control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate fumigation for export to australia beth...
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Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate
fumigation for export to Australia
Beth Mitcham , Veronique BikobaBill Biasi, and Francine PupinDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Davis
Joseph Morse, UC RiversideIn cooperation with:
Kathie Blyskal and Alfred Hanson, Sunkist GrowersThe Linde Group
Ethyl Formate
• Natural plant volatile
• Registered for use in Australia and New Zealand by Linde Corporation as VapormateTM in formulation with CO2
• Previously registered in US for control of insect pests in raisins, but registration expired in the 1980’s
• Registration is being pursued by Linde Corporation
Laboratory System for VapormateTM Fumigation
LaboratoryFumigation System
Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour VapormateTM Fumigation of Navel Oranges
Lab Tests
Treatment
Rep
Conc. EF (%)
Untreated Control
Vapormate
1 1 1.5%
n =66
100%
n = 177
2 1 0%
n = 50
100%
n = 115
3 1 14.5%
n = 62
100%
n = 320
Lab Test Methods
• 1 hour fumigation with 1% Vapormate at 50°F
• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F
TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %
0
2
8
10
12Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºFA: Vapormate + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
a ab abc bc cabc
a
a
b
abab ab
c ccb
abab
a
Laboratory Test
Peel Damage Incidence (%)
Peel Damage Severity (1 to 6)
Mold Incidence (%)0
1
2
3
4
5Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF A: Vapormate (1.22.2009) + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate (2.12.2009) Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF+ 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
b b
b b
a
ab
a a a a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
Laboratory Test
No damage (1) Very slight damage (2)
Slight damage (3) Moderate damage (4)
Severe damage (5) Very severe damage (6)
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Orange Cove/Sanger Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Gillete Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Harding & Legget Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Small Degreening Rooms at Sunkist Growers
Semi-Commercial Test Method
• 1% Vapormate for 1 hour at 50°F
• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F
Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour Fumigation with VapormateTM
Sunkist Test
Conc. EF (%)
Untreated Control
Vapormate
1 13.7%
n = 145
100%
n = 417
TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %
0
2
10
12
14Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºF Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF
bc cabc a ab a
ab ab abb
aa
b b
ab b
a a
Sunkist Test
Peel Damage Incidence (%)
Peel Damage Severity (1-6)
Mold Incidence (%)0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF+ 2d at 68ºF
a
a
a
aa
a
a aa aa a
aa
a
* * *
* ND
Sunkist Test
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Villa Park – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
San Antonio – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Golden Valley – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Mandarin Lab Test Methodsto Determine Fruit Tolerance
• 1 hour fumigation with 1.5% Vapormate at 50°F
• 8 replications of control and 16 replications for Vapormate trt.
• 3 weeks shelf life at 68°F with weekly visual evaluation
W. Murcott Mandarin Tolerance to Vapormate (1.5%)
Year 3• Commercial trials
– Treat fruit in packed boxes with static fumigation in marine container
– Confirm bean thrips mortality with large number of insects
– Confirm fruit tolerance with many grower sources
• Develop mortality curves for adult bean thrips
• Prepare report for APHIS
Vapormate Delivery System
Potential for Vapormate• Needs to be registered in U.S.
or
• Needs to be approved for bean thrips control in Australia and New Zealand– Already registered there– Develop efficacy data for review– True of other alternative fumigants as well.
• GRAS compound
• Effective against Light Brown Apple Moth
EF concentration (%)
Instar 0.75% 1.5% 3.0%
First 99.8 100 100
Second 98.8 100 100
Third 99.9 100 100
Mature third 99.5 100 100
Mortality of the California Red Scale (Aonidiella aurantii) 3 weeks after a
3-hour Fumigation with Ethyl Formate
Y. Aharoni, Y. Nitzan, and A. Copel. (1987) Tropical Science (27) 155-157.
Questions??