controlling moisture in commercial buildings · controlling moisture in commercial buildings ......
TRANSCRIPT
Controlling Moisture in Commercial
Buildings
Part Load Problems
Raymond E. Patenaude, PE, CIAQP, RPIH
The Holmes Agency, Inc.Consulting and Forensic Engineers
Historical PerspectiveWillis Carrier
“Air conditioning is the control of the humidity of the air by eitherincreasing or decreasing its moisture content. Added to the control ofhumidity is the control of the temperature by either heating or cooling the air, the purification of the air by washing or filtering the air, and the control of air motion and ventilation”
Comfort - Keep the dew point under control, and comfort happens at warmer, more energy-efficient temperatures
Mold Growth
Enzymes on mold spore combine with surface moisture to dissolve food source… paper, wood, ceiling tileOsmotic pressure causes liquid nutrients to diffuse across spore wall allowing spore to absorb the nutrientsSpore germinates producing filamentous hypheaHyphea grows quickly creating mycelium matMold grows conidia which generates and releases spores into the air
Water ActivityWater activity indicates how much water is biologically available to fungus in its food source.Water activity of 0.8 refers to the amount of water absorbed into a material when the surrounding air is at 80% RHWater activity of a material is very different from the relative humidity of the materialMold growth is a risk when surface relative humidity stays above 85% for extended periods
Uncontrolled air flow
Buildings which have never reported relative humidity above 65% still may have mold growth
THE MOISTURE PROBLEM
Highest enthalpy occurs at peak dew
point.. NOT peak dry bulb
ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals listsExtreme DB with MCWB ….example Kansas City, MO (1%) 93db/75wb (107 gr/lb) 68dp
Extreme DP with MCDB (.4%) 75dp/85db (137 gr/lb) (78wb) ….…. …poor
performance at part load!!
THE MOISTURE PROBLEM
ASHRAE 2005 Fundamentals lists extreme DP with MCDB….example Orlando, FL (0.4%) 83db/77dp (142 gr/lb) (79 wb) ….…. …again poor
performance at part load!!
TYPES OF MOISTURE PROBLEMS
Outdoor air85 deg F137 gr/lb72%rh
75 deg F dp Interior Design 75 deg F
Building Envelopewith poor vapor barrier
Dry wall
Vapor transport
Mold growth onbackside of drywall
ChW EvapCoil
Supply air
VAV Boxwith Heat
Outsideventilation
air
ReturnAir
VAV Supply Fan
VAV AIR CONDITIONINGFull Load
93F db107 gr/lb
44%rh
75F65 gr/lb50%rh
55 F90%rh58 gr/lb
58 F80% rh58 gr/lb
Constant volumeOA Fan
7,710 OA11,940 RA19,650 SA
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 60
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
10
5
11
0
11
5
12
0
DR
Y B
UL
B T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
65
70
70
75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- P
OU
ND
S M
OIS
TU
RE
PE
R P
OU
ND
DR
Y A
IR
OA eat
RA eat
Mix
SA latMtr
Room
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
0
1.0 1.0
∞-
2.04.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0-1.0
-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-∞∞
SENSIBLE HEAT QsTOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPYHUMIDITY RATIO
∆h∆W
ChW EvapCoil
Supply air
VAV Boxwith Heat
Outsideventilation
air
ReturnAir
VAV Supply Fan
VAV AIR CONDITIONINGPart Load
85F db137 gr/lb
72%rh
75F65 gr/lb50%rh
55 F100%rh65 gr/lb
57 F92% rh65 gr/lb
Constant volumeOA Fan
Resultant Room74F db
61.4% rh
7,710 OA2,440 RA
10,150 SA
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 60
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
10
5
11
0
11
5
12
0
DR
Y B
UL
B T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
65
70
70
75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- P
OU
ND
S M
OIS
TU
RE
PE
R P
OU
ND
DR
Y A
IR
OA eat
RA eat
Mixed
SA latMtr
Room
NEW Note # 1 Here...
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
0
1.0 1.0
∞-
2.04.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0-1.0
-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-∞∞
SENSIBLE HEAT QsTOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPYHUMIDITY RATIO
∆h∆W
ChW Post Cooling
(sensible)
Supply air
VAV Box(NO Reheat)
ReturnAir
VAV Supply Fan
Outsideventilation
air
OA Pre Treatment with Post CoolingFull Load
93F db107 gr/lb44%rh
75F65 gr/lb50%rh
55 F85%rh55 gr/lb
58 F75% rh55 gr/lb
Constant volumeOA Fan
ChwPre Cool
55F
DXEvap42F
(RemoveMoisture)
DXCond
Reheat75F
DX system
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 60
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
10
5
11
0
11
5
12
0
DR
Y B
UL
B T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
65
70
70
75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- P
OU
ND
S M
OIS
TU
RE
PE
R P
OU
ND
DR
Y A
IR
OA eat
OA CW pre cool
OA DX pre coolOA reheat
RA eat
MixSA lat post cool Mtr
Room
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
0
1.0 1.0
∞-
2.04.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0-1.0
-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-∞∞
SENSIBLE HEAT QsTOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPYHUMIDITY RATIO
∆h∆W
ChW Post Cooling
(sensible)
Supply air
VAV Box(NO Reheat)
Return Air
VAV Supply Fan
Outsideventilation
air
OA Pre Treatment with Post CoolingPart Load
85F db137 gr/lb72%rh
75F65 gr/lb50%rh
55 F71%rh46 gr/lb
57 F65% rh46 gr/lb
Constant volumeOA Fan
ChwPre Cool
55F
DXEvap42F
(RemoveMoisture)
DXCond
Reheat75F
DX system
Room Resultant74F db
46.3% rh
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 60
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
10
5
11
0
11
5
12
0
DR
Y B
UL
B T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
65
70
70
75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- P
OU
ND
S M
OIS
TU
RE
PE
R P
OU
ND
DR
Y A
IR
OA eat
OA CW pre cool
OA DX pre cool OA reheat
RA
MixSA lat post cool Mtr
Room
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
0
1.0 1.0
∞-
2.04.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0-1.0
-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-∞∞
SENSIBLE HEAT QsTOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPYHUMIDITY RATIO
∆h∆W
ChW Post Cooling
(sensible)
Supply air
VAV Box(NO Reheat)
Return Air
VAV Supply Fan
Outsideventilation
air
OA Pre Treatment with Post CoolingPart Load – reset DX
85F db137 gr/lb72%rh
75F65 gr/lb50%rh
55 F76.5%rh49 gr/lb
57 F70% rh49 gr/lb
Constant volumeOA Fan
ChwPre Cool
55F
DXEvap45F
(RemoveMoisture)
DXCond
Reheat75F
DX system
Room Resultant74F db
49.3% rh
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 60
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
10
0
10
5
11
0
11
5
12
0
DR
Y B
UL
B T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
- °
F
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
65
70
70
75
75
80
80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
ITY
RA
TIO
- P
OU
ND
S M
OIS
TU
RE
PE
R P
OU
ND
DR
Y A
IR
OA eat
OA CW pre cool
OA DX pre cool OA reheat
RA
MixSA lat post cool Mtr
Room
R R
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO.1NORMAL TEMPERATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURYCopyright 1992
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
SEA LEVEL
0
1.0 1.0
∞-
2.04.08.0
-8.0-4.0-2.0-1.0
-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8-2000
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
-∞∞
SENSIBLE HEAT QsTOTAL HEAT Qt
ENTHALPYHUMIDITY RATIO
∆h∆W
Design Considerations
It’s a system… not just a unitThe habitable space is a plenumUncontrolled air flow – ASHRAE Journal
Don’t operate in a vacuum… it’s a team effortSequence of operation
Control outside air at the sourceControl condensation
ASHRAE Standards and Publications
Available from ASHRAE in Atlanta, Humidity Control Design GuideFor Commercial andInstitutional Buildings
ASHRAE Standards and Publications
Available from ASHRAE in AtlantaDesign Data for WeatherWeather Data ViewerASHRAE Design Weather Sequence Viewer
ASHRAE Standards and Publications
Psychrometric Analysis CD
Available at ASHRAE Book Store Long Beach, California