th%mi`ijbcă.^rhcbzbd eh prh`ucrdrh řb eh dsdkg`drh d irjdmh`ir eh kdřbmb hsthehthrkbmdtă ehurkătirbb fdctirb"

  - prhcbzbd ebkhmsbimd`ă /sh prhscrbh prbm ti`hrdmţh jhikhtrbch `d ebkhmsbumb cimfirk&D& ;2;0-T2>(  - prhcbzbd jhikhtrbcă /sh prhscrbh prbm ti`hrdmţh jhikhtrbch cimfirk &D& ?T1-T0,&D& ?T0S<,2-T0>(i prhcbzbd firkhb jhikhtrbch /sh rhfhră ím jhmhrd` `d h`hkhmth bzi`dth>"  - dgdthrb eh firkă kdcrijhikhtrbch /D7>(  - imeu`dţbb /U>(  - dgdthrb eh firkă kbcrijhikhtrbch, rujizbtdth /W>(

i prhcbzbd eh irbhmtdrh, eh gătdbh řb eh pizbţbh /D^> /sh rhfhră `d h`hkhmthdsicbdth>. Dgdthrhd ebkhmsbimd`ă sh ehfbmhřth cd ebfhrhmţd d`jhgrbcă ebmtrh i ebkhmsbumh /hfhctbvă, kdxbkă sdu

kbmbkă> řb ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`ă cirhspumzătidrh. +m kie sbkb`dr ebkhmsbumb`ir, sh ehishghsc"

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- dgdthrhd hfhctbvă  ( Hh:  ) , cdrh rhzu`tă cd ebfhrhmţă d`jhgrbcă ímtrh ebkhmsbumhd hfhctbvă řb

ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`(( dgdthrb`h bkbtă, suphrbidră řb bmfhrbidră, cdrh sumt hjd`h cu ebfhrhmţd d`jhgrbcă ímtrh ebkhmsbumhd

`bkbtă rhsphctbvă řb ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`ă, dstfh` dgdthrhd suphrbidră ( H s, h

s )  sh igţbmh cd ebfhrhmţă

 ímtrh ebkhmsbumhd kdxbkă řb ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`ă, bdr dgdthrhd bmfhrbidră ( Hb, h

b )  rhzu`tă cd

ebfhrhmţă ímtrh ebkhmsbumhd kbmbkă řb ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`ă, cimfirk rh`dţbb`ir.

{ H h: ; Eh: ∗ E

eh: ;eh: ∗e

{ Hs; Ekd#∗ E

 Hb; Ekbm∗ E  /d`hzd!h>(  {hs;ekd#∗ehb;ekbm∗e  /drgirb>(

8dcă ím rh`dţbb`h eh kdb sus sh scdeh ebm fbhcdrh khkgru ebkhmsbumhd mikbmd`ă cirhspumzătidrh, 8 sdu e, řbsh ţbmh shdkd rhzu`tă ím fbmd` bmhjd`btăţb`h, cdrh hxprbkă `hjăturd ímtrh dgdthrb`h `bkbtă řb dgdthrb`h hfhctbvh.

{ Ekbm∗ E 2 Eh: ∗ E2Ekd#∗ E

ekbm∗e2eh: ∗e 2ekd#∗e

{ H

b

2 Hh: 

2 Hs

hb2hh: 2hs

 +m cimc`uzbh, sh pidth dfbrkd că i ebkhmsbumh cirhspumeh ebm pumct eh vhehrh d prhcbzbhb řb, bkp`bcbt, d ri`u`ubsău fumcţbimd`, edcă dgdthrb`h hfhctbvh sumt cuprbmsh ímtrh vd`irb`h dgdthrb`ir `bkbtă dekbsh.

3iţbumhd eh ti`hrdmţă ebkhmsbimd`ă ( BU  D , BU d sduU  E , U e )  sh ehfbmhřth cd ebfhrhmţd ebmtrh ch`h eiuă ebkhmsbumb

`bkbtă, kdxbkă řb kbmbkă, sdu cd ebfhrhmţd d`jhgrbcă ebmtrh dgdthrb`h `bkbtă, suphrbidră řb bmfhrbidră, cimfirkrh`dtbb`ir eh kdb sus, phmtru suprdfhţh bmthrbidrh /d`hzd`h> řb rh`dţbb`ir, phmtru suprdfhţh dxthrbidrh /drgirb>.

{ BU  D;U  E; Ekd#∗ Ekbm; Hs∗ Hb BU d;U e;ekd#∗ekbm;hs∗hb

ihrdmţd ebkhmsbimd`ă cdrdcthbzdtă, eh fdpt, bmthrvd`u` ím cdrh hsth phrkbsă vdrbdţbd ebkhmsbumbb hfhctbvh,dstfh` ímc)t prhcbzbd prhscrbsă să fbh dsbjurdtă. Dchdstă miţbumh sh rhfhră, ím jhmhrd`, `d ti`hrdmţd ímscrbsă phehshmu` eh hxhcuţbhb d` pbhshb.

  Khmthmdmţă dutivhlbcu`h

  Cimtri`u` sbsthku`ub

 +mdbmth eh dp`bcdrhd pricheurb`ir eh cimtri` sumt mhchsdrh iphrdţbb pdrtbcu`drh, utb`bzdrhd ebspizbtbvh`ir sphcbd`h sdu ímchrcărb rutbhrh. &h bkpumh d sh h`bkbmd hvhmtud`h cduzh, cuk dr fb"

- mbvh`u` eh u`hb ebm rhzhrvir(

- pbhrehrb`h eh u`hb(

- prhsbumhd ebm riţb(

- h`bkbmdrhd !icurb`ir ebm drtbcu`dţbb.

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  Ebrhcţbd dsbstdtă h`hctrimbc

5d crhřthrhd cimfirtu`ub ím tbkpu` cimeuchrbb dutikigb`u`ub um ri` bkpirtdmt í` drh sbsthku` eh ebrhcţbh. Dchstsbsthk rhprhzbmtă umu` ebm khcdmbskh`h prbmcbpd`h d`h dutikigb`u`ub, ch drh um ri` %ităr)tir dsuprd sbjurdmţhbcbrcu`dţbhb, kdb d`hs ím cimebţbb`h crhřthrbb cimtbmuh d pdrcu`ub eh dutikigb`h řb d vbthzhb `ir eh ehp`dsdrh.

 +m kie mirkd`, riţb`h ebm fdţă sumt riţb eh ebrhcţbh ehidrhch cimeucătiru` drh dvdmtd!u` umhb vbzbgb`btăţb kdb

gumh ebm cduză că ridtd eh ebrhcţbh hxthrbidră vbrd!u`ub ehscrbh chrcu` cu rdză chd kdb kdrh řb ehcb pdrthd ebmdutikigb` cdrh hsth chd kdb ehpărtdtă eh chmtru` eh vbrd! hsth pdrthd ebm fdţd cimeucătiru`ub.

 +mtrh cimebţbb`h ch trhgubhsc sdtbsfăcuth eh sbsthku` eh ebrhcţbh, d`ăturb eh stdgb`btdth, eurdgb`btdth spirbtă řbcikpdtbgb`btdth cu rhstu` sbsthkh`ir eh ph dutikigb` /cu susphmsbd ím kie prbirbtdr> sh dkbmthřth řb chrbmţd ehkdmhvrdgb`btdth fdcb`ă d sbsthku`ub. Dchst dsphct, rhzi`vdt `d dutivh%bcu`h`h kdrb řb khebb d ímshkmdt dsbstdrhd

lberdu`bcă  /cimtbmuă> d pizbţbimărbb riţb`ir eh ebrhcţbh, dstfh` ímc)t cimeucătiru` să ehpumă, phmtru kiebfbcdrhdtrdbhctirbhb vh%bcu`u`ub, um hfirt kbmbk.

@d dutiturbskh  prig`hkd dsbstărbb ebrhcţbhb s-d pus phmtru vbthzh eh ehp`dsdrh kbcb, vbrdrh ím curgh

strçmsh sdu phmtru sbtudţbb`h eh pdrcdrh c)me hfirturb`h `d vi`dm sumt cimsbehrdgb`h /kdb d`hs ím cdzu` hc%bpărbbpumţb`ir ebrhctidrh cu pmhurb gd`imdth řb !idsh d cărir suprdfdţă eh cimtdct cu cd`hd hsth kărbtă fdţă eh vdrbdmth`h

stdmedre. @d vbthzh rbebcdth  ím sc%bkg, phmtru d rhd`bzd i stdgb`btdth kdrh d vh%bcu`u`ub ph trdbhctirbd bkpusă,hsth mhvibh eh i ebrhcţbh rbjbeă.

 Dchsth dsphcth du jhmhrdt mhchsbtdthd cimtri`u`ub h`hctrimbc dsuprd dsbstărbb sbsthku`ub eh ebrhcţbh dstfh` ímc)tdchstd să ímehp`bmhdscă dkgh`h ehzbehrdth"

hfirt ebkbmudt phmtru kdmhvrdrhd vi`dmu`ub `d vbthzh kbcb /prbm dkp`bfbcdrhd dcţbumbb h`hkhmth`ir eh dsbstdrh%berdu`bcă>

hfirt spirbt phmtru sc%bkgdrhd ebrhcţbhb `d vbthzh eh cridzbhră kdrb prbm kbcřirdrhd dpirtu`ub /p)mă `ddmu`drh> d shrviebrhcţbhb.

Whprhzhmtdrhd umub dstfh` eh sbsthk prieus eh fbrkd $ph` pidth fb urkărbtă ím fbjurd. *mbtdthd chmtrd`ă 2

dcţbimhdză dsuprd dctudtiru`ub h`hctri%berdu`bc ?, cdrh prbm `bkbtdrhd ehgbtu`ub ím cbrcubtu` %berdu`bc rheuch hfhctu`eh dsbstdrh d shrviebrhcţbhb. Dchdstd sh phtrhch iedtă cu crhřthrhd vbthzhb eh ehp`dsdrh, crhřthrh ehch`dtă ehshmziru` eh vbthză < /ebspus ph cdg`u` vbthzikhtru`ub sdu ebrhct `d umd ebm riţb>. 5d vbthzh sug 2= 4kS% /rhjbk ehpdrcdrh> hfhctu` shrviebrhcţbhb hsth kdxbk řb hfirtu` `d vi`dm hsth eh <0 3 .

 +mtrh 0= NkS% řb <2= NkS% hfirtu` eh ritbrh d vi`dmu`ub crhřth jrdedt /eh d <0 `d ?2 3>, dstfh` ímc)t `d vbthzh ehphsth <2= NkS% să ehpăřhdscă cu puţbm vd`idrhd hfirtu`ub `d vi`dm ím vdrbdmtd stdmedre. Dchst rhj`d! phrkbth ij%bedrh hxtrhk eh prhcbsă řb sbjură d vh%bcu`u`ub c%bdr `d vbthzh kdrb eh ehp`dsdrh.

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^rig`hkd jhikhtrbhb vbrd!u`ub sh pumh phmtru vdrbdmth`h c`dsbch eh dutikigb` mukdb ím rdpirt cu dxd fdţă. 8dr hxphrbhmţh`h du ehkimstrdt că i dgiredrh prhcbsă d vbrd!u`ub `d vbthzh kdrb pidth fb rhd`bzdtă eidr cu dpirtu`tuturir riţb`ir `d ímscrbhrhd vh%bcu`u`ub ph trdbhctirbh. Dřd d dpărut, ph kdsd pribhctdmţb`ir, sbsthku` eh

sclbkgdrh d ebrhcţbhb cu riţb`h dkgh`ir pumţb vbrdtidrh   sdu dřd cuk kdb hsth cumiscut Xcu tidth riţb`hebrhctidrhX /D`` &thhrbmj U%hh`s>. hsth`h hfhctudth du drătdt că ím dfdră eh crhřthrhd cdpdcbtăţbb eh kdmhvrdrh/rheuchrhd rdzhb eh vbrdrh> `d dchsth dutikigb`h sh rheuc rhzbsthmţh`h `d ímdbmtdrh řb puthrhd cimsukdtă `d vbrdrhcdzu` trdcţbumbb bmthjrd`h, ehidrhch `bpshřth cbrcu`dţbd eh puthrb>. 5d dchsth vh%bcu`h, fbhcdrh pumth eh ebrhcţbh drhi trdmskbsbh priprbh, cup`drhd ch`ir eiuă sbsthkh rhd bz)meu-sh, ím vdrbdmtă kiehrmă, prbm cimtri`h`hctri%berdu`bc.

^drtbcu`drbtdthd sbsthkh`ir eh vbrdrh cu cimtri` ebjbtd` d` umj%burb`ir eh grdcd! hsth pumthd ebrhctidrh spdth řbciireimdrhd umj%burb`ir eh ebrhcţbh d ch`ir pdtru riţb cu d!utiru` umub sbsthk %berdu`bc juvhrmdt h`hctrimbc.*mbtdthd chmtrd`ă pidth cd`cu`d umj%bu` iptbk eh grdcd! phmtru riţb`h spdth fumcţbh eh vbthzd eh ehp`dsdrh,cimebţbb`h eh trdfbc, sdu vbthzd řb umj%bu` eh ritbrh d` vi`dmu`ub.

@d vbthzh kbcb eh ehp`dsdrh  /sdu c)me riţb`h pumţbb fdţă sumt grdcdth `d kdxbkuk> riţb`h pumţbb spdth

vbrhdză ím ebrhcţbh cimtrdră. Dchdstd rheuch ku`t rdzd eh vbrdrh řb sbkp`bfbcă fidrth ku`t kdmhvrh`h eh pdrcdrh.

@d vbthzh eh cridzbhră /sdu c)me riţb`h pumţbb ebrhctidrh fdţă sumt puţbm vbrdth> umbtdthd mukhrbcă cikdmeăprbm cbrcubtu` %berdu`bc i uřidră grdcdrh ím dchhdřb ebrhcţbh d riţb`ir pumţbb spdth, chhd ch euch `d i íkgumătăţbrhsugstdmţbd`ă d stdgb`btăţbb `dthrd`h /kdb d`hs edcă kdmhvrd s-d rhd`bzdt `d vbthzh kdrb eh ehp`dsdrh>.

 Dutikigb`h`h cu kdb ku`th pumţb eh ebrhcţbh prhzbmtă ehzdvdmtd!u` ímrăutăţbrbb stdgb`btăţbb . +m scipu` ím`ăturărbbdchstub mhd!ums sh utb bzhdză khcdmbskh eh g`icdrh cu d!utiru` cărird sh fbxhdză riţb`h pumţbb pisthrbidrh `dehp`dsdrhd ph `bmbh erhdptă.

 +m fbjurd sh rhprhzbmtă sc%hkd eh prbmcbpbu d sbsthku`ub eh ebrhcţbh d umub dutikigb` cu eiuă pumţb eh

ebrhcţbh. 8h `d khcdmbsku` eh dcţbimdrh umeh sh jăshřth shmziru` eh pizbţbh d vi`dmu`ub K, kbřcdrhd sh trdmskbthprbm `hvbhru` eh ebrhcţbh , `d gdrd `imjbtuebmd`ă ;, cdrh dcţbimhdză dsuprd umbtăţbb eh cimtri` %berdu`bc 0.

^rbm tb!h`h ? řb 1 kbřcdrhd hsth trdmskbsă eh `d umbtdthd %berdu`bcă 0 `d `hvbhrh`h 2, cdrh iscb`hdză ím p`dmu`irbzimtd` /ím !uru` umir dxh fbxdth ph cderu` dutivh%bcu`u`ub> ebm fdţă řb ebm spdth prbm bmthrkhebu`   gdrh`ir trdmsvhrsd`h < řb d` hvbhrh`ir fuzhth`ir.

*mbtdthd chmtrd`ă ebspumh eh i ipţbumh ch rhd`bzhdză ím cdz eh dvdrbh d sbsthku`ub h`hctrimbc, g`icdrhdkhcdmbsku`ub riţb`ir ebrhctidrh ebm spdth ím pizbţbd khrs ímdbmth. Dchdstd sh pidth hfhctud řb khcdmbc prbmdcţbimdrhd `hvbhru`ub T. #u <= řb << s-du mitdt shmzirbb eh turdţbh řb pizbţbh d fbhcărhb riţb eh ph ch`h eiuă pumţbebrhctidrh.

7"

7/31/2019 Controlul Produselor in Constuctia de Masini

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/controlul-produselor-in-constuctia-de-masini 27/27

Cimtri`u` prieush`ir ím cimstrucţbd eh kdřbmb Xmbvhrsbtdthd Uhlmbcă ‐Jlhirlh Dsdclb‛ Bdřb

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