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GRID
Control Center EMS Solutions for the
Grid of the Future
Jay Giri Director,
Power Systems Technology & Strategic Initiatives
EPCC June 2013
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A Historical Perspective – The Nov 1965 Blackout… Some Beneficial Outcomes.. 1. Public awakened to our dependence on electric
power a) Support for new national initiatives
2. Universities re-energized in power systems programs
3. New government R&D funds for power systems research
a. Extensive studies on identifying blackout cause & recommendations to prevent of future blackouts
Also, concurrently: Advent of the affordable digital computer • Large, complex mathematical problems became easier
to solve!
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And, the Birth of the Modern EMS Control Center!
Thanks to the serendipitous & fortunate nexus of 3 events: 1. Greater R&D funding for
power systems 2. More students in electrical
power engineering 3. The birth of affordable digital
computers
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Thoughts to ponder…
“ “The interconnected electric power grid is one of the most complex real-time, engineering machines in existence today!” − Millions of components need to work together
to supply electricity from source to customer, 7x24! Operating the power grid is not rocket science…”
“It is much more than that!!“ - Terry Boston, PJM
Today, We are adding even more complexity to this already complex machine:
Variable renewables, DR, DG, PV, PHEV, electronic loads, lower inertia generation, etc…
“Na práctica .. a teoría é ontra” or "In real-life…the theory is different" − Savu Savulescu
Major Sources of Grid Vulnerability
Natural calamities Line Overloads – excessive sagging Equipment & Protection failures Breaks in communication links Faults Human errors Inadequate security margin Gaming in the market Sabotage or intrusion by external agents Missing or uncertain information
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Some challenges of grid management
Vulnerability assessment is a computationally intensive process Assessments need to be continually repeated On-line assessment is a
challenge Measurements and operating conditions are noisy Available tribal knowledge is based on past real-life experiences
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The Reality We Face….
‘Blackouts will occur again in the future’….
– Our power grid is too complex to make it fail-safe!
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Timeline of high impact blackouts - worldwide
History of Blackouts Region
Duration People affected
Initiating Event
9-Nov-65 NE US, NYC 14 hours 25M Faulty substation relay
13-Jul-77 NYC 25 hours 8M Lightning
1-Mar-89 Quebec & NY State 9 hours 6M Geomagnetic storm
11-Mar-99 Sao Paolo, Brazil 5 hours 97M Lightning
14-Aug-03 NE US (8 states), Canada upto a day 50M Line overload problems
28-Sep-03 95% of Italy, Switzerland 18 hours 55M Line fault
12-Jul-04 Greece varied 7M Heavy Load conditions
1-Aug-05 Indonesia 5 hours 100M Grid imbalance
1-Nov-06 Germany, France, Italy, Spain
varied 10M Line switching error
1-Feb-08 Chenzou, China 2 weeks 4M Winter storms
10-Nov-09 Brazil & Paraguay 3 hours 67M Storms
10-Jul-12 India North 24 hours 370M
Over-withdrawals, line overloads
31-Jul-12 India - 3 regions several hours 620M Over-withdrawals, line
overloads
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The Solution being sought.….
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How to contain an Initiating event to prevent a Cascading, Uncontrolled spread across the entire grid! And more importantly: How to Restore power to customers ASAP!
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Energy Control Centers – Energy Management Systems -EMS
• ~50 years of Control Center evolution
• Tomas Dy-Liacco – “Father of the Modern Energy Control Center!”
• EMS manages the ‘physical flow’: – Operate the electric grid within safe limits – ‘Prevent Blackouts’ – Automatically adjust generation to demand – Identify risks; take preventive action – Expedite restoration 10
L. Fink, K. Carlsen, IEEE Spectrum, March 1978
Secure
A-Secure
System not intact System intact
Restorative Resynchronization
E I
Emergency Heroic Action
E I In extremis
Cut losses, Protect Equipment
E I
Normal Objective: Load tracking, cost minimization, system coordination
E I
Insecure Alert Preventive Control
Violation of inequality constraints
E I
E = Demand is met I = Constraints are met
Power System Grid Operating States – First postulated by Tom Dy-Liacco ..
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EMS – 60’s & 70’s Analog, hardwired
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Analog Computer
SCADA and Load Frequency Control
Ana
log
Operator Terminal Power
System
(Generators and Tielines)
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Grid management Yesteryear - circa 1960 – Analog, hardwired systems
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EMS – 80’s and 90’s – Digital
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Operating System – Digital Computer
Database & Development Environment
SCADA
Generation Applications O
perator Console
Transmission Applications
Dat
a A
cqui
sitio
n Training Simulator
Real-Time Applications
Study mode / Modeling/ Archiving
Power System (HV substations)
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A Modern EMS Control Center
GRID
Economics Reliability
Control Centers’ goal – Balancing Reliability and Economics
But… Reliability Always
Trumps Economics
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Today’s grid’s - ‘Smart’ automated capabilities
• System-wide ‘Smarts’: 1. EMS with operator actions 2. EMS with Automatic generation Control (AGC) 3. Automatic under/over voltage frequency shedding 4. Special grid protection schemes, etc
• Regional ‘Smarts’: 1. EMS with Volt-Var Control (VVC) 2. Automatic under/over voltage load shedding
• Equipment ‘Smarts’: 1. Relays for protection of individual power equipment:
• Isolation of transformers, lines, generators, etc
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The Grid of Future – Smart Grid Evolution
• Facilitate integration of Renewable Energy
• Electricity Markets • Customer participation • Distributed Generation • Demand Response • Cyber Security • ‘Big Data’ Management
L. Fink, K. Carlsen, IEEE Spectrum, March 1978
Secure
A-Secure
System not intact System intact
Restorative Resynchronization
E I
Emergency Heroic Action
E I In extremis
Cut losses, Protect Equipment
E I
Normal Objective: Load tracking, cost minimization, system coordination
E I
Insecure Alert Preventive Control
Violation of inequality constraints
E I
E = Demand is met I = Constraints are met
Power System Grid Operating States
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Emerging Smarter Grid Technologies & Solutions
• Advanced Sensing & Measurement • Smart Meters • Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) • Integrated Communications • Advanced Components and Controls • Improved Decision Support systems • Advanced Visualization technologies • Low Carbon emission technologies
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Today’s changing Grid Monitoring landscape
Synchrophasor PMU measurement devices are being deployed aggressively worldwide − By 2013, will be a five-fold increase across US – over 1000 PMUs deployed − China has over 1000 PMUs installed − Other countries are also deploying PMUs
Each PMU provides 10-12 separate sub-second measurements − Measurements include voltages, currents and frequencies − Augments traditional 2-4 second SCADA
Real-time grid measurements will be 60 to 120 times faster − Today 2-4 measurements/sec rate − Tomorrow 30-60 samples/second rate
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What is Synchrophasor Technology?
− Next generation measurement technology.
• voltages, currents, frequency, frequency rate-of-change at sub-second rates
− Higher resolution scans (e.g. 30-60 samples/second). − Precise GPS time stamping.
PMU ‘Sub-second’ Resolution
SCADA ‘Seconds’ Resolution
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
Leverage Enabling Technologies… PMUs measure: voltages & currents - magnitudes & angles, frequency, rate of change of frequency
SCADA data - today
Refresh rate 2-5 seconds
Latency and skew
‘Older’ legacy communication
Responds to quasi-static behavior
Freq change means: Sudden Gen-Load MW imbalance somewhere in the grid X-ray
Phasor data (PMU) - tomorrow
Refresh rate 30-60 samples/sec
Time tagged data, minimal latency
Compatible with modern communication technology
Responds to system dynamic behavior
Angle-pair change means: Sudden MW change in a specific location of the grid MRI
Courtesy EIPP, NASPI
Earlier Information for Better Decisions
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North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) – DOE SGIG projects
“Better information supports better - and faster - decisions.”
DOE and NERC are working together closely with industry to enable wide area time-synchronized measurements that will enhance the reliability of the electric power grid through improved situational awareness and other applications
April 2007 March 2012
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As PMUs grow relative to SCADA..
The utility industry will benefit with a unprecedented grid view: − A time-synchronized snapshot of grid conditions,
at a sub-second rate
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Holistic Grid Security Analysis
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Integrated “measurement-based” & “model-based” Stability Analysis…. A very nice marriage!
PREDICT & MITIGATE
TRUE LIMIT
GRID OPERATING POINT
EMS Limit EMS Limit
PMU Measurement-based analysis PhasorPoint
Model-based analysis: Corrective actions based on ‘what-if’ analysis
new Limit
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Planning Benefits Dynamic Model Validation
Western Interconnection August 10th, 1996 Blackout Dynamic models predicted stable system when the system was in fact unstable.
PMU provide necessary dynamic data to calibrate dynamic power system models.
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August 14th, 2003 Blackout Timeline Monitor wide area grid stress
1 hour
4 mins
10 SEC
PMU Visualization - e-terravision
Monitor ‘angular separation’ as an indicator of increased grid stress due to: - increased transmission path loading between ‘Sources’ & ‘Sinks’ of power - sudden events such as line outages (i.e. weakening of the grid)
Monitor ‘Angle Separation’ between source & sink
Phase angular spread across power system
Identify low voltage areas
Detailed summary of existing resources within chosen region
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Small Signal Oscillation Visualization - e-terravision Modes shapes, amplitudes, damping, frequency, etc
Real-time alerts on poorly damped oscillations
Identify regions where inter-area oscillations are observable
Track oscillatory stability in real-time.
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Voltage Stability Assessment - e-terravision Voltage Contours, MW Margins, Weak Elements, Remedial Actions
Identify weak elements (i.e. regions most prone to voltage instability)
MW Transfer Margins
Control Recommendations
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Synchrophasor Solutions Worldwide
2009 Energinet
2006 Iceland
2009 Colombia
1995 Scottish Power
2007 UK consortium
2010 Mexico
2000 Powerlink
2011 Eskom
2011 WECC
2010 PG&E
2011 ISO-NE
2011 Manitoba Hydro
2011 Midwest ISO
2011 Svenska Krafnat
Operationally Proven
2011 China
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I have a fully functional EMS.. Tell me, why do I need Synchrophasor WAMS?
• Observability of the grid - beyond your SCADA system − Disturbances, oscillations, islanding, angles diverging, overloads, etc
• Detect undamped grid oscillations that may lead to a blackout
• Monitor diverging voltage angles that may lead to a blackout
• Monitor low voltage regions & reactive margins to prevent instability
• Maximize MW capacity across existing congestion corridors
• Immediate online replay of a recent disturbance
• Faster forensic, post-event analysis and detailed event re-creation
• Detection of islanding in the grid; assist in re-synchronization − ‘Synchrocheck relay’ for the grid
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DOE SGIG projects status overview – Feb 2013
• 99 projects selected from 400+ applications designed to accelerate US grid modernization: • Started 2009 end 2013/14
• Objectives to improve: • Grid flexibility, reliability, efficiency, affordability & resilience
• $7.8B total funding with $3.4B from 2009 ARRA stimulus bill and $4.4B from private sector • Nearly 80 percent of authorized funds have been spent
• 4 Analysis reports were issued in Dec 2012 (smartgrid.gov) • Electricity demand reduction, O&M savings from advanced metering,
reliability improvements from DA, Controls for Voltage and Reactive power management
• 5th report on Synchrophasor Applications will be issued in late 2013
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Today: Protecting the Power System Grid To “Keep the Lights On! “
Local, Device protection predominantly: − Transformers, lines, bus structures, generating units, etc
System-wide, Grid protection:
− AGC: Automatic Generation Control • A pioneering Smart-Grid application since the ‘70s!
− Automatic load-shedding – frequency and voltage
deviations
− Remedial action schemes (RAS), special protection schemes (SPS) or System Integrity Protection schemes (SIPS), etc.
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Tomorrow: Wide Area Monitoring & Control too!
Grid Protection, In the Future: − Develop protective control schemes
that dynamically adapt to current power system conditions, to preserve the integrity of the “grid” as an entity.
− Tightly integrate fast sub-second measurements with fast sub-second controls (FACTS, HVDC, etc)
Smart Grid Challenges
Increasing phasor-based WAMS market penetration
Delivering new real-time insights into: − Grid stability and optimisation
Utilities are now looking for/need: − Further leverage of investment in WAMS − Automatic WA control solutions for stability & optimisation − WA control oversight/co-ordination – Layered Intelligence
‘Human-in-the-loop’ alone is not sustainable − Increasing complexity and dynamic uncertainty
Automatic control essential − Improve stability, optimise network transfers
Wide Area Management Systems (WAMS)
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Improved system security
Increased network use
Simplified and robust schemes − Fewer measurement requirements − Reduced communications channels
Responds to direct measures of system stress
Low maintenance − Easy to manage topology changes − Phase angle approach easier to test
Generic approach supporting wide range of applications
Basis for control layers – Layered Intelligence − Reduces complexity
Benefits of Phasor-based Wide-Area Control
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Timeframe for Stability Issues
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Short-Term Voltage Stability
Long-Term Voltage Stability
Oscillatory Stability
Frequency Stability
15 minutes Operator Dispatch Human Response
3-15 seconds Automated Dispatch
200-600ms Wide-Area Defence
16-200ms Equipment Protection
0.6-3s Automated Trip
Local & Differential Fault Protection
Transient Stability
N-x Transient Stability
Automated Wide Area Control Control Room EMS/WAMS Protection
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Intelligent Decentralized Grid Control
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Grid Control transitional approach
“Think Globally – Act Locally!
From the July 2001, Wired magazine
“The best minds in Electricity R&D have a plan: Every node in the power network of the future will be
Awake, Responsive, Adaptive, Price-smart, Eco-sensitive, Real-time, Flexible, Humming…. and interconnected with everything else.”
A Decade Later….. We are finally gaining Traction!
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WAMS: “Wide Area Monitoring System” The new heartbeat of the grid!
EMS
Dynamic Security Assessment
State Estimation Contingency
Analysis
Offline Analysis
Modelling
Root Cause Analysis
Wide Area Controls
Post-Event
Generator & ISO Compliance
New Smart Grid Applications
Distribution
DMS Distributed Generation
Demand Response
Substation Automation
WAMS ‘the new heartbeat of the grid’
Local Controls
Synchrophasor Analytics
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Thank you! [email protected]